400:
384:
Xenophon, that he would "take care that all would be well". Cyrus wanted to place him in the center as the Greeks were his most capable unit, and were thereby most able to defeat the elite
Persian cavalry and in the process kill the Great King, thereby gaining the Persian throne for Cyrus. Clearchus refused this owing to the insecurity that the Greeks had for their right flank, which tended to drift and was undefended, as the shields were held in the left hand. That Clearchus did not obey this order is a sign of the lack of control that Cyrus had over his army, as a couple of other occasions throughout this campaign prior to the battle reveal also.
346:
29:
948:
331:
484:, the Greek heavy troops scattered their opposition twice; only one Greek was even wounded. Only after the battle did they hear that Cyrus himself had been killed, making their victory irrelevant and the expedition a failure. They were in the middle of a very large empire with no food, no employer, and no reliable friends. They offered to make their Persian ally Ariaeus king, but he refused on the grounds that he was not of royal blood and so would not find enough support among the Persians to succeed. They offered their services to
428:
416:
440:
171:
469:
987:
353:
488:, a leading satrap of Artaxerxes, but he refused them, and they refused to surrender to him. Tissaphernes was left with a problem; a large army of heavy troops, which he could not defeat by frontal assault. He supplied them with food and, after a long wait, led them northwards for home, meanwhile detaching Ariaeus and his light troops from their cause.
450:
The Greeks, deployed on Cyrus's right and outnumbered, charged the left flank of
Artaxerxes' army, which broke ranks and fled before they came within arrowshot. However, on the Persian right the fight between Artaxerxes' army and Cyrus was far more difficult and protracted. Cyrus personally charged
459:
because he took the kill from
Artaxerxes). Only the Greek mercenaries, who had not heard of Cyrus's death and were heavily armed, stood firm. Clearchus advanced against the much larger right wing of Artaxerxes' army and sent it into retreat. Meanwhile, Artaxerxes' troops took the Greek encampment
379:
Inversely, Artaxerxes II placed his left on the river, with a unit of cavalry supporting it also. Artaxerxes was in the center of his line, with 6,000 units of
Persian cavalry (which were some of the finest in the world) which was to the left of Cyrus, his line being so much the longer. Artaxerxes
375:
When Cyrus learned that his elder brother, the Great King, was approaching with his army, he drew up his army in battle array. He placed the Greek mercenaries on the right, near the river. In addition to this they were supported on their right by some cavalry, 1,000 strong, as was the tradition of
383:
Cyrus then approached
Clearchus, the leader of the Greeks, who was commanding the phalanx stationed on the right, and ordered him to move into the center so as to go after Artaxerxes. However, Clearchus, not desiring to do this—for fear of his right flank—refused, and promised Cyrus, according to
376:
battle order in that day. To the Greeks, this was the place of honor. Cyrus himself with 600 body guards was in the center, to the left of the Greek mercenaries—the place where
Persian monarchs traditionally placed themselves in the order of battle. Cyrus' Asiatic troops were on the left flank.
387:
Before the final attack began, Xenophon, the main relater of the events at Cunaxa, who was probably at the time some kind of mid-level officer, approached Cyrus to ensure that all the proper orders and dispositions had been made. Cyrus told him that they had, and that the sacrifices that
536:
at the time, was part of the entourage of King
Artaxerxes at the Battle of Cunaxa, and brought medical assistance to the king by treating his flesh wound. He reportedly was involved in negotiations with the Greeks after the battle, and also helped their Spartan general
491:
The Greek senior officers foolishly accepted the invitation of
Tissaphernes to a feast. There they were made prisoner, taken up to the king and there decapitated. The Greeks elected new officers and set out to march northwards to the Black Sea through
399:
643:"Cheirisophus the Lacedaemonian also arrived with this fleet, coming in response to Cyrus' summons, together with seven hundred hoplites, over whom he continued to hold command in the army of Cyrus."
778:"The first certain event related to Ctesias is his medical assistance to the king during the battle of Cunaxa and his treatment of his flesh wound (Plut. Art. 11.3) in 401 BCE" in
914:
656:
366:
653:
1739:
345:
1686:
936:
439:
1754:
1744:
190:
848:
1247:
455:, which sent the rebels into retreat. (The man who threw the javelin was known as Mithridates and he would later be executed by
976:
944:
1403:
70:
1560:
1555:
1252:
1729:
971:
818:
791:
763:
736:
728:
Alexander: A History of the Origin and Growth of the Art of War from
Earliest Times to the Battle of Ipsus, B. C. 301
700:
692:
Alexander: A History of the Origin and Growth of the Art of War from
Earliest Times to the Battle of Ipsus, B. C. 301
625:
1317:
1169:
541:
before his execution. Ctesias was the author of treatises on rivers, and on the Persian revenues, of an account of
1734:
929:
1001:
1257:
427:
283:
415:
1749:
1208:
1769:
1408:
1346:
1724:
1463:
1105:
922:
844:
323:, and met Artaxerxes at Cunaxa. He also had a large force of levied troops under his second-in-command
1351:
1398:
1234:
1080:
592:
726:
690:
1759:
1449:
1357:
1275:
1044:
1764:
1670:
1442:
1428:
1414:
966:
175:
28:
380:
line overlapped Cyrus' line quite significantly, since he was able to field many more troops.
1634:
1303:
1154:
808:
781:
753:
1696:
1310:
1164:
1100:
600:
501:
8:
1614:
1492:
1456:
1065:
649:
580:
538:
509:
320:
165:
1662:
1628:
1604:
1547:
1296:
1262:
1011:
330:
1620:
1609:
1371:
1365:
1331:
1324:
1227:
952:
947:
836:
814:
787:
759:
732:
696:
554:
533:
500:, to reach the Greek colonies on the shore. Their eventual success, the march of the
270:
266:
152:
139:
130:
1691:
1642:
1487:
1421:
1390:
1338:
1289:
1220:
1149:
1110:
873:
157:
1526:
1719:
1656:
1482:
1435:
1201:
1123:
660:
233:
1384:
1282:
1242:
1195:
1179:
1130:
1095:
1090:
675:
278:
273:
throne. The great battle of the revolt of Cyrus took place 70 km north of
878:
861:
1713:
1571:
1268:
1085:
1017:
1006:
605:
335:
262:
185:
170:
85:
72:
485:
476:
invited the Greek generals to a feast, then had them arrested and executed.
473:
225:
194:
134:
34:
1159:
566:
839:
468:
1565:
1512:
1116:
1052:
406:
1174:
562:
304:
288:
198:
59:
986:
1578:
1519:
644:
521:
505:
493:
481:
456:
312:
308:
292:
213:
1585:
1072:
1058:
909:
Xenophon's Retreat: Greece, Persia, and the End of the Golden Age
810:
The Greek World in the 4th and 3rd Centuries BC: Electrum vol. 19
783:
The Greek World in the 4th and 3rd Centuries BC: Electrum vol. 19
550:
525:
497:
452:
324:
274:
261:
was fought in the late summer of 401 BC between the Persian king
220:
179:
63:
1541:
1024:
316:
1648:
1031:
542:
529:
445:
19th Century English School depiction of the Battle of Cunaxa
114:
Thousands of Greek mercenaries march home against opposition
1533:
388:
traditionally took place before a battle promised success.
569:, and professedly founded on the Persian Royal Archives.
16:
401 BC battle between Cyrus the Younger and Artaxerxes II
327:. The strength of the Achaemenid army was 40,000 men.
295:, a Greek soldier who participated in the fighting.
902:
Xenophon's March: Into the Lair of the Persian Lion
670:
668:
405:Army of Artaxerxes II, as depicted on his tomb at
37:, at the Battle of Cunaxa, by Jean Adrien Guignet
1711:
665:
587:The battle features predominantly in the novel
930:
862:"The King's Horsemen in the Battle of Cunaxa"
1687:2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire
520:Another famous writer of Antiquity, besides
451:his brother's bodyguard and was killed by a
630:(University of Oklahoma Press, 1962), p. 44
937:
923:
480:According to the Greek soldier and writer
877:
831:Full text of Xenophon's Anabasis online:
578:The battle is referenced at the start of
859:
758:. Harvard University Press. p. 25.
598:The battle forms the basis of the novel
467:
329:
1740:Battles involving the Achaemenid Empire
806:
779:
720:
718:
716:
714:
712:
524:, was present at the Battle of Cunaxa.
1712:
890:, trans. by Rex Warner, Penguin, 1949.
751:
918:
895:Battles of the Greek and Roman Worlds
724:
688:
572:
709:
639:
637:
561:(Περσικά), written in opposition to
460:and destroyed their food supplies.
219:2,500 mercenary light infantry and
111:Strategic victory for Artaxerxes II
13:
1561:Persepolis Administrative Archives
853:
813:. Wydawnictwo UJ. pp. 13–14.
676:"Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica"
14:
1781:
755:Darius in the Shadow of Alexander
634:
370:Location of the Battle of Cunaxa.
1755:Ten Thousand-ancient mercenaries
1745:Battles involving ancient Greece
985:
946:
731:. Houghton, Mifflin & Comp.
725:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1890).
695:. Houghton, Mifflin & Comp.
689:Dodge, Theodore Ayrault (1890).
438:
426:
414:
398:
351:
344:
303:Cyrus gathered an army of Greek
169:
27:
298:
210:Large force of Persian soldiers
1002:Achaemenid Persian Lion Rhyton
800:
786:. Wydawnictwo UJ. p. 13.
772:
745:
682:
628:Xenophon's Anabasis Books I–IV
619:
549:(Ἰνδικά), and of a history of
352:
1:
1258:Scythian campaign of Darius I
1170:Xerxes I's inscription at Van
612:
311:and 2,500 light infantry and
1248:Conquest of the Indus Valley
1209:Battle of the Persian Border
463:
7:
1409:Wars of Alexander the Great
287:), on the left bank of the
10:
1786:
1464:Battle of the Persian Gate
1106:Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
845:The University of Adelaide
515:
1679:
1597:
1501:
1475:
1352:Wars of the Delian League
1188:
1142:
1043:
994:
983:
959:
879:10.1163/1568525x-bja10138
860:Podrazik, Michał (2021).
391:
282:
242:
204:
145:
124:
41:
26:
21:
1730:5th century BC in Greece
1404:Second conquest of Egypt
1235:Siege of Sardis (547 BC)
1081:Palace of Darius in Susa
897:, Greenhill Books, 2000.
835:Freely downloadable, at
807:Dąbrowa, Edward (2014).
780:Dąbrowa, Edward (2014).
659:11 November 2020 at the
593:Valerio Massimo Manfredi
532:, which belonged to the
1556:Districts of the Empire
1358:Battle of the Eurymedon
1276:Siege of Naxos (499 BC)
1253:First conquest of Egypt
752:Briant, Pierre (2015).
307:, consisting of 10,400
248:Minimal, death of Cyrus
212:10,400 mercenary Greek
1735:5th century BC in Iran
1671:Seven Achaemenid clans
1443:Siege of Tyre (332 BC)
1429:Siege of Halicarnassus
1415:Battle of the Granicus
911:, Belknap Press, 2006.
888:The Persian Expedition
843:Directly readable, at
477:
433:Second phase of battle
339:
146:Commanders and leaders
1399:Great Satraps' Revolt
1318:Destruction of Athens
1304:Battle of Thermopylae
1155:Old Persian cuneiform
471:
421:First phase of battle
333:
291:. The main source is
243:Casualties and losses
230:600 bodyguard cavalry
86:33.32500°N 44.08000°E
1697:Cappadocian calendar
1311:Battle of Artemisium
1216:Lydian-Persian Wars
1165:Behistun Inscription
977:History of democracy
601:The Falcon of Sparta
557:in 23 books, called
367:class=notpageimage|
217:700 Spartan hoplites
58:On the banks of the
1750:Anabasis (Xenophon)
1493:Peace of Antalcidas
1457:Battle of Gaugamela
1066:Gate of All Nations
907:Waterfield, Robin.
847:Library, Australia
626:Mather and Hewitt,
269:for control of the
82: /
1770:Civil wars in Iran
1347:Babylonian revolts
1297:Battle of Marathon
1263:Greco-Persian Wars
1012:Achaemenid coinage
573:In popular culture
504:, was recorded by
478:
340:
91:33.32500; 44.08000
49:3 September 401 BC
1725:400s BC conflicts
1705:
1704:
1372:Battle of Cyzicus
1366:Peloponnesian War
1332:Battle of Plataea
1325:Battle of Salamis
1228:Battle of Thymbra
1101:Ka'ba-ye Zartosht
953:Achaemenid Empire
893:Montagu, John D.
837:Project Gutenberg
534:Achaemenid Empire
267:Cyrus the Younger
255:
254:
153:Cyrus the Younger
140:Achaemenid Empire
131:Cyrus the Younger
120:
119:
62:near present-day
1777:
1692:Xanthian Obelisk
1665:
1651:
1637:
1623:
1588:
1581:
1574:
1550:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1488:Peace of Callias
1466:
1459:
1452:
1445:
1438:
1431:
1424:
1422:Siege of Miletus
1417:
1393:
1391:Battle of Cnidus
1380:Battle of Cunaxa
1374:
1360:
1341:
1339:Battle of Mycale
1334:
1327:
1320:
1313:
1306:
1299:
1292:
1290:Siege of Eretria
1285:
1278:
1271:
1237:
1230:
1223:
1221:Battle of Pteria
1211:
1204:
1150:Achaemenid music
1133:
1126:
1119:
1111:Tombs at Xanthos
1075:
1068:
1061:
1034:
1027:
1020:
989:
951:
950:
939:
932:
925:
916:
915:
904:, Da Capo, 2002.
883:
881:
825:
824:
804:
798:
797:
776:
770:
769:
749:
743:
742:
722:
707:
706:
686:
680:
679:
672:
663:
641:
632:
623:
442:
430:
418:
402:
355:
354:
348:
286:
265:and his brother
259:Battle of Cunaxa
234:scythed chariots
173:
162:
135:The Ten Thousand
97:
96:
94:
93:
92:
87:
83:
80:
79:
78:
75:
43:
42:
31:
22:Battle of Cunaxa
19:
18:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1776:
1775:
1774:
1710:
1709:
1706:
1701:
1675:
1661:
1647:
1633:
1619:
1593:
1584:
1577:
1570:
1546:
1532:
1525:
1518:
1511:
1497:
1483:Earth and water
1471:
1462:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1436:Battle of Issus
1434:
1427:
1420:
1413:
1389:
1370:
1356:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1309:
1302:
1295:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1207:
1202:Battle of Hyrba
1200:
1184:
1138:
1129:
1124:Nereid Monument
1122:
1115:
1071:
1064:
1057:
1039:
1030:
1023:
1016:
990:
981:
955:
945:
943:
856:
854:Further reading
829:
828:
821:
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777:
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710:
703:
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661:Wayback Machine
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624:
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575:
518:
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33:Retreat of the
32:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1783:
1773:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1760:5th century BC
1757:
1752:
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1737:
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1502:Administration
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1394:
1385:Corinthian War
1382:
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1349:
1344:
1343:
1342:
1335:
1328:
1321:
1314:
1307:
1300:
1293:
1286:
1283:Battle of Lade
1279:
1272:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1245:
1243:Battle of Opis
1240:
1239:
1238:
1231:
1224:
1214:
1213:
1212:
1205:
1196:Persian Revolt
1192:
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1180:Cyrus Cylinder
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
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1136:
1135:
1134:
1131:Tomb of Payava
1127:
1120:
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1103:
1098:
1096:Naqsh-e Rostam
1093:
1091:Persian column
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905:
900:Prevas, John.
898:
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872:(5): 749–768.
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528:, a native of
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24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1782:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1765:Artaxerxes II
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1576:
1573:
1572:Chapar Khaneh
1569:
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1461:
1458:
1454:
1451:
1450:Siege of Gaza
1447:
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1440:
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1269:Ionian Revolt
1266:
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1109:
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1099:
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1089:
1087:
1086:Tomb of Cyrus
1084:
1082:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1051:
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1033:
1029:
1026:
1022:
1019:
1018:Apadana hoard
1015:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:Oxus Treasure
1005:
1003:
1000:
999:
997:
993:
988:
978:
975:
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968:
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849:
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834:
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832:
822:
820:9788323388197
816:
812:
811:
803:
795:
793:9788323388197
789:
785:
784:
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765:9780674493094
761:
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748:
740:
738:9781105602504
734:
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702:9781105602504
698:
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638:
631:
629:
622:
618:
607:
606:Conn Iggulden
603:
602:
597:
594:
590:
589:The Lost Army
586:
583:
582:
577:
576:
570:
568:
567:Ionic dialect
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
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531:
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396:
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389:
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336:Artaxerxes II
332:
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322:
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310:
306:
296:
294:
290:
285:
280:
277:, at Cunaxa (
276:
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268:
264:
263:Artaxerxes II
260:
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186:Artaxerxes II
183:
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107:Tactical draw
106:
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56:
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48:
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44:
40:
36:
30:
25:
20:
1707:
1379:
1045:Architecture
908:
901:
894:
887:
869:
865:
830:
809:
802:
782:
774:
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747:
727:
691:
684:
648:
627:
621:
599:
588:
581:The Warriors
579:
558:
546:
519:
502:Ten Thousand
490:
486:Tissaphernes
479:
474:Tissaphernes
449:
386:
382:
378:
374:
334:Portrait of
315:, under the
302:
299:Preparations
258:
256:
226:Paphlagonian
195:Tissaphernes
184:
176:Cheirisophus
159:
151:
125:Belligerents
35:Ten Thousand
1615:Mithridatic
1160:Old Persian
967:Family tree
305:mercenaries
89: /
1714:Categories
1635:Cappadocia
1629:Ariarathid
1605:Achaemenid
1566:Royal Road
1513:Pasargadae
1117:Harpy Tomb
1053:Persepolis
886:Xenophon,
613:References
604:(2018) by
591:(2007) by
407:Persepolis
271:Achaemenid
77:44°04′48″E
74:33°19′30″N
1610:Pharnacid
1598:Dynasties
1542:Satrapies
1508:Capitals
1476:Diplomacy
1175:Ganjnameh
866:Mnemosyne
563:Herodotus
545:entitled
539:Clearchus
464:Aftermath
321:Clearchus
289:Euphrates
166:Clearchus
60:Euphrates
1643:Lygdamid
1579:Angarium
1520:Ecbatana
972:Timeline
657:Archived
650:Anabasis
645:Xenophon
522:Xenophon
510:Anabasis
506:Xenophon
494:Corduene
482:Xenophon
457:scaphism
319:general
313:peltasts
309:hoplites
293:Xenophon
221:peltasts
214:hoplites
205:Strength
54:Location
1680:Related
1663:Armenia
1657:Orontid
1586:Angarum
1548:Armenia
1527:Babylon
1189:Warfare
1143:Culture
1073:Tachara
1059:Apadana
960:History
584:(1979).
565:in the
559:Persica
551:Assyria
526:Ctesias
516:Ctesias
508:in his
498:Armenia
472:Satrap
453:javelin
325:Ariaeus
317:Spartan
284:Κούναξα
275:Babylon
251:Unknown
228:cavalry
199:Orontes
191:Gobrias
180:Ariaeus
160:†
64:Baghdad
1720:401 BC
1621:Pontus
1025:Danake
817:
790:
762:
735:
699:
555:Persia
547:Indica
392:Battle
359:Cunaxa
238:40,000
224:1,000
168:
156:
102:Result
66:, Iraq
1649:Caria
1032:Daric
654:1.4.3
543:India
530:Caria
279:Greek
1534:Susa
815:ISBN
788:ISBN
760:ISBN
733:ISBN
697:ISBN
553:and
496:and
257:The
46:Date
995:Art
874:doi
232:20
1716::
870:76
868:.
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711:^
667:^
647:,
636:^
512:.
281::
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678:.
608:.
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409:.
338:.
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