106:
6245:
6255:
195:
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isomorphisms... surrounded by an impenetrable sea of assumptions and highly controversial internal reconstructions that create an illusion of systemic reconstruction where there really is none". Nonetheless, Starostin concedes that Vajda's work "is, by all means, a step forward", and that it "may eventually point the way towards research on grammaticalization paths in
Yeniseian and Na-Dené".
274:, with "lumpers" caricatured as bumbling amateurs willing to group together disparate, unrelated families based on chance resemblances and the "splitters" caricatured as rigid enforcers of orthodoxy willing to "shout down" researchers who disagree with their belief that long-range connections are impossible to establish.
1021:(1856), James Byrne (1892), and G.J. Ramstedt (1907), suggested that Yeniseian was a northern relative of the Sino–Tibetan languages. These ideas were followed much later by Kai Donner and Karl Bouda. A 2008 study found further evidence for a possible relation between Yeniseian and Sino–Tibetan, citing several possible
170:". The main cause of skepticism among other linguists, geneticists and researchers from related fields can be attributed to the significance of such a link being conclusively proven as there have been numerous attempts of establishing definite linguistic relationships between languages natively spoken throughout
750:
methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014) proposed that Dene–Yeniseian did not split into the two primary branches Na-Dene and
Yeniseian, but rather into four primary branches. Yeniseian is upheld as a single branch, whereas Na-Dene is assumed to be paraphyletic, being divided into several primary branches
384:
investigating the history of complex prefixing verb structures in various families possessing morphology of this sort. His conclusion was that, contrary to prevailing belief, such structures are often preserved intact with little change over several thousands of years, and as a result may actually be
2444:
Flegontov, Pavel; Changmai, Piya; Zidkova, Anastassiya; Logacheva, Maria D.; Altınışık, N. Ezgi; Flegontova, Olga; Gelfand, Mikhail S.; Gerasimov, Evgeny S.; Khrameeva, Ekaterina E.; Konovalova, Olga P.; Neretina, Tatiana; Nikolsky, Yuri V.; Starostin, George; Stepanova, Vita V.; Travinsky, Igor V.;
344:
The evidence offered by Vajda includes over 110 proposed cognate morphemes and about ten homologous prefix and suffix positions of the verbs. Vajda compared the existing reconstructions of Proto-Yeniseian and Proto-Na-Dene, augmented the reconstructions based on the apparent relationship between the
598:
endorsed Dene–Yeniseian, saying that "the morphological parallelism and phonological similarities among corresponding affixes is most suggestive, but most compelling evidence for actual relationship comes from those sound correspondences which can be accounted for by independently motivated regular
376:
In 2011 Vajda published a short annotated bibliography on Dene–Yeniseian languages. On March 24, 2012, the Alaska Native
Language Center hosted the Dene-Yeniseian Workshop at the University of Alaska Fairbanks. There were nine papers, the first new papers on Dene–Yeniseian since the 2010 volume was
1499:
It remains incumbent upon the proponents of the DY hypothesis to provide solutions to at least some of the unresolved problems identified in
Campbell's review or in DYC itself. My opinion is that every one of them requires a convincing solution before the relationship between Yeniseian and Na-Dene
814:
However, this phylogenetic study was criticized as methodologically flawed by
Yanovich (2020), since it did not employ sufficient input data to generate a robust tree that does not depend on the initial choice of the "tree prior", i.e. the model for the tree generation. In addition, Wilson (2023)
388:
As a result, he agreed with the consensus belief that lexical evidence of a genetic relationship becomes virtually undetectable after about 8,000 to 10,000 years of linguistic separation, but suggested that certain sorts of complex morphology may remain stable beyond this time period. Further
1470:
77:445-451. "In summary, the proposed Dene-Yeniseian connection cannot be embraced at present. The hypothesis is indeed stimulating, advanced by a serious scholar trying to use appropriate procedures. Unfortunately, neither the lexical evidence (with putative sound correspondences) nor the
583:
questioned the validity of the macrofamily, citing the fact that "Vajda’s 'regular correspondences' are not... properly 'regular' in the classic comparative-historical sense of the word". He also notes that Vajda's "treatment of the verbal morphology" involves "a tiny handful of intriguing
396:
Vajda presents comparanda for an ancient Dene-Yeniseian possessive connector prefix (possibly *ŋ) that appears in idiosyncratic ways in Dene (or
Athabaskan), Eyak, Tlingit, and Yeniseian nouns, postpositions, directionals, and demonstratives. Vajda also suggests one new lexical cognate: PA
1099:(2014) to look into support for the Sino–Dene hypothesis. Caveney considered a link between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and Yeniseian to be plausible but did not support the hypothesis that Sino-Tibetan and Na-Dene were related to the Caucasian languages (Sino–Caucasian and Dene–Caucasian).
1106:
using the standard techniques of comparative linguistics supports a distant genetic link between the Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and
Yeniseian language families. Bradley argues that any similarities Sino-Tibetan shares with other language families of the East Asia area such as
602:
Campbell (2024: 365) doubts the validity of Dene–Yeniseian, saying that "neither the lexical evidence with putative sound correspondences nor the morphological evidence adduced has proven sufficient to support a genealogical relationship between Na-Dene and
Yeniseian".
372:
hypothesis (see below), while Vajda did not find the kinds of morphological correspondences with these other families that he did with
Yeniseian and Na-Dene, he did not rule out the possibility that such evidence exists, and urges that more work be done.
397:
directional *ñəs-d "ahead", "out on open water" and
Yeniseian root *es "open space". In terms of the sections within Vajda's 2010 paper, this 2013 article can be read as an addition to his §2 (which ends on p. 63). In a subsequent article,
556:, and Michael Dunn. Sicoli and Holton 2014, applying Bayesian analysis to typological data from Dene and Yeniseian languages, constructed phylogenies that suggest that the Dene-Yeniseian connection "more likely represents a radiation out of
1025:. Gao Jingyi (2014) identified twelve Sinitic and Yeniseian shared etymologies that belonged to the basic vocabulary, and argued that these Sino-Yeniseian etymologies could not be loans from either language into the other.
489:, Vajda clarifies that Dene-Yeniseian "as it currently stands is a hypothesis of language relatedness but not yet a proper hypothesis of language taxonomy". He leaves "open the possibility that either Yeniseian or
591:. Starostin states that the two families are related in a large sense, but there is no special relationship between them that would suffice to create a separate family between these two language families.
1095:. Around 1920 Sapir became convinced that Na-Dene was more closely related to Sino-Tibetan than to other American families. Edward Vadja's Dene–Yeniseian proposal renewed interest among linguists such as
249::34) states, without specifying which ones, that 26 of the 34 sets of words offered by Ruhlen are coincidental look-alikes, whereas 8 of Ruhlen's word sets follow Vajda's rules of sound correspondences.
2787:. Comparative-Historical Linguistics of the XXIst Century: Issues and Perspectives. Institute for Oriental and Classical Studies, Russian State University for the Humanities. Moscow, March 20-22, 2013.
313:
and Ben Potter, contains papers from the February 26–29, 2008, symposium plus several contributed papers. Accompanying Vajda's lead paper are primary data on Na-Dene historical phonology by
815:
has argued that a cluster of related technology words in proto-Athabaskan and Yeniseian languages suggests a linguistic continuum between the two continents that extended well into the
1131:
came through contact; but as there has been no recent contact between Sino-Tibetan, Na-Dene, and Yeniseian language families then any similarities these groups share must be residual.
548:
and a response by Vajda published in late 2011 that imply that the proposal is not settled at the present time. Other reviews and notices of the volume appeared in 2011 and 2012 by
5677:
270:
As alluded to by Fortescue's comment, scientific investigations of long-range language family relationships have been complicated by an ideological dispute between the so-called
1140:
501:
At the time of publication, Vajda's proposals had been favorably reviewed by several specialists of Na-Dene and Yeniseian languages—although at times with caution—including
1532:
1068:. A narrower binary Dene–Yeniseian family has recently been well received. The validity of the rest of the family, however, is viewed as doubtful or rejected by nearly all
514:
2154:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology. pp. 100–118.
2132:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology. pp. 33–99.
2538:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska Fairbanks, Department of Anthropology. pp. 1–24.
2173:
2922:
March 24, 2012 Dene-Yeniseian Workshop, University of Alaska Fairbanks, sponsored by ANLC; lecture by Ed Vajda and other papers now available via ANLC and YouTube.
1149:
1512:
380:
Vajda's presentations at the 2012 workshop augmented his proposal with additional linguistic and non-linguistic evidence. He discussed a study he did with
2943:– Presents evidence that the ancestors of the Yeniseian-speaking people went west from the Bering land bridge, whereas the ancestors of Na-Dene went east.
2926:
1096:
174:
to those of the indigenous peoples of the Americas and most have been widely rejected due to their being mostly based on superficial if not erroneous
1974:
458:
of far eastern Siberia, who appear genetically unrelated to the Yeniseians). Eventually all descendants in Eurasia were eliminated by the spread of
6210:
241:
17:
4875:
1943:(1996). "The Classification of the Native Languages of North America". In Ives Goddard, ed., "Languages". Vol. 17 of William Sturtevant, ed.,
6539:
6509:
6414:
6291:
2254:
1466:
478:(the North American reindeer population) were never domesticated, and thus the modern Na-Dene people were not similarly threatened. In fact,
5010:
610:
themselves have received the Dene–Yeniseian hypothesis well, being aware of similar features they observe on documentaries on television.
235:
The first peer-reviewed publication to propose the existence of a distinct Dene–Yeniseian family was written by the macrofamily supporter
5727:
2977:
506:
415:, which are passed unchanged down the male and female lines, respectively, except for mutations. His most compelling DNA evidence is the
314:
2534:
Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (2010). "The Dene–Yeniseian Connection, Bridging Asia and North America.". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
298:, indicating that the Yeniseian and Na-Dene families might be related. The summation of Vajda's research was published in June 2010 in
6534:
6220:
5667:
587:
Instead of forming a separate family, Starostin believes that both Yeniseian and Na-Dene are part of a much larger grouping called
6560:
1194:
6464:
6159:
1471:
morphological evidence adduced is sufficient to support a distant genetic relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian." (pg. 450).
6514:
1184:
Bernard Comrie (2008) "Why the Dene-Yeniseic Hypothesis is Exciting". Fairbanks and Anchorage, Alaska: Dene-Yeniseic Symposium.
2108:
Yeniseian peoples and languages : a history of Yeniseian studies : with an annotated bibliography and a source guide
6134:
2329:
1581:
5884:
4390:
3971:
2828:
Wilson, Joseph A. P. (2016). "The Union of Two Worlds: Reconstructing Elements of Proto-Athabaskan Folklore and Religion".
4500:
2023:
Caveney, Geoffrey (2014). "Sino-Tibetan ŋ- and Na-Dene *kw- / *gw- / *xw-: 1st Person Pronouns and Lexical Cognate Sets".
6565:
6354:
6179:
2387:
482:
spread throughout Siberia rather recently and there were many other hunter-gatherer peoples in Siberia in modern times.
2282:
158:
Reception among experts has been somewhat favorable; thus, Dene–Yeniseian has been called "the first demonstration of a
6404:
3472:
2115:
420:
409:
232:
prefixing verb structure, which differs from most of the other languages in Asia and—to a lesser extent—North America.
159:
1374:
Vajda, Edward. "Geography, Demography and Time Depth: Explaining how Dene–Yeniseian is possible". Presentation at the
6284:
4657:
2543:
2517:
2159:
2137:
1984:
405:
6419:
6314:
5750:
5003:
4633:
3872:
1598:
401:, Vajda discusses features in Ket that arose due to prolonged areal contact with suffixal agglutinating languages.
6504:
6469:
3791:
3727:
2970:
5592:
5580:
2447:"Genomic study of the Ket: a Paleo-Eskimo-related ethnic group with significant ancient North Eurasian ancestry"
377:
published. As of July 2012, there are no plans to publish the papers, but video from the workshop is available.
6424:
5969:
4404:
3646:
4155:
2921:
1378:
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5807:
5797:
5792:
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5269:
5264:
4870:
4517:
3652:
3477:
3263:
3257:
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287:
349:
linking the two into a putative Proto-Dene-Yeniseian language. He suggested that Yeniseian tone differences
6277:
6174:
6079:
5812:
5782:
5637:
4880:
4865:
4564:
3865:
3852:
3623:
3584:
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instead. Based on this novel classification, they suggest that Yeniseian represents a back-migration from
186:
similarities. Consequently, Dene-Yeniseian is deemed only as "plausible" by linguistic scholars at large.
6524:
5760:
5662:
5101:
4996:
4860:
4854:
4639:
3912:
3830:
3803:
3507:
3497:
2912:
470:) except for the modern Yeniseians, who were able to survive in swampy refuges far to the west along the
385:
stronger evidence of a genetic connection than the lexical relationships that are traditionally sought.
6519:
6300:
6184:
5429:
4426:
4087:
3884:
3682:
3542:
3512:
3502:
3492:
3198:
2963:
1219:
747:
2867:"A New Perspective on Later Migration(s)The Possible Recent Origin of Some Native American Haplotypes"
1017:
As noted by Tailleur and Werner, some of the earliest proposals of genetic relations of Yeniseian, by
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6094:
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5827:
5822:
5817:
5685:
5607:
5602:
5258:
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4645:
4621:
4596:
4569:
4552:
3562:
3517:
3487:
3460:
3031:
2986:
2946:
1719:"Late Holocene Technology Words in Proto-Athabaskan: Implications for Dene-Yeniseian Culture History"
6499:
6409:
6359:
6319:
6019:
6014:
5909:
5901:
5877:
5652:
5597:
5368:
5198:
5087:
4885:
4692:
4329:
4317:
4149:
3211:
3204:
3020:
1888:"Xia and Ket Identified by Sinitic and Yeniseian Shared Etymologies // 確定夏國及凱特人的語言為屬於漢語族和葉尼塞語系共同詞源"
1164:
1103:
892:
804:
794:
291:
183:
2509:
Language Relations across Bering Strait: Reappraising the Archaeological and Linguistic Evidence.'
6494:
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6484:
6339:
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6114:
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5959:
5929:
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2206:. Alaska Native Language Center Working Papers. Vol. 11. Fairbanks, AK: ANLC. pp. 79–91
259:. He writes, "I have attempted throughout to find a middle way between the cavalier optimism of '
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3274:
3175:
3038:
3014:
2273:
Aronoff, Mark. (2015) "Thoughts on Morphology and Cultural Evolution." L. Bauer et al. (eds.).
2246:
Vajda, Edward J. (2017). "Patterns of Innovation and Retention in Templatic Polysynthesis." In
1128:
1012:
209:
167:
4542:
1919:
1887:
404:
In his 2012 presentation, Vajda also addressed non-linguistic evidence, including analyses of
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6169:
6119:
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6044:
5944:
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4130:
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3567:
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3240:
3156:
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2250:, M. Fortescue, M. Mithun, and N. Evans (eds.), pp. 363–391. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
450:, as are the modern Yeniseians, but unlike nearly all other Siberian groups (except for some
271:
264:
4651:
4376:
2507:
2150:(2010b). "Yeniseian, Na-Dene, and Historical Linguistics.". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
1167: – Proposed language family including Uralic, Yukaghir, Eskimo–Aleut and possibly Nivkh
317:, along with critiques by several linguistic specialists and articles on a range of topics (
6459:
6454:
6384:
6364:
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6059:
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5914:
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5585:
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4026:
3951:
3878:
3657:
3634:
3606:
3537:
3448:
3229:
2734:
2673:
2604:"Genetic Evidence for the Phylogenetic Relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian Speakers"
2468:
2341:
1682:
Yanovich, Igor (2020). "Phylogenetic linguistic evidence and the Dene-Yeniseian homeland".
1636:
1385:, Alaska Native Language Center, University of Alaska Fairbanks, March 24, 2012. Available
1069:
964:
416:
255:
independently suggested the possible existence of a Dene–Yeniseian family in his 1998 book
4810:
2791:
Wilson, Joseph A. P. (2018). "Postscript to the Union of Two Worlds: An Expository Note".
2412:
162:
between Old World and New World language families that meets the standards of traditional
8:
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2554:
2196:
1973:
Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (2008).
1037:
435:
220:. The putative relationship between Na-Dene and Yeniseian families was first proposed by
144:
125:
2738:
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1833:"The Yeniseian Languages of the 18th Century and Ket and Sino-Tibetan Word Comparisons"
1740:
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One significant exception is the critical review of the volume of collected papers by
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2128:(2010a). "A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages.". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
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because it is too mosquito-infested for reindeer to survive easily. Contrarily, the
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1999:
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Past Human Migrations in East Asia: Matching Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics
1533:"Ancient Migration Patterns to North America Are Hidden in Languages Spoken Today"
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60:
2917:; the 2011 2nd printing has corriagenda for 14 articles in the 2010 ist printing
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2947:"Linguist's 'big data' research supports waves of migration into the Americas"
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326:
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236:
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subclade, which he notes arose c. 15,000 years ago and is found in nearly all
364:
Vajda and others also note that no compelling evidence has been found linking
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4746:
4262:
4246:
4200:
3957:
3777:
3742:
3732:
3710:
3667:
3532:
3113:
3045:
2882:
2849:
2812:
2756:
2695:
2686:
2421:
2363:
2313:
2077:
2068:
2051:
1940:
1911:
1856:
1599:"The Ket Language: From Descriptive Linguistic to Interdisciplinary Research"
1417:
1400:
1245:
1236:
1120:
785:
685:
595:
573:
553:
545:
471:
451:
428:
358:
229:
217:
198:
179:
49:
2955:
5612:
5420:
5154:
3721:
2774:
2637:
2594:
2498:
2371:
1668:
1092:
844:
828:
569:
565:
561:
526:
346:
283:
175:
2713:
2619:
2403:
1735:
1718:
1695:
1087:
A link between the Na–Dene languages and Sino-Tibetan languages, known as
6258:
2445:
Tříska, Martin; Tříska, Petr; Tatarinova, Tatiana V. (11 February 2016).
1956:
1558:
Kiparsky, Paul (2015). "New perspectives in historical linguistics". In:
1549:
Starostin, George (2012). "Dene-Yeniseian: a critical assessment". p. 137
1124:
463:
455:
443:
354:
350:
318:
110:
Distribution of Dene-Yeniseian languages in North Asia and North America
2036:
1864:
1832:
5787:
5506:
5456:
5322:
3368:
1116:
1108:
1077:
1057:
816:
800:
700:
607:
549:
538:
510:
424:
412:
322:
310:
2628:
2480:
2223:
1759:
129:
Striped areas indicate the area of the former extent of the languages.
2723:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
1625:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
768:
636:
534:
92:
83:
5862:
2354:
1150:
Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas § Haplogroup Q
2941:
Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia
2463:
2305:
1494:
1375:
1022:
752:
557:
459:
338:
330:
263:' and the pessimism of orthodox 'splitters' on the matters of deep
1325:
The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue
434:
Using this and other evidence, he proposes a Proto-Dene-Yeniseian
194:
5023:
2602:
Rubicz, Rohina; Melvin, Kristin L.; Crawford, Michael H. (2002).
2443:
2388:"Review of The Dene–Yeniseian Connection (Kari and Potter, eds.)"
819:, clouding any conclusive evidence for the back-migration model.
649:
475:
431:(65%), who have intermarried with the Ket people for centuries.
334:
260:
202:
171:
148:
78:
53:
5464:
1048:. The Sino-Caucasian hypothesis has been expanded by others to "
5115:
4964:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
4945:
4843:
1112:
493:(or both) might have a closer relative elsewhere in Eurasia".
2000:
The Preliminary Genealogical Tree For Eurasia (short variant)
1972:
1041:
27:
Proposed language family spanning the Old World and New World
517:, as well as a number of other respected linguists, such as
2202:. In Hargus, Sharon; Vajda, Edward; Hieber, Daniel (eds.).
2197:"Vestigial possessive morphology in Na-Dene and Yeniseian."
439:
1616:
1195:"Dene-Yeniseian Languages | Alaska Native Language Center"
2277:
pp. 77-88. Springer International Publishing Switzerland.
427:(90%), but almost nowhere else in Eurasia except for the
1961:
The Dictionary of Historical and Comparative Linguistics
1401:"The Dene-Yeniseian connection: a reply to G. Starostin"
1076:
now groups Na-Dene with Sino-Tibetan and Yeniseian with
1154:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1145:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
1143: – Prehistoric migration from Asia to the Americas
2927:"New language research supports land bridge evidence"
2095:
Primary Dene–Yeniseian research papers by Edward Vajda
1370:
1368:
224:
in 1923. Much of the early evidence adduced has been
2601:
1947:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. pg. 318
1001:
2330:"Linguistics: Deep relationships between languages"
2275:
Semantics of Complex Words, Studies in Morphology 3
1481:Vajda, Edward J. (2011). "A Response to Campbell".
1365:
618:Dene–Yeniseian is generally classified as follows:
368:with either Na-Dene or Yeniseian. As for the wider
2204:Working papers in Athabaskan (Dene) Languages 2012
2004:
304:Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
290:summarized ten years of research, based on verbal
2564:. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 64–102
955:
926:
897:
868:
6552:
5018:
2562:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics
1560:The Routledge Handbook of Historical Linguistics
1152: – Genetics on the peopling of the Americas
2721:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (12 March 2014).
2666:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1963:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pg. 85
1606:Tomsk Journal of Linguistics & Anthropology
242:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
6299:
228:; in particular, both families have a complex
6285:
5878:
5004:
2985:
2971:
2555:"New perspectives in historical linguistics."
2294:International Journal of American Linguistics
1483:International Journal of American Linguistics
1467:International Journal of American Linguistics
741:
361:, as still present in the Na-Dene languages.
5848:Families with more than 30 languages are in
4974:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2720:
1622:
1565:
822:
466:peoples (e.g. the speakers of the so-called
2259:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics
212:have long sought to link the various known
6292:
6278:
5885:
5871:
5011:
4997:
2978:
2964:
2533:
1431:
1348:
1262::34) who quotes Trombetti, Alfredo. 1923.
1161: – Hypothetical Asian language family
2764:
2746:
2703:
2685:
2627:
2505:
2488:
2462:
2411:
2353:
2067:
1734:
1658:
1648:
1513:"Pause Is Seen in a Continent's Peopling"
1416:
1298:
1286:
1235:
1217:
949:
920:
2913:Ordering information and news items for
2581:, ed. by James Kari and Ben A. Potter".
2552:
2280:
1830:
1757:
1681:
1596:
1574:The Indigenous Languages of the Americas
1571:
1562:ed. by C. Bowern and B. Evans. pp 65–67.
1451:, 25 August 2008. Accessed 22 July 2017.
193:
2784:Assessing the Sino-Caucasian Hypothesis
2327:
2049:
2022:
1312:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
1220:"Dene-Yeniseian: a critical assessment"
257:Language Relations Across Bering Strait
14:
6553:
2864:
2827:
2790:
2659:
2287:, ed. by James Kari and Ben A. Potter"
2255:Morphology in Dene-Yeniseian Languages
2218:
2191:
2146:
2124:
2010:
1808:
1796:
1784:
1772:
1716:
1623:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (2014).
1360:
1336:
1275:
1259:
438:located in eastern Siberia around the
398:
390:
267:relationship between the continents".
246:
6273:
5892:
5866:
4992:
2959:
2168:
2102:
1576:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1480:
1398:
2952:– Follow up study to the link above.
2660:Ruhlen, Merritt (10 November 1998).
2576:
2385:
2560:. In Bowern, C.; Evans, B. (eds.).
1885:
1044:with Sino-Tibetan, which he called
277:
24:
2224:"Metathesis and Reanalysis in Ket"
1945:Handbook of North American Indians
389:evidence for Dene–Yeniseian is in
282:At a symposium in Alaska in 2008,
25:
6577:
2906:
1002:Proposed external classifications
625:Dene–Yeniseian
613:
6415:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
6253:
6244:
6243:
2512:. London and New York: Cassell.
2248:Oxford Handbook of Polysynthesis
2228:Modern & Classical Languages
2052:"Ancient Connections of Sinitic"
1758:Vajda, Edward; Nefedov, Andrey.
1460:Lyle Campbell, 2011, "Review of
1405:Journal of Language Relationship
1224:Journal of Language Relationship
1218:Starostin, George (2012-02-01).
423:and nearly all of the Yeniseian
309:This 369-page volume, edited by
104:
2577:Rice, Keren (2011). "Review of
2088:
2043:
2016:
1993:
1966:
1950:
1934:
1879:
1824:
1751:
1710:
1675:
1590:
1552:
1543:
1525:
1505:
1474:
1454:
1437:
1425:
1392:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1314:(2nd Edition), MIT Press, 2004.
1006:
978:
446:. These people would have been
155:of northwestern North America.
6211:British Indian Ocean Territory
2413:11858/00-001M-0000-0012-5D78-7
2328:Diamond, Jared (August 2011).
2025:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
1920:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
1904:10.13173/centasiaj.60.1-2.0051
1317:
1304:
1292:
1280:
1269:
1252:
1211:
1187:
1178:
353:in the presence or absence of
341:) by experts in these fields.
13:
1:
2915:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2865:Wilson, Joseph A. P. (2008).
2842:10.1080/0015587X.2015.1119976
2805:10.1080/0015587x.2017.1375255
2579:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection
2536:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2285:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection
2152:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2130:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2050:Bradley, David (2023-07-24).
1462:The Dene-Yeniseian Connection
1445:The languages of the Caucasus
1171:
990:are attached with the prefix
300:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
288:Western Washington University
189:
6540:United States Virgin Islands
6301:Languages of North America
2935:Dene–Yeniseian Swadesh lists
2748:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
2281:Campbell, Lyle (July 2011).
2261:. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
2178:Oxford Bibliographies Online
1650:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
1376:2012 Dene–Yeniseian Workshop
956:
927:
898:
869:
496:
7:
2662:"The origin of the Na-Dene"
2506:Fortescue, Michael (1998).
2266:Reviews, related work, etc.
1134:
764:(Sicoli & Holton, 2014)
560:with a back migration into
454:peoples located around the
417:Q1 Y-chromosomal haplogroup
294:and reconstructions of the
10:
6582:
6566:Proposed language families
5668:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
2174:"Dene-Yeniseian Languages"
1500:can be considered settled.
1141:Settlement of the Americas
1091:had also been proposed by
1010:
994:, which means "someone's".
950:
921:
891:
862:
748:computational phylogenetic
742:Sicoli & Holton (2014)
245:, United States. However,
6515:Saint Pierre and Miquelon
6433:
6307:
6239:
6198:
6158:
5900:
5836:
5773:
5726:
5676:
5556:
5549:
5504:
5455:
5419:
5344:
5280:
5243:
5153:
5030:
4959:
4918:
4895:
4834:
4823:
4667:
4400:
4389:
4357:
4284:
4275:
4164:
3981:
3970:
3937:
3799:
3790:
3698:
3456:
3442:
3356:
3151:
3133:
3084:
3002:
2993:
2987:Primary language families
823:Ket and Navajo word pairs
698:
683:
676:
661:
654:
634:
627:
272:"lumpers" and "splitters"
103:
91:
72:
61:Linguistic classification
59:
42:
37:
32:
6561:Dené–Yeniseian languages
6535:Turks and Caicos Islands
5960:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
3804:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
2883:10.1177/0308275X08094389
2871:Critique of Anthropology
2687:10.1073/pnas.95.23.13994
2069:10.3390/languages8030176
1886:高晶一, Jingyi Gao (2017).
1831:Sedláček, Kamil (2008).
1597:Kryukova, Elena (2013).
1418:10.31826/jlr-2012-080110
1237:10.31826/jlr-2012-080109
805:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
795:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
18:Dené–Yeniseian languages
6221:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
5845:have no living members.
5728:East and Southeast Asia
4971:have no living members.
2553:Kiparsky, Paul (2015).
2253:Vajda, Edward (2019). "
1892:Central Asiatic Journal
1837:Central Asiatic Journal
1717:Wilson, Joseph (2023).
1572:Campbell, Lyle (2024).
1432:Kari & Potter (2010
1349:Kari & Potter (2010
1264:Elementi di glottologia
6465:British Virgin Islands
4951:Unclassified languages
4905:list of sign languages
3873:Northeastern Tasmanian
2595:10.1075/dia.28.2.04ric
2386:Dunn, Michael (2012).
1399:Vajda, Edward (2012).
1266:. Bologna. pp.486, 511
1013:Sino-Tibetan languages
963:
934:
905:
876:
564:than a migration from
216:around the world into
210:historical linguistics
205:
168:historical linguistics
6405:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4926:Constructed languages
2781:Vajda, Edward. 2013.
2620:10.1353/hub.2003.0011
2404:10.1353/lan.2012.0036
1849:10.13173/CAJ/2008/2/6
1736:10.3390/humans3030015
1696:10.1075/dia.17038.yan
1115:(which is actually a
1072:. An updated tree by
854:Vajda 2010a citation
485:In his 2012 reply to
197:
6135:United Arab Emirates
3473:Binanderean–Goilalan
2929:Anchorage Daily News
1537:Smithsonian Magazine
1464:(Kari and Potter)",
1070:historical linguists
827:Below is a table of
6420:Trinidad and Tobago
6315:Antigua and Barbuda
6162:limited recognition
5486:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
5270:Northwest Caucasian
5265:Northeast Caucasian
4755:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
4658:Tequiraca–Canichana
4501:Harákmbut–Katukinan
3264:Northwest Caucasian
3258:Northeast Caucasian
3182:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
2739:2014PLoSO...991722S
2678:1998PNAS...9513994R
2672:(23): 13994–13996.
2473:2016NatSR...620768F
2346:2011Natur.476..291D
1641:2014PLoSO...991722S
1102:A 2023 analysis by
1064:and, occasionally,
1038:Yeniseian languages
970:cf. Vajda 2010a:93
941:cf. Vajda 2010a:84
912:cf. Vajda 2010a:88
883:cf. Vajda 2010a:83
652:
345:two, and suggested
145:Yeniseian languages
126:Yeniseian languages
6355:Dominican Republic
5894:Languages of Asia
5751:Austronesian–Ongan
5550:Proposed groupings
4377:Tarascan/Purépecha
3866:Northern Tasmanian
3624:South Bougainville
3585:North Bougainville
2451:Scientific Reports
2110:. London: Curzon.
1518:The New York Times
1381:2012-09-10 at the
1056:of North America,
648:
357:consonants in the
206:
201:region of central
143:consisting of the
6548:
6547:
6437:other territories
6267:
6266:
6204:other territories
5860:
5859:
5769:
5768:
5761:Sino-Austronesian
5545:
5544:
5020:Language families
4986:
4985:
4936:Language isolates
4914:
4913:
4819:
4818:
4385:
4384:
4271:
4270:
3966:
3965:
3913:Western Tasmanian
3831:Eastern Tasmanian
3786:
3785:
3508:East Geelvink Bay
3438:
3437:
3129:
3128:
2481:10.1038/srep20768
2340:(7360): 291–292.
1583:978-0-19-767346-1
1159:Karasuk languages
1074:Georgiy Starostin
1054:Na-Dene languages
1052:" to include the
988:inalienable nouns
974:
973:
803:(excluding South
738:
737:
729:
728:
720:
719:
711:
710:
531:Michael Fortescue
410:mitochondrial DNA
253:Michael Fortescue
222:Alfredo Trombetti
214:language families
160:genealogical link
153:Na-Dene languages
134:
133:
117:Na-Dene languages
16:(Redirected from
6573:
6505:Saint Barthélemy
6435:Dependencies and
6308:Sovereign states
6294:
6287:
6280:
6271:
6270:
6257:
6247:
6246:
6216:Christmas Island
5902:Sovereign states
5887:
5880:
5873:
5864:
5863:
5828:Proto-Euphratean
5554:
5553:
5462:
5461:
5430:Great Andamanese
5013:
5006:
4999:
4990:
4989:
4832:
4831:
4786:Huaorani/Waorani
4670:(extant in 2000)
4634:Esmeralda–Yaruro
4405:Andoque–Urequena
4398:
4397:
4282:
4281:
4088:Plateau Penutian
3979:
3978:
3954:(Northern Daly?)
3797:
3796:
3683:Northwest Papuan
3647:Trans–New Guinea
3513:East New Britain
3488:Central Solomons
3454:
3453:
3199:Great Andamanese
3149:
3148:
3000:
2999:
2980:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2956:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2861:
2824:
2778:
2768:
2750:
2717:
2707:
2689:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2631:
2598:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2559:
2549:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2502:
2492:
2466:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2415:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2357:
2324:
2322:
2320:
2291:
2243:
2241:
2239:
2220:Vajda, Edward J.
2215:
2213:
2211:
2201:
2193:Vajda, Edward J.
2188:
2186:
2184:
2170:Vajda, Edward J.
2165:
2148:Vajda, Edward J.
2143:
2126:Vajda, Edward J.
2121:
2104:Vajda, Edward J.
2082:
2081:
2071:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1954:
1948:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1883:
1877:
1876:
1828:
1822:
1812:
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1760:"Vocabulary Ket"
1755:
1749:
1748:
1738:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1679:
1673:
1672:
1662:
1652:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1603:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1569:
1563:
1556:
1550:
1547:
1541:
1540:
1529:
1523:
1522:
1509:
1503:
1502:
1478:
1472:
1458:
1452:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1396:
1390:
1372:
1363:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1334:
1328:
1323:Merritt Ruhlen,
1321:
1315:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1290:
1284:
1278:
1273:
1267:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1239:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1206:
1205:
1191:
1185:
1182:
1155:
1146:
1097:Geoffrey Caveney
1036:posits that the
1034:Sergei Starostin
1032:" hypothesis of
995:
982:
959:
953:
952:
930:
924:
923:
901:
895:
872:
866:
838:
837:
765:
679:
678:
657:
656:
630:
629:
622:
621:
599:sound changes".
581:George Starostin
487:George Starostin
480:reindeer herding
468:Altaic languages
448:hunter-gatherers
421:Native Americans
278:Vajda's proposal
123:
114:
108:
30:
29:
21:
6581:
6580:
6576:
6575:
6574:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6551:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6438:
6436:
6429:
6303:
6298:
6268:
6263:
6235:
6203:
6194:
6175:Northern Cyprus
6161:
6154:
5896:
5891:
5861:
5856:
5855:
5832:
5823:Paleo-Laplandic
5818:Pre-Finno-Ugric
5765:
5722:
5686:Greater Siangic
5672:
5658:Uralic–Yukaghir
5608:Ibero-Caucasian
5603:Elamo-Dravidian
5541:
5500:
5451:
5415:
5340:
5276:
5259:North Caucasian
5239:
5149:
5088:Paleo-Sardinian
5026:
5017:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4955:
4941:Mixed languages
4910:
4891:
4826:
4815:
4669:
4663:
4518:Katembri–Taruma
4392:
4381:
4353:
4267:
4160:
3973:
3962:
3933:
3782:
3694:
3653:Turama–Kikorian
3563:Lower Mamberamo
3518:East Strickland
3446:
3434:
3352:
3140:
3135:
3125:
3080:
2989:
2984:
2909:
2904:
2895:
2893:
2650:
2648:
2567:
2565:
2557:
2546:
2524:
2522:
2520:
2434:
2432:
2376:
2374:
2355:10.1038/476291a
2318:
2316:
2289:
2237:
2235:
2209:
2207:
2199:
2182:
2180:
2162:
2140:
2118:
2091:
2086:
2085:
2048:
2044:
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1998:
1994:
1987:
1971:
1967:
1955:
1951:
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1935:
1884:
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1497:. p. 452:
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1383:Wayback Machine
1373:
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1355:
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1335:
1331:
1322:
1318:
1310:Lyle Campbell,
1309:
1305:
1299:Fortescue (1998
1297:
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1287:Fortescue (1998
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763:
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739:
730:
721:
712:
616:
523:Johanna Nichols
515:Heinrich Werner
499:
382:Johanna Nichols
296:proto-languages
280:
208:Researchers in
192:
141:language family
130:
128:
121:
119:
112:
67:language family
44:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6579:
6569:
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6563:
6546:
6545:
6543:
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6537:
6532:
6527:
6525:Sint Eustatius
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6472:
6470:Cayman Islands
6467:
6462:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6441:
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6430:
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6265:
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6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
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5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
5972:
5967:
5962:
5957:
5952:
5947:
5942:
5937:
5932:
5927:
5922:
5917:
5912:
5906:
5904:
5898:
5897:
5890:
5889:
5882:
5875:
5867:
5858:
5857:
5854:
5853:
5846:
5838:
5837:
5834:
5833:
5831:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5795:
5790:
5785:
5779:
5777:
5771:
5770:
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5766:
5764:
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5724:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5682:
5680:
5674:
5673:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5653:Uralo-Siberian
5650:
5645:
5640:
5638:Serbi–Mongolic
5635:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5598:Dravido-Korean
5595:
5593:Dené–Yeniseian
5590:
5589:
5588:
5583:
5581:Dené–Caucasian
5578:
5568:
5563:
5557:
5551:
5547:
5546:
5543:
5542:
5540:
5539:
5534:
5526:
5519:
5511:
5509:
5502:
5501:
5499:
5498:
5493:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5472:
5470:
5459:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5437:
5432:
5426:
5424:
5417:
5416:
5414:
5413:
5408:
5403:
5398:
5393:
5386:
5379:
5372:
5365:
5358:
5350:
5348:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5330:
5325:
5320:
5315:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5286:
5284:
5278:
5277:
5275:
5274:
5273:
5272:
5267:
5255:
5249:
5247:
5241:
5240:
5238:
5237:
5230:
5223:
5216:
5209:
5202:
5199:Hurro-Urartian
5195:
5188:
5181:
5174:
5167:
5159:
5157:
5151:
5150:
5148:
5147:
5140:
5133:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5105:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5081:Paleo-Corsican
5077:
5070:
5063:
5058:
5051:
5044:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5001:
4993:
4984:
4983:
4980:
4979:
4972:
4965:
4961:
4960:
4957:
4956:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4943:
4938:
4933:
4928:
4922:
4920:
4916:
4915:
4912:
4911:
4909:
4908:
4899:
4897:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4866:Indo-Pakistani
4863:
4858:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4816:
4814:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4788:
4783:
4778:
4773:
4767:
4762:
4757:
4749:
4744:
4737:
4732:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4705:
4700:
4695:
4690:
4685:
4680:
4673:
4671:
4665:
4664:
4662:
4661:
4655:
4649:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4619:
4614:
4609:
4604:
4599:
4594:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4565:Piaroa–Saliban
4562:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4503:
4498:
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4478:
4473:
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4461:
4454:
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4417:
4412:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4361:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4337:
4332:
4330:Tequistlatecan
4327:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4303:
4296:
4291:
4285:
4279:
4273:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4231:
4224:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4176:
4168:
4166:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4134:
4127:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4107:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4066:
4059:
4054:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4016:
4009:
4002:
3997:
3990:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3964:
3963:
3961:
3960:
3955:
3949:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3921:
3916:
3909:
3904:
3899:
3894:
3888:
3881:
3876:
3869:
3862:
3857:
3853:Marrku–Wurrugu
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3827:
3820:
3812:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3780:
3775:
3767:
3761:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3696:
3695:
3693:
3692:
3686:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3643:
3638:
3631:
3626:
3621:
3616:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3463:
3457:
3451:
3440:
3439:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3432:
3424:
3417:
3411:
3406:
3398:
3393:
3385:
3378:
3371:
3366:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3344:
3338:
3332:
3326:
3320:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3278:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3215:
3212:Hurro-Urartian
3208:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3184:
3179:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3152:
3146:
3131:
3130:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3072:
3066:
3060:
3054:
3048:
3043:
3035:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3011:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2990:
2983:
2982:
2975:
2968:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2924:
2919:
2908:
2907:External links
2905:
2903:
2902:
2877:(3): 267–278.
2862:
2825:
2788:
2779:
2718:
2657:
2614:(6): 743–760.
2599:
2589:(2): 255–271.
2574:
2550:
2544:
2531:
2518:
2503:
2441:
2398:(2): 429–432.
2383:
2325:
2306:10.1086/660977
2300:(3): 445–451.
2278:
2270:
2269:
2267:
2263:
2262:
2251:
2244:
2216:
2189:
2166:
2160:
2144:
2138:
2122:
2117:978-0700712908
2116:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2092:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2042:
2031:(2): 461–487.
2015:
2003:
1992:
1985:
1965:
1949:
1933:
1898:(1–2): 51–58.
1878:
1843:(2): 219–305.
1823:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1750:
1729:(3): 177–192.
1709:
1690:(3): 410–446.
1674:
1615:
1589:
1582:
1564:
1551:
1542:
1524:
1521:. 13 Mar 2014.
1504:
1495:10.1086/660978
1489:(3): 451–452.
1473:
1453:
1436:
1424:
1411:(1): 138–152.
1391:
1364:
1353:
1341:
1329:
1327:, Wiley, 1994.
1316:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1268:
1251:
1230:(1): 117–138.
1210:
1186:
1176:
1175:
1173:
1170:
1169:
1168:
1165:Uralo-Siberian
1162:
1156:
1147:
1136:
1133:
1050:Dene–Caucasian
1046:Sino-Yeniseian
1030:Sino-Caucasian
1011:Main article:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
997:
996:
976:
975:
972:
971:
968:
961:
947:
943:
942:
939:
932:
918:
914:
913:
910:
903:
889:
885:
884:
881:
874:
860:
856:
855:
852:
847:
842:
824:
821:
811:
810:
809:
808:
798:
791:
790:
789:
782:
773:
771:
761:Dene-Yeniseian
757:
755:back to Asia.
743:
740:
736:
735:
732:
731:
727:
726:
723:
722:
718:
717:
714:
713:
709:
708:
705:
704:
697:
694:
693:
690:
689:
682:
677:
675:
672:
671:
668:
667:
660:
655:
653:
645:
644:
641:
640:
633:
628:
626:
620:
615:
614:Classification
612:
589:Dene-Caucasian
519:Bernard Comrie
503:Michael Krauss
498:
495:
370:Dene–Caucasian
327:ethnogeography
279:
276:
237:Merritt Ruhlen
191:
188:
139:is a proposed
137:Dene–Yeniseian
132:
131:
120:
111:
109:
101:
100:
95:
89:
88:
87:
86:
81:
74:
70:
69:
63:
57:
56:
46:
40:
39:
35:
34:
33:Dene–Yeniseian
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6578:
6567:
6564:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6556:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6511:
6508:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6488:
6486:
6483:
6481:
6478:
6476:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6466:
6463:
6461:
6458:
6456:
6453:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6443:
6442:
6440:
6432:
6426:
6425:United States
6423:
6421:
6418:
6416:
6413:
6411:
6408:
6406:
6403:
6401:
6398:
6396:
6393:
6391:
6388:
6386:
6383:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6371:
6368:
6366:
6363:
6361:
6358:
6356:
6353:
6351:
6348:
6346:
6343:
6341:
6338:
6336:
6333:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6316:
6313:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6295:
6290:
6288:
6283:
6281:
6276:
6275:
6272:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6250:
6242:
6241:
6238:
6232:
6229:
6227:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6217:
6214:
6212:
6209:
6208:
6206:
6201:
6197:
6191:
6188:
6186:
6185:South Ossetia
6183:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6173:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6165:
6163:
6157:
6151:
6148:
6146:
6143:
6141:
6138:
6136:
6133:
6131:
6128:
6126:
6123:
6121:
6118:
6116:
6113:
6111:
6108:
6106:
6103:
6101:
6098:
6096:
6093:
6091:
6088:
6086:
6083:
6081:
6078:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6056:
6053:
6051:
6048:
6046:
6043:
6041:
6038:
6036:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6026:
6023:
6021:
6018:
6016:
6013:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
6001:
5998:
5996:
5993:
5991:
5988:
5986:
5983:
5981:
5978:
5976:
5973:
5971:
5968:
5966:
5963:
5961:
5958:
5956:
5953:
5951:
5948:
5946:
5943:
5941:
5938:
5936:
5933:
5931:
5928:
5926:
5923:
5921:
5918:
5916:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5907:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5888:
5883:
5881:
5876:
5874:
5869:
5868:
5865:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5840:
5839:
5835:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5749:
5747:
5744:
5742:
5739:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5729:
5725:
5719:
5716:
5714:
5711:
5709:
5706:
5704:
5701:
5697:
5694:
5692:
5689:
5688:
5687:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5675:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5663:Eskimo–Uralic
5661:
5659:
5656:
5654:
5651:
5649:
5646:
5644:
5641:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5631:
5629:
5626:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5587:
5584:
5582:
5579:
5577:
5574:
5573:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5548:
5538:
5535:
5532:
5531:
5527:
5525:
5524:
5520:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5512:
5510:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5494:
5492:
5489:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5471:
5468:
5467:Paleosiberian
5463:
5460:
5458:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5443:
5441:
5438:
5436:
5433:
5431:
5428:
5427:
5425:
5422:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5404:
5402:
5399:
5397:
5394:
5392:
5391:
5387:
5385:
5384:
5380:
5378:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5370:
5366:
5364:
5363:
5362:Austroasiatic
5359:
5357:
5356:
5352:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5336:
5335:
5331:
5329:
5326:
5324:
5321:
5319:
5316:
5314:
5313:
5312:Austroasiatic
5309:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5291:Indo-European
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5279:
5271:
5268:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5246:
5242:
5236:
5235:
5231:
5229:
5228:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5201:
5200:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5189:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5175:
5173:
5172:
5168:
5166:
5165:
5164:Indo-European
5161:
5160:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5139:
5138:
5134:
5132:
5131:
5127:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5118:
5117:
5113:
5111:
5110:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5099:
5097:
5096:
5092:
5090:
5089:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5071:
5069:
5068:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5041:Indo-European
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5025:
5021:
5014:
5009:
5007:
5002:
5000:
4995:
4994:
4991:
4977:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4958:
4952:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4932:
4929:
4927:
4924:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4887:
4884:
4882:
4879:
4877:
4876:Original Thai
4874:
4872:
4869:
4867:
4864:
4862:
4859:
4857:
4856:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4828:
4822:
4812:
4809:
4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4787:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4754:
4750:
4748:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4736:
4733:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4706:
4704:
4701:
4699:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4686:
4684:
4681:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4666:
4659:
4656:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4644:
4641:
4640:Hibito–Cholón
4638:
4635:
4632:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4573:
4571:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4511:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4471:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4403:
4402:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4388:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4356:
4350:
4349:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4325:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4304:
4302:
4301:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4286:
4283:
4280:
4278:
4274:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4236:
4232:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4218:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4163:
4157:
4156:Yuman–Cochimí
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4106:
4105:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4083:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4064:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4029:
4028:
4024:
4022:
4021:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3995:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3977:
3975:
3969:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3929:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3914:
3910:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3891:Southern Daly
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3874:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3832:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3816:Darwin Region
3813:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3789:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3772:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3697:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3648:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3636:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3622:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3575:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3498:Demta–Sentani
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3468:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3450:
3445:
3441:
3431:
3429:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3418:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3384:
3383:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3372:
3370:
3367:
3365:
3362:
3361:
3359:
3355:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3333:
3330:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3302:
3298:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3289:
3288:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3220:
3219:Indo-European
3216:
3214:
3213:
3209:
3207:
3206:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3173:
3171:
3170:
3169:Austroasiatic
3166:
3164:
3161:
3159:
3158:
3154:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3139:
3132:
3121:
3118:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3076:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3034:
3033:
3029:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3010:
3009:
3005:
3004:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2981:
2976:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2961:
2958:
2951:
2950:
2945:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2931:
2930:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2863:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2826:
2822:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2733:(3): e91722.
2732:
2728:
2724:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2658:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2608:Human Biology
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2575:
2563:
2556:
2551:
2547:
2545:9781555001124
2541:
2537:
2532:
2521:
2519:9781847141644
2515:
2511:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2442:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2389:
2384:
2373:
2369:
2365:
2361:
2356:
2351:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2326:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2288:
2286:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2271:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2205:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:9781555001124
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2139:9781555001124
2135:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2093:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1988:
1986:9781134149629
1982:
1979:. Routledge.
1978:
1977:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1946:
1942:
1941:Goddard, Ives
1937:
1929:
1925:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1882:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1827:
1821:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1799:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1780:Tailleur 1994
1775:
1761:
1754:
1746:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1713:
1705:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1670:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1642:
1638:
1635:(3): e91722.
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1585:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1538:
1534:
1528:
1520:
1519:
1514:
1508:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1468:
1463:
1457:
1450:
1446:
1443:Bill Poser. "
1440:
1433:
1428:
1419:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1369:
1362:
1361:Vajda (2010b)
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1333:
1326:
1320:
1313:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1288:
1283:
1277:
1276:Ruhlen (1998)
1272:
1265:
1261:
1255:
1247:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1214:
1200:
1196:
1190:
1181:
1177:
1166:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1151:
1148:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1121:Austroasiatic
1118:
1114:
1110:
1105:
1104:David Bradley
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1085:
1084:hypothesis).
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1026:
1024:
1020:
1014:
993:
989:
986:
981:
977:
969:
967:
966:
962:
958:
948:
945:
944:
940:
938:
937:
933:
929:
919:
916:
915:
911:
909:
908:
904:
900:
894:
890:
887:
886:
882:
880:
879:
875:
871:
865:
861:
858:
857:
853:
851:
848:
846:
843:
840:
839:
836:
834:
830:
820:
818:
806:
802:
799:
796:
792:
788:
787:
783:
781:
780:
776:
775:
774:
772:
770:
767:
766:
762:
759:
758:
756:
754:
749:
734:
733:
725:
724:
716:
715:
707:
706:
703:
702:
696:
695:
692:
691:
688:
687:
681:
680:
674:
673:
670:
669:
666:
665:
659:
658:
651:
647:
646:
643:
642:
639:
638:
632:
631:
624:
623:
619:
611:
609:
604:
600:
597:
596:Paul Kiparsky
592:
590:
585:
582:
577:
575:
574:North America
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Jared Diamond
551:
547:
546:Lyle Campbell
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
494:
492:
488:
483:
481:
477:
473:
472:Yenisei River
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
452:Paleosiberian
449:
445:
441:
437:
432:
430:
429:Selkup people
426:
422:
418:
414:
411:
407:
402:
400:
399:Vajda (2013b)
394:
392:
391:Vajda (2013a)
386:
383:
378:
374:
371:
367:
362:
360:
359:syllable coda
356:
352:
348:
347:sound changes
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
307:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
275:
273:
268:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
248:
244:
243:
238:
233:
231:
230:agglutinative
227:
223:
219:
218:macrofamilies
215:
211:
204:
200:
199:Yenisei River
196:
187:
185:
184:morphological
181:
180:lexicological
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
127:
118:
107:
102:
99:
96:
94:
90:
85:
82:
80:
77:
76:
75:
71:
68:
64:
62:
58:
55:
51:
50:North America
47:
41:
36:
31:
19:
6530:Sint Maarten
6510:Saint Martin
6200:Dependencies
6130:Turkmenistan
6095:Saudi Arabia
5849:
5842:
5841:Families in
5798:Pre-Goidelic
5793:Pre-Germanic
5623:Indo-Semitic
5618:Indo-Pacific
5613:Indo-Hittite
5528:
5521:
5514:
5444:
5421:Indian Ocean
5388:
5383:Austronesian
5381:
5374:
5367:
5360:
5355:Sino-Tibetan
5353:
5332:
5310:
5305:Sino-Tibetan
5303:
5296:
5289:
5257:
5232:
5225:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5197:
5190:
5183:
5176:
5169:
5162:
5142:
5135:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5109:North Picene
5107:
5100:
5093:
5086:
5079:
5072:
5065:
5053:
5046:
5039:
4975:
4968:
4967:Families in
4902:
4853:
4751:
4739:
4589:
4557:
4548:Pano-Tacanan
4505:
4468:
4456:
4427:Arutani–Sape
4419:
4364:
4346:
4339:
4324:Oto-Manguean
4322:
4305:
4298:
4245:
4233:
4226:
4219:
4212:
4205:
4178:
4171:
4148:
4141:
4129:
4102:
4080:
4073:
4061:
4049:
4032:
4025:
4018:
4011:
4004:
3992:
3985:
3944:
3911:
3907:Western Daly
3885:Pama–Nyungan
3883:
3871:
3864:
3851:
3829:
3824:Eastern Daly
3822:
3814:
3769:
3645:
3633:
3611:
3594:
3572:
3543:Kaure–Kosare
3503:Doso–Turumsa
3493:Chimbu–Wahgi
3483:Bulaka River
3467:Austronesian
3465:
3426:
3419:
3400:
3387:
3380:
3373:
3299:
3292:
3285:
3275:Sino-Tibetan
3273:
3256:
3239:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3186:
3176:Austronesian
3174:
3167:
3155:
3101:
3039:Nilo-Saharan
3037:
3030:
3015:Austronesian
3013:
3006:
2948:
2937:(incomplete)
2928:
2914:
2894:. Retrieved
2874:
2870:
2836:(1): 26–50.
2833:
2829:
2799:(1): 78–90.
2796:
2792:
2782:
2730:
2726:
2669:
2665:
2649:. Retrieved
2611:
2607:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2566:. Retrieved
2561:
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2508:
2457:(1): 20768.
2454:
2450:
2433:. Retrieved
2395:
2391:
2375:. Retrieved
2337:
2333:
2317:. Retrieved
2297:
2293:
2284:
2274:
2258:
2247:
2236:. Retrieved
2231:
2227:
2208:. Retrieved
2203:
2181:. Retrieved
2177:
2151:
2129:
2107:
2089:Bibliography
2059:
2055:
2045:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2006:
1995:
1975:
1968:
1960:
1957:Trask, R. L.
1952:
1944:
1936:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1810:
1798:
1786:
1774:
1763:. Retrieved
1753:
1726:
1722:
1712:
1687:
1683:
1677:
1632:
1628:
1618:
1609:
1605:
1592:
1573:
1567:
1559:
1554:
1545:
1536:
1527:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1486:
1482:
1476:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1449:Language Log
1448:
1439:
1427:
1408:
1404:
1394:
1356:
1344:
1337:Vajda (2010b
1332:
1324:
1319:
1311:
1306:
1294:
1282:
1271:
1263:
1260:Vajda (2010a
1254:
1227:
1223:
1213:
1202:. Retrieved
1198:
1189:
1180:
1129:Austronesian
1101:
1093:Edward Sapir
1088:
1086:
1045:
1027:
1019:M.A. Castrén
1016:
1007:Sino-Tibetan
991:
980:
826:
813:
797:(California)
784:
777:
760:
745:
699:
684:
662:
635:
617:
605:
601:
593:
586:
578:
570:Western Asia
566:Central Asia
562:Central Asia
543:
527:Victor Golla
500:
484:
444:Aldan Rivers
433:
406:Y-chromosome
403:
395:
387:
379:
375:
363:
343:
308:
303:
299:
284:Edward Vajda
281:
269:
256:
251:
247:Vajda (2010a
240:
234:
207:
176:phonological
157:
136:
135:
97:
73:Subdivisions
52:and central
45:distribution
6500:Puerto Rico
6410:Saint Lucia
6360:El Salvador
6259:Asia portal
6160:States with
6080:Philippines
6020:South Korea
6015:North Korea
5910:Afghanistan
5648:Ural-Altaic
5628:Indo-Uralic
5440:Sentinelese
5171:Afroasiatic
5137:Eteocypriot
4861:Germanosign
4765:Mura-Pirahã
4646:Lule–Vilela
4622:Bora-Witoto
4597:Uru–Chipaya
4570:Ticuna–Yuri
4553:Peba–Yaguan
4538:Nambikwaran
4341:Uto-Aztecan
4277:Mesoamerica
4131:Uto-Aztecan
4120:Tsimshianic
4082:Palaihnihan
3952:Malak-Malak
3689:Papuan Gulf
3663:West Papuan
3568:Lower Sepik
3558:Lakes Plain
3461:Arai–Samaia
3449:the Pacific
3157:Afroasiatic
3032:Niger–Congo
3008:Afroasiatic
2583:Diachronica
2283:"Review of
2234:(66): 14–16
2011:Ruhlen 1998
1804:Donner 1930
1792:Werner 1994
1684:Diachronica
1199:www.uaf.edu
464:pastoralist
456:Pacific Rim
413:haplogroups
355:glottalized
319:archaeology
226:typological
164:comparative
147:of central
6555:Categories
6495:Montserrat
6490:Martinique
6485:Guadeloupe
6340:Costa Rica
6140:Uzbekistan
6115:Tajikistan
6030:Kyrgyzstan
6010:Kazakhstan
5930:Bangladesh
5920:Azerbaijan
5788:Pre-Celtic
5756:East Asian
5746:Austro-Tai
5736:Andamanese
5586:Eurasiatic
5507:North Asia
5457:North Asia
5369:Hmong–Mien
5323:Burushaski
5282:South Asia
5253:Kartvelian
5220:Philistine
5130:Eteocretan
5074:Tartessian
4855:Francosign
4703:Chiquitano
4683:Alacalufan
4491:Guaicuruan
4464:Chapacuran
4447:Cahuapanan
4415:Araucanian
4318:Mixe–Zoque
4313:Misumalpan
4027:Comecrudan
3879:Nyulnyulan
3658:Upper Yuat
3635:Torricelli
3607:Senu River
3538:Foja Range
3444:New Guinea
3369:Burushaski
3230:Kartvelian
3205:Hmong–Mien
3021:Khoe–Kwadi
2896:5 November
2651:5 November
2629:1808/16191
2568:5 November
2525:5 November
2464:1508.03097
2435:5 November
2377:5 November
2319:5 November
2238:5 November
2210:5 November
2183:5 November
2062:(3): 176.
1820:Bouda 1957
1816:Bouda 1963
1765:2022-09-06
1204:2024-06-17
1172:References
1117:sprachbund
1109:Hmong-Mien
1078:Burushaski
1058:Burushaski
817:Common Era
801:Athabaskan
701:Athabaskan
608:Ket people
550:Keren Rice
539:Bill Poser
511:James Kari
462:-breeding
425:Ket people
351:originated
323:prehistory
311:James Kari
292:morphology
239:(1998) in
190:Early work
48:northwest
43:Geographic
38:(proposed)
6480:Greenland
6395:Nicaragua
6370:Guatemala
6226:Hong Kong
6180:Palestine
6105:Sri Lanka
6100:Singapore
5980:Indonesia
5813:Pre-Vedic
5803:Pre-Greek
5775:Substrata
5678:Arunachal
5576:Nostratic
5561:Alarodian
5496:Yeniseian
5346:East Asia
5298:Dravidian
5155:West Asia
5123:Tyrsenian
4886:Tanzanian
4827:languages
4724:Hodï/Joti
4668:Isolates
4607:Yanomaman
4543:Otomákoan
4507:Jirajaran
4496:Guajiboan
4458:Catacaoan
4437:Barbacoan
4366:Cuitlatec
4335:Totonacan
4294:Jicaquean
4173:Chimariko
4069:Muskogean
4051:Kalapuyan
4045:Iroquoian
4020:Chumashan
4013:Chinookan
4006:Chimakuan
3924:Yangmanic
3919:Worrorran
3902:Wagaydyic
3792:Australia
3641:Trans-Fly
3307:Yeniseian
3294:Tyrsenian
3188:Dravidian
2891:143597218
2858:163659417
2850:0015-587X
2821:165672534
2813:0015-587X
2757:1932-6203
2696:0027-8424
2430:145787050
2422:1535-0665
2364:0028-0836
2314:0020-7071
2222:(2013b).
2195:(2013a).
2078:2226-471X
2056:Languages
1928:165893686
1912:0008-9192
1873:163603829
1857:0008-9192
1745:260154176
1704:209542004
1289::213–215)
1246:2219-4029
1089:Sino-Dene
769:Yeniseian
637:Yeniseian
594:In 2015,
579:In 2012,
535:Eric Hamp
507:Jeff Leer
497:Reception
315:Jeff Leer
93:Glottolog
84:Yeniseian
65:Proposed
6445:Anguilla
6380:Honduras
6350:Dominica
6325:Barbados
6249:Category
6170:Abkhazia
6120:Thailand
6075:Pakistan
6055:Mongolia
6050:Maldives
6045:Malaysia
5945:Cambodia
5808:Vasconic
5783:Atlantic
5537:Eskaleut
5491:Yukaghir
5406:Koreanic
5401:Tungusic
5396:Mongolic
5334:Harappan
5245:Caucasus
5227:Sumerian
5102:Ligurian
4919:See also
4896:Isolates
4871:Japanese
4811:Yuracaré
4693:Candoshi
4652:Macro-Jê
4617:Zaparoan
4612:Zamucoan
4602:Witotoan
4585:Tucanoan
4580:Tiniguan
4575:Timotean
4559:Quechuan
4528:Matacoan
4523:Mascoian
4513:Jivaroan
4476:Chibchan
4470:Charruan
4421:Arawakan
4358:Isolates
4289:Chibchan
4165:Isolates
4137:Wakashan
4098:Salishan
4040:Eskaleut
3946:Giimbiyu
3938:Isolates
3847:Jarrakan
3842:Iwaidjan
3699:Isolates
3553:Kutubuan
3421:Sumerian
3357:Isolates
3312:Yukaghir
3281:Tungusic
3247:Mongolic
3235:Koreanic
3194:Eskaleut
3085:Isolates
3069:Ubangian
2949:Phys.org
2830:Folklore
2793:Folklore
2775:24621925
2727:PLOS ONE
2646:18265356
2638:12617487
2499:26865217
2392:Language
2372:21850102
2172:(2011).
2106:(2001).
2037:24774894
1959:(2000).
1865:41928491
1669:24621925
1629:PLOS ONE
1379:Archived
1135:See also
1066:Etruscan
1023:cognates
951:тиг, тих
753:Beringia
558:Beringia
460:reindeer
436:homeland
339:folklore
331:genetics
151:and the
6475:Curaçao
6460:Bonaire
6455:Bermuda
6385:Jamaica
6365:Grenada
6320:Bahamas
6145:Vietnam
6060:Myanmar
6040:Lebanon
5970:Georgia
5925:Bahrain
5915:Armenia
5843:italics
5741:Austric
5718:Kho-Bwa
5713:Hrusish
5691:Siangic
5633:Karasuk
5533: ?
5446:Kenaboi
5411:Japonic
5376:Kra–Dai
5337: ?
5328:Kusunda
5234:Elamite
5206:Kassite
5192:Kaskian
5095:Camunic
5067:Iberian
5024:Eurasia
4969:italics
4946:Pidgins
4931:Creoles
4881:Swedish
4849:Chinese
4796:Urarina
4781:Puinave
4735:Itonama
4729:Irantxe
4698:Chimane
4628:Chimuan
4533:Nadahup
4452:Cariban
4432:Aymaran
4393:America
4235:Waikuri
4228:Tonkawa
4221:Timucua
4214:Takelma
4207:Siuslaw
4196:Kutenai
4180:Esselen
4143:Wintuan
4104:Shastan
4075:Na-Dene
4063:Maiduan
4000:Caddoan
3974:America
3928:Wagiman
3926:(incl.
3897:Tangkic
3837:Garawan
3810:Bunuban
3771:Tambora
3738:Maybrat
3706:Abinomn
3629:Teberan
3590:Pauwasi
3580:Mairasi
3548:Kiwaian
3428:Tambora
3414:Shompen
3396:Kusunda
3389:Kenaboi
3375:Elamite
3347:Siangic
3329:Kho-Bwa
3323:Hrusish
3241:Kra–Dai
3225:Japonic
3134:Eurasia
3109:Sandawe
3092:Bangime
3057:Songhay
2766:3951421
2735:Bibcode
2714:9811914
2674:Bibcode
2490:4750364
2469:Bibcode
2342:Bibcode
1660:3951421
1637:Bibcode
1125:Kra–Dai
1082:Karasuk
1040:form a
965:tłʼiish
907:(a)keeʼ
835:words.
779:Tlingit
664:Tlingit
650:Na-Dene
476:caribou
335:kinship
302:in the
265:genetic
261:lumpers
203:Siberia
172:Eurasia
149:Siberia
79:Na-Dene
54:Siberia
6400:Panama
6390:Mexico
6335:Canada
6330:Belize
6190:Taiwan
6125:Turkey
6090:Russia
6025:Kuwait
6005:Jordan
5995:Israel
5955:Cyprus
5940:Brunei
5935:Bhutan
5703:Mijiic
5696:Digaro
5643:Pontic
5571:Borean
5566:Altaic
5530:Rouran
5523:Turkic
5516:Uralic
5505:Other
5390:Turkic
5318:Nihali
5213:Gutian
5185:Hattic
5178:Turkic
5144:Minoan
5116:Sicani
5061:Basque
5055:Turkic
5048:Uralic
5032:Europe
4844:BANZSL
4806:Yamana
4791:Trumai
4760:Movima
4714:Fulniô
4677:Aikanã
4591:Tupian
4486:Chonan
4410:Arauan
4348:Xincan
4300:Lencan
4253:Yokuts
4150:Yukian
4115:Tanoan
4110:Siouan
4093:Pomoan
4034:Coosan
3860:Mirndi
3753:Porome
3748:Pawaia
3602:Senagi
3574:Madang
3523:Eleman
3478:Border
3409:Nihali
3402:Minoan
3382:Hattic
3364:Basque
3335:Mijiic
3317:Digaro
3301:Uralic
3287:Turkic
3138:Europe
2995:Africa
2889:
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2848:
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1723:Humans
1702:
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1387:online
1244:
1127:, and
1113:Altaic
1062:Basque
985:Navajo
946:snake
859:stone
850:Navajo
833:Navajo
793:South
746:Using
537:, and
513:, and
337:, and
124:
122:
115:
113:
6450:Aruba
6375:Haiti
6231:Macau
6150:Yemen
6110:Syria
6085:Qatar
6065:Nepal
6000:Japan
5975:India
5965:Egypt
5950:China
5481:Nivkh
5435:Ongan
4801:Warao
4770:Nukak
4741:Kunza
4719:Guató
4708:Cofán
4688:Camsá
4481:Choco
4442:Boran
4391:South
4372:Huave
4307:Mayan
4258:Yuchi
4241:Washo
4191:Karuk
4186:Haida
4125:Utian
4057:Keres
3994:Alsea
3987:Algic
3972:North
3764:Taiap
3758:Sulka
3613:Sepik
3528:Engan
3269:Ongan
3252:Nivkh
3120:Shabo
3103:Jalaa
3097:Hadza
3051:Mande
2887:S2CID
2854:S2CID
2817:S2CID
2705:25007
2642:S2CID
2558:(PDF)
2459:arXiv
2426:S2CID
2290:(PDF)
2200:(PDF)
2033:JSTOR
1924:S2CID
1916:JSTOR
1869:S2CID
1861:JSTOR
1741:S2CID
1700:S2CID
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864:ты’сь
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6345:Cuba
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6035:Laos
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5985:Iran
5850:bold
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5476:Ainu
4976:bold
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3733:Kuot
3716:Anêm
3711:Abun
3678:Yuat
3673:Yawa
3619:Skou
3596:Ramu
3447:and
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3143:Asia
3141:and
3114:Laal
3075:Kadu
3063:Ijaw
3026:Kx'a
2898:2018
2846:ISSN
2809:ISSN
2771:PMID
2753:ISSN
2710:PMID
2692:ISSN
2653:2018
2634:PMID
2570:2018
2540:ISBN
2527:2018
2514:ISBN
2495:PMID
2437:2018
2418:ISSN
2379:2018
2368:PMID
2360:ISSN
2321:2018
2310:ISSN
2240:2018
2212:2018
2185:2018
2156:ISBN
2134:ISBN
2112:ISBN
2074:ISSN
1981:ISBN
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1818:and
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2400:doi
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