35:
733:
749:
534:
517:, taking with him much of the Greek unit of the Persian forces. This heavily weakened the strength of the campaign force, as most of it was composed of Greeks. When the news reached the Asian Greek cities, some of them—mostly Ionian cities—attempted to gain independence. With the remaining forces, Orontes resumed the siege of Salamis, and launched an attack which was repelled. Moreover, he also faced insubordination and indifference from his troops, as a result of Tiribazus' arrest. Due to his weakened position, Orontes was forced to make peace with Evagoras in 380 BC. The terms of the treaty was that Evagoras was obligated to pay tribute to the Persian king, but as a subordinate king rather than a slave. Artaxerxes III did not deem the conclusion of the war satisfactory, as it had cost 15,000
213:. The campaign was initially successful, with Evagoras offering to make peace. However, after the negotiations between him and Tiribazus failed, Orontes accused the latter of deliberately prolonging the war and planning to declare independence. This led to Tiribazus' dismissal and imprisonment, triggering a chain of events which ultimately weakened the Persian forces, forcing Orontes to make peace with Evagoras in 380 BC. Artaxerxes II did not deem the conclusion of the war satisfactory, and as a result Orontes fell into disfavour.
408:
2017:
680:
470:
502:), Evagoras started to negotiate a peace treaty with Tiribazus, offering to withdraw from all the cities of Cyprus except Salamis, and pay a fixed yearly tribute to the Persian crown. Tiribazus was inclined to accept the offer, but the negotiations failed after Evagoras refused to also cede his status as king.
694:
to
Orontes due to two reasons. The first reason was that they have the same mint location and reverse side as the bronze and silver coins of Orontes. However, it has now been the discovered that they did not share the same mint site, as the bronze and silver coins of Orontes were in reality minted at
461:
Evagoras had previously been a vassal of the
Persian king, but had started to act more independently. Initially only ruling over Salamis, he had now gained control over several cities of Cyprus, despite Artaxerxes II's demand to refrain from doing so. Normally the Persian kings were little interested
725:
and
Lampsacus for Artabazus. Troxell argues that Orontes had already started his second revolt by then, due to his correspondence with the Athenians, who awarded him Athenian citizenship. He further adds that Chares would not have taken Lampsacus from Orontes, due to the latter being a relative of
220:
and the leader of the revolting satraps of Asia Minor. The revolt was shortlived, as
Orontes betrayed his allies and shifted his allegiance back to Artaxerxes II. Orontes reportedly thought that he would be greatly rewarded if he did so at such a critical point. Since he was in possession of the
505:
The negotiations made
Orontes fear that Tiribazus would reap all the honor and rewards if he also finished the Cypriot War just after having led the reconquest of the eastern Mediterranean lands. As a result he sent a number of accusations to Artaxerxes II, which mentioned that Tiribazus was
568:
due to his aristocratic background, his kinship with
Artaxerxes II, as well as his hostility towards the latter. The revolt was a culmination of a series of revolts led by other satraps, starting from 366 BC. The details of Orontes' revolt are obscure. He may have reached as far as
726:
Artabazus and also being in rebellion against the king at the time. In 352 BC, Lampsacus was once again under the king's control. Troxell suggests that the gold coins may have instead been minted by
Artabazus, or even an unknown satrap loyal to the king.
506:
deliberately prolonging the war and planning to declare independence. Artaxerxes II was unable to make a proper assessment due to his distance, but could not risk
Tiribazus ruin the recent Persian accomplishments, and as a result had him jailed in
221:
troops and money, many other rebellious satraps followed suit. By 360/359 BC, the revolt had ended. Orontes revolted a second time in 354/3 BC, most likely due to his disappointment with the rewards he received by the king. He seized the town of
426:
following their retreat at Cunaxa. Armenia was divided into two separate satrapies, with the smaller, western part being governed by a hyparch, who was subordinate to the satrap of the rest of
Armenia (referred to as "Armina" in the
584:), Orontes thought that he would be greatly rewarded if he did so at such a critical point. Since Orontes was in possession of the troops and money, many other rebellious satraps followed suit. By 360/359 BC, the revolt had ended.
462:
in the affairs of Cyprus, and would not interfere in the affairs of its kings. However, the conflict between
Evagoras and the cities of Cyprus had caused instability. This disrupted Artaxerxes II's plans to attack
666:
places Orontes as the founder of the Orontid dynasty, and mentions his marriage with Rhodogune, in order to highlight the Commagenian claim to Achaemenid ancestry. A relief of Orontes was also erected on the
458:, led the navy. Tiribazus had also participated in battle at Cunaxa, and reportedly knew Orontes from his early days in Armenia, as Tiribazus had served as the hyparch of its western part till 395 BC.
732:
748:
380:. From his maternal side, Orontes may have been related to two Persian noblemen also named Orontes, whom were prominent figures at the end of the 5th-century BC. One of them had deserted
335:
in 401 BC. Orontes has therefore sometimes been referred to as "Orontes the Bactrian". He and his father are the only Bactrians who are known to have occupied high offices under the
573:, but this remains disputed. The revolt was shortlived, as Orontes betrayed his allies and shifted his allegiance back to Artaxerxes II. According to the classical Greek historian
384:(died 401 BC) during his attempt to take the throne from Artaxerxes II, and as a result was executed. The other Orontes reportedly had bad relations with Artaxerxes II's mother
488:, where the Persians emerged victorious due to their larger fleet. Evagoras withdrew to Salamis, which was soon besieged by the Persians. Failing to gain help from the Egypt
513:
Glos, who was the father-in-law of Tiribazus and commander of the fleet, feared that he might be accused of cooperating with him. As a result he returned to western
331:
nobleman, who occupied the high-ranking office of the "King's Eye", and has been suggested be the same person as the namesake Iranian noble who participated in the
521:, and as a result Orontes fell into disfavour. It may have been after this event that Orontes was dismissed as satrap of Armenia and sent to the distant region of
34:
1782:
Shayegan, M. Rahim (2016). "The Arsacids and Commagene". In Curtis, Vesta Sarkhosh; Pendleton, Elizabeth J.; Alram, Michael; Daryaee, Touraj (eds.).
699:
and Cisthene instead. The second reason was that these coins were all minted during the same period, between 387–330 BC according to the American
587:
Orontes revolted a second time in 354/3 BC, most likely due to his disappointment with the rewards he received by the king. He seized the town of
466:, as Cyprus would also have to play a part in his expedition. As a result, Artaxerxes II sought to establish direct control over the island.
1866:
1672:. Harvard University, Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations and National Association for Armenian Studies and Research.
372:). Since Orontes' paternal line was Bactrian, it was likely through his maternal line his ancestry went back to Hydarnes. The Achaemenid
533:
2203:
1516:
2945:
2915:
2910:
484:
By 382 BC, preparations for the campaign had been made, with a battle taking place the following year near the Cyprian city of
1810:
1791:
1772:
1728:
1442:
1423:
358:
173:
80:
564:
and defeat the cavalry forces sent there by Autophradates to stop him. In 362/1 BC, Orontes was chosen as the leader of the
709:
According to the numismatist Hyla A. Troxell, there is nothing that suggests Orontes controlled Lampsacus. When the satrap
1677:
1581:
1562:
1541:
1505:
1484:
1463:
1404:
1380:
2935:
1698:
127:
at the end of the 5th-century BC and first half of the 4th-century BC. He is notable for having led the unsuccessful
2071:
1859:
339:. Bactrians that settled in other parts of the empire either did so by their own will or as garrison-colonists.
2930:
2697:
615:
244:
1416:
Nemrud Dağı: Recent Archaeological Research and Conservation Activities in the Tomb Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud
2886:
2408:
2890:
2775:
2460:
2300:
416:
431:), which was Orontes. In 386/385 BC, Orontes was made joint commander of the Persian expedition against
2230:
1852:
2663:
2393:
2371:
552:. Before that period, Orontes was attempting to expand his domain. As demonstrated by his coinage at
376:
seems to have been a semi-hereditary fief of Hydarnes, due to his descendants governing it until the
164:). Orontes first appears in records in 401 BC as the satrap of Armenia. There he participated in the
2920:
2061:
652:
565:
128:
2940:
2178:
2168:
1986:
2849:
2473:
2265:
2158:
1885:
395:(died after 119 AD), Orontes' appearance was similar to that of the Greek mythological figure
2429:
2130:
1821:
544:
In 362/1 BC, Orontes reappears in sources as the hyparch of Mysia, subordinate to the satrap
146:
nobleman. Through his maternal line, Orontes traced his descent back to the Persian magnate
2736:
2468:
2398:
2207:
623:
518:
428:
396:
311:("swift, vigorous, brave"), which itself may be an abbreviated version of the Avestan name
252:
8:
2658:
2305:
1976:
703:
635:
268:
2606:
2270:
1653:
1645:
1608:
619:
377:
373:
256:
248:
124:
1708:
2126:
2086:
1897:
1876:
1833:
1806:
1787:
1768:
1724:
1694:
1673:
1657:
1637:
1600:
1577:
1558:
1537:
1501:
1480:
1459:
1438:
1419:
1400:
1376:
422:
Orontes first appears in records in 401 BC, when he as satrap of Armenia pursued the
381:
336:
116:
60:
2381:
1956:
1665:
1629:
718:
574:
557:
347:
332:
165:
154:
70:
1844:
2925:
2833:
2602:
2188:
2028:
1996:
1941:
1760:
1743:
1716:
1688:
1552:
1520:
1495:
1474:
1453:
1394:
611:
478:
443:
240:
206:
1739:
407:
2668:
2571:
2517:
2173:
1991:
1712:
630:, who was the satrap of Armenia and led the Armenian contingent (together with
592:
570:
292:
280:
263:, who was the satrap of Armenia and led the Armenian contingent (together with
226:
1756:
1633:
2904:
2839:
2760:
2723:
2563:
2540:
2483:
2225:
2163:
2111:
1837:
1641:
1604:
1390:
561:
545:
463:
362:
177:
151:
1574:
In the Land of a Thousand Gods: A History of Asia Minor in the Ancient World
2819:
2576:
2558:
2525:
2439:
2285:
2183:
2116:
2091:
2081:
1966:
1534:
The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 2: The Median and Achaemenian periods
1373:
A History of Zoroastrianism, Zoroastrianism under Macedonian and Roman Rule
710:
648:
469:
423:
169:
2653:
2586:
2449:
2290:
2280:
2096:
2066:
1946:
739:
700:
696:
553:
525:. Meanwhile, Tiribazus was pardoned and restored to his former position.
296:
284:
108:
40:
1649:
2629:
2624:
2545:
2535:
2502:
2419:
2403:
2366:
2241:
2153:
2138:
2076:
2001:
1936:
1913:
1906:
1612:
1368:
721:. The latter inflicted a heavy defeat on the king's forces, and retook
627:
538:
514:
474:
432:
260:
195:
132:
95:
1765:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume XII/6: Human migration II–Illuminationism
1721:
Encyclopædia Iranica, Volume II/4: Architecture IV–Armenia and Iran IV
683:
The gold coin attributed to Orontes I by some numismatists, minted at
2809:
2795:
2791:
2765:
2741:
2614:
2550:
2507:
2444:
2361:
2275:
2255:
2250:
2148:
2143:
2101:
1981:
1971:
1767:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 588–590.
1723:. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 417–418.
1476:
Brill's Companion to Military Defeat in Ancient Mediterranean Society
691:
684:
631:
451:
385:
324:
264:
191:
139:
90:
2859:
2813:
2731:
2707:
2648:
2424:
2327:
2295:
2260:
2220:
2106:
2046:
1961:
755:
714:
591:, but eventually reconciled with Artaxerxes II's son and successor
588:
392:
357:). This claim is supported by Orontes' later marriage in 401 BC to
343:
225:, but eventually reconciled with Artaxerxes II's son and successor
222:
147:
2016:
973:
216:
Orontes later reappears in 362/1 BC, as the hyparch (governor) of
2873:
2869:
2863:
2843:
2829:
2799:
2770:
2752:
2702:
2689:
2678:
2673:
2497:
2434:
2413:
2353:
2343:
2332:
2215:
2193:
2056:
2051:
2041:
2036:
1951:
1931:
1926:
1920:
1784:
The Parthian and Early Sasanian Empires: Adaptation and Expansion
489:
328:
304:
143:
2853:
2712:
2581:
2530:
2348:
2006:
722:
560:, he recruited mercenaries, who helped him capture the city of
549:
485:
447:
412:
210:
120:
1242:
2803:
2640:
2385:
2316:
1690:
Trouble in the West: Egypt and the Persian Empire, 525–332 BC
903:
643:
522:
492:
455:
450:. He was assigned to the lead the Persian land forces, while
217:
1062:
1060:
865:
863:
679:
602:) and gave him back the town. Orontes later died in 344 BC.
236:) and gave him back the town. Orontes later died in 344 BC.
18:
Bactrian nobleman, military officer and satrap (died 344 BC)
2823:
1307:
1305:
1094:
1092:
1079:
1077:
1075:
507:
776:
Artabazus's mother was Apama, a daughter of Artaxerxes II.
690:
Some numismatics have attributed the gold coins minted at
2885:
In most territories, Achaemenid rulers were succeeded by
1194:
1057:
931:
860:
1396:
From Cyrus to Alexander: A History of the Persian Empire
1324:
1322:
1320:
1302:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1109:
1107:
1089:
1072:
1045:
1021:
1009:
963:
961:
713:
rebelled against Artaxerxes III in 356 BC, he hired the
948:
946:
1346:
1290:
1278:
1266:
1254:
1218:
1206:
1182:
1170:
1158:
997:
172:
following their retreat. In the same year, he married
1334:
1317:
1131:
1119:
1104:
1033:
985:
958:
802:
800:
798:
796:
794:
792:
135:
against the Achaemenids from 362/1 BC to 360/359 BC.
1803:
A Historical Commentary on Diodorus Siculus, Book 15
943:
891:
638:
in 331 BC, was either a son or grandson of Orontes.
271:
in 331 BC, was either a son or grandson of Orontes.
1874:
1230:
1620:Osborne, Michael J. (1971). "Athens and Orontes".
1435:A History of Ancient Persia: The Achaemenid Empire
789:
1713:"Armenia and Iran i. Armina, Achaemenid province"
342:Orontes claimed descent from the Persian magnate
2902:
1550:
1248:
979:
626:during the Achaemenid and Hellenistic period.
190:In the 380s BC, Orontes along with the satrap
1860:
115:; died 344 BC) was a military officer of the
1554:A Companion to the Achaemenid Persian Empire
1497:A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire
1371:; Grenet, Frantz (1991). Beck, Roger (ed.).
1693:. Oxford University Press. pp. 1–311.
1531:
1472:
1367:
1066:
909:
881:
869:
834:
818:
610:Orontes is regarded as the ancestor of the
388:, eventually being executed at her behest.
239:Orontes is regarded as the ancestor of the
194:were assigned to lead the campaign against
1867:
1853:
1800:
1593:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte
1551:Jacobs, Bruno; Rollinger, Robert (2021).
1493:
1473:Clark, Jessica H.; Turner, Brian (2018).
1083:
1051:
1015:
528:
1781:
1272:
678:
532:
468:
406:
391:According to the classical Greek author
1819:
1754:
1737:
1707:
1686:
1664:
1619:
1591:Osborne, Michael J. (1973). "Orontes".
1590:
1514:
1432:
1413:
1352:
1340:
1328:
1311:
1296:
1284:
1260:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1188:
1176:
1164:
1152:
1125:
1113:
1098:
1039:
1027:
1003:
991:
967:
952:
937:
925:
921:
850:
846:
838:
830:
826:
806:
402:
2903:
1826:Schweizerische Numismatische Rundschau
1801:Stylianou, P.J. (1998). "Commentary".
1622:Annual of the British School at Athens
1451:
1389:
1200:
1140:
897:
885:
842:
822:
671:, which, however, has been destroyed.
1848:
1571:
854:
647:(monument containing information) of
1748:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
1525:Encyclopædia Iranica, Online Edition
754:Silver coin of Orontes I, minted at
738:Bronze coin of Orontes I, minted at
39:Bronze coin of Orontes I, minted at
641:Orontes is mentioned in one of the
150:, one of the six companions of the
13:
2015:
1750:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
1527:. Encyclopædia Iranica Foundation.
14:
2957:
1455:The Kingdom of Armenia: A History
747:
731:
33:
1532:Gershevitch, Ilya, ed. (1985).
1494:Dandamaev, Muhammad A. (1989).
770:
657:
597:
566:revolting satraps of Asia Minor
497:
437:
367:
352:
346:, one of the six companions of
231:
200:
182:
159:
1576:. Princeton University Press.
1536:. Cambridge University Press.
915:
875:
812:
614:, which established itself in
243:, which established itself in
1:
2946:Achaemenid satraps of Armenia
2916:4th-century BC Iranian people
2911:5th-century BC Iranian people
924:, pp. 588–590; see also
783:
578:
318:
303:. The name is related to the
1515:Facella, Margherita (2021).
651:, erected by his descendant
7:
1805:. Oxford University Press.
1249:Jacobs & Rollinger 2021
980:Jacobs & Rollinger 2021
10:
2962:
2013:
1822:"Orontes, Satrap of Mysia"
1361:
674:
662:). The inscription of the
500: 392/1–379/8 BC
255:during the Achaemenid and
2883:
2784:
2750:
2721:
2687:
2638:
2601:
2536:Queen Amoashtart (regent)
2516:
2482:
2458:
2380:
2314:
2239:
2202:
2125:
2026:
1893:
1883:
1820:Troxell, Hyla A. (1981).
1755:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2004).
1738:Schmitt, Rüdiger (2002).
1687:Ruzicka, Stephen (2012).
1670:Zoroastrianism in Armenia
1634:10.1017/S0068245400019213
1572:Marek, Christian (2016).
1557:. John Wiley & Sons.
605:
315:("having swift horses").
86:
76:
66:
56:
48:
32:
25:
2936:4th-century BC governors
1414:Brijder, Herman (2014).
763:
653:Antiochus I of Commagene
1433:Brosius, Maria (2020).
1067:Clark & Turner 2018
910:Boyce & Grenet 1991
870:Boyce & Grenet 1991
835:Boyce & Grenet 1991
323:Orontes was the son of
283:transliteration of the
274:
168:, where he pursued the
2474:Alexander I of Macedon
2020:
687:
600: 358–338 BC
541:
529:Activity in Asia Minor
481:
440: 411–374 BC
419:
370: 404–358 BC
355: 522–486 BC
234: 358–338 BC
203: 411–374 BC
185: 404–358 BC
162: 522–486 BC
2931:5th-century BC births
2131:Hellespontine Phrygia
2019:
2002:Darius III Codomannus
1418:. Walter de Gruyter.
682:
536:
472:
410:
291:, which continued in
129:Great Satraps' Revolt
2737:Hydarnes the Younger
2469:Amyntas I of Macedon
1992:Artaxerxes III Ochus
1987:Artaxerxes II Mnemon
1888:- Achaemenid Kingdom
1458:. Psychology Press.
660: 70–31 BC
429:Behistun Inscription
403:Expedition to Cyprus
2887:Hellenistic satraps
2785:Other known satraps
2240:Greek Governors of
2007:Artaxerxes V Bessus
1997:Artaxerxes IV Arses
1452:Chahin, M. (2001).
1437:. Wiley-Blackwell.
1203:, pp. 665–666.
982:, pp. 673–674.
940:, pp. 521–522.
912:, pp. 310–311.
717:military commander
636:Battle of Gaugamela
269:Battle of Gaugamela
2893:from around 330 BC
2891:Hellenistic rulers
2021:
928:, pp. 417–418
758:between 362–348 BC
742:between 362–348 BC
688:
542:
482:
420:
378:Hellenistic period
374:satrapy of Armenia
257:Hellenistic period
138:He was the son of
43:between 357–352 BC
2898:
2897:
2087:Cyrus the Younger
1898:Achaemenid Empire
1877:Achaemenid Empire
1812:978-0-19-815239-2
1793:978-1-78570-208-2
1774:978-0-933273-80-1
1730:978-0-71009-104-8
1666:Russell, James R.
1444:978-1-444-35092-0
1425:978-1-61451-713-9
1375:. Leiden: Brill.
1314:, pp. 35–36.
1155:, pp. 27–28.
1101:, pp. 93–94.
1030:, pp. 68–69.
382:Cyrus the Younger
337:Achaemenid Empire
279:"Orontes" is the
142:, a high-ranking
117:Achaemenid Empire
102:
101:
98:(son or grandson)
61:Achaemenid Empire
2953:
1957:Darius the Great
1869:
1862:
1855:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1816:
1797:
1778:
1761:Yarshater, Ehsan
1751:
1744:Yarshater, Ehsan
1734:
1717:Yarshater, Ehsan
1709:Schmitt, Rüdiger
1704:
1683:
1661:
1616:
1587:
1568:
1547:
1528:
1521:Yarshater, Ehsan
1511:
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950:
941:
935:
929:
919:
913:
907:
901:
895:
889:
882:Gershevitch 1985
879:
873:
867:
858:
819:Gershevitch 1985
816:
810:
804:
777:
774:
751:
735:
661:
659:
601:
599:
583:
580:
575:Diodorus Siculus
501:
499:
454:, the satrap of
441:
439:
371:
369:
361:, a daughter of
356:
354:
348:Darius the Great
333:Battle of Cunaxa
235:
233:
204:
202:
186:
184:
176:, a daughter of
166:Battle of Cunaxa
163:
161:
155:Darius the Great
71:Battle of Cunaxa
37:
23:
22:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2950:
2921:Orontid dynasty
2901:
2900:
2899:
2894:
2879:
2834:Greater Phrygia
2780:
2746:
2717:
2683:
2634:
2597:
2512:
2478:
2454:
2376:
2310:
2235:
2198:
2189:Pharnabazus III
2121:
2022:
2011:
1942:Cyrus the Great
1895:
1889:
1879:
1873:
1813:
1794:
1786:. Oxbow Books.
1775:
1731:
1701:
1680:
1584:
1565:
1544:
1508:
1487:
1466:
1445:
1426:
1407:
1399:. Eisenbrauns.
1383:
1364:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1339:
1335:
1327:
1318:
1310:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1259:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1207:
1199:
1195:
1187:
1183:
1175:
1171:
1163:
1159:
1151:
1147:
1139:
1132:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1090:
1082:
1073:
1065:
1058:
1050:
1046:
1038:
1034:
1026:
1022:
1014:
1010:
1002:
998:
990:
986:
978:
974:
966:
959:
951:
944:
936:
932:
920:
916:
908:
904:
896:
892:
884:, p. 354;
880:
876:
868:
861:
853:, p. 189;
845:, p. 751;
841:, p. 521;
837:, p. 310;
825:, p. 185;
821:, p. 354;
817:
813:
805:
790:
786:
781:
780:
775:
771:
766:
759:
752:
743:
736:
677:
656:
612:Orontid dynasty
608:
596:
581:
531:
496:
473:Coin minted by
442:), the king of
436:
411:Map of ancient
405:
366:
351:
321:
277:
241:Orontid dynasty
230:
205:), the king of
199:
181:
158:
94:
44:
28:
19:
12:
11:
5:
2959:
2949:
2948:
2943:
2941:340s BC deaths
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2896:
2895:
2884:
2881:
2880:
2878:
2877:
2867:
2857:
2847:
2837:
2827:
2817:
2807:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2779:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2757:
2755:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2728:
2726:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2694:
2692:
2685:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2669:Pherendates II
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2611:
2609:
2599:
2598:
2596:
2595:
2594:Abdashtart III
2592:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2572:Baalshillem II
2569:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2518:Kings of Sidon
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2471:
2465:
2463:
2456:
2455:
2453:
2452:
2447:
2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2390:
2388:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2356:
2351:
2346:
2341:
2338:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2321:
2319:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2233:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2212:
2210:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2174:Pharnabazus II
2171:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2133:
2123:
2122:
2120:
2119:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2072:Artaphernes II
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2033:
2031:
2024:
2023:
2014:
2012:
2010:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1917:
1910:
1902:
1900:
1894:Kings of Kings
1891:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1875:Rulers in the
1872:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1817:
1811:
1798:
1792:
1779:
1773:
1752:
1735:
1729:
1705:
1699:
1684:
1679:978-0674968509
1678:
1662:
1617:
1599:(4): 515–551.
1588:
1583:978-0691159799
1582:
1569:
1564:978-1119174288
1563:
1548:
1543:978-0521200912
1542:
1529:
1512:
1507:978-9004091726
1506:
1491:
1486:978-9004298583
1485:
1470:
1465:978-0700714520
1464:
1449:
1443:
1430:
1424:
1411:
1406:978-1575060316
1405:
1391:Briant, Pierre
1387:
1382:978-9004293915
1381:
1363:
1360:
1358:
1357:
1355:, p. 155.
1345:
1333:
1316:
1301:
1299:, p. 328.
1289:
1287:, p. 330.
1277:
1265:
1263:, p. 550.
1253:
1251:, p. 674.
1241:
1229:
1227:, p. 541.
1217:
1215:, p. 537.
1205:
1193:
1191:, p. 540.
1181:
1179:, p. 539.
1169:
1167:, p. 132.
1157:
1145:
1143:, p. 662.
1130:
1118:
1103:
1088:
1086:, p. 298.
1084:Dandamaev 1989
1071:
1056:
1054:, p. 297.
1052:Dandamaev 1989
1044:
1032:
1020:
1018:, p. 293.
1016:Dandamaev 1989
1008:
1006:, p. 524.
996:
984:
972:
957:
942:
930:
914:
902:
900:, p. 751.
890:
874:
872:, p. 310.
859:
849:, p. 47;
829:, p. 27;
811:
787:
785:
782:
779:
778:
768:
767:
765:
762:
761:
760:
753:
746:
744:
737:
730:
676:
673:
607:
604:
593:Artaxerxes III
530:
527:
404:
401:
320:
317:
276:
273:
227:Artaxerxes III
100:
99:
88:
84:
83:
78:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
38:
30:
29:
26:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2958:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2908:
2906:
2892:
2888:
2882:
2875:
2871:
2868:
2865:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2841:
2840:Phrataphernes
2838:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2761:Syennesis III
2759:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2749:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2720:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2691:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2593:
2591:Abdashtart II
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2564:Baalshillem I
2562:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2541:Eshmunazar II
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2489:
2487:
2485:
2484:Kings of Tyre
2481:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2457:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2395:
2392:
2391:
2389:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2289:
2287:
2284:
2282:
2279:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2238:
2232:
2229:
2227:
2226:Mithrobuzanes
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2213:
2211:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:Pharnabazus I
2162:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2112:Autophradates
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2067:Artaphernes I
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2034:
2032:
2030:
2025:
2018:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1918:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1909:
1908:
1904:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1878:
1870:
1865:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1789:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1736:
1732:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1700:9780199766628
1696:
1692:
1691:
1685:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1623:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1594:
1589:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1539:
1535:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1498:
1492:
1488:
1482:
1478:
1477:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1365:
1354:
1349:
1343:, p. 35.
1342:
1337:
1331:, p. 36.
1330:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1275:, p. 13.
1274:
1273:Shayegan 2016
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1190:
1185:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1149:
1142:
1137:
1135:
1128:, p. 96.
1127:
1122:
1116:, p. 94.
1115:
1110:
1108:
1100:
1095:
1093:
1085:
1080:
1078:
1076:
1069:, p. 61.
1068:
1063:
1061:
1053:
1048:
1042:, p. 68.
1041:
1036:
1029:
1024:
1017:
1012:
1005:
1000:
994:, p. 87.
993:
988:
981:
976:
970:, p. 61.
969:
964:
962:
955:, p. 27.
954:
949:
947:
939:
934:
927:
923:
918:
911:
906:
899:
894:
888:, p. 185
887:
883:
878:
871:
866:
864:
857:, p. 145
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
828:
824:
820:
815:
808:
803:
801:
799:
797:
795:
793:
788:
773:
769:
757:
750:
745:
741:
734:
729:
728:
727:
724:
720:
716:
712:
707:
705:
704:Agnes Baldwin
702:
698:
693:
686:
681:
672:
670:
665:
654:
650:
646:
645:
639:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
613:
603:
594:
590:
585:
576:
572:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
546:Autophradates
540:
535:
526:
524:
520:
516:
511:
509:
503:
494:
491:
487:
480:
476:
471:
467:
465:
459:
457:
453:
449:
445:
434:
430:
425:
418:
417:city-kingdoms
414:
409:
400:
398:
394:
389:
387:
383:
379:
375:
364:
363:Artaxerxes II
360:
349:
345:
340:
338:
334:
330:
326:
316:
314:
313:Auruuaṱ.aspa-
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
228:
224:
219:
214:
212:
208:
197:
193:
188:
179:
178:Artaxerxes II
175:
171:
167:
156:
153:
152:King of Kings
149:
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
118:
114:
110:
106:
97:
92:
89:
85:
82:
79:
75:
72:
69:
65:
62:
59:
55:
51:
47:
42:
36:
31:
24:
21:
16:
2850:Ariobarzanes
2820:Satibarzanes
2619:
2577:Abdashtart I
2559:Tetramnestos
2526:Eshmunazar I
2430:Artemisia II
2340:Teththiweibi
2286:Themistocles
2231:Ariarathes I
2184:Artabazus II
2179:Ariobarzanes
2169:Pharnaces II
2117:Spithridates
2092:Tissaphernes
2082:Tissaphernes
1967:Artaxerxes I
1919:
1912:
1905:
1829:
1825:
1802:
1783:
1764:
1747:
1720:
1689:
1669:
1625:
1621:
1596:
1592:
1573:
1553:
1533:
1524:
1496:
1475:
1454:
1434:
1415:
1395:
1372:
1353:Ruzicka 2012
1348:
1341:Troxell 1981
1336:
1329:Troxell 1981
1312:Troxell 1981
1297:Brijder 2014
1292:
1285:Brijder 2014
1280:
1268:
1261:Osborne 1973
1256:
1244:
1237:Facella 2021
1232:
1225:Osborne 1973
1220:
1213:Osborne 1973
1208:
1196:
1189:Osborne 1973
1184:
1177:Osborne 1973
1172:
1165:Ruzicka 2012
1160:
1153:Troxell 1981
1148:
1126:Ruzicka 2012
1121:
1114:Ruzicka 2012
1099:Ruzicka 2012
1047:
1040:Ruzicka 2012
1035:
1028:Ruzicka 2012
1023:
1011:
1004:Osborne 1973
999:
992:Ruzicka 2012
987:
975:
968:Ruzicka 2012
953:Troxell 1981
938:Osborne 1973
933:
926:Schmitt 1986
922:Schmitt 2004
917:
905:
893:
877:
851:Brosius 2020
847:Russell 1987
839:Osborne 1973
831:Facella 2021
827:Troxell 1981
814:
807:Schmitt 2002
772:
708:
689:
668:
663:
649:Mount Nemrut
642:
640:
609:
586:
582: 30 BC
543:
512:
504:
483:
460:
424:Ten Thousand
421:
390:
341:
322:
312:
308:
300:
288:
278:
238:
215:
189:
170:Ten Thousand
137:
112:
104:
103:
67:Battles/wars
20:
15:
2751:Satraps of
2722:Satraps of
2688:Satraps of
2654:Pherendates
2639:Satraps of
2587:Evagoras II
2450:Orontobates
2409:Lygdamis II
2315:Dynasts of
2291:Archeptolis
2281:Aristagoras
2266:Eurysthenes
2159:Artabazus I
2097:Tithraustes
2027:Satraps of
1947:Cambyses II
1886:Family tree
1628:: 297–321.
1369:Boyce, Mary
1201:Briant 2002
1141:Briant 2002
898:Briant 2002
886:Chahin 2001
843:Briant 2002
823:Chahin 2001
740:Adramyteion
701:numismatist
697:Adramyteion
554:Adramyttium
297:New Persian
285:Old Persian
109:Old Persian
41:Adramyteion
2905:Categories
2659:Achaemenes
2630:Orontes II
2625:Darius III
2546:Bodashtart
2494:Boulomenus
2420:Hecatomnus
2404:Pisindelis
2394:Lygdamis I
2367:Mithrapata
2358:Artembares
2301:Amyntas II
2242:Asia Minor
2221:Ariamnes I
2208:Cappadocia
2154:Oebares II
2139:Mitrobates
2077:Pissuthnes
1937:Cambyses I
1914:Ariaramnes
1907:Achaemenes
1757:"Hydarnes"
1517:"Orontids"
855:Marek 2016
784:References
628:Orontes II
539:Asia Minor
515:Asia Minor
475:Evagoras I
433:Evagoras I
319:Background
261:Orontes II
196:Evagoras I
133:Asia Minor
96:Orontes II
57:Allegiance
2796:Abrocomas
2792:Megabyzus
2766:Camisares
2742:Atropates
2698:Hystaspes
2620:Orontes I
2615:Artasyrus
2551:Yatonmilk
2508:Azemilcus
2491:Mattan IV
2461:Macedonia
2459:Kings of
2445:Pixodarus
2399:Artemisia
2362:Artumpara
2306:Philiscus
2276:Histiaeus
2256:Demaratus
2251:Miltiades
2149:Megabates
2144:Megabazus
2102:Tiribazus
1982:Darius II
1977:Sogdianus
1972:Xerxes II
1838:0035-4163
1832:: 27–41.
1740:"Orontes"
1658:163834297
1642:2045-2403
1605:0018-2311
1500:. Brill.
1479:. Brill.
711:Artabazus
692:Lampsacus
685:Lampsacus
634:) at the
632:Mithrenes
624:Commagene
558:Cisthenes
452:Tiribazus
386:Parysatis
359:Rhodogune
325:Artasyrus
309:auruuaṇt-
267:) at the
265:Mithrenes
253:Commagene
192:Tiribazus
174:Rhodogune
140:Artasyrus
113:*Arvanta-
105:Orontes I
91:Artasyrus
87:Relations
81:Rhodogune
77:Spouse(s)
27:Orontes I
2860:Abulites
2814:Hyrcania
2732:Hydarnes
2708:Masistes
2649:Aryandes
2503:Evagoras
2425:Mausolus
2416:(satrap)
2337:Harpagus
2328:Kybernis
2296:Aridolis
2261:Gongylos
2107:Struthas
2047:Harpagus
1962:Xerxes I
1711:(1986).
1668:(1987).
1650:30103238
1393:(2002).
756:Cisthene
715:Athenian
589:Pergamon
415:and its
397:Alcmaeon
393:Plutarch
344:Hydarnes
329:Bactrian
289:*Arvanta
223:Pergamon
148:Hydarnes
144:Bactrian
93:(father)
2874:Babylon
2870:Mazaeus
2864:Susiana
2844:Parthia
2830:Atizyes
2800:Belesys
2776:Arsames
2771:Mazaeus
2753:Cilicia
2703:Dadarsi
2690:Bactria
2679:Mazaces
2674:Sabaces
2664:Arsames
2607:Armenia
2603:Satraps
2498:Abdemon
2435:Idrieus
2414:Adusius
2382:Dynasts
2372:Perikle
2354:Arbinas
2344:Kheriga
2333:Kuprlli
2324:Kheziga
2271:Prokles
2216:Datames
2204:Satraps
2194:Arsites
2127:Satraps
2057:Bagaeus
2052:Oroetus
2042:Mazares
2037:Tabalus
1952:Bardiya
1932:Cyrus I
1927:Teispes
1921:Arsames
1896:of the
1763:(ed.).
1746:(ed.).
1719:(ed.).
1613:4435366
1523:(ed.).
1362:Sources
675:Coinage
620:Sophene
616:Armenia
537:Map of
519:talents
490:pharaoh
479:Salamis
444:Salamis
305:Avestan
249:Sophene
245:Armenia
207:Salamis
125:Armenia
2926:344 BC
2854:Persis
2713:Bessus
2582:Tennes
2555:Anysos
2531:Tabnit
2349:Kherei
2244:cities
2062:Otanes
1836:
1809:
1790:
1771:
1727:
1697:
1676:
1656:
1648:
1640:
1611:
1603:
1580:
1561:
1540:
1504:
1483:
1462:
1441:
1422:
1403:
1379:
723:Sigeum
719:Chares
669:stelae
664:stelae
644:stelae
622:, and
606:Legacy
577:(died
550:Sardis
486:Kition
448:Cyprus
413:Cyprus
301:Arvand
293:Middle
251:, and
211:Cyprus
121:satrap
52:344 BC
2810:Ochus
2804:Syria
2724:Media
2641:Egypt
2568:Baana
2386:Caria
2317:Lycia
2029:Lydia
1759:. In
1742:. In
1715:. In
1654:S2CID
1646:JSTOR
1609:JSTOR
1519:. In
764:Notes
571:Syria
523:Mysia
493:Hakor
464:Egypt
456:Ionia
307:word
287:name
281:Greek
218:Mysia
2889:and
2824:Aria
1834:ISSN
1807:ISBN
1788:ISBN
1769:ISBN
1725:ISBN
1695:ISBN
1674:ISBN
1638:ISSN
1601:ISSN
1578:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1538:ISBN
1502:ISBN
1481:ISBN
1460:ISBN
1439:ISBN
1420:ISBN
1401:ISBN
1377:ISBN
562:Cyme
556:and
508:Susa
327:, a
295:and
275:Name
119:and
49:Died
2605:of
2440:Ada
2384:of
2206:of
2129:of
1630:doi
548:at
477:at
446:in
299:as
209:in
187:).
131:in
123:of
2907::
2798:,
2794:,
1830:60
1828:.
1824:.
1652:.
1644:.
1636:.
1626:66
1624:.
1607:.
1597:22
1595:.
1319:^
1304:^
1133:^
1106:^
1091:^
1074:^
1059:^
960:^
945:^
862:^
833:;
791:^
706:.
658:r.
618:,
598:r.
579:c.
510:.
498:r.
438:r.
399:.
368:r.
353:r.
259:.
247:,
232:r.
201:r.
183:r.
160:r.
111::
2876:)
2872:(
2866:)
2862:(
2856:)
2852:(
2846:)
2842:(
2836:)
2832:(
2826:)
2822:(
2816:)
2812:(
2806:)
2802:(
1868:e
1861:t
1854:v
1840:.
1815:.
1796:.
1777:.
1733:.
1703:.
1682:.
1660:.
1632::
1615:.
1586:.
1567:.
1546:.
1510:.
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1447:.
1428:.
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1385:.
1239:.
809:.
655:(
595:(
495:(
435:(
365:(
350:(
229:(
198:(
180:(
157:(
107:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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