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were sent to him to serve as personal adornments of the body or for battle; and as touching these he would say, "How am I to deck myself out in all these? To my mind a man's chief ornament is the adornment of nobly-adorned friends." Indeed, that he should triumph over his friends in the great matters of welldoing is not surprising, seeing that he was much more powerful than they, but that he should go beyond them in minute attentions, and in an eager desire to give pleasure, seems to me, I must confess, more admirable. Frequently when he had tasted some specially excellent wine, he would send the half remaining flagon to some friend with a message to say: "Cyrus says, this is the best wine he has tasted for a long time, that is his excuse for sending it to you. He hopes you will drink it up to-day with a choice party of friends." Or, perhaps, he would send the remainder of a dish of geese, half loaves of bread, and so forth, the bearer being instructed to say: "This is Cyrus's favourite dish, he hopes you will taste it yourself." Or, perhaps, there was a great dearth of provender, when, through the number of his servants and his own careful forethought, he was enabled to get supplies for himself; at such times he would send to his friends in different parts, bidding them feed their horses on his hay, since it would not do for the horses that carried his friends to go starving. Then, on any long march or expedition, where the crowd of lookers-on would be large, he would call his friends to him and entertain them with serious talk, as much as to say, "These I delight to honour."
580:, nothing was more noticeable in his conduct than the importance which he attached to the faithful fulfillment of every treaty or compact or undertaking entered into with others. He would tell no lies to any one. Thus doubtless it was that he won the confidence alike of individuals and of the communities entrusted to his care; or in case of hostility, a treaty made with Cyrus was a guarantee sufficient to the combatant that he would suffer nothing contrary to its terms. Therefore, in the war with Tissaphernes, all the states of their own accord chose Cyrus in lieu of Tissaphernes, except only the men of Miletus, and these were only alienated through fear of him, because he refused to abandon their exiled citizens; and his deeds and words bore emphatic witness to his principle: even if they were weakened in number or in fortune, he would never abandon those who had once become his friends. He made no secret of his endeavour to outdo his friends and his foes alike in reciprocity of conduct. The prayer has been attributed to him, "God grant I may live along enough to recompense my friends and requite my foes with a strong arm."
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389:. Plutarch wrote that Cyrus's mother, Parysatis, favored him and wanted him on the throne, "And therefore, his father Darius now lying ill, he, being sent for from the sea to the court, set out thence with full hopes that by her means he was to be declared the successor to the kingdom. For Parysatis had the specious plea in his behalf, which Xerxes on the advice of Demaratus had of old made use of, that she had borne him Arsicas when he was a subject, but Cyrus when a king. Notwithstanding, she prevailed not with Darius, but the eldest son Arsicas was proclaimed king, his name being changed into Artaxerxes; and Cyrus remained satrap of Lydia, and commander in the maritime provinces."
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Nor less in matters of war, in the use of the bow and the javelin, was he held by men in general to be at once the aptest of learners and the most eager practiser. As soon as his age permitted, the same pre-eminence showed itself in his fondness for the chase, not without a certain appetite for perilous adventure in facing the wild beasts themselves. Once a bear made a furious rush at him, and without wincing he grappled with her, and was pulled from his horse, receiving wounds the scars of which were visible through life; but in the end he slew the creature, nor did he forget him who first came to his aid, but made him enviable in the eyes of many.
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511:, the commander of the Greeks, to take the centre against Artaxerxes. Clearchus, afraid of the army's encirclement, disobeyed and remained on the flank. As a result, the left wing of the Persians under Tissaphernes was free to engage the rest of Cyrus' forces; Cyrus in the centre threw himself upon Artaxerxes but was slain. Tissaphernes claimed to have killed the rebel himself, and Parysatis later took vengeance upon the slayer of her favourite son.
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529:: Κούναξα), making him fall from his horse, dazed. Some eunuchs found Cyrus and tried to bring him to safety, but a Caunian among the king's camp followers struck a vein behind his knee with a dart, making him fall and strike his head on a stone, whereupon he died. Unwisely, Mithridates boasted of killing Cyrus in the court, and Parysatis had him executed by
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In this courtly training Cyrus earned a double reputation; first he was held to be a paragon of modesty among his fellows, rendering an obedience to his elders which exceeded that of many of his own inferiors; and next he bore away the palm for skill in horsemanship and for love of the animal itself.
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According to
Xenophon, Cyrus the Younger was born after the accession of his father in 424 BC. He had an elder brother, Arsicas (whose name changed to Artaxerxes II when he ascended the throne), and two younger brothers named Ostanes and Oxathres. About Cyrus' childhood, Plutarch wrote, "Cyrus, from
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Many were the gifts bestowed on him, for many and diverse reasons; no one man, perhaps, ever received more; no one, certainly, was ever more ready to bestow them upon others, with an eye ever to the taste of each, so as to gratify what he saw to be the individual requirement. Many of these presents
813:
He then assigned to
Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his
396:(Ciθrafarna) denounced Cyrus' plan to assassinate his brother, and Cyrus was captured, but by the intercession of Parysatis, Cyrus was pardoned and sent back to his satrapy. According to Plutarch, "his resentment for made him more eagerly desirous of the kingdom than before."
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his earliest youth, showed something of a headstrong and vehement character; Artaxerxes, on the other side, was gentler in everything, and of a nature more yielding and soft in its action." Xenophon spoke more highly of Cyrus' excellence as a child:
481:. Cyrus the Younger had obtained the support of the Spartans after having asked them "to show themselves as good friend to him, as he had been to them during their war against Athens", in reference to the support he had given the Spartan in the
370:. In him, Cyrus found a man who was willing to help him become king, just as Lysander himself hoped to become absolute ruler of Greece by the aid of the Persian prince. Thus, Cyrus put all his means at the disposal of Lysander in the
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without announcing the object of his expedition. By dexterous management and large promises, he overcame the misgivings of the Greek troops over the length and danger of the war; a
Spartan fleet of 35
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After he had been sent down by his father to be satrap of Lydia and Great
Phrygia and Cappadocia, and had been appointed general of the forces, whose business it is to muster in the plain of the
533:. She likewise got vengeance on Masabates, the king's eunuch, who had cut off Cyrus' hand and head, by winning him from her son Artaxerxes in a game of dice and having him flayed alive.
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The king had only been warned at the last moment by
Tissaphernes and gathered an army in haste; Cyrus advanced into Babylonia before he met with an enemy. In October 401 BC, the
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540:, and then attacked through trickery. After their commanders had been taken prisoners, the Greeks managed to force their way to the
35:
Anonymous portrait of a satrap of Asia Minor, around the time of Cyrus the
Younger. From a coin of Ionia, Phokaia, circa 478-387 BC.
1364:
968:
160:
614:, a historical novel about Prince Cyrus's quest and the survival of the Greek mercenaries who walked out of Persia while pursued.
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The
Ancient History of the Egyptians, Carthaginians, Assyrians, Babylonians, Medes and Persians, Grecians, and Macedonians
385:
Around that time, Darius fell ill and called his son to his deathbed; Cyrus handed money over to
Lysander and went to
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The
Persian troops, instead of attacking the Greeks via a direct assault, decoyed them into the interior, beyond the
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635:. The Black Legion series closely follows the original historical narrative with most of the characters retained.
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Xenophon wrote that all who knew Cyrus well considered him the most worthy of being king of all those born since
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According to
Xenophon, his efforts to reward uprightness earned Cyrus the loyalty and love of many followers:
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941:. Translated by Carleton L. Brownson (1918 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
922:. Translated by Carleton L. Brownson (1918 ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
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According to Xenophon, Cyrus saw that the outcome depended on the fate of the king; he therefore wanted
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Revolt and Resistance in the Ancient Classical World and the Near East : In the Crucible of Empire
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624:, a historical novel about the 10,000 Greek mercenaries who made up the core of Cyrus's army.
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521:, a young Persian soldier named Mithridates unknowingly struck Cyrus the Younger during the
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In the spring of 401 BC, Cyrus united all his forces into an army now including Xenophon's "
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Cyrus managed to gather a large army by beginning a quarrel with Tissaphernes, satrap of
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mercenaries to Cunaxa, and return route of the Ten Thousand led by Xenophon, back to
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500:(light infantry), and an Asiatic army of approximately 10,000 under the command of
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237:. Further information is contained in the excerpts from Artaxerxes II's physician,
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leading to an Athenian resurgence, Darius II decided to continue the war against
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869:. Collins, John J. (John Joseph), 1946-, Manning, Joseph Gilbert. Leiden. 2016.
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Soon after Darius died, around the time of Artaxerxes II's accession in 404 BC,
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981:. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 706–708.
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The history of Cyrus and of the retreat of his Greek mercenaries is told by
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853:. Translated by A. H. Clough (1996 ed.) – via Project Gutenberg.
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and conveyed to him a Spartan detachment of 700 men under Spartan General
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264:. These are the only early sources of information on Cyrus the Younger.
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The Landmark Thucydides: A Comprehensive Guide to the Peloponnesian War
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Information on Cyrus the Younger starts on page 708 of this article.
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834:. Translated by H. G. Dakyns – via Project Gutenberg.
771:. Translated by H. G. Dakyns – via Project Gutenberg.
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In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
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Satrap of Asia Minor (408-401 BC) and support for Sparta
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Meeting between Cyrus the Younger and Spartan general
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Achaemenid prince, satrap of Lydia from 408 to 401 BC
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548:Excerpts from Xenophon's account of Cyrus' life
747:(1996 ed.) – via Project Gutenberg.
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631:- a science fiction retelling of the tale of
422:(1842). The Greek mercenaries of Cyrus (the "
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707:. Free Press New York. pp.
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973:Chisholm, Hugh
945:
944:
925:
908:
875:
856:
837:
818:
795:
774:
750:
724:
717:
691:
689:, p. 708.
661:
660:
658:
655:
654:
653:
648:
641:
638:
637:
636:
625:
615:
603:
600:
549:
546:
408:
405:
378:by his father
326:decoration by
303:
300:
282:Naqsh-e Rostam
269:
266:
233:, was used by
147:
146:
144:Zoroastrianism
141:
137:
136:
131:
127:
126:
121:
117:
116:
111:
105:
104:
99:
95:
94:
91:
87:
86:
83:
79:
78:
75:
74:
71:
67:
66:
61:
57:
56:
53:
49:
48:
38:
37:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2139:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2117:Rebel princes
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:401 BC deaths
2075:
2073:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2053:
2049:
2043:
2036:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:Phrataphernes
1999:
1996:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:Syennesis III
1920:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1904:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1894:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1886:
1881:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1856:
1854:
1852:
1847:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
1813:
1811:
1808:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1754:
1752:Abdashtart II
1751:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:Baalshillem I
1723:
1721:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1702:Eshmunazar II
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1676:
1670:
1667:
1665:
1662:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1645:Kings of Tyre
1642:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1627:
1625:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1566:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1511:
1508:
1506:
1503:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1490:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1390:
1388:
1387:Mithrobuzanes
1385:
1383:
1380:
1378:
1375:
1374:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1325:Pharnabazus I
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1301:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1273:Autophradates
1271:
1269:
1266:
1264:
1261:
1259:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1228:Artaphernes I
1226:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1002:
998:
995:
992:
991:
980:
979:
974:
970:
966:
965:Meyer, Eduard
961:
960:public domain
949:
948:
940:
936:
929:
921:
920:
912:
904:
900:
894:
886:
882:
878:
872:
868:
867:
860:
852:
848:
841:
833:
829:
822:
815:
810:
806:
799:
791:
787:
786:
778:
770:
766:
759:
757:
755:
746:
742:
735:
733:
731:
729:
720:
718:0-684-82790-5
714:
710:
705:
704:
695:
688:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
662:
652:
649:
647:
644:
643:
634:
630:
626:
623:
619:
616:
613:
609:
608:Conn Iggulden
606:
605:
598:
589:
585:
581:
579:
573:
571:
563:
559:
554:
545:
543:
539:
534:
532:
528:
524:
520:
518:
514:According to
512:
510:
505:
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
425:
421:
417:
413:
404:
402:
397:
395:
390:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
298:
293:
287:
283:
279:
278:Artaxerxes II
274:
265:
263:
259:
255:
251:
249:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
227:
222:
217:
215:
214:Artaxerxes II
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
182:
176:
170:
166:
162:
157:
153:
145:
142:
138:
135:
132:
128:
125:
122:
118:
115:
112:
110:
106:
103:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
65:
62:
58:
54:
50:
47:
43:
39:
32:
27:
20:
2011:Ariobarzanes
1981:Satibarzanes
1738:Abdashtart I
1720:Tetramnestos
1687:Eshmunazar I
1591:Artemisia II
1501:Teththiweibi
1447:Themistocles
1392:Ariarathes I
1345:Artabazus II
1340:Ariobarzanes
1330:Pharnaces II
1278:Spithridates
1253:Tissaphernes
1247:
1243:Tissaphernes
1128:Artaxerxes I
1080:
1073:
1066:
976:
938:
928:
918:
911:
865:
859:
850:
840:
831:
821:
812:
808:
798:
784:
777:
768:
744:
741:"Artaxerxes"
702:
694:
632:
628:
621:
611:
595:
583:
575:
567:
558:Ten Thousand
535:
515:
513:
506:
487:
479:Cheirisophus
451:Ten Thousand
448:
434:, about the
429:
424:Ten Thousand
419:
398:
394:Tissaphernes
391:
384:
333:
330:(1686–1746).
295:
290:
261:
246:
224:
218:
164:
151:
150:
85:after 424 BC
73:Tissaphernes
64:Tissaphernes
1912:Satraps of
1883:Satraps of
1849:Satraps of
1815:Pherendates
1800:Satraps of
1748:Evagoras II
1611:Orontobates
1570:Lygdamis II
1476:Dynasts of
1452:Archeptolis
1442:Aristagoras
1427:Eurysthenes
1320:Artabazus I
1258:Tithraustes
1188:Satraps of
1108:Cambyses II
1047:Family tree
362:Major with
156:Old Persian
60:Predecessor
2066:Categories
1820:Achaemenes
1791:Orontes II
1786:Darius III
1707:Bodashtart
1655:Boulomenus
1581:Hecatomnus
1565:Pisindelis
1555:Lygdamis I
1528:Mithrapata
1519:Artembares
1462:Amyntas II
1403:Asia Minor
1382:Ariamnes I
1369:Cappadocia
1315:Oebares II
1300:Mitrobates
1238:Pissuthnes
1098:Cambyses I
1075:Ariaramnes
1068:Achaemenes
933:Xenophon.
916:Xenophon.
847:"Lysander"
845:Plutarch.
826:Xenophon.
803:Xenophon.
763:Xenophon.
739:Plutarch.
687:Meyer 1911
657:References
364:Cappadocia
348:Asia Minor
336:Alcibiades
286:Persepolis
258:Thucydides
186:Achaemenid
161:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁
114:Achaemenid
55:408–401 BC
24:𐎤𐎢𐎽𐎢𐏁
1957:Abrocomas
1953:Megabyzus
1927:Camisares
1903:Atropates
1859:Hystaspes
1781:Orontes I
1776:Artasyrus
1712:Yatonmilk
1669:Azemilcus
1652:Mattan IV
1622:Macedonia
1620:Kings of
1606:Pixodarus
1560:Artemisia
1523:Artumpara
1467:Philiscus
1437:Histiaeus
1417:Demaratus
1412:Miltiades
1310:Megabates
1305:Megabazus
1263:Tiribazus
1143:Darius II
1138:Sogdianus
1133:Xerxes II
967:(1911). "
893:cite book
885:951955827
809:Hellenica
562:Byzantium
542:Black Sea
509:Clearchus
440:Pisidians
268:Biography
206:Parysatis
202:Darius II
134:Parysatis
124:Darius II
70:Successor
2021:Abulites
1975:Hyrcania
1893:Hydarnes
1869:Masistes
1810:Aryandes
1664:Evagoras
1586:Mausolus
1577:(satrap)
1498:Harpagus
1489:Kybernis
1457:Aridolis
1422:Gongylos
1268:Struthas
1208:Harpagus
1123:Xerxes I
997:Archived
939:Anabasis
935:"I-2-22"
919:Anabasis
832:Anabasis
805:"2.1.14"
769:Anabasis
651:Anabasis
646:Xenophon
640:See also
633:Anabasis
578:Castolus
531:scaphism
517:Plutarch
498:peltasts
494:hoplites
465:sent to
459:triremes
368:Lysander
344:Spartans
324:Maiolica
320:Xenophon
312:Lysander
254:Lysander
250:’s Lives
248:Plutarch
226:Anabasis
221:Xenophon
140:Religion
2035:Babylon
2031:Mazaeus
2025:Susiana
2005:Parthia
1991:Atizyes
1961:Belesys
1937:Arsames
1932:Mazaeus
1914:Cilicia
1864:Dadarsi
1851:Bactria
1840:Mazaces
1835:Sabaces
1825:Arsames
1768:Armenia
1764:Satraps
1659:Abdemon
1596:Idrieus
1575:Adusius
1543:Dynasts
1533:Perikle
1515:Arbinas
1505:Kheriga
1494:Kuprlli
1485:Kheziga
1432:Prokles
1377:Datames
1365:Satraps
1355:Arsites
1288:Satraps
1218:Bagaeus
1213:Oroetus
1203:Mazares
1198:Tabalus
1113:Bardiya
1093:Cyrus I
1088:Teispes
1082:Arsames
1057:of the
975:(ed.).
962::
814:father.
711:, 549.
502:Ariaeus
467:Cilicia
360:Phrygia
243:Photius
239:Ctesias
235:Ephorus
223:in his
109:Dynasty
2015:Persis
1874:Bessus
1743:Tennes
1716:Anysos
1692:Tabnit
1510:Kherei
1405:cities
1223:Otanes
971:". In
956:
883:
873:
765:"I.IX"
715:
538:Tigris
471:Amanus
455:Sardis
444:Taurus
436:Ionian
380:Darius
352:satrap
340:Athens
316:Sardis
256:; and
210:battle
190:satrap
130:Mother
120:Father
98:Spouse
42:Satrap
1971:Ochus
1965:Syria
1885:Media
1802:Egypt
1729:Baana
1547:Caria
1478:Lycia
1190:Lydia
828:"I.I"
527:Greek
475:Syria
473:into
432:Caria
356:Lydia
241:, by
198:Ionia
194:Lydia
181:Kyros
175:Κῦρος
169:Greek
165:Kūruš
52:Reign
46:Lydia
2050:and
1985:Aria
903:link
899:link
881:OCLC
871:ISBN
713:ISBN
387:Susa
376:Susa
358:and
204:and
196:and
90:Died
82:Born
1766:of
1601:Ada
1545:of
1367:of
1290:of
790:110
709:128
354:of
350:as
314:in
192:of
44:of
2068::
1959:,
1955:,
937:.
895:}}
891:{{
879:.
849:.
830:.
807:.
767:.
753:^
727:^
665:^
620:,
610:,
544:.
504:.
418:,
322:.
284:,
260:'
245:;
171::
167:;
158::
2037:)
2033:(
2027:)
2023:(
2017:)
2013:(
2007:)
2003:(
1997:)
1993:(
1987:)
1983:(
1977:)
1973:(
1967:)
1963:(
1029:e
1022:t
1015:v
905:)
887:.
792:.
721:.
525:(
154:(
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