Battle of Hill 70 - Knowledge

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ready to advance to Sallaumines Hill. Soon afterwards, GHQ announced that more artillery would be forthcoming and Horne met the corps commanders again on 10 July; Currie wanted to make the main effort north of the Souchez, the Canadian Corps taking responsibility for the front from Avion to Hill 70. Horne agreed and on 11 July, Currie issued the first orders for the attack. The Canadian plan for 30 July used the I Corps plan for the abortive June attack as a basis; the scheduled attack to the embankment east of Avion was to go ahead, to obtain a good jumping off point for a later advance on Sallaumines Hill to mislead the defenders about preparations for an attack. From 11 to 19 July, Canadian Corps intelligence discovered that German dispositions had changed. A new third defensive line had been completed along the northern outskirts of the city, from Cinnabar Trench along Nun's Alley, Norman Trench, Hugo Trench to Bois Hugo, beyond the objectives given to Currie on 10 July. The position had three thick belts of barbed wire, a light railway for supply and eleven strongpoints with fields of fire into Commotion Trench, the final Canadian objective. The new position was judged to have become the main German defence line.

1091: 1183:, on the right of I Corps, to make preparations to take Hill 70 and the vicinity but only if reinforcements from GHQ were forthcoming. While waiting, I Corps would capture Hill 65 and south of the Souchez, the right flank divisions of the Canadian Corps and XIII Corps to the south would prepare to attack from Gavrelle to Oppy, Fresnoy, Acheville and Mėricourt, digging jumping-off trenches to simulate a threat to Lens from the south. The real attack was to come from the left flank of the Canadian Corps towards Sallaumines Hill and the east end of Avion. Success would trap the Germans in Lens between Sallaumines Hill to the south and Hill 70 to the north. If the 6th Army did not retire, the preparations by I Corps at Hill 70 would make it impossible to predict from which direction the next attack would come. 1591: 2105: 2128:

German defences. Two divisions were moved from reserve to replace the 4th Guard and the 220th divisions, three more divisions in reserve remaining available to the 6th Army. No forces were transferred to Lens from Flanders or anywhere else and no divisions were sent to Flanders from 15 to 25 August. Foley wrote that the 1st Guard Reserve Division had been included in some accounts but that neither Below or other German sources from the time refer to it; Foley also wrote that Canadian sources mention the 185th Division in interrogation reports. In 2017, Andrew Rawson wrote that the Canadian attack prevented the Germans from transferring five divisions in the Lens area to Flanders.

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their goal. The other two attacking units captured their objectives late in the evening, creating a salient in the 4th Canadian Division line. On the evening of 21 August, three parties went forward to bomb the German position from the flanks but were only moderately successful and an attack on 22 August failed to materialize, due to battalion-level misunderstandings. A brigade reserve unit was ordered to remedy the situation by attacking the Green Crassier slagheap and the mine complex at Fosse St Louis. The attack was repulsed, most of the attackers being killed, wounded or taken prisoner. The Germans held on to the area until the beginning of the final German retreat in 1918.

2045: 1920: 1430:(1,372 m) and capture the main enemy defensive positions on the eastern (reverse) slope of Hill 70. In the first stage, the first objective of the attackers was the German front-line, the second objective (blue line) was the German second position on the crest of the hill and the third objective (green line) was the German third line, on the far slope, about 1,500 yd (1,372 m) from the start line. The 3rd Canadian Infantry Brigade of the 1st Canadian Division would attack north of Hill 70 and its 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade would attack the summit. The 4th and 5th Canadian Infantry Brigades of the 2nd Canadian Division would attack the ruins of suburbs 1464:(BGGS), Percy Radcliffe set 30 July as the date of the attack, to coincide with the Flanders Offensive. Heavy rains reduced the area to a swamp, grounded the RFC, which provided information on the progress of the bombardment, some guns were late arriving and others had too many defects to use for wire-cutting. The attack was postponed and despite the mediocre state of many of the guns, the bombardment continued into August and several creeping barrages were fired to provoke German counter-barrages and reveal German gun positions. The 15th, 50th and 2nd Canadian Heavy Artillery Group bombarded German gun positions revealed by aerial photographs, 1991: 1953:

would need to be neutralized before a counter-attack could succeed. The Germans began a series of counter-attacks against a chalk quarry under Canadian control outside Cité St. Auguste and tried to mislead the Canadian artillery by sending up false flare signals or provoking the infantry to call for unnecessary artillery fire. The Germans stopped wave attacks and counter-attacked with dispersed groups of troops trickling forward using cover; some managed to reach the Canadian defences and fight hand-to-hand. The Germans began to use poison gas in earnest and from 15,000 to 20,000 of the new

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size of the attack and to disguise Canadian preparations, the XIII, Canadian, I and XI, corps began to conduct larger raids in battalion strength, on most nights from the middle of July, along with gas discharges along the front. Towards the end of the month, raids and bombardments on the army front increased, XI Corps to the north raided nightly, I Corps conducted destructive and wire-cutting bombardments at night and bombarded the German front with machine-guns and mortars during the day; XIII Corps conducted similar operations on the right (southern) army flank.

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the British would begin an offensive at Ypres to capture the Belgian coast and reach the frontier with the Netherlands. The objectives of the First Army were unchanged but instead of capturing ground around Lens to shorten the front, was to menace the German hold on Lens and the defences south of Lille, to divert and to weaken the 6th Army. The operations were not a diversion but a means to keep the First Army front active for as long as possible, to mislead the Germans as to British intentions in Flanders. On 8 May, Horne told the First Army corps commanders that

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engaging in hand-to-hand fighting. The Germans rapidly brought up seven additional battalions from the 4th Guards Division and 185th Division to reinforce the eight line battalions. Over the following three days, the Germans counter-attacked 21 times against Canadian positions. A frontal attack against the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade on the afternoon of 15 August ultimately failed. A German attack against the 4th Canadian Infantry Brigade re-captured Chicory Trench but the German infantry were expelled later that afternoon.

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avoid the casualties of a permanent occupation. Preparations for offensive operations towards Avion would be more meaningful to German observers than the attack which followed. The suggested alternative was not well received by Major-General (Warren) Hastings Anderson, the First Army chief of staff, because one purpose of the operation was to threaten Lille, which could only occur with the capture of Lens after the attack on Avion. The Canadian operation was a stage in the army plan, to be followed by an attack or

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were to induce German guns to reply to harassing fire. The counter-batteries were also to be used to destroy German counter-attacks and soon after zero hour, guns from the bombardment HAGs were to join in with the counter-battery HAGs against German infantry counter-attacks. Forward Observation Observers were to accompany the Canadian infantry and establish observation posts connected to the rear with telephones, wireless and visual signalling equipment to direct the artillery.

2059:, the German official history (volume XIII), wrote that since mid-July, the German defences at Lens and for about 4.3 mi (7 km) to the north had been under bombardment, which became more intense in August because Haig wanted a diversion from the offensive in Flanders. On 15 August, the Canadian Corps attacked the German positions from Lens to about 1 mi (2 km) north, took an important height for observation and pushed beyond the First Position ( 1654:

2,500 yd (1 to 1 mi; 1 to 2 km) deep, that counter-attacking German troops would have to traverse. The Strutter crews were to report their observations by wireless to the Canadian Corps and Heavy Artillery Group headquarters, then attack with their machine-guns any German artillery or concentrations of troops seen at bottlenecks. Contact patrols to mark the progress of the Canadian infantry were to be flown by the B.E.2c crews of 16 Squadron.

1887:, then the information was reported from Mazingarbe to the Canadian Corps heavy artillery, which dispersed the German troops. While flying artillery-observation sorties in the afternoon, 16 Squadron aircrew saw four waves of German infantry advancing in the open to counter-attack. The crews called on the Canadian heavy artillery and then attacked with their machine-guns, which "all but annihilated" the German force. From 15 to 17 August, the RFC sent 2119:] troops", had been repulsed. The Canadian attack had been stopped because the "English" lacked the flexibility to exploit success, a criticism that had emerged during the Battle of the Somme in 1916. The Canadian attack was seen as a feint to divert German divisions from Flanders and the army group ordered the 6th Army to fight with its own resources, including the seven divisions in army reserve. The 4th Guard and the 220th divisions acted as 1932:

battalions with the 5th and 10th Canadian battalions, which attacked by short dashes for 400 yd (366 m) down the bare slope and captured the remainder of the final objective. The attack was costly as the Germans opposite were preparing their own counter-attack and hand-to-hand fighting took place at the chalk quarry, which cost the Germans 100 fatal casualties, 100 wounded and thirty prisoners. The Germans began to counter-attack at

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The harassing machine-gun fire was to impede the movement of German troops and supplies, with targets engaged by at least four guns. The Vickers guns were supplied with 20,000 bullets per gun per day, to fire day and night, to make it more difficult for German troops to repair their defences and put out more barbed wire. The cars of the CMMGB drove back and forth behind Canadian lines and from mid-July to early August fired

1682:, about 5 mi (8.0 km) behind the front and a ground station was established on the heights west of Loos. When observers spotted a German aircraft at low altitude, a wireless message was sent to Mazingarbe for a Nieuport 17 to be sent up to engage the German aircraft. A letter-code on white canvas sheets containing the location of German aircraft could be laid on the ground for an airborne fighter pilot to read. 1117:(slag heaps) and several hills, including Hill 70, Hill 65 and Sallaumines Hill forming a shallow, saucer-shaped depression in which the city lay. To the south-east, on terrain that is 82 to 148 ft (25 to 45 m) above sea level, Sallaumines Hill rises to 180 ft (55 m). On the west side of Lens is Hill 65 (Reservoir Hill) north of the Souchez, which is steep-sided and gives a fine view of the city. 1456:, among mine workings, slag heaps and ruined villages, many next to light rail lines, the Canadians having inherited the preliminary work done by I Corps. Wire cutting had been going on since 11 July but there was no time for the fifteen-day preliminary bombardment laid down in the artillery plan of 11 July. On 26 July the last orders were issued and a document "Canadian Corps Scheme of Operations" by the 1965:(diphosgene) shells. The positions of the 1st and 2nd Canadian Artillery Field Brigades and the Canadian front line were gassed. The 1st Canadian Division artillery suffered 183 casualties and three batteries suffered direct hits. Many gunners became casualties after gas fogged the goggles of their respirators and they were forced to remove them to set fuses, lay their sights and maintain accurate fire. 1284:) had orders to retire from the salient to the Avion–Lens railway if pressed. The western slopes of Hill 65 had been occupied by the British on 24 June after a German retirement and patrols pushed forward towards Avion Trench, which was occupied early on 28 June. The 46th (North Midland) and 4th Canadian divisions made ready to resume their advance when the army barrage began at 2002:

Canadian Division slightly advanced its forward posts on the outskirts of Lens and extended its front northward to include the Lens–Béthune road. Currie wished to further improve the position around Hill 70 and ordered an attack against German positions along a 3,000 yd (1.7 mi; 2.7 km) front, opposite the 2nd and 4th Canadian Divisions.

1678:) bombed railway junctions, airfields and billets. In earlier battles, British fighters patrolling at height to engage German fighters had not been able to see low-flying, camouflaged German aircraft, which flew artillery-observation and ground attack sorties without interference. Six Nieuport 17s of 40 Squadron moved to an advanced landing ground at 1556:. The 12-inch guns had the ammunition for eighty rounds-per-day-per-gun for fifteen days. High explosive, gas and shrapnel shells were to be fired at German gun positions revealed by RFC reconnaissance photographs and the flash-spotters and sound rangers, to kill gunners and supply horses. One report had the 6th Army artillery in nine groups of 2087:

effort on the Western Front by both sides. In 2009, Tim Cook wrote that the Canadian attack had crushed the defenders by 18 August, 21 German counter-attacks being repulsed. The Canadian plan had succeeded but had depended on the determination of the Canadian infantry against equally determined opponents, who suffered approximately

2243:(2016, eds. Douglas Delaney and Serge Durflinger) Delaney wrote that Tim Cook had remedied a mistake in the Canadian official history which gave Canadian Corps casualties for August rather than for the period 15 to 25 August. In 2016, Robert Foley wrote that German casualties were difficult to measure, the German official history ( 1047:), to advance towards Lens to gain a line from Méricourt to Sallaumines Hill, Lens and Hill 70. Horne already desired to cut off the salient containing Lens to shorten the front, while unwilling to risk a costly and slow frontal assault into the maze of ruins. The First Army was understrength after the Battle of Arras but since 1350:. The British contributed 28 batteries but approximately 25 per cent of the heavy artillery for the operation was of dubious value due to barrel wear. Twenty batteries were in three Heavy Artillery Groups (HAGs) for destructive bombardment, and 18 batteries in three HAGs for counter-battery-fire, four British and two Canadian. 1121:

Lens and there is a shallow depression between it and Cité St Pierre. The slopes of Hill 70 towards Cité St Auguste are steeper. Lens, Hill 70, Sallaumines and Sallaumines Hill to the south-east and their commanding views over the area and the city, fell under German control in October 1914, during the

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on 15 August and with the existing divisions, conducted most of the German defence. Once the German counter-attack in 15 August had failed, the attempt to recapture Hill 70 was abandoned and counter-attacks were restricted local efforts to repulse Canadian attacks and for tactical improvements to the

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On the right flank, a battalion of the 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade suffered many casualties to the German artillery while assembling for the attack and was met with massed artillery and machine-gun fire, near its objective. Only three small parties, the largest of not more than twenty men, reached

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on the morning of 15 August, the Germans executed four local attacks against Canadian positions. Each attack was repulsed due in large part to the work of forward artillery observers, who could now overlook some of the German positions. On one occasion, a German counter-attack was only repulsed after

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By 1917, gas was delivered by shell, the substances being classed as lethal, harassing and persistent; lethal types were chlorine, phosgene and diphosgene, the phosgene types having little colour or smell. Harassing gases were non-lethal and included tear gas to compel the opponents to wear their gas

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From the rest of August to the beginning of October the front was relatively quiet, with Canadian efforts devoted mainly to preparations for another offensive, although none took place, largely because the First Army lacked sufficient resources for the task. The Canadian Corps was transferred to the

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The front quietened significantly after the final counter-attack against the chalk quarry. For the Canadian Corps, the following two days consisted largely of consolidation. The front line was drawn back 300 yd (270 m), midway between the original intermediate and final objectives. The 4th

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German troops made several attempts to recapture the chalk quarry and Chicory Trench under the cover of gas. All attempts against the chalk quarry failed and only one company of the Reserve Infantry Regiment 55 (on loan to the 11th Reserve Division) managed to breach the Canadian defences at Chicory

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In the 1st Canadian Division area, 4 Special Company RE fired mortars and Livens projectors against the left flank of the attack, as a deception and to shield the attack front from observers on higher ground several miles to the north. On the right (southern) flank in the 4th Canadian Division area,

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on the left (northern) flank. Horne expected that the operations would take place in early July but found that many of the best heavy guns were to be sent to Flanders and brought forward the date to 28 June. The plans were made less ambitious; the XIII Corps scheme was retained but the attack either

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the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade advance was stopped and the troops forced back to their start line. Communication between the forward units and brigade headquarters had broken down at the beginning of the attack and could not be restored due to the German bombardment, making it all but impossible

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On 9 August, six 40 Squadron Nieuport 17s made a low-level attack on the six German observation balloons along the Hill 70–Lens front and shot them down. German artillery observation was obstructed but the attack made the Canadian interest in the area obvious. For the two days and nights before the

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eighteen-pounders were to fire the first layer of the creeping barrage, with the infantry advancing about 75 yd (69 m) behind. To make it harder for the German artillery to bombard the infantry by following the creeping barrage, the rest of the 18-pounders and some 4.5-inch howitzers were

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The four attacking Canadian brigades began to consolidate as soon as they reached their objectives and each brigade emplaced 48 Vickers guns in its section of the blue line. Connexions to the artillery were established by observers with field telephones, wireless and signal lamps and the artillery

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Sixteen companies from the Canadian Machine Gun Corps with 128 Vickers machine guns and the armoured cars of the Canadian Motor Machine Gun Brigade (CMMGB) with 32 guns, under the command of the divisions were to supplement the artillery by firing a barrage over the heads of the Canadian infantry.

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On 7 July, due to a lack of artillery, Currie was ordered to take over more of the line to the north and to attack the objectives west of Lens not taken by the 46th (North Midland) Division from 29 June and 2 July. In the south the Canadian Corps was to attack beyond Avion to a railway embankment,

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commander, was promoted to command the Canadian Corps. On 10 June, Holland told Horne that only the capture of Hill 70 was important and suggested inflicting mass casualties by raids, bombardments and gas attacks, to create the impression that a big attack was imminent. The defenders would be kept

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German counter-attacks could only be resisted if plenty of reserves and much artillery support were made available. Deliberate attacks to capture the high ground around Lens would meet the goals of the First Army despite its limited means. In May and early June, First Army units conducted eighteen

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The ruling principles in the conduct of these operations will be careful selection of important objectives of a limited nature, deliberate preparation of the attack, concentration or artillery and economy of infantry, combined in each case with feint attacks and smoke and gas on other positions of

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On 7 May, Haig informed the British army commanders that the French had terminated the Nivelle Offensive and the strategy of returning to a war of manoeuvre. Operations to exhaust the powers of resistance of the German armies would resume by systematic, surprise attacks and when this was complete,

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The attack ended on 25 August and was a considerable victory despite the Germans retaining their hold on occupation of Lens. Two German divisions intended for Flanders had been diverted to Hill 70 and the reinforcement plan for the fighting at Ypres had been dislocated. Cook called the battle the

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after a delay but good observation enabled the attacks to be repulsed by massed artillery-, machine-gun and rifle-fire. To the south, the 5th Canadian Battalion retired from the final objective for about 200 yd (183 m) to shell-holes, after suffering many casualties and running short of

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By 16 July, the Canadian Corps had redeployed for the attack on Hill 70; the 1st Canadian Division had taken over from I Corps to the north-west of the hill, and the Canadian Corps occupied a line from the Souchez River northwards to just beyond Hill 70. To deceive the Germans about the place and

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half of them field guns and half of them heavy. On the eve of the attack, the counter-batteries claimed that forty of 102 German guns had been knocked out. Many of the field guns were beyond the range of Hill 70 but I Corps on the northern (left) flank and XIII Corps on the southern (right) flank

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To the north-west, on the east side of the Lens–Bethune road, is a hill about 230 ft (70 m) high with the suburb of Cité St Pierre on top. Hill 70 is north of the city and has a flat top, giving a fine view of the city and the ground to the north and east. The hill slopes gently towards

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Attempts by the 4th and 11th Canadian Infantry Brigades to eliminate a German salient between Cité St Élisabeth and Lens on 17 August failed and as had been foreseen, the Germans continued to mount determined counter-attacks. The German commanders realized that the Canadian and British artillery

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German resistance was determined and the Canadians used Lewis guns to pin down the German infantry as rifle and bombing sections attacked from a flank. On the southern (right) flank, the 4th Canadian Division diversion succeeded and with fewer guns in support, the German artillery reply was more

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Orders from the First Army HQ reached Currie on 12 June, who replied with a suggestion that the capture of Hill 65 was tactically desirable to gain observation over Lens and to deprive the Germans of reciprocal observation of the British rear. The capture of Avion could be replaced by a raid, to

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official history, called the attack at Hill 70 "a demonstration of how a set-piece attack should be carried out". The Germans refrained from attempts to recapture the lost ground at Lens, due to the need to avoid diverting resources from the Third Battle of Ypres in Flanders, the main strategic

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The morning of 16 August was relatively quiet, with only a few attempts made by small German parties to approach the Canadian lines. After having failed to capture all their objectives the previous day and after several postponements, the 2nd Canadian Infantry Brigade relieved the two attacking

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of oil from Livens projectors, which dropped into the German defences in Cité St Élisabeth, creating a smoke-screen and began an hour-long smoke bombardment from 4-inch Stokes mortars. Artillery Forward Observation Officers moved forward with the infantry and artillery-observation aircraft flew

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using datum points and calibrated guns for the first time, which greatly improved the accuracy of the artillery. Troops were rotated through the reserve area to conduct training and rehearsals in preparation for the assault. On the northern (left) flank, the 46th (North Midland) Division made a

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was prepared by German heavy artillery, which cut many of the field telephone links to the Canadian artillery but some remained operational and several runners got through with messages. The 2nd Canadian Division artillery received the message "Please turn Artillery on." and did, repulsing the

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cylinders into German positions around Avion. After four minutes, the creeping barrage began to move in 100 yd (91 m) increments, keeping about 25 per cent of the ground to be crossed under bombardment. Vickers gunners fired a machine-gun barrage at maximum range then gradually fired

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for high patrols over the battlefield. An advanced landing ground at Petit Sains was made ready for 43 Squadron Strutters to mount continuous, counter-attack reconnaissance patrols. Formations of three Strutters were to observe an area 7,000 yd (4.0 mi; 6.4 km) wide and 1,500 to

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The 6th Army was responsible for the defence of the area between Lille and Cambrai, Lens being about halfway between. The town was an important railway junction and after the Battle of Arras, earlier in 1917, had become a salient in the German defences. Hill 70 and the vicinity was held by the

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artillery rounds. The Canadian Corps Heavy Artillery HQ had the 63rd, 64th Heavy Artillery Groups HAG) with eight siege batteries each and the Canadian Heavy Artillery Group with five, for wire-cutting and trench destruction. Barrel wear and general unreliability meant that about half of the

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A later attempt by the Canadian Corps to extend its position into the city of Lens failed but the German and Canadian assessments of the battle concluded that it succeeded in its attrition objective. The battle was costly for both sides and many casualties were suffered from extensive use of

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allocated to each brigade. A combination of small-arms and artillery firepower would defeat German counter-attacks and inflict as many casualties as possible. The 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions were to attack on a front of 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) to a depth of 1,500 yd

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Hill 70 overlooked Lens and the Douai plain and Currie believed that the Germans would commit troops that they could ill-afford to lose, to regain a position that they dared not leave in Canadian possession. Artillery observers on the hill could defeat German counter-attacks with accurate

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To create a threat to Lens, Horne intended that XIII Corps on the southern flank would attack to reach better positions between the villages of Gavrelle and Oppy by advancing the front line for 200 to 500 yd (183 to 457 m) on a 2,300 yd (1.3 mi; 2.1 km) front. The

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To prepare for German counter-attacks, the 1st and 2nd Canadian Divisions began to reverse captured trenches and construct strong points immediately after capturing the blue line. Within two hours of the start of the battle, the Germans began using their immediate reserves to mount local

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the 4th Guard Division began the first German attack, having been seen assembling in Cité St Auguste. The Germans had to move over about 0.75 mi (1 km) of open ground and the Canadian gun-, machine-gun and rifle fire covered the ground with corpses and wounded. An attack at

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the Canadian infantry assembled in their jumping-off points; harassing fire from German artillery continued but with no particular intensity. The Germans had moved up reserves on the previous night in anticipation of an attack and the main assembly of Canadian troops was detected by

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raids and minor actions, moving the front line slowly eastwards over the Douai Plain. By 6 June, the First Army had captured all the high ground in the area, except that around Lens. I Corps was west of the city from the Souchez north to Hill 65 (Reservoir Hill), through

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Just before the Canadian attack, the left flank of the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade was attacked by units of the 4th Guard Division and a battalion of the 220th Division. The forces met between their objectives and fought hand-to-hand and with the bayonet; in the

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On 15 August, Haig made a diary note that the attack had gone "very well"; Horne called it "an unqualified success", despite the failure of the 6th Army to retreat and began to plan an attack on Sallaumines Hill for early September. In 1942, the writers of

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and suffered 200 casualties before the advance began. The survivors moved so fast that when a German counter-barrage fell on no man's land three minutes later, the British were on the far side and suffered no harm. The attackers had few casualties, took

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howitzers of the Canadian Corps field artillery, 31 of the 18-pounders being unusable due to barrel-wear. I Corps contributed twelve more 18-pounders and XIII Corps eighteen. Brooke also had 38 batteries of heavy siege howitzers consisting of twenty

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effective than further north. The 12th Canadian Infantry Brigade anticipated the German artillery bombardment and the Canadians took cover in deep shelters in the edge of Lens, the brigade suffering fewer than 24 casualties during the first day.

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In 2016, Robert Foley wrote that Army Group Crown Prince Rupprecht and the 6th Army headquarters thought that the Canadian advance had been stopped by 16 August. Below wrote in his diary that more than ten attacks by the Canadians, "the best

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and to make the German hold on Lens untenable. The Canadian Corps executed an operation to capture Hill 70 and then establish defensive positions from which combined small-arms and artillery fire, some of which used the new technique of

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By 16 July, the 1st Canadian Division infantry had transferred from the south-west of Lens to the north-western fringe of Hill 70. On 22 July, the divisional artillery arrived and by 25 July was in position from the south of Liévin to

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met the same fate, the few Germans reaching the Canadians being bombed out. German counter-attacks continued and the German artillery still in action tried to support the attacks and shell the Canadian defences. A counter-attack at

1582:. Two prisoners of Infantry Regiment 156 said that their companies of eighty men and 56 men had suffered between 20 and 29 gas casualties. A prisoner from Infantry Regiment 22 said that two companies had suffered 90 gas casualties. 1222:

28 June was dull, humid and storm clouds appeared in the south during the afternoon. The First Army artillery, assisted by Third Army guns en route to Flanders, began a bombardment along the 14 mi (23 km) army front from

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shorter towards the German positions. The Canadian infantry reached the blue line, 600 yd (549 m) forward in twenty minutes and paused to dig in. The advance began again and reached the final objective (red line) at

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From Vimy Ridge the ground declines about 300 yd (270 m) into the Douai Plain; the valley of the Souchez river is about 22 yd (20 m) wide and flows south-west to north-east through the south of the city of

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masks. Catching troops not wearing gas masks with a lethal concentration of gas was difficult but phosgene bombardments could cause casualties, slow the completion of tasks and tire the victims. The Canadians collected

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The operation was scheduled for the morning of 21 August, the tasks being divided between the 6th Canadian Infantry Brigade on the left and the 10th Canadian Infantry Brigade on the right. The attack was to begin at

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from 21 to 25 August. The frontal attacks on 21 and 23 August were rash and demonstrated that Currie lacked experience; Cook placed blame on Watson and Hilliam, the latter of whom should have been sacked.

1853: Strutters of 43 Squadron received many hits from ground fire but only two were shot down, three crew being wounded; a German aircraft was shot down and others driven off but four more Sopwith 1392: 1373:. (The German army had begun to use corps headquarters as territorial command units, rather than of a permanent complement of divisions, during the Battle of the Somme.) Lens was garrisoned by the 1179:

guessing and have to move more troops and artillery to the hill, despite the inevitable losses. Horne doubted that the army had sufficient men and artillery for the task and arranged for the

1210:) and the 46th (North Midland) Division on the right of I Corps, north of the river, were to attack on a front of 4,800 yd (2.7 mi; 4.4 km) to eliminate a German salient from 385: 1111:. In 1914, the river had several road and rail bridges. By 1917, much of the city was derelict due to years of artillery bombardments, the ruins being natural strongpoints overlooked by 1769:

the Canadian creeping barrage began and the infantry advanced, some troops having left their trenches early to avoid the German counter-barrage expected as soon as the attack began. At

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into the 6th Army area in reserve. The divisions in reserve rehearsed reinforcement and counter-attacks with the two front divisions, Below having written of an expected Canadian (

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to fire a barrage 200 yd (183 m) further forward; 6-inch and 9.2-inch howitzers were to fire 100 to 200 yd (91 to 183 m) beyond the second barrage line.

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most one-sided German defeat apart from the Battle of Messines in June. The attacks into Lens had been "clumsy, hurried affairs" and that the Canadians suffered nearly

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casualties; Delaney and Durflinger wrote that the lower estimates of German casualties were higher than those of the attackers, an unusual occurrence in the war.

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The Canadian Corps had the 1st, 2nd and 4th Canadian divisions for the attack and the 3rd Canadian Division in reserve. Artillery planning was delegated to Major

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discharges, artillery bombardments and the preparation of dummy tanks and troops on the two nights before the attack to be exposed to view at zero hour.

1706:

at Méricourt Trench. Bad weather led to the attack on Hill 70 being postponed from late July until mid-August. In the interim, special companies of the

5919: 5609: 5560: 5475: 390: 6159: 5763: 6149: 688: 444: 247: 5604: 4962: 3691: 1153:) north of the Souchez, with twelve tanks, captured Hill 65 (Reservoir Hill) and Hill 70. The attacks would envelop Lens on three sides and give 750: 413: 1496:

the 14th Army Brigade, Royal Field Artillery (RFA), six from the 53rd Battery and six from the 112th Battery. The 2nd Canadian Division had its

1511:

the 120th, 165th and 317th batteries. All of the 4.5-inch howitzers were from the 2nd Canadian divisional artillery, making sixty Canadian and

76: 4393: 1248:

German soldiers. Gavrelle Mill and a new line was consolidated, despite the rainstorm, from which the areas to the north-east and east around

4455: 5664: 5594: 5233: 4445: 4356: 1388: 5688: 4579: 4033: 1235:

when the infantry advance began. The adjacent brigades of the 31st and 5th divisions had been bombarded in their jumping-off trenches at

1138: 240: 146: 3825:. Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War (online ed.). Ottawa: Queen's Printer and Controller of Stationery. 3817: 4256: 4586: 1032: 671: 1082:

On 7 July, Haig gave orders that the Canadian Corps was to capture Lens to stop the 6th Army from sending troops north to Flanders.

375: 4238: 1507:

eighteen-pounders of the 46th (North Midland) divisional artillery, twelve 18-pounders of the 179th Army Field Brigade and another

5914: 5846: 5684: 5671: 5628: 5537: 5263: 5065: 4972: 4874: 4632: 4279: 2411: 1574:

4.5-inch and 60-pounder gas shells for the operation. Before the attack, the Royal Engineers bombarded the German defences with

1219:

side of the Souchez was reduced to the capture the German front line west of Avion and Hill 65; the Hill 70 plan was postponed.

6038: 6028: 5896: 3693:

Der Weltkrieg 1914 bis 1918: Die Militärischen Operationen zu Lande Dreizehnter Band Die Kriegführung im Sommer und Herbst 1917

1275: 1215: 5810: 5744: 5581: 5460: 5133: 4152: 4008: 3936: 3885: 3866: 3806: 3783: 3757: 3737: 3677: 3658: 3636: 3557: 3538: 3519: 3500: 2399: 1808:

changed from bombardment and creeping barrage fire to be ready to fire SOS barrages against German counter-attacks. At about

1703: 1374: 1150: 1063:) could be manoeuvred out of Lens by gradual advances to capture the higher ground to the south, west and north of the city. 1271:

towards Sallaumines Hill. A few days later more artillery was transferred to Flanders and the Hill 70 attack was postponed.

5985: 5405: 4190: 1318: 1145:

to capture Méricourt and La Coulotte, which would endanger the German defences of Sallaumines Hill, south-east of Lens, as

2104: 2071:. Fighting continued intermittently until 24 August but did not lead to more significant changes. The Canadians took over 1422:

artillery-fire. The hill was to be occupied quickly and strongpoint defensive positions were to be established around the

5756: 5080: 4708: 4213: 1335: 5970: 5955: 5245: 4647: 4405: 3972: 1603:

including the static guns about ten million rounds were fired before the Canadian attack. When the hill was captured,

1590: 1214:

to the west end of Lens and to occupy Hill 65 (Reservoir Hill). I Corps was to plan for an attack on Hill 70 with the

536: 5830: 5524: 5340: 4612: 4083: 489: 5010: 4048: 1231:. The simulation of a much bigger attack on Lens was enhanced by lightning, thunder and a downpour, which began at 905: 3698:

The World War 1914 to 1918: Military Land Operations Volume Thirteen, The Warfare in the Summer and Autumn of 1917

6081: 5886: 5866: 5653: 5589: 5412: 5281: 4185: 4105: 4043: 2363: 2335: 1954: 995: 607: 4746: 1982:

managed to penetrate the Canadian line north of the quarry on the morning of 18 August before being driven out.

325: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5861: 5555: 4200: 4175: 4073: 2280: 2276: 2255:

15 to 21 August and that the 220th Division also suffered many casualties, Reserve Infantry Regiment 99 losing

1492:

eighteen-pounders from the 1st and 3rd Canadian divisional artilleries and thirty field guns from the British,

5856: 5851: 5815: 5749: 5641: 5487: 5070: 4922: 4460: 4388: 4319: 4088: 4058: 4053: 3749:

Histories of Two Hundred and Fifty-one Divisions of the German Army which Participated in the War (1914–1918)

2403: 2044: 1607:

guns were to be dug in, one for every 35 yd (32 m) of front, guarded by several infantry sections.

1180: 629: 1278:

had moved into reserve on 22 June to replace a division transferred to Flanders. The line-holding division (

553: 6174: 5805: 5432: 5372: 5269: 5174: 4937: 4723: 4427: 4266: 4165: 3931:. The Official History of the Royal Canadian Air Force. Vol. I. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3471: 1626: 1360: 1044: 728: 558: 6169: 6043: 5480: 5465: 5323: 5275: 5040: 4591: 4465: 4378: 4373: 4142: 4130: 4125: 2389:

From 1916, siege batteries were affiliated temporarily to a HAG and HAGs were sent to corps as necessary.

1919: 1040: 928: 900: 880: 713: 468: 408: 370: 32: 4652: 570: 6139: 6023: 5980: 5257: 5015: 5000: 4902: 4771: 4339: 4251: 4208: 3709: 1702:

In late July, the 9th Canadian Brigade feinted a direct attack of Lens by engaging units of the German

1347: 1028: 875: 865: 843: 777: 693: 683: 656: 484: 365: 5965: 5733: 5317: 5305: 5060: 5045: 4766: 4657: 4351: 4329: 4078: 4068: 4001: 2369: 2284: 1732: 1549: 1339: 1024: 991: 923: 895: 850: 833: 789: 703: 624: 580: 575: 4912: 3612:

Humphries, M. O. "The Best Laid Plans, Sir Arthur Currie's First Operations as Corps Commander". In

5940: 5427: 5417: 5346: 5299: 5287: 5227: 5035: 5030: 4952: 4361: 4334: 4038: 2141: 2083: 1384: 1370: 1146: 1056: 955: 890: 828: 804: 708: 634: 3752:. Washington D.C.: United States Army, American Expeditionary Forces, Intelligence Section. 1920. 1990: 1827:

Canadian machine-gunners fired all day, seven guns of the 3rd Canadian Machine Gun Company firing

1253: 6144: 6011: 6003: 5945: 5705: 5400: 5163: 4990: 4985: 4917: 4776: 4761: 4756: 4736: 4617: 4494: 2313: 2136:

Around 22 August, the First Army intelligence department estimated that the Germans had suffered

1650: 1469: 973:

The objectives of the assault were to inflict casualties and to draw German troops away from the

855: 816: 794: 644: 585: 511: 4957: 3720:– via Die digitale landesbibliotek Oberösterreich (The Upper Austrian Provincial Library). 3331: 5778: 5502: 5437: 5293: 5020: 4947: 4897: 4882: 4864: 4837: 4751: 4718: 4383: 4344: 4324: 4135: 4028: 2359: 1020: 870: 838: 799: 767: 698: 666: 639: 612: 521: 264: 1642: 649: 5768: 5422: 5311: 5087: 5050: 4980: 4927: 4849: 4817: 4791: 4741: 4672: 4574: 4527: 4311: 4180: 4063: 3834: 2065:). Counter-attacks recaptured pockets of ground but the Canadians could not be expelled from 1453: 1293: 1199: 1175: 885: 860: 718: 600: 504: 1289: 6118: 6033: 4713: 4687: 4637: 3994: 2145: 1994: 1646: 1331: 1326: 1211: 1192: 772: 350: 281: 44: 4662: 2316:

forces, were awarded to members of the Canadian Corps for their actions during the battle

8: 6100: 5239: 5103: 5055: 4932: 4892: 4887: 4832: 4515: 4509: 4410: 3625:

France and Belgium 1917: 7th June–10th November. Messines and Third Ypres (Passchendaele)

2325: 2297: 2288: 1671: 1663: 1659: 1638: 1630: 1622: 1553: 1425: 1413: 1108: 974: 963: 959: 782: 738: 733: 548: 526: 6053: 3747: 3533:. Vol. II (pbk. Viking Canada ed.). Toronto, Ontario: Penguin Group (Canada). 1748: 1274:

Further north, opposite the 4th Canadian and 46th (North Midland) divisions, the German

6060: 5975: 5334: 5198: 5180: 5145: 5109: 4942: 4907: 4859: 4844: 4731: 4682: 4521: 4480: 4160: 3855: 3795: 3489: 2352: 2183: 1616: 1154: 1048: 967: 755: 595: 516: 418: 494: 6093: 6087: 6048: 5950: 5783: 5366: 5221: 5204: 5005: 4827: 4807: 4642: 4627: 4557: 4545: 4246: 4223: 4170: 3932: 3908: 3881: 3862: 3826: 3802: 3779: 3753: 3733: 3701: 3687: 3673: 3654: 3632: 3553: 3534: 3515: 3496: 2331: 2247:) volume noting that complete records did not exist. The 7th Division suffered about 2122: 1457: 1343: 1322: 1016: 821: 762: 565: 5151: 5121: 5115: 5025: 4854: 4822: 4812: 4551: 4475: 4470: 4398: 4218: 4118: 3907:(1). Waterloo, ON: Laurier Centre for Military, Strategic and Disarmament Studies. 3725: 3653:. History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery. London: Royal Artillery Institution. 2341: 2321: 2309: 2208:

prisoner. In the subsequent attacks into Lens, the Canadian Corps suffered another

1891:

of German artillery in action and all were answered by the counter-battery groups.

1675: 1579: 723: 499: 1690: 1094:"An Impression of Lens, France, Seen from an Aeroplane- the Anglo-german [ 5960: 5800: 5139: 4692: 4667: 4366: 4274: 4113: 3976: 3646: 2898: 1958: 1707: 1387:). In anticipation of an attack, Army Group Crown prince Rupprecht had moved the 1122: 1099: 1052: 999: 947: 918: 590: 425: 36: 1694:

Artillery map of the Lens area, marking locations to bombard with harassing fire

5793: 5773: 5444: 5157: 4995: 4786: 4677: 4533: 4437: 4420: 3700:] (online scan ed.). Berlin: Verlag Ernst Siegfried Mittler und Sohn. 1727: 1465: 1126: 1060: 979: 951: 661: 531: 192: 2410:

moved into reserve at times between 20 and 25 August. Tim Cook wrote that the

1141:(3–4 May). Horne wanted the Canadian Corps to continue its operations east of 6133: 5904: 5192: 5186: 4622: 4539: 4450: 3961: 3912: 3830: 3705: 2348: 2194:(1992) Bill Rawling wrote that the attack on Hill 70 cost the Canadian Corps 2171:

Corps troops and other troops attached to the 1st Canadian Division suffered

1979: 1461: 1171: 983: 543: 187: 180: 160: 91: 78: 3969: 2223:

during the preparations for the attack in the first two weeks of August and

5354: 4781: 3670:

The Silent General: A Biography of Haig's Trusted Great War Comrade-in-Arms

1924: 1036: 70: 3896: 3801:(2nd ed.). Kingston: Kashtan Press for Royal Canadian Legion Branch. 3512:

No Place to Run: The Canadian Corps and Gas Warfare in the First World War

3482:(1). Laurier Centre for Military Strategic and Disarmament Studies: 73–78. 3083: 5565: 5470: 5168: 4596: 4017: 3970:

General Currie’s First Stand – The Capture of Hill 70 By Richard Laughton

2287:. In this capacity, he executed an extremely successful offensive at the 1634: 1167:

and along the ridge of the 70-metre hill to the north of Cité St Pierre.

2882: 1548:

pieces, from 60-pounder guns to 9.2-inch howitzers and four super heavy

232: 1962: 1823:

attack; the Canadian gunners did the same to another German attempt at

1679: 1667: 1249: 1142: 5360: 5127: 3857:

Surviving Trench Warfare: Technology and the Canadian Corps 1914–1918

2182:

troops were taken prisoner. In the Canadian Official History (1962),

1799: 3603:

Gardner, N. "Higher Command, First Army and the Canadian Corps". In

2682: 2312:, the highest military decoration for valour awarded to British and 2148:

wrote that from 15 to 23 August, the 1st Canadian Division suffered

5620: 3550:

Capturing Hill 70: Canada's Forgotten Battle of the First World War

3375: 2754: 2048:

Corporal Filip Konowal, the only Ukrainian Victoria Cross recipient

1884: 1803:

Canadians "100 yards from Boche lines" during the attack on Hill 70

1224: 3567:

Cook, T. "The Fire Plan, Gas, Guns, Machine Guns and Mortars". In

2251:

before being withdrawn on 17 August, the 4th Guard Division about

1726:

batteries in the area by zero hour, partly using the technique of

1207: 3123: 2854: 1488:

were to fire a creeping barrage; the 1st Canadian Division front

1228: 1203: 1256:

could be observed, along with Greenland Hill to the south-west.

436: 2974: 2972: 1297: 174: 133: 3986: 2586: 2564: 2562: 1536:

18-pounders could not be used in the preliminary bombardment.

5788: 3259: 1137:

Horne began to make plans for the capture of Lens during the

1125:. In September 1915, the British overran the hill during the 3423: 3175: 3163: 3139: 3071: 2969: 2782: 2525: 2523: 2486: 2484: 2482: 2300:

took over command of the 6th Army until the end of the war.

3628: 2559: 3548:

Delaney, Douglas E.; Durflinger, Serge Marc, eds. (2016).

2989: 2987: 2923: 2921: 2730: 2646: 2634: 2622: 2610: 2398:

Adjacent units provided supporting artillery fire and the

2355:(the only Ukrainian to ever be awarded the Victoria Cross) 1544:

The 15th, 50th and 2nd Canadian Heavy Artillery Group had

3774:

Jukes, Geoffrey; Simkins, Peter; Hickey, Michael (2003).

2520: 2479: 2115: 2015:

but the Germans began shelling the Canadian positions at

1718:

shells into Lens by 15 August. The artillery neutralized

3531:

Shock Troops: Canadians Fighting the Great War 1917–1918

3447: 3435: 3387: 3363: 3351: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3151: 3059: 2945: 2933: 2742: 2535: 2259:

in four days. Foley estimated that the Germans suffered

2235:

on the Western Front. The Canadians had suffered nearly

1752:

A ruined house west of Lens, used to shelter water tanks

1472:, neutralization being more effective than destruction. 3981: 3584: 3035: 3011: 2999: 2984: 2918: 2842: 2830: 2818: 2806: 2794: 2658: 2598: 2574: 2508: 1027:. On 30 April, as the French hesitated to continue the 3411: 3399: 3307: 3295: 3199: 3047: 2496: 2467: 2279:. Soon after the battle, Below was transferred to the 2186:

wrote that the Canadians and attached troops suffered

1978:

Trench before being repulsed. German troops employing

3271: 3187: 2275:

Ypres sector in early October in preparation for the

1710:

augmented the regular level of bombardment by firing

1292:

and the eastern slope of Hill 65 was captured as the

1202:

on the left flank of the Canadian Corps south of the

3951: 2706: 2694: 2219:

In 2009, Tim Cook wrote that the Canadians suffered

6155:

Battles of World War I involving the United Kingdom

3514:. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press. 3319: 3283: 3211: 3111: 3099: 3023: 2957: 2870: 2718: 2670: 2427:during the battle and the 8th Canadian Machine Gun 3897:"Neglected Victory: The Canadian Corps at Hill 70" 3854: 3794: 3773: 3488: 3381: 2770: 2547: 2455: 2443: 3613: 3604: 3595: 3586: 3577: 3568: 3547: 3345: 2283:, where he took command of the new Austro-German 2108:A Canadian trench mortar battery after the battle 1786:a Special Company used Livens projectors to fire 6131: 3776:The First World War: The Western Front 1917–1918 2005: 970:region of France between 15 and 25 August 1917. 137: 4963:Armistice between Russia and the Central Powers 3730:Canada's Army: Waging War and Keeping the Peace 2163:being killed and the 4th Canadian Division had 1937:ammunition. The brigade suffered casualties of 1186: 1023:, had come to a disastrous conclusion with the 986:but failed to draw in troops from other areas. 3472:"The 107th "Timber Wolf" Battalion at Hill 70" 2075:and in their counter-attacks the Germans over 1031:(16 April – 9 May 1917), the commander of the 4002: 3792: 3429: 1927:teams temporarily breached the Canadian line. 1578:(46 long tons (47 t)) of gas fired from 452: 248: 49:Canadian soldiers in a captured German trench 2292: 2120: 2066: 2060: 2054: 2021: 1901: 1878: 1868: 1731:diversionary attack north of the hill, with 1443: 1437: 1431: 1396: 1378: 1364: 1279: 1266: 1162: 1112: 5453: 3724: 3594:Foley, R. "The Other Side of the Hill". In 3495:. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky. 3486: 2592: 2541: 2423:The 3rd Canadian Machine Gun Company fired 2239:their casualties from 21 to 25 August. In 2027:to co-ordinate the infantry and artillery. 1645:) RFC in support and the Sopwith Camels of 6165:Battles of the Western Front (World War I) 4009: 3995: 459: 445: 255: 241: 3815: 3611: 3453: 3441: 3393: 3369: 3357: 3229: 3181: 3169: 3157: 3145: 3089: 3077: 2978: 2939: 2904: 2888: 2788: 2748: 2736: 2640: 2604: 2580: 2568: 2529: 2502: 2490: 1782:for artillery fire by wireless that day. 1055:, in March, there was some hope that the 262: 6160:Battles of World War I involving Germany 5252:Revolutions and interventions in Hungary 3894: 3732:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 3686: 3645: 3487:Burg, David; Purcell, L. Edward (2004). 3205: 2927: 2912: 2764: 2514: 2269: 2144:(1948), the British official historian, 2103: 2043: 1989: 1957:shells, containing the blistering agent 1918: 1798: 1747: 1689: 1589: 1412: 1098:] Front Line, 1918" (oil on canvas, 1089: 1019:, despite the successful opening of the 6150:Battles of World War I involving Canada 5629:Occupied Enemy Territory Administration 3929:Canadian Airmen and the First World War 3861:. London: University of Toronto Press. 3852: 3622: 3602: 3575: 3417: 3405: 3337: 3313: 3301: 3193: 3129: 3093: 3053: 2951: 2892: 2864: 2688: 2652: 2628: 2616: 2473: 1685: 6132: 3875: 3819:Canadian Expeditionary Force 1914–1919 3793:Luciuk, Lubomyr; Sorobey, Ron (2000). 3585:Delaney; Durflinger. "Conclusion". In 3277: 2156:The Second Canadian Division suffered 1129:but it was recaptured by the Germans. 998:shell containing the blistering agent 5582:Austro-Hungarian occupation of Serbia 4918:Third Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele) 3990: 3593: 3341: 3265: 3253: 2712: 2700: 1997:– "Loos from the Trenches on Hill 70" 1610: 440: 236: 5986:Agreement of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne 3926: 3667: 3566: 3528: 3509: 3469: 3325: 3289: 3241: 3217: 3133: 3117: 3105: 3065: 3041: 3029: 3017: 3005: 2993: 2963: 2908: 2876: 2860: 2848: 2836: 2824: 2812: 2800: 2776: 2760: 2724: 2676: 2664: 2553: 2461: 2449: 2082:In 1981, Sydney Wise, author of the 5915:Ottomans against the Triple Entente 4709:Second Battle of the Masurian Lakes 1296:formed a defensive flank along the 1259: 1132: 13: 4648:First Battle of the Masurian Lakes 2372:, 7th (British Columbia) Battalion 2344:, 20th (Central Ontario) Battalion 1894: 1594:Example of a Vickers gun in action 1484:eighteen-pounders and forty-eight 958:. The battle took place along the 14: 6186: 3947: 3901:Canadian Military History Journal 2353:47th (British Columbia) Battalion 2303: 1834: 1714:drums from Livens projectors and 1417:Local planning map for the battle 954:and five divisions of the German 466: 5011:Second Battle of the Piave River 4633:Russian invasion of East Prussia 3954: 3778:. London: Taylor & Francis. 3576:Delaney, D. E. Introduction. In 3382:Jukes, Simkins & Hickey 2003 2414:also participated in the battle. 1010: 186: 173: 153: 139: 126: 43: 6082:Arrest of a Suspect in Sarajevo 5282:Lithuanian Wars of Independence 4016: 3878:The Passchendaele Campaign 1917 3614:Delaney & Durflinger (2016) 3605:Delaney & Durflinger (2016) 3596:Delaney & Durflinger (2016) 3587:Delaney & Durflinger (2016) 3578:Delaney & Durflinger (2016) 3569:Delaney & Durflinger (2016) 2417: 2392: 2383: 2364:2nd (Eastern Ontario) Battalion 1985: 1968: 1914: 1585: 1051:, the German withdrawal to the 5905:Austria-Hungary against Serbia 5764:Deportations from East Prussia 5561:1915 typhus epidemic in Serbia 3895:Walthert, M. (27 March 2015). 2277:Second Battle of Passchendaele 1500:eighteen-pounders and another 1321:who had two-hundred and forty 227:including 1,369 taken prisoner 1: 5816:Ukrainian Canadian internment 3880:. Barnsley: Pen & Sword. 3462: 3346:Delaney & Durflinger 2016 2260: 2131: 2006:21–22 August (Attack on Lens) 1325:field guns and seventy-eight 1312: 1181:46th (North Midland) Division 1077:First Army GS 651, 8 May 1917 1005: 220: 5971:Sazonov–Paléologue Agreement 5270:Estonian War of Independence 4938:Southern Palestine offensive 3816:Nicholson, G. W. L. (1962). 2437: 2034: 1961:, were fired in addition to 1743: 1475: 1448:directly south of the hill. 1187:Affairs south of the Souchez 1155:forward observation officers 7: 5925:USA against Austria-Hungary 5324:Turkish War of Independence 5276:Latvian War of Independence 5001:Treaty of Bucharest of 1918 4592:Anti-Serb riots in Sarajevo 2039: 1773:Special Companies RE fired 1353: 1033:British Expeditionary Force 994:, including the new German 929:Western Front tactics, 1917 10: 6191: 6008:Treaties of Brest-Litovsk 5556:1899–1923 cholera pandemic 5016:Second Battle of the Marne 4903:Second battle of the Aisne 4772:Second Battle of Champagne 4613:German invasion of Belgium 3726:Granatstein, Jack Lawrence 2336:29th (Vancouver) Battalion 1614: 1307: 1206:River (a tributary of the 1190: 1139:Third Battle of the Scarpe 1029:Second Battle of the Aisne 6114: 6073: 5994: 5933: 5895: 5839: 5828: 5789:Assyrian genocide (Sayfo) 5732: 5704: 5652: 5574: 5548: 5500: 5393: 5386: 5318:Irish War of Independence 5214: 5096: 5061:Armistice of Villa Giusti 5046:Battle of Vittorio Veneto 4971: 4873: 4800: 4701: 4658:First Battle of the Marne 4605: 4567: 4502: 4493: 4436: 4310: 4299: 4265: 4237: 4199: 4151: 4104: 4097: 4024: 3476:Canadian Military History 3430:Luciuk & Sorobey 2000 2326:10th (Canadian) Battalion 2212:increasing the number to 1738: 1523:guns and howitzers, with 1519:guns and howitzers, with 476: 274: 211: 198: 166: 119: 53: 42: 30: 25: 5941:Constantinople Agreement 5234:Armenian–Azerbaijani War 5097:Co-belligerent conflicts 5066:Second Romanian campaign 5036:Third Transjordan attack 4747:Gorlice–Tarnów offensive 4653:Battle of Grand Couronné 3982:Hill 70 Monument Project 3797:Konowal: A Canadian Hero 3623:Edmonds, J. E. (1991) . 3268:, pp. 198–199, 201. 2376: 2192:Surviving Trench Warfare 2142:History of the Great War 2084:Royal Canadian Air Force 6004:Modus vivendi of Acroma 5956:Bulgaria–Germany treaty 5264:Greater Poland Uprising 5164:National Protection War 5041:Meuse–Argonne offensive 4991:German spring offensive 4986:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 4762:Siege of Novogeorgievsk 4737:Second Battle of Artois 4618:Battle of the Frontiers 3975:22 October 2016 at the 2542:Burg & Purcell 2004 2330:Company Sergeant-Major 1908:7:00 a.m. and 9:00 a.m. 1651:Royal Naval Air Service 1621:The Canadian Corps had 1404: 1085: 817:German spring offensive 6029:Paris Peace Conference 6017:Ukraine–Central Powers 5811:Massacres of Albanians 5779:Late Ottoman genocides 5586:Bulgarian occupations 5294:Third Anglo-Afghan War 5258:Hungarian–Romanian War 5076:Naval Victory Bulletin 5071:Armistice with Germany 5021:Hundred Days Offensive 4948:Battle of La Malmaison 4898:Second battle of Arras 4865:Battle of Transylvania 4719:Second Battle of Ypres 4587:Sarajevo assassination 4476:South African Republic 3491:Almanac of World War I 2294:General der Infanterie 2293: 2227:from 15 to 25 August, 2121: 2109: 2067: 2061: 2055: 2049: 2022: 1998: 1928: 1902: 1883:, north of Lens, were 1879: 1869: 1804: 1753: 1695: 1595: 1564: 1444: 1438: 1432: 1418: 1397: 1379: 1369:, the headquarters of 1365: 1280: 1267: 1163: 1113: 1103: 1080: 167:Commanders and leaders 92:50.45556°N 2.8190278°E 6039:Treaty of St. Germain 6012:Russia–Central Powers 5966:Sykes–Picot Agreement 5794:Pontic Greek genocide 5769:Destruction of Kalisz 5745:Eastern Mediterranean 5306:Polish–Lithuanian War 5088:Armistice of Belgrade 5051:Armistice of Salonica 4981:Operation Faustschlag 4928:Third Battle of Oituz 4850:Baranovichi offensive 4818:Lake Naroch offensive 4792:Battle of Robat Karim 4767:Vistula–Bug offensive 4742:Battles of the Isonzo 4673:First Battle of Ypres 3651:Western Front 1914–18 3470:Bell, Steven (1992). 2400:49th Reserve Division 2270:Subsequent operations 2107: 2047: 1993: 1922: 1802: 1751: 1704:36th Reserve Division 1693: 1593: 1515:guns. The attack had 1416: 1401:) attack on 15 July. 1375:11th Reserve Division 1294:3rd Canadian Division 1200:4th Canadian Division 1176:1st Canadian Division 1093: 1069: 1039:, gave orders to the 266:Battle of Arras, 1917 212:Casualties and losses 16:Battle of World War I 6034:Treaty of Versailles 5750:Mount Lebanon famine 5665:in the United States 5633:Russian occupations 5347:Turkish–Armenian War 5288:Polish–Ukrainian War 5228:Ukrainian–Soviet War 5175:Central Asian Revolt 4958:Armistice of Focșani 4688:Battle of Sarikamish 4638:Battle of Tannenberg 4034:Military engagements 3927:Wise, S. F. (1981). 3853:Rawling, B. (1992). 3672:. Solihull: Helion. 3344:, pp. 190–191; 3244:, pp. 295, 306. 3092:, pp. 290–291; 3068:, pp. 129, 131. 2691:, p. 226 (footnote). 2231:Hill 70 and another 1756:During the night of 1686:Deception operations 1643:Sopwith 1½ Strutters 1426:Vickers machine guns 1193:Capture of Oppy Wood 1149:(Lieutenant-General 1035:, Field Marshal Sir 1025:French Army mutinies 962:on the outskirts of 924:French Army mutinies 919:1914 Christmas truce 689:Hohenzollern Redoubt 61:15 to 25 August 1917 6175:Lens, Pas-de-Calais 6101:They shall not pass 6024:Treaty of Bucharest 5981:Treaty of Bucharest 5920:USA against Germany 5897:Declarations of war 5601:German occupations 5514:British casualties 5373:Soviet–Georgian War 5300:Egyptian Revolution 5240:Armeno-Georgian War 5104:Somaliland campaign 5056:Armistice of Mudros 4933:Battle of Caporetto 4923:Battle of Mărășești 4893:Zimmermann telegram 4888:February Revolution 4833:Battle of the Somme 4757:Bug-Narew Offensive 4732:Battle of Gallipoli 4724:Sinking of the RMS 4516:Scramble for Africa 4510:Franco-Prussian War 4166:Sinai and Palestine 3876:Rawson, A. (2017). 3256:, pp. 198–199. 3184:, pp. 294–295. 3172:, pp. 293–295. 3148:, pp. 291–292. 3080:, pp. 289–290. 3044:, pp. 422–423. 3020:, pp. 121–122. 3008:, pp. 119–121. 2996:, pp. 118–119. 2981:, pp. 287–289. 2851:, pp. 113–114. 2839:, pp. 114–115. 2827:, pp. 111–112. 2815:, pp. 110–111. 2803:, pp. 115–118. 2791:, pp. 287–288. 2667:, pp. 108–109. 2655:, pp. 114–115. 2631:, pp. 113–114. 2619:, pp. 112–113. 2595:, pp. 118–119. 2298:Ferdinand von Quast 2289:Battle of Caporetto 2140:casualties. In the 1676:Martinsyde Elephant 975:3rd Battle of Ypres 913:Associated articles 630:Hartmannswillerkopf 490:Invasion of Belgium 403:Associated articles 360:Flanking operations 97:50.45556; 2.8190278 88: / 6170:August 1917 events 6061:Treaty of Lausanne 5976:Paris Economy Pact 5910:UK against Germany 5840:Entry into the war 5806:Urkun (Kyrgyzstan) 5525:Ottoman casualties 5335:Franco-Turkish War 5215:Post-War conflicts 5199:Russian Revolution 5181:Invasion of Darfur 5146:Kelantan rebellion 5134:Kurdish rebellions 5110:Mexican Revolution 4943:October Revolution 4908:Kerensky offensive 4883:Capture of Baghdad 4860:Monastir offensive 4845:Brusilov offensive 4683:Battle of Kolubara 4522:Russo-Japanese War 3712:on 3 December 2013 3688:Foerster, Wolfgang 3668:Farr, Don (2007). 3529:Cook, T. (2009) . 3510:Cook, Tim (2000). 3340:, pp. 4, 27; 2763:, pp. 74–75; 2571:, pp. 80, 82. 2184:G. W. L. Nicholson 2123:Eingreifdivisionen 2110: 2089:20,000 casualties, 2050: 1999: 1929: 1831:in a few minutes. 1805: 1754: 1696: 1647:8 (Naval) Squadron 1617:Royal Flying Corps 1611:Royal Flying Corps 1596: 1525:300,000 18-pounder 1486:4.5-inch howitzers 1419: 1389:4th Guard Division 1332:9.2-inch howitzers 1290:Éleu-dit-Leauwette 1104: 1049:Operation Alberich 968:Nord-Pas-de-Calais 946:took place in the 6140:Conflicts in 1917 6127: 6126: 6110: 6109: 6094:The Golden Virgin 6088:Mutilated victory 6069: 6068: 6049:Treaty of Trianon 6044:Treaty of Neuilly 5951:Damascus Protocol 5824: 5823: 5784:Armenian genocide 5741:Allied blockades 5713:Belgian refugees 5496: 5495: 5406:Strategic bombing 5382: 5381: 5367:Franco-Syrian War 5341:Greco-Turkish War 5329:Anglo-Turkish War 5312:Polish–Soviet War 5246:German Revolution 5222:Russian Civil War 5205:Finnish Civil War 5031:Battle of Megiddo 5006:Battle of Goychay 4953:Battle of Cambrai 4913:Battle of Mărăști 4828:Battle of Jutland 4808:Erzurum offensive 4663:Siege of Przemyśl 4643:Siege of Tsingtao 4628:Battle of Galicia 4558:Second Balkan War 4546:Italo-Turkish War 4503:Pre-War conflicts 4489: 4488: 4379:Portuguese Empire 4295: 4294: 4257:German New Guinea 4239:Asian and Pacific 3938:978-0-8020-2379-7 3887:978-1-52670-400-9 3868:978-0-8020-6002-0 3840:on 26 August 2011 3808:978-1-896354-24-8 3785:978-0-415-96843-0 3759:978-5-87296-917-4 3739:978-0-8020-8696-9 3679:978-1-874622-99-4 3660:978-1-870114-00-4 3638:978-0-89839-166-4 3559:978-0-7748-3359-2 3540:978-0-14-305593-8 3521:978-0-7748-0740-1 3502:978-0-8131-9087-7 3384:, pp. 54–55. 2954:, pp. 39–40. 2895:, pp. 39–40. 2739:, pp. 87–89. 2643:, pp. 85–86. 2532:, pp. 79–80. 2493:, pp. 80–81. 2291:in October 1917. 2241:Capturing Hill 70 2196:3,527 casualties, 2188:9,198 casualties. 2177:8,418 casualties, 2165:1,432 casualties, 2158:2,724 casualties, 2113:English [ 1900:counter-attacks ( 1839:The Sopwith 1778:overhead sending 1601:2,694,700 rounds; 1580:Livens Projectors 1458:Brigadier-General 1281:Stellungsdivision 1017:Nivelle Offensive 1015:By May 1917, the 944:Battle of Hill 70 937: 936: 763:Nivelle offensive 537:Trouée de Charmes 434: 433: 231: 230: 115: 114: 26:Battle of Hill 70 6182: 6054:Treaty of Sèvres 5946:Treaty of London 5837: 5836: 5615:Northeast France 5546: 5545: 5518:Parliamentarians 5451: 5450: 5413:Chemical weapons 5391: 5390: 5152:Senussi campaign 5122:Muscat rebellion 5116:Maritz rebellion 5084: 5026:Vardar offensive 4855:Battle of Romani 4823:Battle of Asiago 4813:Battle of Verdun 4777:Kosovo offensive 4552:First Balkan War 4500: 4499: 4399:Russian Republic 4308: 4307: 4102: 4101: 4044:Economic history 4011: 4004: 3997: 3988: 3987: 3964: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3942: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3891: 3872: 3860: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3839: 3833:. Archived from 3824: 3812: 3800: 3789: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3743: 3721: 3719: 3717: 3708:. Archived from 3683: 3664: 3642: 3617: 3608: 3599: 3590: 3581: 3572: 3563: 3544: 3525: 3506: 3494: 3483: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3379: 3373: 3367: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3335: 3329: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3299: 3293: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3227: 3221: 3215: 3209: 3203: 3197: 3191: 3185: 3179: 3173: 3167: 3161: 3155: 3149: 3143: 3137: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3063: 3057: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3003: 2997: 2991: 2982: 2976: 2967: 2961: 2955: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2916: 2902: 2896: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2868: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2834: 2828: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2804: 2798: 2792: 2786: 2780: 2774: 2768: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2740: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2638: 2632: 2626: 2620: 2614: 2608: 2602: 2596: 2593:Granatstein 2004 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2566: 2557: 2551: 2545: 2539: 2533: 2527: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2477: 2476:, pp. 6–10. 2471: 2465: 2459: 2453: 2447: 2431: 2430: 2429:Company 360,000. 2426: 2421: 2415: 2396: 2390: 2387: 2370:Michael O'Rourke 2342:Frederick Hobson 2310:Victoria Crosses 2296: 2265: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2250: 2249:2,000 casualties 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2225:9,198 casualties 2222: 2221:2,000 casualties 2216:in eleven days. 2215: 2211: 2210:5,671 casualties 2207: 2203: 2200: 2197: 2189: 2181: 2178: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154:881 being fatal. 2151: 2150:3,035 casualties 2139: 2138:12,000 to 15,000 2126: 2099: 2098:4,000 casualties 2094: 2090: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2064: 2058: 2025: 2018: 2014: 1976: 1973:On the night of 1948: 1944: 1940: 1935: 1909: 1905: 1890: 1882: 1877:infantry behind 1876: 1872: 1870:Bois de Quatorze 1866: 1865: 1861: 1858: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1844: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1794: 1789: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1759: 1725: 1722:of an estimated 1721: 1717: 1713: 1606: 1602: 1577: 1573: 1559: 1554:15-inch howitzer 1547: 1539: 1534: 1530: 1529:150,000 4.5-inch 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1447: 1441: 1435: 1428: 1400: 1382: 1368: 1340:6-inch howitzers 1336:8-inch howitzers 1303: 1287: 1283: 1270: 1260:Capture of Avion 1247: 1243: 1238: 1234: 1166: 1164:Cité St Theodore 1133:Local operations 1116: 1078: 876:St Quentin Canal 471: 461: 454: 447: 438: 437: 277:Battles of Arras 269: 267: 257: 250: 243: 234: 233: 225: 222: 191: 190: 178: 177: 159: 157: 156: 149: 145: 143: 142: 132: 130: 129: 103: 102: 100: 99: 98: 93: 89: 86: 85: 84: 81: 55: 54: 47: 23: 22: 6190: 6189: 6185: 6184: 6183: 6181: 6180: 6179: 6130: 6129: 6128: 6123: 6106: 6065: 5997: 5990: 5961:Treaty of Darin 5929: 5891: 5847:Austria-Hungary 5833: 5820: 5801:Rape of Belgium 5728: 5700: 5648: 5642:Western Armenia 5637:Eastern Galicia 5570: 5544: 5508: 5507:Civilian impact 5506: 5492: 5449: 5378: 5210: 5140:Ovambo Uprising 5092: 5078: 4967: 4869: 4796: 4714:Battle of Łomża 4697: 4693:Christmas truce 4668:Race to the Sea 4601: 4563: 4485: 4456:Austria-Hungary 4432: 4367:Empire of Japan 4304: 4302: 4291: 4275:U-boat campaign 4261: 4233: 4195: 4147: 4093: 4074:Popular culture 4020: 4015: 3977:Wayback Machine 3960: 3955: 3953: 3950: 3945: 3939: 3917: 3915: 3888: 3869: 3843: 3841: 3837: 3822: 3809: 3786: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3746: 3740: 3715: 3713: 3690:, ed. (1956) . 3680: 3661: 3639: 3560: 3541: 3522: 3503: 3465: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3428: 3424: 3416: 3412: 3404: 3400: 3392: 3388: 3380: 3376: 3368: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3336: 3332: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3300: 3296: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3264: 3260: 3252: 3248: 3240: 3236: 3228: 3224: 3216: 3212: 3204: 3200: 3192: 3188: 3180: 3176: 3168: 3164: 3156: 3152: 3144: 3140: 3132:, p. 228; 3128: 3124: 3116: 3112: 3104: 3100: 3088: 3084: 3076: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3052: 3048: 3040: 3036: 3028: 3024: 3016: 3012: 3004: 3000: 2992: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2950: 2946: 2938: 2934: 2926: 2919: 2911:, p. 171; 2907:, p. 285; 2903: 2899: 2891:, p. 285; 2887: 2883: 2875: 2871: 2863:, p. 422; 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2835: 2831: 2823: 2819: 2811: 2807: 2799: 2795: 2787: 2783: 2775: 2771: 2759: 2755: 2747: 2743: 2735: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2711: 2707: 2699: 2695: 2687: 2683: 2675: 2671: 2663: 2659: 2651: 2647: 2639: 2635: 2627: 2623: 2615: 2611: 2603: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2579: 2575: 2567: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2521: 2517:, p. 23/3. 2513: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2489: 2480: 2472: 2468: 2460: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2428: 2424: 2422: 2418: 2397: 2393: 2388: 2384: 2379: 2360:Okill Learmonth 2306: 2272: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2195: 2187: 2179: 2176: 2173:105 casualties, 2172: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2137: 2134: 2097: 2093:5,600 Canadian. 2092: 2088: 2076: 2073:1,100 prisoners 2072: 2042: 2037: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1988: 1974: 1971: 1959:sulphur mustard 1946: 1942: 1938: 1933: 1917: 1907: 1897: 1895:Counter-attacks 1888: 1880:Bois de Dixhuit 1874: 1863: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1849: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1837: 1828: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1809: 1792: 1787: 1779: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1746: 1741: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1711: 1708:Royal Engineers 1688: 1619: 1613: 1604: 1600: 1588: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1557: 1545: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1478: 1433:Cité St Édouard 1423: 1407: 1356: 1344:60-pounder guns 1315: 1310: 1301: 1288:Most of Avion, 1285: 1262: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1195: 1189: 1135: 1123:Race to the Sea 1102:Art.IWMART2661) 1100:Richard Carline 1088: 1079: 1076: 1053:Hindenburg Line 1021:Battle of Arras 1013: 1008: 1002:(mustard gas). 1000:sulphur mustard 948:First World War 940: 939: 938: 933: 910: 714:Vimy Ridge 1916 591:Race to the Sea 559:1st St. Quentin 481: 472: 467: 465: 435: 430: 426:Hindenburg Line 400: 381:Hindenburg Line 357: 270: 265: 263: 261: 226: 223: 185: 172: 154: 152: 140: 138: 136: 127: 125: 96: 94: 90: 87: 82: 79: 77: 75: 74: 73: 48: 37:First World War 17: 12: 11: 5: 6188: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167: 6162: 6157: 6152: 6147: 6145:1917 in France 6142: 6125: 6124: 6122: 6121: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6104: 6097: 6090: 6085: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6070: 6067: 6066: 6064: 6063: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6046: 6041: 6036: 6026: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6014: 6006: 6000: 5998: 5996:Peace treaties 5995: 5992: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5937: 5935: 5931: 5930: 5928: 5927: 5922: 5917: 5912: 5907: 5901: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5890: 5889: 5884: 5882:United Kingdom 5879: 5874: 5872:Ottoman Empire 5869: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5849: 5843: 5841: 5834: 5829: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5797: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5776: 5774:Sack of Dinant 5771: 5766: 5761: 5760: 5759: 5754: 5753: 5752: 5738: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5726: 5725: 5724: 5722:United Kingdom 5719: 5710: 5708: 5702: 5701: 5699: 5698: 5697: 5696: 5691: 5682: 5676:POW locations 5674: 5669: 5668: 5667: 5658: 5656: 5650: 5649: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5644: 5639: 5631: 5626: 5625: 5624: 5617: 5612: 5607: 5599: 5598: 5597: 5592: 5584: 5578: 5576: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5552: 5550: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5540: 5535: 5527: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5511: 5509: 5501: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5490: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5476:United Kingdom 5473: 5471:Ottoman Empire 5468: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5448: 5447: 5445:Trench warfare 5442: 5441: 5440: 5430: 5425: 5420: 5415: 5410: 5409: 5408: 5397: 5395: 5388: 5384: 5383: 5380: 5379: 5377: 5376: 5370: 5364: 5358: 5352: 5351: 5350: 5344: 5338: 5332: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5297: 5291: 5285: 5279: 5273: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5249: 5243: 5237: 5231: 5225: 5218: 5216: 5212: 5211: 5209: 5208: 5202: 5196: 5190: 5184: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5161: 5158:Volta-Bani War 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5125: 5119: 5113: 5107: 5100: 5098: 5094: 5093: 5091: 5090: 5085: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5028: 5023: 5018: 5013: 5008: 5003: 4998: 4996:Zeebrugge Raid 4993: 4988: 4983: 4977: 4975: 4969: 4968: 4966: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4935: 4930: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4900: 4895: 4890: 4885: 4879: 4877: 4871: 4870: 4868: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4841: 4840: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4804: 4802: 4798: 4797: 4795: 4794: 4789: 4787:Battle of Loos 4784: 4779: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4721: 4716: 4711: 4705: 4703: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4678:Black Sea raid 4675: 4670: 4665: 4660: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4640: 4635: 4630: 4625: 4620: 4615: 4609: 4607: 4603: 4602: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4583: 4582: 4580:Historiography 4571: 4569: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4534:Bosnian Crisis 4531: 4528:Tangier Crisis 4525: 4519: 4513: 4506: 4504: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4487: 4486: 4484: 4483: 4478: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4461:Ottoman Empire 4458: 4453: 4448: 4442: 4440: 4438:Central Powers 4434: 4433: 4431: 4430: 4425: 4424: 4423: 4421:British Empire 4416:United Kingdom 4413: 4408: 4403: 4402: 4401: 4396: 4394:Russian Empire 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4312:Entente Powers 4305: 4300: 4297: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4290: 4289: 4284: 4283: 4282: 4280:North Atlantic 4271: 4269: 4263: 4262: 4260: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4243: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4221: 4216: 4211: 4205: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4194: 4193: 4191:Central Arabia 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4157: 4155: 4153:Middle Eastern 4149: 4148: 4146: 4145: 4140: 4139: 4138: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4121: 4110: 4108: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4054:Historiography 4051: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4021: 4014: 4013: 4006: 3999: 3991: 3985: 3984: 3979: 3966: 3965: 3949: 3948:External links 3946: 3944: 3943: 3937: 3924: 3892: 3886: 3873: 3867: 3850: 3813: 3807: 3790: 3784: 3771: 3758: 3744: 3738: 3722: 3684: 3678: 3665: 3659: 3643: 3637: 3620: 3619: 3618: 3609: 3600: 3591: 3582: 3573: 3558: 3545: 3539: 3526: 3520: 3507: 3501: 3484: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3458: 3456:, p. 290. 3454:Nicholson 1962 3446: 3444:, p. 292. 3442:Nicholson 1962 3434: 3432:, p. 360. 3422: 3420:, p. 141. 3410: 3408:, p. 140. 3398: 3396:, p. 291. 3394:Nicholson 1962 3386: 3374: 3372:, p. 312. 3370:Nicholson 1962 3362: 3360:, p. 297. 3358:Nicholson 1962 3350: 3348:, p. 253. 3330: 3328:, p. 306. 3318: 3316:, p. 142. 3306: 3304:, p. 230. 3294: 3292:, p. 131. 3282: 3280:, p. 120. 3270: 3258: 3246: 3234: 3232:, p. 329. 3230:Nicholson 1962 3222: 3220:, p. 423. 3210: 3198: 3186: 3182:Nicholson 1962 3174: 3170:Nicholson 1962 3162: 3160:, p. 293. 3158:Nicholson 1962 3150: 3146:Nicholson 1962 3138: 3136:, p. 130. 3122: 3120:, p. 289. 3110: 3108:, p. 130. 3098: 3096:, p. 227. 3090:Nicholson 1962 3082: 3078:Nicholson 1962 3070: 3058: 3056:, p. 221. 3046: 3034: 3032:, p. 122. 3022: 3010: 2998: 2983: 2979:Nicholson 1962 2968: 2966:, p. 118. 2956: 2944: 2942:, p. 286. 2940:Nicholson 1962 2932: 2930:, p. 205. 2917: 2905:Nicholson 1962 2897: 2889:Nicholson 1962 2881: 2879:, p. 422. 2869: 2867:, p. 221. 2853: 2841: 2829: 2817: 2805: 2793: 2789:Nicholson 1962 2781: 2769: 2753: 2751:, p. 285. 2749:Nicholson 1962 2741: 2737:Humphries 2016 2729: 2727:, p. 287. 2717: 2715:, p. 197. 2705: 2703:, p. 188. 2693: 2681: 2679:, p. 109. 2669: 2657: 2645: 2641:Humphries 2016 2633: 2621: 2609: 2605:Humphries 2016 2597: 2585: 2583:, pp. 82. 2581:Humphries 2016 2573: 2569:Humphries 2016 2558: 2556:, p. 171. 2546: 2534: 2530:Humphries 2016 2519: 2507: 2503:Humphries 2016 2495: 2491:Humphries 2016 2478: 2466: 2464:, p. 132. 2454: 2452:, p. 125. 2441: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2425:271,000 rounds 2416: 2412:185th Division 2408:240th Division 2391: 2381: 2380: 2378: 2375: 2374: 2373: 2366: 2356: 2345: 2338: 2328: 2305: 2304:Victoria Cross 2302: 2271: 2268: 2133: 2130: 2041: 2038: 2036: 2033: 2007: 2004: 1987: 1984: 1970: 1967: 1916: 1913: 1896: 1893: 1836: 1835:Air operations 1833: 1745: 1742: 1740: 1737: 1728:predicted fire 1687: 1684: 1615:Main article: 1612: 1609: 1587: 1584: 1566: 1563: 1531:and more than 1477: 1474: 1466:flash spotting 1406: 1403: 1398:Angriffstruppe 1393:220th Division 1380:Gruppe Souchez 1355: 1352: 1314: 1311: 1309: 1306: 1261: 1258: 1227:northwards to 1188: 1185: 1151:Arthur Holland 1134: 1131: 1127:Battle of Loos 1087: 1084: 1074: 1061:Otto von Below 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 980:predicted fire 952:Canadian Corps 935: 934: 932: 931: 926: 921: 909: 908: 906:Lys and Escaut 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 858: 853: 848: 847: 846: 841: 836: 831: 826: 808: 807: 802: 797: 792: 787: 786: 785: 780: 775: 770: 760: 753: 742: 741: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 675: 674: 669: 664: 659: 654: 653: 652: 642: 637: 635:Neuve Chapelle 632: 627: 616: 615: 610: 608:Winter actions 605: 604: 603: 598: 588: 583: 578: 573: 571:Grand Couronné 568: 563: 562: 561: 556: 551: 541: 540: 539: 534: 529: 524: 519: 509: 508: 507: 502: 497: 487: 477: 474: 473: 464: 463: 456: 449: 441: 432: 431: 429: 428: 423: 416: 411: 399: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 376:2nd Bullecourt 373: 368: 366:1st Bullecourt 356: 355: 354: 353: 348: 343: 338: 328: 323: 322: 321: 316: 311: 301: 300: 299: 294: 284: 275: 272: 271: 260: 259: 252: 245: 237: 229: 228: 218: 214: 213: 209: 208: 205: 201: 200: 196: 195: 193:Otto von Below 183: 169: 168: 164: 163: 150: 147:United Kingdom 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 111:Allied victory 109: 105: 104: 69: 67: 63: 62: 59: 51: 50: 40: 39: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6187: 6176: 6173: 6171: 6168: 6166: 6163: 6161: 6158: 6156: 6153: 6151: 6148: 6146: 6143: 6141: 6138: 6137: 6135: 6120: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6103: 6102: 6098: 6096: 6095: 6091: 6089: 6086: 6084: 6083: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6072: 6062: 6059: 6055: 6052: 6050: 6047: 6045: 6042: 6040: 6037: 6035: 6032: 6031: 6030: 6027: 6025: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6009: 6007: 6005: 6002: 6001: 5999: 5993: 5987: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5932: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5918: 5916: 5913: 5911: 5908: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5900: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5887:United States 5885: 5883: 5880: 5878: 5875: 5873: 5870: 5868: 5865: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5853: 5850: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5827: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5802: 5799: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5781: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5758: 5755: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5739: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5723: 5720: 5718: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5711: 5709: 5707: 5703: 5695: 5692: 5690: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5677: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5659: 5657: 5655: 5651: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5606: 5603: 5602: 5600: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5587: 5585: 5583: 5580: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5519: 5516: 5515: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5499: 5489: 5488:United States 5486: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5458: 5456: 5452: 5446: 5443: 5439: 5438:Convoy system 5436: 5435: 5434: 5433:Naval warfare 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5407: 5404: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5392: 5389: 5385: 5374: 5371: 5368: 5365: 5362: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5348: 5345: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5333: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5319: 5316: 5313: 5310: 5307: 5304: 5301: 5298: 5295: 5292: 5289: 5286: 5283: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5256: 5253: 5250: 5247: 5244: 5241: 5238: 5235: 5232: 5229: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5219: 5217: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5200: 5197: 5194: 5193:Kaocen revolt 5191: 5188: 5187:Easter Rising 5185: 5182: 5179: 5176: 5173: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5159: 5156: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5132: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5095: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5017: 5014: 5012: 5009: 5007: 5004: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4982: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4946: 4944: 4941: 4939: 4936: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4926: 4924: 4921: 4919: 4916: 4914: 4911: 4909: 4906: 4904: 4901: 4899: 4896: 4894: 4891: 4889: 4886: 4884: 4881: 4880: 4878: 4876: 4872: 4866: 4863: 4861: 4858: 4856: 4853: 4851: 4848: 4846: 4843: 4839: 4836: 4835: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4803: 4799: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752:Great Retreat 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4727: 4722: 4720: 4717: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4706: 4704: 4700: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4623:Battle of Cer 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4610: 4608: 4604: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4566: 4559: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4541: 4540:Agadir Crisis 4538: 4535: 4532: 4529: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4492: 4482: 4479: 4477: 4474: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4435: 4429: 4428:United States 4426: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4368: 4365: 4364: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 4350: 4346: 4345:French Empire 4343: 4342: 4341: 4338: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4318: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4309: 4306: 4298: 4288: 4287:Mediterranean 4285: 4281: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4267:Naval warfare 4264: 4258: 4255: 4253: 4250: 4248: 4245: 4244: 4242: 4240: 4236: 4230: 4227: 4225: 4222: 4220: 4217: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4189: 4187: 4184: 4182: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4172: 4169: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4159: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4143:Italian Front 4141: 4137: 4134: 4133: 4132: 4131:Eastern Front 4129: 4127: 4126:Western Front 4124: 4120: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4109: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4084:Puppet states 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4035: 4032: 4030: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4019: 4012: 4007: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3983: 3980: 3978: 3974: 3971: 3968: 3967: 3963: 3962:Canada portal 3952: 3940: 3934: 3930: 3925: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3889: 3883: 3879: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3859: 3858: 3851: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3810: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3791: 3787: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3751: 3750: 3745: 3741: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3689: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3648: 3644: 3640: 3634: 3630: 3626: 3621: 3615: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3597: 3592: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3574: 3570: 3565: 3564: 3561: 3555: 3552:. UBC Press. 3551: 3546: 3542: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3517: 3513: 3508: 3504: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3467: 3455: 3450: 3443: 3438: 3431: 3426: 3419: 3414: 3407: 3402: 3395: 3390: 3383: 3378: 3371: 3366: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3334: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3298: 3291: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3267: 3262: 3255: 3250: 3243: 3238: 3231: 3226: 3219: 3214: 3208:, p. 67. 3207: 3206:Foerster 1956 3202: 3196:, p. 44. 3195: 3190: 3183: 3178: 3171: 3166: 3159: 3154: 3147: 3142: 3135: 3131: 3126: 3119: 3114: 3107: 3102: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3079: 3074: 3067: 3062: 3055: 3050: 3043: 3038: 3031: 3026: 3019: 3014: 3007: 3002: 2995: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2975: 2973: 2965: 2960: 2953: 2948: 2941: 2936: 2929: 2928:Farndale 1986 2924: 2922: 2915:, p. 23. 2914: 2913:Walthert 2015 2910: 2906: 2901: 2894: 2890: 2885: 2878: 2873: 2866: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2838: 2833: 2826: 2821: 2814: 2809: 2802: 2797: 2790: 2785: 2779:, p. 75. 2778: 2773: 2767:, p. 23. 2766: 2765:Walthert 2015 2762: 2757: 2750: 2745: 2738: 2733: 2726: 2721: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2697: 2690: 2685: 2678: 2673: 2666: 2661: 2654: 2649: 2642: 2637: 2630: 2625: 2618: 2613: 2607:, p. 83. 2606: 2601: 2594: 2589: 2582: 2577: 2570: 2565: 2563: 2555: 2550: 2544:, p. 29. 2543: 2538: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2516: 2515:Walthert 2015 2511: 2505:, p. 81. 2504: 2499: 2492: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2475: 2470: 2463: 2458: 2451: 2446: 2442: 2420: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2404:39th Division 2401: 2395: 2386: 2382: 2371: 2367: 2365: 2361: 2358:Acting Major 2357: 2354: 2350: 2349:Filip Konowal 2346: 2343: 2339: 2337: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2317: 2315: 2311: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2281:Italian front 2278: 2267: 2264: 10,000 2246: 2245:Der Weltkrieg 2242: 2233:521 elsewhere 2217: 2202:2,432 wounded 2199:1,056 killed, 2193: 2185: 2147: 2146:James Edmonds 2143: 2129: 2125: 2124: 2118: 2117: 2106: 2102: 2085: 2080: 2069: 2063: 2057: 2056:Der Weltkrieg 2046: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2003: 1996: 1992: 1983: 1981: 1980:flamethrowers 1975:17/18 August, 1966: 1964: 1960: 1956: 1950: 1926: 1921: 1912: 1904: 1892: 1886: 1881: 1871: 1832: 1801: 1797: 1783: 1750: 1736: 1734: 1729: 1709: 1705: 1700: 1692: 1683: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1618: 1608: 1592: 1583: 1581: 1562: 1555: 1551: 1546:111 artillery 1542: 1533:250,000 heavy 1498:36 divisional 1473: 1471: 1470:sound ranging 1467: 1463: 1462:General Staff 1459: 1455: 1449: 1446: 1440: 1434: 1427: 1415: 1411: 1402: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1381: 1376: 1372: 1367: 1362: 1351: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1320: 1305: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1282: 1277: 1276:56th Division 1272: 1269: 1257: 1255: 1251: 1242:200 prisoners 1230: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1194: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1173: 1172:Arthur Currie 1168: 1165: 1158: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1118: 1115: 1110: 1101: 1097: 1092: 1083: 1073: 1068: 1064: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1011:Western front 1003: 1001: 997: 993: 987: 985: 984:Ypres Salient 981: 976: 971: 969: 965: 961: 960:Western Front 957: 953: 949: 945: 930: 927: 925: 922: 920: 917: 916: 915: 914: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 881:Meuse-Argonne 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 857: 854: 852: 849: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 830: 827: 825: 824: 820: 819: 818: 815: 814: 813: 812: 806: 803: 801: 798: 796: 795:Passchendaele 793: 791: 788: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 765: 764: 761: 759: 758: 754: 752: 749: 748: 747: 746: 740: 737: 735: 732: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 717: 715: 712: 710: 707: 705: 702: 700: 697: 695: 692: 690: 687: 685: 682: 681: 680: 679: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 657:2nd Champagne 655: 651: 648: 647: 646: 643: 641: 638: 636: 633: 631: 628: 626: 625:1st Champagne 623: 622: 621: 620: 614: 611: 609: 606: 602: 599: 597: 594: 593: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 577: 574: 572: 569: 567: 564: 560: 557: 555: 552: 550: 547: 546: 545: 544:Great Retreat 542: 538: 535: 533: 530: 528: 525: 523: 520: 518: 515: 514: 513: 510: 506: 503: 501: 498: 496: 493: 492: 491: 488: 486: 483: 482: 480: 475: 470: 469:Western Front 462: 457: 455: 450: 448: 443: 442: 439: 427: 424: 422: 421: 417: 415: 412: 410: 409:Tactics, 1917 407: 406: 405: 404: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 363: 362: 361: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 333: 332: 329: 327: 324: 320: 317: 315: 312: 310: 307: 306: 305: 302: 298: 295: 293: 290: 289: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 278: 273: 268: 258: 253: 251: 246: 244: 239: 238: 235: 224: 10,000 219: 216: 215: 210: 206: 203: 202: 197: 194: 189: 184: 182: 181:Arthur Currie 176: 171: 170: 165: 162: 161:German Empire 151: 148: 135: 124: 123: 118: 110: 107: 106: 101: 72: 68: 65: 64: 60: 57: 56: 52: 46: 41: 38: 34: 33:Western Front 29: 24: 19: 6099: 6092: 6080: 5687: / 5619: 5454:Conscription 5418:Cryptography 5355:Iraqi Revolt 4782:Siege of Kut 4725: 4303:participants 4252:German Samoa 4186:South Arabia 3928: 3916:. 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Retrieved 3710:the original 3697: 3692: 3669: 3650: 3647:Farndale, M. 3624: 3549: 3530: 3511: 3490: 3479: 3475: 3449: 3437: 3425: 3418:Rawling 1992 3413: 3406:Rawling 1992 3401: 3389: 3377: 3365: 3353: 3338:Delaney 2016 3333: 3321: 3314:Rawling 1992 3309: 3302:Edmonds 1991 3297: 3285: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3237: 3225: 3213: 3201: 3194:Gardner 2016 3189: 3177: 3165: 3153: 3141: 3130:Edmonds 1991 3125: 3113: 3101: 3094:Edmonds 1991 3085: 3073: 3061: 3054:Edmonds 1991 3049: 3037: 3025: 3013: 3001: 2959: 2952:Gardner 2016 2947: 2935: 2900: 2893:Gardner 2016 2884: 2872: 2865:Edmonds 1991 2856: 2844: 2832: 2820: 2808: 2796: 2784: 2772: 2756: 2744: 2732: 2720: 2708: 2696: 2689:Edmonds 1991 2684: 2672: 2660: 2653:Edmonds 1991 2648: 2636: 2629:Edmonds 1991 2624: 2617:Edmonds 1991 2612: 2600: 2588: 2576: 2549: 2537: 2510: 2498: 2474:Delaney 2016 2469: 2457: 2445: 2419: 2394: 2385: 2332:Robert Hanna 2314:Commonwealth 2307: 2273: 2244: 2240: 2218: 2191: 2180:1,389 German 2135: 2114: 2111: 2081: 2051: 2029: 2009: 2000: 1986:19–20 August 1972: 1969:17/18 August 1955:Yellow Cross 1951: 1945:wounded and 1930: 1925:flamethrower 1915:16–17 August 1898: 1875:1,600 German 1838: 1829:5,000 rounds 1806: 1784: 1758:14/15 August 1755: 1701: 1697: 1656: 1635:Nieuport 17s 1620: 1597: 1586:Machine-guns 1568: 1543: 1479: 1454:Bully-Grenay 1450: 1420: 1408: 1361:7th Division 1357: 1342:, forty-two 1316: 1304:further on. 1273: 1263: 1244:and counted 1221: 1216:6th Division 1196: 1169: 1159: 1136: 1119: 1105: 1095: 1081: 1070: 1065: 1037:Douglas Haig 1014: 996:Yellow Cross 988: 972: 950:between the 943: 941: 912: 911: 871:Saint-Mihiel 839:Belleau Wood 822: 810: 809: 800:La Malmaison 756: 744: 743: 709:Kink Salient 677: 676: 672:Gas: Wieltje 618: 617: 478: 419: 402: 401: 395: 359: 358: 276: 120:Belligerents 71:Lens, France 31:Part of The 18: 5717:Netherlands 5694:Switzerland 5575:Occupations 5566:Spanish flu 5343:(1919–1922) 5337:(1918–1921) 5331:(1918–1923) 5320:(1919–1921) 5314:(1919–1921) 5308:(1919–1920) 5284:(1918–1920) 5278:(1918–1920) 5272:(1918–1920) 5254:(1918–1920) 5236:(1918–1920) 5230:(1917–1921) 5224:(1917–1921) 5171:(1916-1918) 5169:Arab Revolt 5160:(1915–1917) 5154:(1915–1917) 5142:(1914-1917) 5136:(1914–1917) 5130:(1914–1921) 5124:(1913–1920) 5112:(1910–1920) 5106:(1900–1920) 5079: [ 4597:July Crisis 4518:(1880–1914) 4181:Mesopotamia 4059:Home fronts 4018:World War I 3844:27 December 3765:27 December 3278:Rawson 2017 2322:Harry Brown 2175:a total of 2169:381 killed. 2079:prisoners. 1995:David Milne 1963:Green Cross 1906:). Between 1889:240 reports 1672:27 Squadron 1664:25 Squadron 1660:10 Squadron 1639:43 Squadron 1631:40 Squadron 1623:16 Squadron 1576:3,500 drums 1558:70–80 guns, 1550:12-inch gun 1482:attack, 204 1366:Gruppe Loos 1348:6-inch guns 1319:Alan Brooke 1045:Henry Horne 891:2nd Cambrai 729:Boar's Head 719:Mont Sorrel 414:Ancre, 1917 207:4 divisions 204:4 divisions 95: / 83:2°49′8.50″E 6134:Categories 5934:Agreements 5734:War crimes 5610:Luxembourg 5503:Casualties 4374:Montenegro 4209:South West 4089:Technology 4079:Propaganda 4069:Opposition 3463:References 3342:Foley 2016 3266:Foley 2016 3254:Foley 2016 2713:Foley 2016 2701:Foley 2016 2253:1,200 from 2167:including 2132:Casualties 2068:I Stellung 2062:I Stellung 1903:Gegenstoße 1815:12:45 p.m. 1733:poison gas 1724:102 German 1680:Mazingarbe 1605:48 Vickers 1513:76 British 1502:76 British 1439:St Laurent 1363:, part of 1323:18-pounder 1313:First Army 1250:Neuvireuil 1191:See also: 1170:On 9 June 1143:Vimy Ridge 1072:the front. 1041:First Army 1006:Background 992:poison gas 704:Wulverghem 667:3rd Artois 645:2nd Artois 613:1st Artois 371:Lagnicourt 331:3rd Scarpe 304:2nd Scarpe 287:1st Scarpe 282:Vimy Ridge 80:50°27′20″N 5831:Diplomacy 5538:Olympians 5461:Australia 5428:Logistics 5361:Vlora War 5290:(1918–19) 5266:(1918–19) 5260:(1918–19) 5248:(1918–19) 5195:(1916–17) 5177:(1916–17) 5128:Zaian War 5118:(1914–15) 4838:first day 4726:Lusitania 4554:(1912–13) 4548:(1911–12) 4536:(1908–09) 4530:(1905–06) 4512:(1870–71) 4301:Principal 4161:Gallipoli 4064:Memorials 4049:Geography 4039:Aftermath 3913:1195-8472 3831:557523890 3706:257129831 3326:Cook 2009 3290:Cook 2016 3242:Cook 2009 3218:Wise 1981 3134:Cook 2000 3118:Cook 2009 3106:Cook 2000 3066:Cook 2000 3042:Wise 1981 3030:Cook 2016 3018:Cook 2016 3006:Cook 2016 2994:Cook 2016 2964:Cook 2016 2909:Farr 2007 2877:Wise 1981 2861:Wise 1981 2849:Cook 2016 2837:Cook 2016 2825:Cook 2016 2813:Cook 2016 2801:Cook 2016 2777:Bell 1992 2761:Bell 1992 2725:Cook 2009 2677:Cook 2016 2665:Cook 2016 2554:Farr 2007 2462:Cook 2000 2450:Cook 2000 2438:Footnotes 2347:Corporal 2340:Sergeant 2285:14th Army 2214:9,198 men 2035:Aftermath 2017:4:00 a.m. 2013:4:35 a.m. 1949:missing. 1943:1,177 men 1934:7:15 p.m. 1825:6:00 p.m. 1820:1:15 p.m. 1810:8:15 a.m. 1793:6:00 a.m. 1780:240 calls 1775:400 drums 1771:4:26 a.m. 1767:4:25 a.m. 1763:3:00 a.m. 1744:15 August 1712:3,500 gas 1538:About 165 1521:164 siege 1517:318 field 1476:Artillery 1338:, eighty 1334:, twenty 1286:7:10 p.m. 1237:5:30 p.m. 1233:7:10 p.m. 1114:crassiers 1059:(General 1043:(General 886:5th Ypres 866:2nd Somme 844:2nd Marne 834:3rd Aisne 783:The Hills 778:2nd Aisne 739:Fromelles 734:1st Somme 684:The Bluff 650:Hébuterne 640:2nd Ypres 601:1st Ypres 581:1st Aisne 576:1st Marne 549:Le Cateau 527:Charleroi 512:Frontiers 351:Oppy Wood 6119:Category 5706:Refugees 5672:Italians 5661:Germans 5621:Ober Ost 5401:Aviation 4495:Timeline 4466:Bulgaria 4247:Tsingtao 4224:Togoland 4171:Caucasus 4106:European 4098:Theatres 3973:Archived 3918:13 March 3728:(2004). 3716:23 March 3649:(1986). 2406:and the 2368:Private 2320:Private 2237:4,000 of 2229:8,677 at 2206:39 taken 2091:against 2040:Analysis 1941:killed, 1873:. About 1658:attack, 1552:and one 1527:shells, 1505:guns, 36 1480:For the 1445:St Émile 1391:and the 1385:VI Corps 1371:IV Corps 1354:6th Army 1346:and two 1327:4.5-inch 1246:280 dead 1225:Gavrelle 1075:— 1057:6th Army 956:6th Army 896:Courtrai 851:Soissons 790:Messines 757:Alberich 566:Maubeuge 522:Ardennes 517:Lorraine 485:Moresnet 420:Alberich 319:Coulotte 314:Gavrelle 309:Guémappe 297:Wancourt 199:Strength 66:Location 5857:Germany 5757:Germany 5685:Germany 5605:Belgium 5590:Albania 5549:Disease 5529:Sports 5481:Ireland 5394:Warfare 5387:Aspects 4575:Origins 4568:Prelude 4471:Senussi 4451:Germany 4446:Leaders 4384:Romania 4325:Belgium 4320:Leaders 4219:Kamerun 4201:African 4136:Romania 4114:Balkans 4029:Outline 2257:474 men 2161:763 men 1947:225 men 1939:249 men 1923:German 1885:strafed 1862:⁄ 1848:⁄ 1788:200 gas 1716:900 gas 1509:18 from 1494:18 from 1308:Prelude 1254:Fresnes 1229:Hulluch 1204:Souchez 1147:I Corps 966:in the 861:Ailette 829:The Lys 823:Michael 805:Cambrai 699:Hulluch 694:St Eloi 586:Antwerp 396:Hill 70 386:Souchez 341:Fresnoy 336:Chérisy 35:of the 5877:Russia 5852:France 5680:Canada 5595:Serbia 5466:Canada 5423:Horses 5375:(1921) 5369:(1920) 5363:(1920) 5357:(1920) 5349:(1920) 5302:(1919) 5296:(1919) 5242:(1918) 5207:(1918) 5201:(1917) 5189:(1916) 5183:(1916) 5148:(1915) 4560:(1913) 4542:(1911) 4524:(1905) 4481:Darfur 4406:Serbia 4389:Russia 4352:Greece 4340:France 4330:Brazil 4176:Persia 4119:Serbia 3935: 3911: 3884: 3865: 3829: 3805: 3782: 3756: 3736: 3704: 3676: 3657: 3635: 3556: 3537: 3518: 3499: 1739:Battle 1720:40 out 1670:) and 1637:) and 1572:15,000 1490:had 72 1298:Arleux 1174:, the 901:Sambre 856:Amiens 724:Verdun 554:Étreux 500:Dinant 326:Arleux 292:Monchy 158: 144: 134:Canada 131: 108:Result 6074:Other 5867:Japan 5862:Italy 5689:camps 5533:Rugby 5083:] 4362:Japan 4357:Italy 4335:China 4229:North 3838:(PDF) 3823:(PDF) 3696:[ 2377:Notes 2077:1,002 2023:mélée 1627:BE2cs 1268:feint 1212:Avion 1208:Deûle 768:Arras 751:Ancre 505:Namur 495:Liège 391:Avion 217:8,677 5654:POWs 4973:1918 4875:1917 4801:1916 4702:1915 4606:1914 4411:Siam 4214:East 3933:ISBN 3920:2016 3909:ISSN 3882:ISBN 3863:ISBN 3846:2012 3827:OCLC 3803:ISBN 3780:ISBN 3767:2012 3754:ISBN 3734:ISBN 3718:2019 3702:OCLC 3674:ISBN 3655:ISBN 3633:ISBN 3629:HMSO 3554:ISBN 3535:ISBN 3516:ISBN 3497:ISBN 2308:Six 2204:and 1668:DH.4 1468:and 1442:and 1405:Plan 1252:and 1109:Lens 1086:Lens 964:Lens 942:The 811:1918 773:Vimy 745:1917 678:1916 662:Loos 619:1915 596:Yser 532:Mons 479:1914 346:Rœux 179:Sir 58:Date 3905:XIX 2190:In 2116:sic 1765:At 1629:), 1565:Gas 1424:48 1377:in 1302:600 1096:sic 6136:: 5081:It 3903:. 3899:. 3631:. 3478:. 3474:. 2986:^ 2971:^ 2920:^ 2561:^ 2522:^ 2481:^ 2402:, 2362:, 2351:, 2334:, 2324:, 2261:c. 2152:, 1662:, 1649:, 1460:, 1436:, 221:c. 5505:/ 4010:e 4003:t 3996:v 3941:. 3922:. 3890:. 3871:. 3848:. 3811:. 3788:. 3769:. 3742:. 3682:. 3663:. 3641:. 3616:. 3607:. 3598:. 3589:. 3580:. 3571:. 3562:. 3543:. 3524:. 3505:. 3480:V 1864:2 1860:1 1857:+ 1855:1 1850:2 1846:1 1843:+ 1841:1 1674:( 1666:( 1641:( 1633:( 1625:( 1383:( 460:e 453:t 446:v 256:e 249:t 242:v

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