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235:
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212:
178:
38:
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The liberation of
Velikiye Luki meant the Red Army had, for the first time since October 1941, a direct rail supply line to the northern face of the Rzhev Salient exposing the German troops at Rzhev to encirclement. Events at Velikiye Luki thus necessitated the withdrawal from Rzhev salient ending any German military threat to Moscow. However, even after withdrawing from Rzhev, possession of Velikiye Luki meant that the rail link between Army groups North and Centre was severed, preventing the
1108:
1163:
881:
980:
eliminating the German bridges on the Lovat, and to deny the
Germans use of the rail line that provided communications between Army groups North and Centre. Furthermore, as long as the German Army occupied both rail junctions at Velikiye Luki and Rzhev, the Red Army could not reliably reinforce or resupply its troops on the north face of the massive Rzhev Salient.
1096:, the next attempt to break through to Velikiye Luki, was launched on 4 January. The two German spearheads advanced to within five miles (8 km) of the city, but stalled due to pressure on their flanks. On 5 January, a Soviet attack from the north split Velikiye Luki in two, isolating a small group of troops in the fortified "
979:
just to the south, formed a large salient in the German lines. Velikiye Luki lay just on the western edge of the original advance, and was just as strategic for the
Soviets as the Germans. The city dominated the region and would therefore be the natural point for fighting, offering the possibility of
1128:
that raged in the southern sector of the front. Judged purely by the numbers, this battle was a small affair by the usual standards of the
Eastern Front (150,000 total casualties suffered by both sides as opposed to 2,000,000 total casualties at Stalingrad), but had enormous strategic consequences.
1065:
The garrison were ordered to hold the city at all costs, while a relief force was assembled. The remainder of the 83rd
Infantry and 3rd Mountain Divisions, encircled south of Velikiye Luki, fought their way west to meet the relieving troops. Due to Army Group Centre's commitments at Rzhev, the only
1036:
to the north, the operation commenced on 24 November. Despite heavy losses, they successfully cut the land links to the city by 27 November, trapping the garrison; by the next day they threatened to cut off other elements of the corps south of the city when the front commander released his 2nd
1085:
Throughout
December, the garrison – which maintained radio contact with the relief forces – held out against repeated Soviet attempts to reduce their lines, and in particular the rail depot in the city's southern suburb. The Soviet forces, attacking strongly entrenched troops in severe winter
1100:" in the west of the city, while the bulk of the garrison retained a sector centred around the rail station in the south of the city. The former group broke out on during the night of the 14th; around 150 men eventually reached German lines. The German garrison surrendered on 16 January.
967:
from just north of the city defended by the German 16th Field Army, making operations in the region around the city difficult for both sides. Rather than maintaining a solid "front" in the area, the
Germans established a series of thinly held outposts to the north and south of the city.
1714:
that covers the battle with considerable detail. It includes notes on the battle, orders of battle for each side, and a 1:100,000 map derived from Soviet wartime situation maps. Shelby
Stanton had researched primary sources using the captured German records held by NARA in Wash.
1116:
After the war, the Soviet authorities collected a representative set of
Germans of various ranks from general to private who had fought at Velikiye Luki from prisoner-of-war camps and brought them to the city. A military tribunal held a public trial and convicted them for
952:, the German army took Velikiye Luki on 19 July 1941, but was forced to retreat the next day due to Soviet counter-attacks breaking the line of communications in multiple places. A new attack was launched in late August, and the city was recaptured on Aug. 26.
1045:
for permission to conduct a breakout operation while the situation was still relatively fluid by pulling the German lines back by around ten miles (16 km). The request was dismissed by Hitler, who, pointing to an earlier success in a similar situation at
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The 3rd
Mountain Division was at little more than half strength, since its 139th Regiment had been left in Lapland when the division withdrew from northern Finland. The 138th Mountain Regiment was the unknown unit of 3rd Mountain shown in Maps 2 and 3.
1153:
While it is somewhat difficult to separate the actions of various Red Army and Wehrmacht units within the flurry of movements involved in the larger scope of the Soviet operations, for the most part these below are derived from Glantz and Isayev.
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weather, suffered extremely high casualties, while conditions in the city steadily deteriorated despite airdrops of supplies, ammunition and equipment. In the meantime, Soviet attempts to take their main objective, the rail lines at
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Because of its strategic significance, the Germans heavily fortified the city over the course of 1942. The Soviets often raided into German-held territory around the town and the town could only be kept supplied by armoured trains.
1728:
This pamphlet was written by German officers to relay their experiences fighting the Russians (sic). The officers had to rely on memory so there are some inaccuracies but gives a good overall account of various operations and
931:
Sometimes known as "The Little Stalingrad of the North", the Soviet forces encircled the city on 27 November 1942, but were unable to make much progress against German units further west nor retake a key railway to
1090:, had been frustrated by the counter-attacks of the relief force. An attempt by the Germans to reach Velikiye Luki in late December ran into stubborn Soviet defence and halted, heavily damaged.
992:
The Soviet offensive to retake the city was developed in mid-November 1942 using troops from the 3rd and 4th Shock armies, and 3rd Air Army. The city itself was defended by the
1541:
Oldwitg von Natzmer. Operations of Encircled Forces. German Experiences in Russia. — Department of the Army, Washington, DC 1952. (Oldwitg von Natzmer). Washington DC. 1952
1793:
1082:, and the hurriedly rushed to the front 707th and 708th Security, and 205th and 331st Infantry divisions although there was a corresponding build-up of Soviet strength.
955:
The city had great strategic value due to the main north-south railway line running just west of the city at Novosokolniki, as well as the city's own rail network to
1137:, a critical logistics hub for Army Group Centre. The effects of this battle meant that Army Group Centre was exposed to attack from the north, east, and (after the
324:
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1008:. The city itself was provided with extensively prepared defenses and garrisoned by a full regiment of the 83rd Division and other troops, totaling around 7,000.
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1016:
Rather than attacking the town directly, the Soviet forces advanced into the difficult terrain to the north and south of the town. Spearheaded by the
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317:
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Department of the Army, Historical Study Operations of Encircled Forces German Experiences in Russia, Pamphlet 20-234, Washington DC, 1952.
963:. After its capture and with the German offensive running out of steam for the winter, the area was fortified. Marshy terrain extended to
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1732:
Glantz, D.M., Zhukov's greatest defeat: The Red Army's Epic Disaster in Operation Mars, 1942, University Press of Kansas, Lawrence, 1999
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related to anti-partisan warfare. Nine were sentenced to death and publicly hanged in the main square of Velikiye Luki in January 1946.
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from shifting reinforcements between threatened sectors. Furthermore, the rail lines from Velikiye Luki led directly into the rear of
1721:
1757:, Yauza, Eksmo, 2006 (Russian: Исаев А. В. Когда внезапности уже не было. История ВОВ, которую мы не знали. — М.: Яуза, Эксмо, 2006)
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1572:Великая Отечественная война. 1941—1945 гг. Справочное пособие/ Автор-составитель И. И. Максимов. — М.: Издательство «ДИК», 2005.
361:
120:
Velikiye Luki (red, upper left) and the nearby rail trunks, in the context of the Soviet 1942–1943 offensives. (click to enlarge)
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resources immediately available to man the lines opposite Velikiye Luki were those already in the area, which were organised as
936:. The German garrison in the city was ordered to hold out for a relief force and put up a concerted defense. As was the case at
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1079:
641:
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The battle is sometimes called "The Little Stalingrad of the North" due to its similarities with the larger and better-known
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1749:
Isayev, A.V., When there were no surprises: History of the Great Patriotic War which we never knew, Velikiye Luki operation
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351:
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452:
356:
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38th Separate Tank Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Zheleznov, after 30.12.42 Lieutenant Colonel Khubayev) equipped with
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81:
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52:
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462:
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1760:
Webb, William A., Battle of Velikiye Luki: Surrounded in the Snow, PRIMEDIA Enthusiast Publications, Inc.(2000).
1179:
1071:
940:, repeated German counterattacks were unable to reach the city, and the garrison surrendered on 16 January 1943.
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from the north and 20th Motorised Division from the south counter-attacked to open the encirclement.
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829:
437:
405:
380:
1648:"Watch Soviet Storm: WWII in the East | the Rzhev Meat-Grinder online | Free | Hulu"
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1070:(291st Infantry Division). Later, other divisions were made available, including the understrength
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748:
540:
216:
46:
115:
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German relief attempts. (Notice that the order of battle given on this 1952 map is not accurate.)
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807:
624:
586:
457:
442:
1200:
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Mechanised Corps into the breach created between the 3rd Mountain and 83rd Infantry Divisions.
924:
as a previous part of the northern pincer of the Rzhev-Sychevka Strategic Offensive Operation (
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63:
1141:) south, exposing the whole army group to encirclement, which is exactly what happened in the
1112:
Soviet soldiers examine destroyed German Panzer III and IV tanks in the ruins of Velikiye Luki
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920:
during the Winter Campaign of 1942–1943 with the objective of liberating the Russian city of
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1125:
1025:
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617:
568:
374:
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400:
8:
1711:
1454:
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1142:
812:
778:
723:
822:
783:
763:
758:
656:
431:
1671:
1505:
Almost half of the 83rd Infantry Division was assigned to the Velikiye Luki garrison.
1740:
1573:
1395:
1390:
1051:
1038:
707:
535:
1750:
1490:
1267:
976:
897:
861:
855:
844:
817:
753:
661:
514:
503:
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447:
390:
1725:
1554:Годы суровых испытаний. 1941—1944 (записки командарма) — М.: Наука, 1973. стр.185
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997:
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579:
410:
262:
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141:
1686:; Poulsen, N.B.; Smith, P.S.(1998) "Under Hagekors og Dannebrog" pp. 176–185
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34th Separate Tank Regiment (Lieutenant Colonel Bogdanov) equipped with
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1477:(at Novosokol'niki to the rear of 83rd Infantry Division's positions)
1375:
17th Long-range aviation division (General Major of Aviation Loginov)
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1707:. Normal, Il:, game design notes, GDW (Game Designers Workshop) a
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302:
1050:, demanded that the encircled formations stand fast while the
1604:, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2009, pp. 290-91
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http://militera.lib.ru/memo/russian/beloborodov2/08.html
1705:
White Death: Velikiye Luki, The Stalingrad of the North
1498:
Most of Army Group Center was engaged in resisting the
1602:
Operation Barbarossa and Germany's Defeat in the East
1512:
20th Motorized was from Army Group Center's reserve.
1737:
When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler
1372:
3rd Long-range aviation division (Colonel Yukhanov)
1378:222nd Long-range aviation division (Colonel Titov)
1770:
1739:, Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas,
1011:
904:), started with the attack by the forces of the
1794:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War
1735:Glantz, David M. & House, Jonathan (1995),
1563:R. Forczyk, VELIKIYE LUKI 1942–43, 2020, p. 90
1534:
1354:225th, 289th, 293rd Separate Engineer Brigades
1078:from Army Group Centre reserve, and the weak
318:
1677:
1672:Combat Composition of the Soviet Army, 1942
1628:
1193:as of 1 December, 1942 (General Lieutenant
884:Situation after the initial Soviet advance.
1203:(held a defensive front during the battle)
325:
311:
288:killed, missing or wounded, 4,500 captured
1799:Battles of World War II involving Germany
1060:
1004:, and the front to the north held by the
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82:Learn how and when to remove this message
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879:
45:This article includes a list of general
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14:
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1500:second Soviet Rzhev-Sychevka offensive
1625:. In Russian. Retrieved May 10, 2019.
1582:
1351:146th, 170th Separate Tank Battalions
1000:, the lines to the south held by the
902:Великолукская наступательная операция
306:
31:
1637:; Scorched Earth (1971) pp. 332–333
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987:
24:
1789:German World War II special forces
1408:Wehrmacht's Velikiye Luki garrison
1320:68th Separate Motorcycle Battalion
132:19 November 1942 – 16 January 1943
51:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
1825:
971:Soviet counterattacks during the
894:Velikiye Luki offensive operation
332:
1465:20th Motorized Infantry Division
1436:Operation "Totila" relief forces
1225:(Major General S. I. Karapetyan)
1219:(Major General I. V. Prostyakov)
1076:20th Motorized Infantry Division
996:commanded by Lieutenant General
401:Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina
233:
222:
210:
190:
176:
114:
36:
1665:
1640:
1242:(Major General D. V. Mikhaylov)
1180:Second Rzhev-Sychevka Offensive
1616:
1607:
1591:
1557:
1182:to the south of Velikiye Luki.
13:
1:
1763:". Accessed on 21 April 2005.
1693:
1074:from Gruppe Chevallerie, the
1012:Encirclement of German forces
943:
1522:Eastern Front (World War II)
1470:6th Luftwaffe Field Division
1357:94th Motor-Pontoon Battalion
1176:Maksim Alekseyevich Purkayev
1103:
1080:6th Luftwaffe Field Division
973:Winter Campaign of 1941–1942
7:
1515:
1486:1 SS Infantry Brigade (mot)
1348:45th Separate Tank Regiment
1338:37th Separate Tank Regiment
1328:27th Separate Tank Regiment
1254:(Major General F. A. Zuyev)
10:
1830:
1240:21st Guards Rifle Division
1236:Separate Rifle Divisions:
1223:46th Guards Rifle Division
1754:
1384:
1281:Separate Rifle Brigades:
1260:(Colonel E. G. Koberidze)
1217:9th Guards Rifle Division
1157:
901:
342:
274:
245:
203:
168:
124:
113:
101:
96:
1527:
1502:throughout this period.
1248:(Colonel S. A. Knyazkov)
295:31,674 killed or missing
286:Soviet estimate: ~60,000
217:Kurt von der Chevallerie
18:Battle for Velikiye Luki
1481:291st Infantry Division
1461:, and one command tank)
1448:331st Infantry Division
1311:43rd Mechanized Brigade
1308:34th Mechanized Brigade
1305:18th Mechanized Brigade
1041:'s commander asked the
890:Battle of Velikiye Luki
97:Battle of Velikiye Luki
66:more precise citations.
1755:Великолукская операция
1420:83rd Infantry Division
1276:(Colonel B. S. Maslov)
1231:(Colonel A. L. Kronik)
1207:5th Guards Rifle Corps
1201:2nd Guards Rifle Corps
1167:
1113:
1061:German relief attempts
1030:5th Guards Rifle Corps
994:83rd Infantry Division
885:
204:Commanders and leaders
1724:14 March 2008 at the
1588:Glantz (1995), p. 296
1475:3rd Mountain Division
1165:
1111:
1032:to the south and the
1026:357th Rifle Divisions
1006:5th Mountain Division
1002:3rd Mountain Division
959:and bridges over the
883:
275:Casualties and losses
268:Reinforcement forces:
257:Reinforcement forces:
254:– ~50,000 (on 19 Nov)
1809:December 1942 events
1804:November 1942 events
1442:11th Panzer Division
1422:(Lieutenant-General
1296:2nd Mechanized Corps
1274:381st Rifle Division
1264:257th Rifle Division
1258:117th Rifle Division
1229:357th Rifle Division
1145:the following year.
1126:Battle of Stalingrad
1034:381st Rifle Division
950:Operation Barbarossa
265:– 95,608 (on 19 Nov)
1814:January 1943 events
1699:Chadwick, Frank A.
1455:8th Panzer Division
1368:Long Range Aviation
1252:33rd Rifle Division
1246:28th Rifle Division
1143:Operation Bagration
1072:8th Panzer Division
608:Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh
509:Barvenkovo–Lozovaya
1325:184th Tank Brigade
1287:54th Rifle Brigade
1284:31st Rifle Brigade
1168:
1139:Battle of Smolensk
1114:
886:
803:Western Carpathian
743:2nd Jassy–Kishinev
713:1st Jassy–Kishinev
698:Leningrad–Novgorod
693:Dnieper–Carpathian
282:5,000 KIA and MIA;
1784:Conflicts in 1943
1779:Conflicts in 1942
1684:Christensen, C.B.
1654:on 4 October 2013
1391:Army Group Center
1317:36th Tank Brigade
1314:33rd Tank Brigade
1211:A. P. Beloborodov
1178:) engaged in the
1039:Army Group Centre
975:, especially the
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280:Western estimate:
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1292:44th Ski Brigade
1149:Orders of battle
1094:Operation Totila
988:Soviet offensive
977:Battles of Rzhev
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299:
298:
297:72,348 wounded
289:
277:
276:
272:
271:
263:3rd Shock Army
260:
248:
247:
243:
242:
240:Kuzma Galitsky
219:
206:
205:
201:
200:
187:
171:
170:
166:
165:
162:
161:
160:Soviet victory
158:
154:
153:
140:
138:
134:
133:
130:
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111:
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99:
98:
90:
89:
44:
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35:
26:
9:
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4:
3:
2:
1826:
1815:
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1797:
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1777:
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1762:
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1748:
1746:
1745:0-7006-0899-0
1742:
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1578:5-8213-0232-3
1575:
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1425:
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1400:
1399:"Chevallerie"
1397:
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1199:
1198:
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1189:
1187:
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1177:
1173:
1172:Kalinin Front
1170:
1169:
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1155:
1146:
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1136:
1132:
1127:
1122:
1120:
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1095:
1091:
1089:
1088:Novosokolniki
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1068:Gruppe Wöhler
1058:
1056:
1055:"Chevallerie"
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1009:
1007:
1003:
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978:
974:
969:
966:
962:
958:
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951:
941:
939:
935:
929:
927:
923:
922:Velikiye Luki
919:
915:
911:
910:Kalinin Front
907:
899:
895:
892:, also named
891:
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868:
865:
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611:
609:
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603:
599:
598:
594:
593:
590:
589:
588:Little Saturn
585:
583:
582:
578:
576:
575:Velikiye Luki
573:
571:
570:
566:
564:
561:
559:
556:
554:
551:
549:
548:
544:
542:
539:
537:
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497:
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389:
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379:
378:
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376:
372:
371:
367:
366:
363:
360:
358:
355:
353:
350:
349:
346:Naval warfare
345:
344:
341:
336:
335:Eastern Front
328:
323:
321:
316:
314:
309:
308:
305:
293:
290:
279:
278:
273:
269:
264:
261:
258:
253:
250:
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244:
241:
236:
230:
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220:
218:
213:
208:
207:
202:
199:
188:
185:
173:
172:
167:
159:
156:
155:
151:
147:
143:
142:Velikiye Luki
139:
136:
135:
131:
128:
127:
123:
117:
112:
109:
105:
104:Eastern Front
100:
95:
86:
83:
75:
65:
61:
55:
54:
48:
43:
34:
33:
30:
19:
1766:
1736:
1704:
1700:
1679:
1667:
1656:. Retrieved
1652:the original
1642:
1630:
1618:
1609:
1601:
1598:David Stahel
1593:
1584:
1568:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1536:
1511:
1507:
1504:
1497:
1435:
1411:
1363:3rd Air Army
1152:
1123:
1115:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1067:
1064:
1015:
991:
982:
970:
954:
947:
930:
912:against the
893:
889:
887:
854:
835:Lake Balaton
823:
808:East Prussia
797:Vistula–Oder
795:
741:
734:
722:
668:
657:2nd Smolensk
634:
618:
601:
587:
580:
574:
567:
545:
513:
492:Air war 1941
467:
430:
406:1st Smolensk
373:
362:Arctic Ocean
291:
267:
256:
198:Soviet Union
169:Belligerents
150:Soviet Union
146:Russian SFSR
108:World War II
102:Part of the
78:
72:October 2008
69:
50:
29:
1635:Paul Carell
1131:German Army
1022:46th Guards
965:Lake Peipus
961:Lovat River
948:As part of
630:Gorky Blitz
625:3rd Kharkov
541:2nd Kharkov
443:1st Kharkov
438:Sea of Azov
284:15,000 WIA
64:introducing
27:1942 battle
1773:Categories
1694:References
1658:2013-05-18
1119:war crimes
944:Background
938:Stalingrad
754:2nd Baltic
749:Dukla Pass
736:Doppelkopf
708:2nd Crimea
652:2nd Donbas
642:1st Donbas
619:Polar Star
569:Stalingrad
453:Sevastopol
448:1st Crimea
391:1st Baltic
375:Barbarossa
352:Baltic Sea
47:references
1403:LIX Corps
1266:(Colonel
1104:Aftermath
934:Leningrad
914:Wehrmacht
779:Gumbinnen
724:Bagration
563:Sinyavino
547:Case Blue
432:Leningrad
357:Black Sea
252:LIX Korps
1729:battles.
1722:Archived
1703:(1979).
1674:, p. 234
1516:See also
1459:PzKW 38t
1415:"Wöhler"
906:Red Army
824:Solstice
784:Budapest
774:Courland
764:Debrecen
759:Belgrade
681:2nd Kiev
553:Caucasus
526:Demyansk
487:Chechnya
421:1st Kiev
246:Strength
137:Location
1751:Russian
1712:wargame
1135:Vitebsk
1098:citadel
957:Vitebsk
898:Russian
818:Breslau
813:Silesia
718:Karelia
670:Dnieper
536:Bamberg
477:Finland
426:Tallinn
292:104,022
259:~50,000
184:Germany
60:improve
1743:
1701:et al.
1576:
1412:Gruppe
1401:from (
1385:German
1158:Soviet
1052:Gruppe
862:Prague
856:Berlin
845:Vienna
662:Lenino
504:Lyuban
469:Moscow
458:Rostov
416:Odessa
270:86,700
195:
181:
157:Result
49:, but
1709:board
1528:Notes
1396:Group
1345:tanks
1335:tanks
1048:Kholm
703:Narva
676:Nevel
636:Kursk
602:Iskra
531:Kholm
515:Rzhev
482:Kerch
463:Gorky
396:Brody
381:Brest
1741:ISBN
1574:ISBN
1457:(14
1343:T-34
1333:T-34
1024:and
1020:and
888:The
790:1945
687:1944
595:1943
581:Mars
498:1942
411:Uman
368:1941
129:Date
1715:DC.
1440:II/
1043:OKH
1028:of
1018:9th
928:).
916:'s
908:'s
106:of
1775::
1753::
1600:,
1405:)
1302:)
1213:)
1197:)
900::
148:,
144:,
1661:.
1426:)
1270:)
1174:(
896:(
326:e
319:t
312:v
85:)
79:(
74:)
70:(
56:.
20:)
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