322:. Experts on the languages reject this classification. All agree that the differences between Babine and Witsuwitʼen are small and that the major split is between Babine and Witsuwitʼen on the one hand and Carrier proper on the other hand. The distinction is because speakers of Babine and of Carrier proper call themselves and their language
2736:
Note, however, that the
Carrier-speaking region is marked incorrectly on this map and that Babine-Witsuwitʼen is not indicated. The area around Babine Lake and Takla Lake, included in the Dakelh region on the map, is actually Babine speaking. A correct map would attach the Babine Lake and Takla Lake
315:
Several non-specialist sources (the First
Peoples' Heritage Language and Culture Council, the British Columbia Ministry of Education, and the University of British Columbia Museum of Anthropology) classify Witsuwitʼen as one language and Babine as a distinct language, either on its own or together
1961:
Babine-Witsuwitʼen uses verbal morphology to express grammatical roles. Subjects of transitive and intransitive constructions are marked in the same way and appear in identical positions within the sentence, while objects of transitive constructions may differ in position and occasionally in
1801:
Verbal morpheme order is stable throughout the
Athabaskan family; thus, the template of the Witstuwitʼen verb is very similar to other Athabaskan languages. Prefixes which are furthest away from the lexical stem display more variability. The Witsuwitʼen verb consists of a lexical root and an
2050:
are more appropriate descriptors. Each lexical entry of
Witsuwitʼen verbs features a lexicalized voice/valence marker fused with the verb stem, though this element sometimes appears as zero. The classifiers and regulate transitivity: increases transitivity by creating causatives and the
2220:"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"
296:. It is spoken by a minority of the population, primarily elders. There are 161 fluent and 159 partial speakers of the Babine dialect and 131 fluent and 61 partial speakers of the Witsuwitʼen dialect. At most, a handful of children are still speaking the language.
1962:
morphological form. Subjects are marked in different places within the verbal complex, with 1st and 2nd person subjects appearing more closely to the verb stem and 3rd person subjects and direct objects further to the left.
2546:
Rice, Keren (2000). Voice and valence in the
Athapaskan family. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity, ed. by R.M.W. Dixon and A.Y. Aikhenvald, 173-234. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2345:
Krauss, Michael E. and Victor Golla (1981) Northern
Athapaskan Languages. Handbook of North American Indians, Vol. 6: Subarctic, ed. by June Helm, 67–85. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2451:
Tuttle, Siri G. 2002. A Short
Introduction to Athabaskan Morphology. Morphology in Comparison, ed. by Elke Nowak, 1–37. Technische Universität Berlin Arbeitspapiere zur Linguistik 37.
289:
The two dialects are very similar and are distinguished primarily by the fact that in Babine but not in
Witsuwitʼen the Athabaskan front velar series have become palatal affricates.
2051:
classifier lowers transitivity to create middle voice. The valence marker is more complex in nature, indicating a combination of and where a middle is built upon a causative.
1778:
is an alienable entity which need not be possessed by anyone/anything, it does not include any possessive morphology but stands alone in its bare form. In contrast,
1802:
aspectual, tense, or modal affix (most often a suffix). All
Witsuwitʼen verbs carry tense and subject inflection; there is no Witsuwitʼen equivalent to the English
2021:
1st and 2nd person subjects include 1SG, 2SG, and 2PL. 3rd person subjects can be expressed as unspecified (human), indefinite, or 4th person (referred to as the
2354:
Poser, William J. (2011) The
Carrier Language: a brief introduction. Prince George, British Columbia: College of New Caledonia Press. Page 8, footnote 15.
3889:
1893:, and Witsuwitʼen. Directional terms are composed of a directional root, prefixes which describe distance, and suffixes which indicate motion or rest.
236:. Specialist opinion is, however, that it should be considered a separate, though related, language (Kari 1975, Story 1984, Kari and Hargus 1989).
3899:
2762:
3226:
2219:
2033:
Athabaskan languages like Babine-Witstuwitʼen make use of two main argument transferring morphemes known as classifiers. However, the term
2259:
Story, Gillian L. (1984) Babine and Carrier Phonology: A Historically Oriented Study. Arlington, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
3894:
2568:
1798:
The basic lexical verb in Witsuwitʼen is the verb theme, a unit composed of two parts: a verbal root and required thematic prefixes.
2713:
228:. Because of this linguistic relationship together with political and cultural ties, Babine–Witsuwitʼen is often referred to as
3884:
281:("People of the Wet'sinkwha / Wa Dzun Kwuh River, i.e. Bulkley River", literally: "People of the blue and green River") in the
3853:
1424:
1209:
957:
759:
1507:
1481:
1359:
1036:
1012:
904:
3002:
2968:
2755:
2678:
Wright, Richard; Hargus, Sharon; Davis, Katharine (2002). "On the categorization of ejectives: data from Witsuwitʼen".
2418:
1384:
70:
2441:. Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Revue canadienne de linguistique: Canadian Linguistic Association. pp. 123–143.
3849:
3219:
2660:
2595:
1240:
1692:, and no case marking exists in Witsuwitʼen. Possessive morphology takes different forms depending on whether the
3304:
1613:
98:
3784:
3109:
3104:
3089:
2779:
2748:
1680:. Directional terms are considered to be a lexical group in Witsuwitʼen found throughout lexical categories.
117:
3879:
3708:
3688:
3212:
1815:
1677:
1627:
1431:
1219:
964:
769:
196:
1332:
1324:
1318:
1309:
1301:
1293:
1285:
872:
864:
856:
848:
840:
832:
824:
3830:
3594:
1590:
1461:
1438:
1366:
992:
971:
911:
2272:
ms. Alaska Native Language Center, Fairbanks, Alaska, and University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.
1643:
1495:
1454:
1199:
1189:
1126:
1026:
985:
749:
739:
678:
3254:
2949:
1488:
1229:
1085:
1019:
779:
221:
2737:
areas to what is shown on this map as "Wetʼsuwetʼen" and label the combination "Babine-Witsuwitʼen".
2862:
1689:
1599:
1258:
799:
1782:
is an inalienable entity; a brother cannot exist without someone else to be in relation to. Thus,
3668:
3604:
3119:
1514:
1043:
3362:
2939:
2623:
Krauss, Michael E.; Golla, Victor (1981). "Northern Athapaskan Languages". In Helm, June (ed.).
3836:
3815:
3551:
3157:
2270:
Dialectology, Ethnonymy and Prehistory in the Northwest Portion of the 'Carrier' Language Area,
1697:
1541:
are heard in the Lake Babine dialect, corresponding to /c, cʰ, cʼ/ in the River Babine dialect.
1352:
897:
890:
304:
Babine-Witsuwitʼen is classified as Northern Athabaskan, in the same linguistic subgrouping as
2616:
Dialectology, Ethnonymy and Prehistory in the Northwest Portion of the 'Carrier' Language Area
3074:
2867:
2842:
2561:
2045:
1373:
1154:
1147:
918:
706:
699:
3417:
2988:
3820:
3632:
3521:
3344:
3309:
3271:
2771:
1890:
1399:
932:
217:
112:
3377:
2820:
2799:
2634:
Voice and valence in the Athapaskan family. Changing Valency: Case Studies in Transitivity
104:
8:
3825:
3789:
3465:
3334:
3235:
2831:
1277:
818:
609:
293:
3799:
3734:
3576:
3513:
3498:
3367:
3289:
3284:
3135:
2883:
2857:
2815:
2695:
2522:
2484:
1905:
in Babine-Witsuwitʼen is Subject-Object-Verb (SOV), demonstrated in the example below.
1343:
1075:
883:
632:
613:
309:
278:
188:
3779:
3729:
3584:
3566:
3561:
3541:
3536:
3488:
3422:
2982:
2893:
2852:
2847:
2699:
2666:
2656:
2591:
2526:
2488:
2414:
2168:
1620:
1470:
1112:
1105:
1097:
1080:
1001:
671:
657:
650:
642:
66:
3774:
3764:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3663:
3658:
3648:
3614:
3556:
3503:
3450:
3412:
3357:
3319:
3279:
3249:
3180:
3060:
3037:
3030:
2944:
2918:
2837:
2687:
2637:
2514:
2505:
Gunlogson, Christine (2001). "Third-Person Object Prefixes in Babine Witsuwitʼen".
2476:
2178:
2066:
1886:
1182:
1133:
1092:
1070:
732:
685:
637:
627:
305:
51:
2627:. Vol. 6: Subarctic. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 67–85.
3874:
3769:
3759:
3754:
3713:
3622:
3589:
3546:
3493:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3432:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3372:
3324:
3314:
3114:
3067:
3054:
2975:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2888:
2733:
2641:
2039:
1878:
1141:
693:
318:
225:
90:
3382:
2825:
201:
3703:
3653:
3627:
3526:
3387:
3329:
3195:
3172:
3140:
3018:
2898:
2794:
2464:
1882:
1874:
282:
267:
2691:
2650:
2480:
2197:
150:
3868:
3693:
3299:
3294:
3024:
2723:
1572:
1447:
1413:
1392:
1248:
978:
946:
925:
789:
312:(though the latter is far more distinctly separate from Babine-Witsuwitʼen).
3794:
3698:
3455:
1268:
809:
3599:
2728:
2333:
2319:
2282:
172:
3440:
1873:
Complex directional systems and directional terms have been described in
1567:
1556:
Witsuwitʼen and Babine both have six underlying vowels in its inventory.
292:
Like most languages native to British Columbia, Babine–Witsuwitʼen is an
263:
254:
As its name suggests, Babine–Witsuwitʼen consists of two main dialects:
3531:
2740:
2202:
1902:
1803:
1584:
1577:
1407:
940:
271:
244:
3204:
3445:
2022:
1814:
Postpositional object marking is demonstrated in the examples below.
1673:
1635:
1607:
1176:
726:
181:
165:
2718:
2562:"Sounds and writing systems of Deg Xinag, Tsek'ene and Witsuwit'en"
2518:
1693:
1119:
664:
2670:
2305:
2173:
2163:
259:
145:
62:
41:
251:
for the language as a whole, not just for the Babine dialect.
2632:
Rice, Keren (2000). Dixon, R.M.W.; Aikhenvald, A.Y. (eds.).
2652:
Babine and Carrier Phonology: A Historically Oriented Study
2636:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 173–234.
1669:
1665:
2719:
Entry on First Nations Languages of British Columbia site
2714:
First Voices: Contains Learning Resources for Witsuwitʼen
285:, around Broman Lake, and in the vicinity of Skins Lake.
2467:(2000). "Optional Wh-Movement in Babine-Witsuwitʼen".
2334:
The Status of the Native Languages of British Columbia
2588:
Witsuwit'en Grammar: Phonetics, Phonology, Morphology
2411:
Witsuwitʼen Grammar: Phonetics, phonology, morphology
2362:
2360:
2247:
ms. Alaska Native Language Center, Fairbanks, Alaska.
2729:Status of the Native Languages of British Columbia
2655:. Arlington, TX: Summer Institute of Linguistics.
2357:
2037:is recognized among Athabaskanists as a misnomer;
2680:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
2677:
2381:
3866:
2618:. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
2609:. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center.
2439:Consonant Classes and Vowel Qualities in Babine
2321:First People's Language Map of British Columbia
2307:First People's Language Map of British Columbia
1786:requires possessive morphology, as exampled in
2004:
1940:
1936:
1921:
1844:
1834:
1741:
16:Athabaskan language spoken in British Columbia
3220:
2756:
2507:International Journal of American Linguistics
2245:Babine, a New Athabaskan Linguistic Grouping,
1537:
1535:
1533:
2607:Babine, a New Athabaskan Linguistic Grouping
1818:can stand by themselves, as in the example '
2622:
3227:
3213:
2763:
2749:
2613:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
2394:
2392:
2390:
1530:
2504:
1745:
1688:Witsuwitʼen nouns are only inflected for
616:labials are rarer than other consonants.
326:but that speakers of Witsuwitʼen do not.
2770:
2469:Natural Language & Linguistic Theory
2310:Nedut'en (Babine): State of the Language
1956:
241:Bulkley Valley – Lakes District Language
3234:
2387:
1664:Witsuwitʼen lexical categories include
3867:
2585:
2559:
2463:
2445:
2408:
2366:
1901:Like most Athabaskan languages, basic
3208:
2744:
2648:
2542:
2540:
2538:
2536:
2500:
2498:
2459:
2457:
2432:
2430:
2377:
2375:
2268:Kari, James and Sharon Hargus (1989)
1822:,' or attach to the verbal complex.
1659:
1067:
624:
2734:Map of Northwest Coast First Nations
2631:
2614:Kari, James; Hargus, Sharon (1989).
2604:
2436:
2255:
2253:
2054:
1868:
239:A term used briefly in the 1990s is
222:Central Interior of British Columbia
3890:Endangered Dené–Yeniseian languages
2724:Family Tree of Athabaskan Languages
1949:Mary 3SG.REFL.brother 3SG.loves.3SG
316:with Carrier proper under the name
13:
2625:Handbook of North American Indians
2533:
2495:
2454:
2427:
2372:
2336:Yinka Déné Language Institute 2007
2324:Witsusit'en: State of the Language
2191:
2028:
14:
3911:
3895:First Nations languages in Canada
2707:
2574:from the original on 18 May 2022.
2250:
1925:
1642:
1626:
1619:
1612:
1598:
1589:
1513:
1506:
1494:
1487:
1480:
1460:
1453:
1446:
1437:
1430:
1423:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1372:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1267:
1257:
1247:
1239:
1228:
1218:
1208:
1198:
1188:
1153:
1146:
1042:
1035:
1025:
1018:
1011:
991:
984:
977:
970:
963:
956:
931:
924:
917:
910:
903:
896:
889:
808:
798:
788:
778:
768:
758:
748:
738:
705:
698:
329:
299:
2586:Hargus, Sharon (November 2011).
2382:Wright, Hargus & Davis (2002
1809:
620:Witsuwitʼen Consonant Inventory
258:"Babine/Nedut'en" spoken by the
2579:
2348:
2339:
608:Witsuwitʼen has 35 consonants.
2327:
2313:
2299:
2275:
2262:
2237:
2212:
603:
1:
3900:Subject–object–verb languages
3885:Northern Athabaskan languages
2184:
1952:'Mary loves her own brother.'
598:
69:in 7 of 9 communities (2014,
3709:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
2642:10.1017/CBO9780511627750.007
2567:. University of Washington.
2413:. Vancouver, BC: UBC Press.
593:
277:"Witsuwitʼen" spoken by the
7:
3831:Plains Indian Sign Language
2198:Babine-Witsuwitʼen language
2157:
1965:Two object prefixes and :
1063:Babine Consonant Inventory
10:
3916:
3682:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
2649:Story, Gillian L. (1984).
2553:
2025:in Algonquian languages).
1654:
224:. Its closest relative is
3846:
3808:
3722:
3681:
3641:
3613:
3575:
3512:
3464:
3431:
3343:
3270:
3263:
3242:
3189:
3171:
3149:
3128:
3097:
3088:
3047:
3010:
3001:
2960:
2927:
2876:
2808:
2787:
2778:
2692:10.1017/S0025100302000142
1946:Mary dilhtsen yikʼëntsiyʼ
1896:
1551:
1406:
1266:
1175:
1140:
1096:
1091:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1069:
1057:
939:
807:
725:
692:
641:
636:
631:
626:
195:
179:
163:
158:
139:
87:
77:
57:
47:
37:
26:
21:
3689:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
2928:Central British Columbia
1793:
1683:
2560:Hargus, Sharon (2016).
2481:10.1023/A:1006475026526
2409:Hargus, Sharon (2007).
2208:(subscription required)
2014:what 3SG.is.drinking.it
220:language spoken in the
3854:Canadian dictionaries
3837:Maritime Sign Language
3816:American Sign Language
3305:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
2961:Other North Athabaskan
2437:Cook, Eung Do (1990).
2226:. Government of Canada
1820:3s was playing with it
83:135 (2016 census)
3850:Canadian style guides
3011:California Athabaskan
2969:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
2136:Hello. How are you?
2017:'What's he drinking?'
1957:Grammatical relations
1860:'3s was playing with
463:Witsuwit’en alphabet
214:Nadotʼen-Wetʼsuwetʼen
3821:Quebec Sign Language
3264:Indigenous languages
2809:Central Alaska–Yukon
2772:Athabaskan languages
2605:Kari, James (1975).
2153:Source: First Voices
243:, abbreviated BVLD.
3790:Pennsylvania German
3236:Languages of Canada
2877:Northwestern Canada
2243:Kari, James (1975)
2224:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1561:
1064:
621:
464:
336:
294:endangered language
247:uses the bare name
118:Northern Athabaskan
3826:Inuk Sign Language
3785:Newfoundland Irish
3750:Tagalog (Filipino)
3723:Minority languages
3595:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
3353:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
3243:Official languages
2935:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
1857:with-3SG 3SG-plays
1660:Lexical categories
1559:
1378:⟨k'⟩
1328:⟨qʷ⟩
1305:⟨ts⟩
1297:⟨tl⟩
1253:⟨Gʷ⟩
1224:⟨dz⟩
1214:⟨dl⟩
1062:
868:⟨kʷ⟩
852:⟨ts⟩
844:⟨tl⟩
794:⟨gʷ⟩
774:⟨dz⟩
764:⟨dl⟩
619:
462:
335:Nedut'en alphabet
334:
210:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
123:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
22:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
3862:
3861:
3780:Doukhobor Russian
3677:
3676:
3202:
3201:
3196:extinct languages
3167:
3166:
3084:
3083:
3068:Upper Rogue River
3061:Lower Rogue River
3048:Oregon Athabaskan
2997:
2996:
2853:Southern Tutchone
2848:Northern Tutchone
2206:(18th ed., 2015)
2150:
2149:
2055:Words and phrases
1869:Directional terms
1772:
1771:
1763:1SG.POSS- brother
1652:
1651:
1526:
1525:
1519:⟨ɣ⟩
1500:⟨y⟩
1473:
1416:
1346:
1336:⟨q⟩
1313:⟨k⟩
1289:⟨t⟩
1280:
1263:⟨G⟩
1234:⟨g⟩
1204:⟨d⟩
1194:⟨b⟩
1185:
1136:
1129:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1055:
1054:
1048:⟨ɣ⟩
1031:⟨y⟩
1004:
949:
886:
876:⟨q⟩
860:⟨c⟩
836:⟨t⟩
828:⟨p⟩
821:
804:⟨G⟩
784:⟨g⟩
754:⟨d⟩
744:⟨b⟩
735:
688:
681:
674:
667:
660:
653:
591:
590:
460:
459:
260:Babine (Nadot'en)
207:
206:
3907:
3775:Hutterite German
3268:
3267:
3229:
3222:
3215:
3206:
3205:
3181:Proto-Athabaskan
3129:Eastern Apachean
3098:Western Apachean
3095:
3094:
3008:
3007:
2950:Southern Carrier
2788:Southern Alaskan
2785:
2784:
2765:
2758:
2751:
2742:
2741:
2703:
2674:
2645:
2628:
2619:
2610:
2601:
2575:
2573:
2566:
2547:
2544:
2531:
2530:
2502:
2493:
2492:
2461:
2452:
2449:
2443:
2442:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2406:
2385:
2379:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2317:
2311:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2257:
2248:
2241:
2235:
2234:
2232:
2231:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2195:
2179:Carrier language
2059:
2058:
2006:
1942:
1938:
1927:
1923:
1846:
1836:
1747:
1743:
1703:
1702:
1696:is alienable or
1646:
1630:
1623:
1616:
1602:
1593:
1562:
1558:
1542:
1539:
1520:
1517:
1510:
1501:
1498:
1491:
1484:
1469:
1464:
1457:
1450:
1441:
1434:
1427:
1412:
1402:
1395:
1387:
1379:
1376:
1369:
1362:
1355:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1329:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1311:
1306:
1303:
1298:
1295:
1290:
1287:
1276:
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1254:
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1232:
1225:
1222:
1215:
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1205:
1202:
1195:
1192:
1181:
1157:
1150:
1132:
1125:
1118:
1111:
1104:
1065:
1061:
1049:
1046:
1039:
1032:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1000:
995:
988:
981:
974:
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945:
935:
928:
921:
914:
907:
900:
893:
882:
877:
874:
869:
866:
861:
858:
853:
850:
845:
842:
837:
834:
829:
826:
817:
812:
805:
802:
795:
792:
785:
782:
775:
772:
765:
762:
755:
752:
745:
742:
731:
709:
702:
684:
677:
670:
663:
656:
649:
622:
618:
465:
461:
337:
333:
230:Northern Carrier
191:
175:
168:
93:
61:3,410 Nadotʼen (
52:British Columbia
19:
18:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3904:
3865:
3864:
3863:
3858:
3842:
3804:
3770:Canadian Gaelic
3718:
3673:
3669:Coast Tsimshian
3637:
3609:
3571:
3508:
3460:
3427:
3339:
3259:
3238:
3233:
3203:
3198:
3185:
3163:
3150:Plains Apachean
3145:
3124:
3080:
3043:
2993:
2956:
2923:
2872:
2863:Upper Kuskokwim
2804:
2774:
2769:
2710:
2663:
2598:
2582:
2571:
2564:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2545:
2534:
2503:
2496:
2465:Denham, Kristin
2462:
2455:
2450:
2446:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2407:
2388:
2380:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2340:
2332:
2328:
2318:
2314:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2267:
2263:
2258:
2251:
2242:
2238:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2207:
2196:
2192:
2187:
2160:
2131:Hadï Soʼendzin
2057:
2031:
2029:Voice / Valence
2019:
2009:
2007:.is.drinking.it
1998:
1989:
1975:
1959:
1954:
1944:
1930:
1915:
1899:
1871:
1866:
1849:
1838:
1812:
1796:
1768:
1758:
1750:
1732:
1722:
1686:
1662:
1657:
1554:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1540:
1531:
1518:
1499:
1377:
1335:
1327:
1312:
1304:
1296:
1288:
1262:
1252:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1203:
1193:
1087:
1060:
1047:
1030:
875:
867:
859:
851:
843:
835:
827:
803:
793:
783:
773:
763:
753:
743:
606:
601:
596:
332:
302:
234:Western Carrier
187:
171:
164:
135:
109:Athabaskan–Eyak
94:
91:Language family
89:
80:
79:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
3913:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3860:
3859:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3812:
3810:
3809:Sign languages
3806:
3805:
3803:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3772:
3767:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3747:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3726:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3704:Chinook Jargon
3701:
3696:
3691:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3675:
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3672:
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3666:
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3639:
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3636:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3610:
3608:
3607:
3605:Nuu-chah-nulth
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
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3524:
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3510:
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3459:
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3448:
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3437:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3426:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
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3360:
3355:
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3327:
3322:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3276:
3274:
3265:
3261:
3260:
3258:
3257:
3252:
3246:
3244:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3231:
3224:
3217:
3209:
3200:
3199:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3173:Proto-language
3169:
3168:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3153:
3151:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3123:
3122:
3120:Western Apache
3117:
3112:
3107:
3101:
3099:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3071:
3064:
3057:
3051:
3049:
3045:
3044:
3042:
3041:
3034:
3027:
3022:
3014:
3012:
3005:
2999:
2998:
2995:
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2992:
2991:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2964:
2962:
2958:
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2942:
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2896:
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2855:
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2753:
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2709:
2708:External links
2706:
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2629:
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2611:
2602:
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2578:
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2555:
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2549:
2548:
2532:
2519:10.1086/466468
2513:(4): 365–395.
2494:
2475:(2): 199–251.
2453:
2444:
2426:
2420:978-0774813822
2419:
2386:
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2326:
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2128:
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2110:
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2099:
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2069:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2030:
2027:
1999:
1991:
1990:
1968:
1967:
1958:
1955:
1931:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1898:
1895:
1870:
1867:
1854:-lh niwilyekh.
1839:
1825:
1824:
1811:
1808:
1795:
1792:
1790:'my brother'.
1770:
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854:
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729:
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368:
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353:
350:
347:
344:
341:
331:
330:Writing system
328:
301:
300:Classification
298:
287:
286:
283:Bulkley Valley
275:
268:Trembleur Lake
205:
204:
199:
193:
192:
185:
177:
176:
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161:
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159:Language codes
156:
155:
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148:
141:
137:
136:
134:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
128:
127:
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125:
99:Dené–Yeniseian
97:
95:
88:
85:
84:
81:
78:
75:
74:
59:
55:
54:
49:
45:
44:
39:
38:Native to
35:
34:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3912:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3876:
3873:
3872:
3870:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3845:
3839:
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3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3813:
3811:
3807:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3771:
3768:
3766:
3763:
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3758:
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3751:
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3741:
3738:
3736:
3733:
3731:
3728:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3694:Broken Slavey
3692:
3690:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
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3647:
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3640:
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3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
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3593:
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3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3517:
3515:
3511:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3471:
3469:
3467:
3463:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
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3439:
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3434:
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3424:
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3416:
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3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
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3379:
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3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3273:
3269:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3247:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3230:
3225:
3223:
3218:
3216:
3211:
3210:
3207:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3182:
3179:
3178:
3176:
3174:
3170:
3160:
3159:
3158:Plains Apache
3155:
3154:
3152:
3148:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3102:
3100:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3087:
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3076:
3072:
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3069:
3065:
3063:
3062:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3046:
3040:
3039:
3035:
3033:
3032:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3003:Pacific Coast
3000:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
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2973:
2971:
2970:
2966:
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2907:
2905:
2902:
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2897:
2895:
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2890:
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2879:
2875:
2869:
2866:
2864:
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2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2807:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2792:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2747:
2746:
2743:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2681:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2662:0-88312-094-1
2658:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2626:
2621:
2617:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2597:9780774841245
2593:
2590:. UBC Press.
2589:
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2558:
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2323:
2322:
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2309:
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2254:
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2240:
2225:
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2215:
2205:
2204:
2199:
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2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2162:
2161:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2143:
2141:Sne kal yëgh
2140:
2139:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2129:
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2119:
2118:
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2111:
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2097:
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2061:
2060:
2052:
2049:
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2042:
2041:
2036:
2026:
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2018:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1994:
1988:
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1981:
1979:
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1972:
1966:
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1817:
1816:Postpositions
1810:Postpositions
1807:
1805:
1799:
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1713:
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1708:
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1699:
1695:
1691:
1681:
1679:
1678:postpositions
1675:
1671:
1667:
1648:
1645:
1641:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1622:
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1601:
1597:
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1557:
1549:
1538:
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1512:
1509:
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1497:
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1479:
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1468:
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1463:
1459:
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1436:
1433:
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1426:
1422:
1420:
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1411:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
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1386:
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1375:
1371:
1368:
1364:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1348:
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1340:
1331:
1323:
1316:
1308:
1300:
1292:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1227:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1207:
1201:
1197:
1191:
1187:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1102:
1099:
1094:
1089:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1066:
1051:
1045:
1041:
1038:
1034:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
976:
973:
969:
966:
962:
959:
955:
953:
951:
948:
944:
942:
938:
934:
930:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
909:
906:
902:
899:
895:
892:
888:
885:
881:
880:
871:
863:
855:
847:
839:
831:
823:
820:
816:
815:
811:
801:
797:
791:
787:
781:
777:
771:
767:
761:
757:
751:
747:
741:
737:
734:
730:
728:
724:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
708:
704:
701:
697:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:
676:
673:
669:
666:
662:
659:
655:
652:
648:
647:
644:
639:
634:
629:
623:
617:
615:
611:
586:
583:
580:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
518:
515:
512:
509:
506:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
485:
482:
479:
476:
473:
470:
467:
466:
455:
452:
449:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
400:
396:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
354:
351:
348:
345:
342:
339:
338:
327:
325:
321:
320:
313:
311:
307:
297:
295:
290:
284:
280:
276:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
256:
255:
252:
250:
246:
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
203:
200:
198:
194:
190:
186:
184:
183:
178:
174:
170:
167:
162:
157:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
142:
138:
124:
121:
120:
119:
116:
115:
114:
111:
110:
108:
107:
106:
103:
102:
100:
96:
92:
86:
82:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
53:
50:
46:
43:
40:
36:
33:
29:
25:
20:
3880:Wet'suwet'en
3848:
3835:
3795:Plautdietsch
3456:Inuvialuktun
3352:
3191:
3156:
3075:Upper Umpqua
3073:
3066:
3059:
3036:
3029:
3017:
2981:
2974:
2967:
2934:
2868:Upper Tanana
2843:Lower Tanana
2830:
2686:(1): 43–77.
2683:
2679:
2651:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2587:
2580:Bibliography
2510:
2506:
2472:
2468:
2447:
2438:
2410:
2350:
2341:
2329:
2320:
2315:
2306:
2301:
2290:. Retrieved
2286:
2277:
2269:
2264:
2244:
2239:
2228:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2201:
2193:
2169:Wetʼsuwetʼen
2152:
2151:
2062:Witsuwitʼen
2044:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2020:
2016:
2013:
2011:Ndutah yiziz
2010:
2003:
2000:
1995:
1992:
1984:
1982:
1977:
1976:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1935:
1932:
1920:
1917:
1912:
1909:
1900:
1872:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1851:
1850:
1843:
1840:
1832:
1827:
1826:
1819:
1813:
1800:
1797:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1773:
1766:'my brother'
1765:
1762:
1759:
1755:
1752:
1740:
1737:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1709:Inalienable
1687:
1663:
1555:
1547:
607:
323:
317:
314:
303:
291:
288:
279:Wet'suwet'en
253:
248:
240:
238:
233:
229:
213:
209:
208:
180:
122:
67:Wetʼsuwetʼen
31:
27:
3633:Assiniboine
3522:Bella Coola
3441:Inuinnaqtun
2884:Dene Suline
2367:Hargus 2016
1983:'They need
1980:-ïtsʼoldeh.
1973:-ïtsʼoldeh.
1933:yikʼëntsiyʼ
1730:'trap bait'
1698:inalienable
604:Witsuwitʼen
264:Babine Lake
202:Witsuwit'en
151:Witsuwitʼen
32:Witsuwitʼen
3869:Categories
3532:Halkomelem
3345:Athabaskan
3335:Potawatomi
3272:Algonquian
3105:Chiricahua
2832:Holikachuk
2816:Deg Hitʼan
2292:2017-03-13
2287:Ethnologue
2230:2017-11-23
2203:Ethnologue
2185:References
2146:Thank you
2035:classifier
1903:word order
1841:niwilyekh.
1804:infinitive
1706:Alienable
1690:possession
1674:adjectives
1408:Continuant
941:Continuant
599:Consonants
272:Takla Lake
245:Ethnologue
218:Athabaskan
113:Athabaskan
3800:Ukrainian
3735:Cantonese
3600:Kwakʼwala
3499:Tuscarora
3466:Iroquoian
3446:Inuktitut
3418:Tsuutʼina
3368:Chipewyan
3363:Chilcotin
3290:Blackfoot
3285:Algonquin
3194:indicate
3136:Jicarilla
3110:Mescalero
2989:Tsuutʼina
2940:Chilcotin
2858:Tanacross
2700:145579984
2671:83-051454
2527:143524677
2489:170057270
2065:Southern
2023:obviative
1776:trap bait
1760:s- əɬtsen
1727:trap.bait
1720:trap.bait
1414:voiceless
1278:aspirated
1177:Occlusive
947:voiceless
819:aspirated
727:Occlusive
610:Aspirated
594:Phonology
310:Chilcotin
182:Glottolog
166:ISO 639-3
58:Ethnicity
3730:Mandarin
3585:Ditidaht
3577:Wakashan
3567:Thompson
3562:Squamish
3552:shíshálh
3542:Okanagan
3537:Lillooet
3514:Salishan
3489:Onondaga
3423:Tutchone
3378:Gwichʼin
3090:Southern
2983:Tsetsaut
2821:Gwichʼin
2800:Denaʼina
2780:Northern
2569:Archived
2283:"Babine"
2158:See also
2071:English
1928:.brother
1918:dilhtsen
1891:Tsek'ene
1774:Because
1694:referent
1344:ejective
1120:sibilant
1088:alveolar
1076:Alveolar
884:ejective
665:sibilant
633:Alveolar
614:ejective
189:babi1235
140:Dialects
28:Nedut'en
3765:Italian
3745:Spanish
3740:Punjabi
3664:Tlingit
3659:Kutenai
3649:Beothuk
3557:Shuswap
3547:Saanich
3504:Wyandot
3451:Inupiaq
3413:Tahltan
3358:Carrier
3320:Naskapi
3310:Miꞌkmaq
3280:Abenaki
3250:English
3192:Italics
3038:Wailaki
3031:Mattole
2919:Tahltan
2894:Dunneza
2838:Koyukon
2554:Sources
2123:takʼih
2120:takʼiy
2112:nankoh
2101:lhukʼi
2098:lhkʼiy
2093:mother
2067:Carrier
2048:markers
2046:valence
1939:.loves.
1887:Koyukon
1788:səɬtsen
1784:brother
1780:brother
1756:brother
1655:Grammar
1573:Central
1560:Vowels
1127:rounded
1113:lateral
1106:central
1098:Glottal
1086:Palato-
1081:Palatal
679:rounded
672:fronted
658:lateral
651:central
643:Glottal
262:around
226:Carrier
105:Na-Dené
3875:Babine
3760:German
3755:Arabic
3714:Michif
3699:Bungee
3623:Stoney
3615:Siouan
3590:Haisla
3494:Seneca
3484:Oneida
3479:Mohawk
3474:Cayuga
3408:Tagish
3403:Slavey
3398:Sekani
3393:Nicola
3373:Dogrib
3330:Ottawa
3325:Ojibwe
3315:Munsee
3255:French
3115:Navajo
3055:Tolowa
2976:Nicola
2945:Dakelh
2914:Tagish
2909:Slavey
2904:Sekani
2889:Dogrib
2698:
2669:
2659:
2594:
2525:
2487:
2417:
2174:Dakelh
2164:Babine
2126:three
2079:lhook
1993:Ndutah
1897:Syntax
1879:Slavey
1847:-plays
1753:əɬtsen
1676:, and
1552:Vowels
1471:voiced
1183:tenuis
1134:backed
1093:Dorsal
1071:Labial
1058:Babine
1002:voiced
733:tenuis
686:backed
638:Dorsal
628:Labial
324:Dakelh
319:Dakelh
306:Dakelh
270:, and
249:Babine
216:is an
146:Babine
65:) and
63:Babine
48:Region
42:Canada
3654:Haida
3642:other
3628:Sioux
3527:Comox
3433:Inuit
3388:Kaska
3141:Lipan
2899:Kaska
2795:Ahtna
2696:S2CID
2572:(PDF)
2565:(PDF)
2523:S2CID
2485:S2CID
2090:ʼama
2082:fish
2076:lhok
2040:voice
2001:yiziz
1883:Kaska
1875:Ahtna
1833:with-
1794:Verbs
1724:cʼəni
1717:cʼəni
1684:Nouns
1670:verbs
1666:nouns
1568:Front
1142:Nasal
694:Nasal
274:, and
3300:Innu
3295:Cree
3025:Hupa
3019:Kato
2667:LCCN
2657:ISBN
2592:ISBN
2415:ISBN
2384::45)
2115:two
2109:nek
2104:one
2087:neʼ
2043:and
1996:what
1926:REFL
1913:Mary
1910:Mary
1746:POSS
1585:High
1578:Back
612:and
429:tl’
308:and
71:FPCC
3383:Hän
2826:Hän
2688:doi
2638:doi
2515:doi
2477:doi
2200:at
2005:3SG
1978:Hiy
1971:Hiy
1941:3SG
1937:3SG
1922:3SG
1845:3SG
1835:3SG
1830:-lh
1742:1SG
1636:Low
1608:Mid
1393:qʷʼ
1385:tʃʼ
1367:tsʼ
1360:tɬʼ
1325:qʷʰ
1319:tʃʰ
1302:tsʰ
1294:tɬʰ
926:kʷʼ
912:tsʼ
905:tɬʼ
865:kʷʰ
849:tsʰ
841:tɬʰ
566:ts’
560:tl’
557:tl
525:k’
522:kw’
495:gh
480:dl
435:ts’
391:kw’
367:gh
352:dl
232:or
212:or
197:ELP
173:bcr
3871::
3852:-
2694:.
2684:32
2682:.
2665:.
2535:^
2521:.
2511:67
2509:.
2497:^
2483:.
2473:18
2471:.
2456:^
2429:^
2389:^
2374:^
2359:^
2285:.
2252:^
2222:.
1987:.'
1985:it
1889:,
1885:,
1881:,
1877:,
1864:.'
1862:it
1852:Yi
1828:Yi
1806:.
1738:s-
1700:.
1672:,
1668:,
1532:^
1448:χʷ
1400:qʼ
1388:)
1374:cʼ
1353:tʼ
1333:qʰ
1321:)
1310:cʰ
1286:tʰ
1249:qʷ
1244:)
1241:tʃ
1220:ts
1210:tɬ
979:xʷ
933:qʼ
919:cʼ
898:tʼ
891:pʼ
873:qʰ
857:cʰ
833:tʰ
825:pʰ
790:kʷ
770:ts
760:tɬ
587:’
581:yh
578:wh
572:u
569:t’
563:ts
548:p’
542:o
533:lh
519:kw
516:kh
510:j
498:gw
483:dz
474:c’
456:’
450:yh
447:wh
444:w
438:t’
432:ts
426:tl
417:p’
414:p
402:lh
397:l
394:k’
388:kw
385:kh
382:k
370:gw
361:ee
355:dz
346:c’
266:,
101:?
3856:
3228:e
3221:t
3214:v
2764:e
2757:t
2750:v
2702:.
2690::
2673:.
2644:.
2640::
2600:.
2529:.
2517::
2491:.
2479::
2423:.
2369:.
2295:.
2233:.
1924:.
1748:-
1744:.
1644:a
1628:o
1621:ə
1614:e
1600:u
1591:i
1515:ʁ
1508:w
1496:j
1489:z
1482:l
1462:h
1455:χ
1439:ç
1432:s
1425:ɬ
1382:(
1317:(
1269:ʔ
1259:q
1238:(
1230:c
1200:t
1190:p
1155:n
1148:m
1044:ʁ
1037:w
1027:j
1020:z
1013:l
993:h
986:χ
972:ç
965:s
958:ɬ
810:ʔ
800:q
780:c
750:t
740:p
707:n
700:m
584:z
575:w
554:t
551:s
545:p
539:n
536:m
530:l
513:k
507:ï
504:i
501:h
492:g
489:ë
486:e
477:d
471:c
468:a
453:z
441:u
423:t
420:s
411:o
408:n
405:m
379:j
376:i
373:h
364:g
358:e
349:d
343:c
340:a
73:)
30:–
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