1141:. Consequently, it is difficult to place it in the family with much certainty. Athabaskanists have concluded that it is a Northern Athabaskan language consistent with its geographical occurrence, and that it might have some relation to its distant neighbor Tahltan. Tsetsaut, however, shares its primary hydronymic suffix ("river, stream") with Sekani, Beaver, and Tsuut'ina – PA *-ɢah – rather than with that of Tahltan, Tagish, Kaska, and North and South Tutchone – PA *-tuʼ (Kari 1996; Kari, Fall, & Pete 2003:39). The ambiguity surrounding Tsetsaut is why it is placed in its own subgroup in the Rice–Goddard–Mithun classification.
154:
3469:
958:
rather than sound linguistic comparisons. Despite this inadequacy, current comparative
Athabaskan literature demonstrates that most Athabaskanists still use the three-way geographic grouping rather than any of the proposed linguistic groupings given below, because none of them has been widely accepted. This situation will presumably change as both documentation and analysis of the languages improves.
917:'s 2010 advances, the reconstructions of Na-Dene (or Athabascan–Eyak–Tlingit) consonants, this latter grouping is considered by Alaskan linguists to be a well-demonstrated family. Because both Tlingit and Eyak are fairly remote from the Athabaskan languages in terms of their sound systems, comparison is usually done between them and the
1481:
The
Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie language is debatably part of the Pacific Coast subgroup, but has marginally more in common with the Northern Athabaskan languages than it does with the Pacific Coast languages (Leer 2005). It thus forms a notional sort of bridge between the Northern Athabaskan languages and
1172:
of east-central Alaska. There are many homologies between Proto-Athabaskan vocabulary and patterns reflected in archaeological sites such as Upward Sun, Swan Point and Broken
Mammoth (Kari 2010). The Northern Athabaskan group also contains the most linguistically conservative languages, particularly
1108:
The
Northern group is particularly problematic in its internal organization. Due to the failure of the usual criteria of shared innovation and systematic phonetic correspondences to provide well-defined subgroupings, the Athabaskan family – especially the Northern group – has been called a "cohesive
1719:
methods, Sicoli & Holton (2014) proposed the following classification for the
Athabaskan languages based exclusively on typological (non-lexical) data. However, this phylogenetic study was criticized as methodologically flawed by Yanovich (2020), since it did not employ sufficient input data to
332:
in his 1836 (written 1826) classification of the languages of North
America. He acknowledged that it was his choice to use this name for the language family and the associated ethnic groups: "I have designated them by the arbitrary denomination of Athabascas, which derived from the original name of
511:
The following list gives the
Athabaskan languages organized by their geographic location in various North American states, provinces and territories (including some languages that are now extinct). Several languages, such as Navajo and Gwich'in, span the boundaries: these languages are repeated by
1104:
Neither subgrouping has found any significant support among other
Athabaskanists. Details of the Athabaskan family tree should be regarded as tentative. As Tuttle and Hargus put it, "we do not consider the points of difference between the two models ... to be decisively settled and in fact expect
957:
The internal structure of the
Athabaskan language family is complex, and its exact shape is still a hotly debated issue among experts. The conventional three-way split into Northern, Pacific Coast, and Southern is essentially based on geography and the physical distribution of Athabaskan peoples
503:
The seven
Southern Athabaskan languages are isolated by considerable distance from both the Pacific Coast languages and the Northern languages. Reflecting an ancient migration of peoples, they are spoken by Native Americans in the American Southwest and the northwestern part of
391:, which is how many of their native speakers identify it. They are applying these terms to the entire language family. For example, following a motion by attendees in 2012, the annual Athabaskan Languages Conference changed its name to the Dené Languages Conference.
1056:
Branches 1–7 are the Northern Athabaskan (areal) grouping. Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai (#7) was normally placed inside the Pacific Coast grouping, but a recent consideration by Krauss (2005) does not find it very similar to these languages.
1120:
Debate continues as to whether the Pacific Coast languages form a valid genealogical grouping, or whether this group may instead have internal branches that are tied to different subgroups in Northern Athabaskan. The position of
487:
The seven or more Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages are spoken in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. These include Applegate, Galice, several Rogue River area languages, Upper Coquille, Tolowa, and Upper Umpqua in
2858:
Krauss, Michael E. (1986). "Edward Sapir and Athabaskan Linguistics, with Preliminary Annotated Bibliography of Sapir's Work on Athabaskan and Na-Dene". In Cowan, William; Foster, Michael; Koerner, K. (eds.).
1129:
are so poor – Krauss describes them as "too few and too wretched" (Krauss 2005) – that it is difficult to make any reliable conclusions about it. Nicola may be intermediate between Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai and
3991:
938:, for example, takes the position that recent improved data on Haida have served to conclusively disprove the Haida-inclusion hypothesis. Haida has been determined to be unrelated to Athabaskan languages.
966:
Besides the traditional geographic grouping described previously, there are a few comparatively based subgroupings of the Athabaskan languages. Below the two most current viewpoints are presented.
949:
of Western Washington University summarized ten years of research, based on verbal morphology and reconstructions of the proto-languages, indicating that these languages might be related.
1117:
or family tree model of genetic classification may be inappropriate. The languages of the Southern branch are much more homogeneous and are the only clearly genealogical subgrouping.
1447:
The Nicola language is so poorly attested that it is impossible to determine its position within the family. It has been proposed by some to be an isolated branch of Chilcotin.
3228:
1164:
The Northern Athabaskan languages are the largest group in the Athabaskan family, although this group varies internally about as much as do languages in the entire family. The
528:
British Columbia: Babine–Witsuwit'en, Bearlake, Beaver, Chilcotin, Dakelh/Carrier, Hare, Kaska, Mountain, Nicola Athapaskan, Sekani/Tsek'ene, Slavey, Tagish, Tahltan, Tsetsaut
5842:
5837:
5781:
981:(1999). It represents what is generously called the "Rice–Goddard–Mithun" classification (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:73), although it is almost entirely due to Keren Rice.
4180:
5832:
4038:
4807:
2584:
516:
Alaska: Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Dena'ina/Tanaina, Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hän, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Upper Kuskokwim
3481:
3006:
Leer, Jeff (2010). "The Palatal Series in Athabascan-Eyak-Tlingit, with an Overview of the Basic Sound Correspondences". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
4798:
3458:
191:
283:). Kari and Potter (2010:10) place the total territory of the 53 Athabaskan languages at 4,022,000 square kilometres (1,553,000 sq mi).
5791:
2594:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 194–222. Archived from
5827:
5687:
4334:
2625:
Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (2010). "The Dene-Yeniseian Connection: Bridging Asian and North America.". In Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (eds.).
2932:. Alaska Native Language Center research papers. Vol. 5. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska, Alaska Native Language Center. CA962KL1981.
1748:
2677:
3427:
999:(Deg Hit'an, Holikachuk/Kolchan, Koyukon, Upper Kuskokwim, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, N. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Gwich'in, Hän)
1810:
914:
921:
Proto-Athabaskan language. This resembles both Tlingit and Eyak much more than most of the daughter languages in the Athabaskan family.
5822:
5786:
2861:
New Perspectives in Language, Culture, and Personality: Proceedings of the Edward Sapir Centenary Conference (Ottawa, 1–3 October 1984)
3906:
3254:
2887:
1060:
A different classification by Jeff Leer is the following, usually called the "Leer classification" (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:72–74):
2257:
1125:
is also debated, since it may fall in either the Pacific Coast group – if that exists – or into the Northern group. The records of
3140:
Sapir, Edward (1931). "The concept of phonetic law as tested in primitive languages by Leonard Bloomfield". In Rice, S. A. (ed.).
5847:
3010:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 168–193.
2489:
Hoijer, Harry (1971). "The position of the Apachean languages in the Athpaskan stock". In Basso, Keith H.; Opler, M. E. (eds.).
4791:
3451:
3222:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 33–99.
1720:
generate a robust tree that does not depend on the initial choice of the "tree prior", i.e. the model for the tree generation.
1005:(Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza/Beaver, Slavey, Mountain, Bearlake, Hare, Tłįchǫ Yat'iì/Dogrib, Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan)
2629:. Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska, new series. Vol. 5. Fairbanks: University of Alaska. pp. 1–24.
540:
Oregon: Applegate, Clatskanie, Galice, Rogue River (Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek, Tututni, Upper Coquille), Tolowa, Upper Umpqua
4811:
3756:
3327:
3248:
3074:
2974:
2876:
2643:
2403:
2142:
352:—are in approximately equal use. Particular communities may prefer one spelling over another (Krauss 1987). For example, the
3497:
934:
in their definition of the Na-Dene family, linguists who work actively on Athabaskan languages discount this position. The
272:
3368:
2895:. Sitka, AK: Division of Alaska State Museums and the Friends of the Alaska State Museum. pp. 105–108. Archived from
2653:
Kibrik, Andrej A. (1996). "Transitivity decrease in Navajo and Athabaskan: Actor-affecting propositional derivations". In
1144:
For detailed lists including languages, dialects, and subdialects, see the respective articles on the three major groups:
5660:
3489:
2943:. Alaska Native Language Center research papers. Vol. 1. Fairbanks, AK: Alaska Native Language Center. CA965L1979b.
4574:
4540:
4327:
4296:
2634:
Kibrik, Andrej A. (1993). "Transitivity increase in Athabaskan languages". In Comrie, Bernard; Polinsky, Maria (eds.).
2595:
2493:. Anthropological papers of the University of Arizona. Vol. 21. Tucson: University of Arizona Press. pp. 3–6.
408:
106:
1156:. For the remainder of this article, the conventional three-way geographic grouping will be followed except as noted.
5740:
4784:
3444:
3389:
3042:
3024:
2984:
Leer, Jeff (2005). "How stress shapes the stem-suffix complex in Athabaskan". In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2666:
2615:
2378:
2359:
2319:
2052:
512:
location in this list. For alternative names for the languages, see the classifications given later in this article.
243:
3179:
Saville-Troike, Muriel (1985). "On variable data and phonetic law: A case from Sapir's Athabaskan correspondences".
5796:
4138:
3776:
3691:
3170:
Sapir, Edward; Golla, Victor (2001). "Hupa Texts, with Notes and Lexicon". In Golla, Victor; O'Neill, Sean (eds.).
2889:
Faces, Voices & Dreams: A celebration of the centennial of the Sheldon Jackson Museum, Sitka, Alaska, 1888–1988
892:
5190:
5159:
4237:
3394:
173:
2298:
1998:
1072:(Ahtna, Dena'ina, Deg Hit'an, Koyukon, Holikachuk/Kolchan, Lower Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Tanana, Gwich'in, Hän)
3936:
3861:
3696:
2484:. University of California publications in linguistics. Vol. 29. Berkeley: University of California Press.
2395:
2118:
1500:
1418:
1389:
Very little is known about Tsetsaut, and for this reason it is routinely placed in its own tentative subgroup.
4506:
3299:"Recent advances in AET comparison: Paper prepared for the Dene-Yeniseian Symposium. Fairbanks, Feb. 26, 2008"
5817:
4776:
4681:
4676:
4661:
4351:
4320:
1871:
935:
866:
522:
Northwest Territories: Bearlake, Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan, Gwich'in, Hare, Mountain, Slavey, Tłįchǫ Yatiì/Dogrib
413:
403:
357:
111:
101:
279:, located in western North America in three areal language groups: Northern, Pacific Coast and Southern (or
4213:
3976:
2755:
Krauss, Michael E. (1968). "Noun-classification systems in the Athapaskan, Eyak, Tlingit and Haida verbs".
399:
Linguists conventionally divide the Athabaskan family into three groups, based on geographic distribution:
381:
is prevalent in linguistics and anthropology, there is an increasing trend among scholars to use the terms
2969:. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and monographs. Vol. 45. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 73–98.
187:
183:
5508:
4083:
3886:
3436:
2863:. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences. Vol. 41. Amsterdam: Benjamins. pp. 147–190.
2275:. University Museum Anthropological Publications. Vol. 8. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.
519:
Yukon: Gwich'in/Kutchin, Hän, Kaska, Mountain, Tagish, Northern Tutchone, Southern Tutchone, Upper Tanana
5852:
5745:
5126:
4201:
4185:
4006:
3981:
3951:
3896:
3706:
2726:
Krauss, Michael E. (1965). "The proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, II: The morphology".
1945:
1939:
1716:
1585:
17:
4521:
4118:
4108:
3971:
3926:
3711:
2697:
Krauss, Michael E. (1964). "The proto-Athapaskan–Eyak and the problem of Na-Dene, I: The phonology".
2638:. Studies in Language Comparison Series. Vol. 23. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. pp. 47–68.
1122:
918:
89:
3310:
Saxon, Leslie (2024). "Dene – Athabaskan". In Carmen Dagostino; Marianne Mithun; Keren Rice (eds.).
5755:
5606:
5588:
5251:
4834:
4434:
4143:
4098:
3831:
3676:
3472:
1765:
1235:
1149:
896:
823:
353:
2686:
2527:
Kari, James (1989). "Affix positions and zones in the Athapaskan verb complex: Ahtna and Navajo".
4691:
4103:
4068:
4058:
4053:
4043:
3941:
3841:
3811:
3806:
3786:
3781:
3701:
3338:
1676:
4511:
3406:
3218:
Vajda, Edward (2010). "A Siberian Link with Na-Dene Languages". In Kari, J.; Potter, B. (eds.).
895:, extensive shared vocabulary, and cross-linguistically unique homologies in both verb and noun
5582:
5540:
5349:
5315:
5033:
4729:
4225:
4133:
4063:
3921:
3801:
3796:
3771:
3111:. Memoirs of the Canadian Geological Survey. Vol. 90. Ottawa: Government Printing Bureau.
1634:
888:
169:
3424:
2917:
Krauss, Michael E.; Golla, Victor (1981). "Northern Athapaskan languages". In Helm, J. (ed.).
2826:
Krauss, Michael E. (1979a). "Na-Dene and Eskimo". In Campbell, Lyle; Mithun, Marianne (eds.).
5750:
5696:
5615:
5593:
5234:
5116:
4646:
4439:
4414:
4242:
4206:
4148:
4011:
3931:
3851:
3721:
3613:
3298:
3272:
3149:
Sapir, Edward (1936). "Linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho".
2994:
2938:
2927:
2814:
1894:
1887:
1820:
1468:
1243:
1037:
846:
433:
5648:
5641:
4560:
2949:
2846:
2836:
5575:
5423:
4989:
4164:
4016:
3826:
3525:
2557:
2217:
Yanovich, Igor (2020). "Phylogenetic linguistic evidence and the Dene-Yeniseian homeland".
2171:
2006:, another trade language based on at least Dëne Sųłiné (Chipewyan) and Gwich'in (Loucheux).
1933:
1779:
1593:
1376:
1280:
1196:
685:
616:
477:
325:
4392:
4371:
3468:
3106:
2896:
1414:(also known as "British Columbian" in contrast with "Cordilleran" = Tahltan–Tagish–Kaska)
8:
5760:
5599:
5557:
5497:
5476:
5270:
5206:
5149:
5097:
5082:
5055:
5023:
4839:
4403:
4123:
4088:
4073:
4028:
4021:
3996:
3966:
3956:
3911:
3816:
3579:
2369:
Cook, Eung-Do; Rice, Keren (1989). "Introduction". In Cook, Eung-Do; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2071:
1796:
1731:
1652:
1219:
1153:
1145:
942:
731:
313:
35:
4301:
3399:
2389:
2342:
2261:
2175:
5671:
5627:
5551:
5451:
5437:
5367:
5257:
5073:
5017:
5010:
4921:
4905:
4707:
4455:
4429:
4387:
3846:
3510:
3196:
2772:
2743:
2714:
2544:
2515:
2459:
2234:
2194:
2159:
1900:
1691:
1659:
1550:
1434:
1252:
1211:
1131:
1126:
800:
777:
639:
497:
457:
286:
4894:
144:
5735:
5677:
5430:
5413:
5388:
5374:
5229:
5092:
5087:
5049:
4932:
4554:
4465:
4424:
4419:
3891:
3881:
3866:
3791:
3726:
3628:
3323:
3244:
3240:
3200:
3120:
3112:
3070:
3038:
3020:
2970:
2907:
Krauss, Michael E. (2005). "Athabaskan tone". In Hargus, Sharon; Rice, Keren (eds.).
2872:
2776:
2747:
2718:
2662:
2639:
2611:
2548:
2519:
2463:
2409:
2399:
2374:
2355:
2315:
2276:
2238:
2199:
2138:
1848:
1758:
1402:
1339:
1273:
1266:
1138:
1110:
1045:
906:
453:
72:
1078:(Tsetsaut, N. Tutchone, S. Tutchone, Tagish, Tahltan, Kaska, Sekani, Dunneza/Beaver)
5765:
5710:
5703:
5621:
5562:
5490:
5483:
5402:
5360:
5325:
5283:
5264:
5239:
5200:
5179:
5173:
5136:
5043:
4941:
4887:
4880:
4873:
4852:
4752:
4632:
4609:
4602:
4516:
4490:
4409:
4218:
3821:
3618:
3587:
3315:
3236:
3188:
3158:
3093:
2864:
2764:
2735:
2706:
2569:
2536:
2507:
2451:
2430:
2338:
2226:
2189:
2179:
1972:
1967:
1881:
1842:
1802:
1738:
1543:
1426:
1313:
1227:
902:
754:
437:
205:
3162:
3097:
2921:. Vol. 6: Subarctic. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 67–85.
2797:. Current trends in linguistics. Vol. 1. The Hague: Mouton. pp. 903–978.
2434:
2103:
293:
is spoken by the largest number of people of any native language north of Mexico.
5568:
5525:
5518:
5395:
5381:
5331:
5245:
5220:
5143:
5109:
5103:
5000:
4966:
4866:
4828:
4686:
4639:
4626:
4547:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4460:
3876:
3667:
3592:
3506:
3431:
3407:"Oregon Athapaskan Languages: Bibliography of the Athapaskan Languages of Oregon"
3372:
3128:
2373:. Trends in Linguistics. Vol. 15. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. pp. 1–61.
2284:
2184:
2134:
The Dene-Yeniseian Connection: Anthropological Papers of the University of Alaska
2132:
2056:
2003:
1920:
1835:
1827:
1668:
1603:
1455:
1368:
1347:
1331:
1306:
1033:
1026:(Upper Umpqua, Tututni, Galice–Applegate, Tolowa, Hupa, Mattole, Eel River, Kato)
978:
481:
467:
329:
290:
67:
31:
4397:
3312:
The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America: A Comprehensive Guide
2270:
1912:
1288:
708:
5634:
5466:
5444:
5297:
5276:
5168:
5062:
4982:
4975:
4914:
4859:
4767:
4744:
4712:
4590:
4470:
4366:
4268:
3761:
3746:
3741:
3485:
3365:
2654:
1992:
1976:
1926:
1865:
1772:
1698:
1558:
1505:
1321:
1189:
1090:(Dëne Sųłiné/Chipewyan, Slavey, Mountain, Bearlake, Hare, Tłįchǫ Yat'iì/Dogrib)
931:
593:
309:
4806:
3319:
3285:
3124:
2574:
2558:"A Preliminary View of Hydronymic Districts in Northern Athabaskan Prehistory"
5811:
5338:
5304:
5290:
4948:
4845:
4596:
3736:
3681:
3572:
3532:
2413:
1988:
1742:
1535:
1169:
880:
662:
305:
301:
289:
is spoken over the largest area of any North American native language, while
276:
60:
30:"Athabaskan" redirects here. For any of the ships named HMCS Athabaskan, see
3174:. Vol. 14: Northwest California Linguistics. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
2886:
Krauss, Michael E. (1987). "The name Athabaskan". In Corey, Peter L. (ed.).
2868:
2329:
Cook, Eung-Do (1981). "Athabaskan linguistics: Proto-Athapaskan phonology".
2289:
1096:(Tsuut'ina/Sarsi, Apachean, Pacific Coast Athabaskan, Kwalhioqua–Tlatskanai)
4230:
3383:
3132:
2962:
2280:
2203:
1573:
1259:
1041:
974:
946:
445:
420:
The 32 Northern Athabaskan languages are spoken throughout the interior of
3466:
2471:
Hoijer, Harry (1963). "The Athapaskan languages". In Hoijer, Harry (ed.).
2230:
2049:
328:
and therefore not itself an Athabaskan language. The name was assigned by
130:
4276:
3419:
1105:
them to be debated for some time to come." (Tuttle & Hargus 2004:74)
508:. This group comprises the six Southern Athabaskan languages and Navajo.
3067:
Morpheme Order and Semantic Scope: Word Formation in the Athapaskan Verb
2350:
Cook, Eung-Do (1992). "Athabaskan languages". In Bright, William (ed.).
4312:
4260:
3548:
2312:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
2303:
Native American Studies Collection, Ethnic Studies Library, UC Berkeley
970:
926:
883:
and Athabaskan together form a genealogical linguistic grouping called
493:
366:
153:
2828:
The languages of native America: Historical and comparative assessment
3836:
3565:
3541:
3515:
3084:
Sapir, Edward (1915). "The Na-Dene languages, a preliminary report".
2160:"Linguistic Phylogenies Support Back-Migration from Beringia to Asia"
2114:
1789:
138:
124:
120:
3314:. Vol. 2. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 875–930.
2442:
Hoijer, Harry (1956). "The Chronology of the Athapaskan languages".
3652:
3644:
3636:
3605:
3558:
3192:
2786:
On the classification in the Athapascan, Eyak, and the Tlingit verb
2768:
2739:
2710:
2679:
A typologically oriented portrait of the Athabaskan language family
2540:
2511:
2455:
1482:
the Pacific Coast languages, along with Nicola (Krauss 1979/2004).
1165:
449:
280:
179:
3116:
3108:
Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: A study in method
2803:
Krauss, Michael E. (1976). "Na-Dene". In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
2793:
Krauss, Michael E. (1973). "Na-Dene". In Sebeok, Thomas A. (ed.).
2608:
Shem Pete's Alaska: The territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Denaʼina
3361:
2961:
Leer, Jeff (1990). "Tlingit: A portmanteau language family?". In
2585:"The concept of geolinguistic conservatism in Na-Dene prehistory"
2371:
Athapaskan linguistics: Current perspectives on a language family
441:
2815:"Proto-Athabaskan–Eyak fricatives and the first person singular"
2498:
Hymes, Dell H. (1957). "A note on Athapaskan glottochronology".
2083:
1589:(also known as Tututni, Chasta Costa, Euchre Creek and Coquille)
3339:"Athabaskan Languages and the Schools: A Handbook for Teachers"
2659:
Athabaskan language studies: Essays in honor of Robert W. Young
1422:(also known as Northern Carrier, Bulkley Valley/Lakes District)
969:
The following is an outline of the classification according to
505:
489:
480:(Kutchin, Loucheux), and the Northern and Southern variants of
425:
421:
321:
2847:"On the history and use of comparative Athapaskan linguistics"
941:
A symposium in Alaska in February 2008 included papers on the
905:
is distantly related to the Athabaskan–Eyak group to form the
492:; Eel River, Hupa, Mattole–Bear River, and Tolowa in northern
235:
3052:
Rice, Keren (1997). "A reexamination of Proto-Athabaskan y".
543:
California: Eel River, Hupa, Mattole–Bear River, Kato, Tolowa
429:
3212:. Vol. 1–20. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
2067:
1137:
Similarly to Nicola, there is very limited documentation on
382:
214:
3552:
3520:
3378:
2661:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. pp. 259–304.
2421:
Hoijer, Harry (1938). "The southern Athapaskan languages".
1597:(also known as Galice/Taltushtuntede, Applegate/Dakubetede)
555:
New Mexico: Chiricahua, Mescalero, Jicarilla, Lipan, Navajo
217:
2475:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 1–29.
2045:
1173:
Koyukon, Ahtna, Dena'ina, and Dakelh/Carrier (Leer 2008).
3144:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 297–306.
226:
211:
2272:
Grammatical notes on the language of the Tlingit Indians
1014:(Babine–Witsuwit'en, Dakelh/Carrier, Chilcotin, Nicola?)
374:
in naming the language family and individual languages.
3425:
ATHAPBASCKAN-L mailing list for Athabaskan linguistics
2657:; Midgette, Sally; Rice, Keren; Saxon, Leslie (eds.).
1380:(also known as Chipewyan, Dëne Sųłiné, Dene Soun'liné)
838:
833:
828:
815:
810:
805:
792:
787:
782:
769:
764:
759:
746:
741:
736:
723:
718:
713:
700:
695:
690:
677:
672:
667:
654:
649:
644:
631:
626:
621:
608:
603:
598:
531:
Alberta: Beaver, Dëne Sųłiné, Slavey, Tsuut'ina/Sarcee
2354:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 122–128.
244:
232:
229:
208:
5843:
Indigenous languages of the North American Subarctic
5838:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
2260:. University of California, Berkeley. Archived from
223:
178:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
3214:(As of January 2024, vols. 18–20 not yet published)
1302:Tahltan–Tagish–Kaska (also known as "Cordilleran")
930:still gives the Athabaskan family as a relative of
220:
158:
Geographic distribution of the Athabaskan languages
1607:(also known as Smith River, Chetco, Siletz Dee-ni)
1554:(also known as Wailaki, Lassik, Nongatl, Sinkyone)
537:Washington: Kwalhioqua-Clatskanai (Willapa, Suwal)
5833:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
2940:Proto-Athabaskan verb stem variation I: Phonology
2788:. Baltimore: Waverly Press by Indiana University.
2605:
1048:, Mescalero–Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Lipan, Plains)
865:Information in this table was retrieved from the
5809:
2967:Linguistic change and reconstruction methodology
2025:Native American Place Names of the United States
1215:(also known as Deg Hitʼan, Ingalik (deprecated))
192:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
3404:
2606:Kari, James; Fall, James A.; Shem Pete (2003).
2299:"California Indian Library Collections Project"
1168:of the Athabaskan family is most likely in the
1084:(Babine–Witsuwit'en, Dakelh/Carrier, Chilcotin)
571:
461:
5507:
3178:
2988:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 278–318.
2913:Revision of unpublished manuscript dated 1979.
2027:. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, pg. 52
1539:(also known as Hupa-Chilula, Chilula, Whilkut)
27:Group of indigenous languages of North America
4792:
4328:
3452:
3181:International Journal of American Linguistics
2950:"Navajo and comparative Athabaskan stem list"
2911:. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. pp. 51–136.
2757:International Journal of American Linguistics
2728:International Journal of American Linguistics
2699:International Journal of American Linguistics
2610:. Fairbanks, AK: University of Alaska Press.
2529:International Journal of American Linguistics
2500:International Journal of American Linguistics
2444:International Journal of American Linguistics
1710:
2157:
471:
5686:
2916:
2685:. ALT-IV. Santa Barbara, CA. Archived from
2131:Kari, James M.; Potter, Ben Austin (2011).
1517:
552:Arizona: Chiricahua, Navajo, Western Apache
4799:
4785:
4335:
4321:
3459:
3445:
3390:Athabaskan Satellites & ASL Ion-Morphs
3207:
3169:
2925:
2624:
2130:
952:
875:
4808:Indigenous language families and isolates
3907:Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council
3037:. Summer Institute of Linguistics. 1973.
2841:(Published with revisions as Krauss 2005)
2590:. In Kari, James; Potter, Ben A. (eds.).
2573:
2352:International encyclopedia of linguistics
2288:
2193:
2183:
1472:(also known as Sarcee, Sarsi, Tsuu T'ina)
1284:(also known as Kutchin, Loucheux, Tukudh)
320:' there are reeds one after another') in
5412:
4342:
3992:Stoney Nakoda - Tsuut'ina Tribal Council
3336:
2368:
2309:
2216:
2084:"Dené (Athabaskan) Languages Conference"
496:; and possibly Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie in
456:in the Northwest Territories, including
3341:. Juneau: Alaska Native Language Center
2929:Athabaskan, Eyak, and Tlingit sonorants
2926:Krauss, Michael E.; Leer, Jeff (1981).
2825:
14:
5810:
3142:Methods in social science: A case book
3014:
2906:
2885:
2857:
2844:
2834:
2812:
2802:
2792:
2783:
2754:
2725:
2696:
2675:
2652:
2633:
2491:Apachean culture history and ethnology
2488:
2479:
2470:
2441:
2420:
2158:Sicoli, Mark A.; Holton, Gary (2014).
1616:
1353:Slavey (also known as Southern Slavey)
1159:
34:. For the ethnic group in Alaska, see
5828:Indigenous languages of North America
4780:
4316:
3757:Confederacy of Treaty 6 First Nations
3440:
3309:
3226:
3217:
3148:
3139:
3104:
3083:
3017:The Languages of Native North America
2807:. New York: Plenum. pp. 283–358.
2497:
2387:
2314:. New York: Oxford University Press.
1508:–Tlatskanie or Kwalhioqua-Tlatskanai)
3405:Don Macnaughtan (10 February 2014).
3296:
3283:
3270:
3208:Sturtevant, William C., ed. (1978).
3064:
3051:
3015:Mithun, Marianne (4 November 1999).
3005:
2992:
2983:
2960:
2947:
2936:
2845:Krauss, Michael E. (November 1981).
2830:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
2582:
2555:
2526:
2349:
2328:
2268:
1586:Lower Rogue River and Upper Coquille
182:. For the distinction between ,
2995:"Recent advances in AET comparison"
2482:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
2473:Studies in the Athapaskan languages
2343:10.1146/annurev.an.10.100181.001345
1961:
1459:(also known as Stuwix, Similkameen)
561:Oklahoma: Chiricahua, Plains Apache
24:
4297:List of Indian reserves in Alberta
3366:Pan-Athapaskan Comparative Lexicon
3263:
3210:Handbook of North American Indians
2919:Handbook of North American Indians
2072:Language Family Trees – Athapaskan
1995:based on Slavey, French, and Cree.
1406:(also known as Tsʼetsʼaut, Wetalh)
409:Pacific Coast Athabaskan languages
25:
5864:
5823:First Nations languages in Canada
3355:
2137:. Alaska Native Language Center.
1412:Central British Columbia subgroup
1200:(also known as Tanaina, Kenaitze)
436:, as well as in the provinces of
424:and the interior of northwestern
3467:
3386:(University of Alaska Fairbanks)
3286:"Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon"
2805:Native languages of the Americas
1231:(also known as Denaakkʼe, Tenʼa)
452:. Five Athabaskan languages are
204:
152:
3229:"The Dené-Yeniseian Hypothesis"
3227:Vajda, Edward J. (2023-01-12).
3172:Collected Works of Edward Sapir
2249:
2210:
1680:(also known as Coyotero Apache)
174:International Phonetic Alphabet
5848:Languages of the United States
3862:Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council
3384:Comparative Athabaskan Lexicon
3364:(PanDeneComPlex; formerly the
3303:Alaska Native Language Archive
3290:Alaska Native Language Archive
3277:Alaska Native Language Archive
3241:10.1093/obo/9780199772810-0064
3069:. Cambridge University Press.
3019:. Cambridge University Press.
2999:Alaska Native Language Archive
2851:Alaska Native Language Archive
2819:Alaska Native Language Archive
2396:University of California Press
2151:
2124:
2119:University of Alaska Fairbanks
2108:
2097:
2076:
2061:
2039:
2030:
2017:
1749:South Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1530:California Athabaskan subgroup
1490:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie subgroup
973:, based on those published in
13:
1:
3379:Alaska Native Language Center
3220:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
3163:10.1525/aa.1936.38.2.02a00040
3098:10.1525/aa.1915.17.3.02a00080
3008:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2954:Alaska Native Language Center
2627:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2592:The Dene–Yeniseian Connection
2556:Kari, James (December 1996).
2435:10.1525/aa.1938.40.1.02a00080
2331:Annual Review of Anthropology
2115:Alaska Native Language Center
2046:Alaska Native Language Center
2036:Albert Gallatin, 1836:116–17.
2010:
1979:of the Athabaskan languages.
1206:Central Alaska–Yukon subgroup
1113:(1973, 1982). Therefore, the
936:Alaska Native Language Center
867:Alaska Native Language Center
414:Southern Athabaskan languages
404:Northern Athabaskan languages
358:Alaska Native Language Center
4195:Not headquartered in Alberta
3395:Yukon Native Language Center
3362:Pan-Dene Comparative Lexicon
2795:Linguistics in North America
2185:10.1371/journal.pone.0091722
1638:(also known as Kiowa-Apache)
1372:(also known as Tłįchǫ Yatiì)
1298:Northwestern Canada subgroup
572:Alaskan Athabaskan languages
462:
394:
317:
7:
4084:Western Cree Tribal Council
3065:Rice, Keren (18 May 2000).
3054:Anthropological Linguistics
2835:Krauss, Michael E. (1979).
2813:Krauss, Michael E. (1977).
2799:(Reprinted as Krauss 1976.)
2784:Krauss, Michael E. (1969).
2636:Causatives and Transitivity
2480:Hoijer, Harry, ed. (1963).
2391:California Indian languages
1982:
1438:(also known as Tsilhqot'in)
961:
856:
853:
850:
837:
832:
827:
814:
809:
804:
791:
786:
781:
768:
763:
758:
745:
740:
735:
722:
717:
712:
699:
694:
689:
676:
671:
666:
653:
648:
643:
630:
625:
620:
607:
602:
597:
549:Colorado: Jicarilla, Navajo
10:
5869:
4186:Lubicon Lake Indian Nation
3952:North Peace Tribal Council
2676:Kibrik, Andrej A. (2001).
1965:
1717:computational phylogenetic
1711:Sicoli & Holton (2014)
1577:(also known as Etnemitane)
1568:Oregon Athabaskan subgroup
1359:Bearlake (Northern Slavey)
1356:Mountain (Northern Slavey)
29:
5774:
5728:
5659:
5539:
5465:
5348:
5314:
5219:
5189:
5158:
5125:
5072:
5032:
4999:
4965:
4931:
4904:
4818:
4761:
4743:
4721:
4700:
4669:
4660:
4619:
4582:
4573:
4532:
4499:
4448:
4380:
4359:
4350:
4292:
4253:
4194:
4173:
4157:
4119:Yellowhead Tribal Council
4117:
4082:
4037:
3990:
3950:
3905:
3892:Whitefish Lake (Atikameg)
3860:
3807:Whitefish Lake (Goodfish)
3755:
3720:
3675:
3664:
3627:
3603:
3496:
3479:
3320:10.1515/9783110712742-039
3273:"Na-La-Dene cognate sets"
3271:Leer, Jeff (1992-03-17).
2575:10.1179/nam.1996.44.4.253
2258:"Athapaskan Bibliography"
1686:Eastern Apachean subgroup
1644:Western Apachean subgroup
1494:Lower Columbia Athapaskan
1335:(also known as Tsekʼehne)
1184:Southern Alaskan subgroup
1024:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1012:Central British Columbia
861:
534:Saskatchewan: Dëne Sųłiné
151:
137:
119:
95:
85:
68:Linguistic classification
66:
53:
48:
43:
4500:Central British Columbia
4174:Not federally recognized
3677:Athabasca Tribal Council
3473:First Nations in Alberta
2809:(Reprint of Krauss 1973)
2023:Bright, William (2004).
1999:Dené–Yeniseian languages
1525:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1518:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
1150:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
354:Tanana Chiefs Conference
107:Pacific Coast Athabaskan
3400:Athapascan Bibliography
3337:Thompson, Chad (1984).
3151:American Anthropologist
3086:American Anthropologist
3035:Tlingit Verb Dictionary
2869:10.1075/sihols.41.08kra
2423:American Anthropologist
2310:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
1430:(also known as Carrier)
1325:(also known as Nahanni)
1317:(also known as Nahanni)
1239:(also known as Kolchan)
953:Internal classification
911:Athabaskan–Eyak–Tlingit
876:External classification
558:Texas: Mescalero, Lipan
472:
383:
271:) is a large family of
170:phonetic transcriptions
5792:Unclassified languages
4533:Other North Athabaskan
4039:Tribal Chiefs Ventures
3498:Ethnolinguistic groups
3105:Sapir, Edward (1916).
2388:Golla, Victor (2011).
2055:June 25, 2010, at the
1977:reconstructed ancestor
1785:West Alaska (Koyukon)
1672:(also known as Navaho)
1629:Plains Apache subgroup
1362:Hare (Northern Slavey)
1343:(also known as Beaver)
1248:(also known as Tanana)
1223:(also known as Innoko)
945:and Na-Dené families.
167:This article contains
4583:California Athabaskan
4541:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
3977:Little Red River Cree
3722:Blackfoot Confederacy
3614:Blackfoot Confederacy
3420:California Athapascan
2231:10.1075/dia.17038.yan
2050:"The Name Athabascan"
1648:Chiricahua–Mescalero
1562:(also known as Cahto)
1501:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanie
1123:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai
1038:White Mountain Apache
1021:Kwalhioqua–Clatskanai
997:Central Alaska–Yukon
893:sound correspondences
567:Chihuahua: Chiricahua
434:Northwest Territories
324:. Cree is one of the
5818:Athabaskan languages
4381:Central Alaska–Yukon
4344:Athabaskan languages
3500:(by language family)
2583:Kari, James (2010).
2269:Boas, Franz (1917).
1908:Northwestern Canada
1003:Northwestern Canada
525:Nunavut: Dëne Sųłiné
360:prefer the spelling
326:Algonquian languages
273:Indigenous languages
267:, and also known as
5741:Algonquian–Wakashan
4449:Northwestern Canada
3692:Athabasca Chipewyan
3665:Tribal councils and
3297:Leer, Jeff (2008).
3284:Leer, Jeff (1996).
2993:Leer, Jeff (2008).
2948:Leer, Jeff (1982).
2937:Leer, Jeff (1979).
2176:2014PLoSO...991722S
1872:Southern Athabaskan
1811:North Pacific Coast
1624:Southern Athabaskan
1617:Southern Athabaskan
1292:(also known as Han)
1179:Northern Athabaskan
1160:Northern Athabaskan
1154:Southern Athabaskan
1146:Northern Athabaskan
1094:Southerly Outlying
891:through consistent
336:The four spellings—
112:Southern Athabaskan
102:Northern Athabaskan
36:Alaskan Athabaskans
5729:Proposed groupings
4819:Language families
4507:Babine–Witsuwitʼen
4181:Aseniwuche Winewak
3430:2010-06-01 at the
3371:2021-06-20 at the
2986:Athabaskan Prosody
2909:Athabaskan Prosody
1544:Mattole–Bear River
1419:Babine–Witsuwit'en
564:Sonora: Chiricahua
454:official languages
377:Although the term
5853:Na-Dene languages
5805:
5804:
5787:Extinct languages
5724:
5723:
5720:
5719:
5535:
5534:
5461:
5460:
5215:
5214:
5191:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4774:
4773:
4768:extinct languages
4739:
4738:
4656:
4655:
4640:Upper Rogue River
4633:Lower Rogue River
4620:Oregon Athabaskan
4569:
4568:
4425:Southern Tutchone
4420:Northern Tutchone
4310:
4309:
4288:
4287:
4281:
4273:
4265:
4246:
4234:
4222:
4210:
4127:
4092:
4047:
4000:
3960:
3915:
3882:Lubicon Lake Band
3870:
3765:
3730:
3697:Chipewyan Prairie
3685:
3657:
3649:
3641:
3629:Numbered Treaties
3329:978-3-11-071274-2
3250:978-0-19-977281-0
3076:978-0-521-58354-1
2976:978-3-11-011908-4
2878:978-90-272-4522-9
2837:"Athabaskan tone"
2645:978-1-55619-375-0
2405:978-0-520-94952-2
2144:978-1-55500-112-4
2104:Dena'ina#Language
1946:Southern Tutchone
1940:Northern Tutchone
1594:Upper Rogue River
1397:Tsetsaut subgroup
1274:Northern Tutchone
1267:Southern Tutchone
1246:and Middle Tanana
1097:
1091:
1085:
1082:British Columbia
1079:
1073:
1049:
1046:San Carlos Apache
1027:
1015:
1006:
1000:
994:
993:(Dena'ina, Ahtna)
873:
872:
588:Percent Speakers
163:
162:
16:(Redirected from
5860:
5797:Linguistic areas
5684:
5683:
5505:
5504:
5410:
5409:
5123:
5122:
4902:
4901:
4801:
4794:
4787:
4778:
4777:
4753:Proto-Athabaskan
4701:Eastern Apachean
4670:Western Apachean
4667:
4666:
4580:
4579:
4522:Southern Carrier
4360:Southern Alaskan
4357:
4356:
4337:
4330:
4323:
4314:
4313:
4302:Métis in Alberta
4279:
4271:
4263:
4240:
4228:
4216:
4204:
4121:
4086:
4054:Beaver Lake Cree
4044:Beaver Lake Cree
4041:
3994:
3954:
3909:
3864:
3782:Beaver Lake Cree
3759:
3724:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3668:band governments
3655:
3647:
3639:
3619:Iron Confederacy
3471:
3461:
3454:
3447:
3438:
3437:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3350:
3348:
3346:
3333:
3306:
3293:
3280:
3258:
3253:. Archived from
3223:
3213:
3204:
3175:
3166:
3145:
3136:
3101:
3080:
3061:
3048:
3030:
3011:
3002:
2989:
2980:
2957:
2944:
2933:
2922:
2912:
2903:
2901:
2894:
2882:
2854:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2808:
2798:
2789:
2780:
2751:
2722:
2693:
2691:
2684:
2672:
2649:
2630:
2621:
2602:
2600:
2589:
2579:
2577:
2552:
2523:
2494:
2485:
2476:
2467:
2438:
2417:
2384:
2365:
2346:
2325:
2306:
2294:
2292:
2265:
2243:
2242:
2214:
2208:
2207:
2197:
2187:
2155:
2149:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2112:
2106:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2090:
2080:
2074:
2065:
2059:
2043:
2037:
2034:
2028:
2021:
1973:Proto-Athabaskan
1968:Proto-Athabaskan
1962:Proto-Athabaskan
1878:Alaska-Canada-1
1861:Plains-Apachean
1816:Alaska-Canada-2
1754:(unnamed clade)
1115:Stammbaumtheorie
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1071:
1031:
1025:
1013:
1004:
998:
992:
991:Southern Alaska
909:, also known as
840:
835:
830:
817:
812:
807:
794:
789:
784:
771:
766:
761:
748:
743:
738:
725:
720:
715:
702:
697:
692:
679:
674:
669:
656:
651:
646:
633:
628:
623:
610:
605:
600:
576:
575:
475:
465:
438:British Columbia
386:
251:
247:
242:
241:
238:
237:
234:
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
189:
185:
156:
147:
133:
90:Proto-Athabaskan
41:
40:
21:
5868:
5867:
5863:
5862:
5861:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5808:
5807:
5806:
5801:
5770:
5716:
5682:
5664:linguistic area
5663:
5655:
5544:linguistic area
5543:
5531:
5503:
5457:
5408:
5353:linguistic area
5352:
5344:
5318:linguistic area
5317:
5310:
5211:
5185:
5154:
5121:
5068:
5028:
4995:
4961:
4927:
4900:
4820:
4814:
4805:
4775:
4770:
4757:
4735:
4722:Plains Apachean
4717:
4696:
4652:
4615:
4565:
4528:
4495:
4444:
4435:Upper Kuskokwim
4376:
4346:
4341:
4311:
4306:
4284:
4249:
4238:Smith's Landing
4190:
4169:
4153:
4113:
4078:
4033:
3986:
3946:
3901:
3877:Loon River Cree
3856:
3797:Ermineskin Cree
3751:
3716:
3666:
3660:
3623:
3599:
3492:
3475:
3465:
3432:Wayback Machine
3411:
3409:
3373:Wayback Machine
3358:
3353:
3344:
3342:
3330:
3266:
3264:Further reading
3261:
3251:
3077:
3045:
3033:
3027:
2977:
2899:
2892:
2879:
2689:
2682:
2669:
2655:Jelinek, Eloise
2646:
2618:
2598:
2587:
2406:
2381:
2362:
2322:
2297:
2256:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2215:
2211:
2156:
2152:
2145:
2129:
2125:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2098:
2088:
2086:
2082:
2081:
2077:
2066:
2062:
2057:Wayback Machine
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2018:
2013:
2004:Loucheux Pidgin
1985:
1970:
1964:
1959:
1766:Upper Kuskokwim
1713:
1708:
1619:
1614:
1520:
1515:
1504:(also known as
1479:
1445:
1387:
1236:Upper Kuskokwim
1162:
1102:
1054:
1018:Tsuut'ina/Sarsi
964:
955:
885:Athabaskan–Eyak
878:
824:Upper Kuskokwim
574:
397:
330:Albert Gallatin
255:; also spelled
249:
245:
207:
203:
197:
196:
195:
159:
143:
129:
55:
39:
32:HMCS Athabaskan
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5866:
5856:
5855:
5850:
5845:
5840:
5835:
5830:
5825:
5820:
5803:
5802:
5800:
5799:
5794:
5789:
5784:
5782:Classification
5778:
5776:
5772:
5771:
5769:
5768:
5763:
5758:
5756:Macro-Chibchan
5753:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5732:
5730:
5726:
5725:
5722:
5721:
5718:
5717:
5715:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5692:
5690:
5681:
5680:
5675:
5667:
5665:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5624:
5619:
5612:
5611:
5610:
5603:
5591:
5589:Tequistlatecan
5586:
5579:
5572:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5547:
5545:
5537:
5536:
5533:
5532:
5530:
5529:
5522:
5514:
5512:
5502:
5501:
5494:
5487:
5480:
5472:
5470:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5458:
5456:
5455:
5448:
5441:
5434:
5427:
5419:
5417:
5407:
5406:
5399:
5392:
5385:
5378:
5371:
5364:
5356:
5354:
5346:
5345:
5343:
5342:
5335:
5328:
5322:
5320:
5312:
5311:
5309:
5308:
5301:
5294:
5287:
5280:
5273:
5268:
5261:
5254:
5252:Tequistlatecan
5249:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5217:
5216:
5213:
5212:
5210:
5209:
5204:
5196:
5194:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5176:
5171:
5165:
5163:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5140:
5132:
5130:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5113:
5112:
5107:
5095:
5090:
5085:
5079:
5077:
5070:
5069:
5067:
5066:
5059:
5052:
5047:
5039:
5037:
5030:
5029:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5014:
5006:
5004:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4993:
4986:
4979:
4971:
4969:
4963:
4962:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4918:
4910:
4908:
4899:
4898:
4891:
4884:
4877:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4849:
4842:
4837:
4832:
4824:
4822:
4816:
4815:
4804:
4803:
4796:
4789:
4781:
4772:
4771:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4756:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4745:Proto-language
4741:
4740:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4725:
4723:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4710:
4704:
4702:
4698:
4697:
4695:
4694:
4692:Western Apache
4689:
4684:
4679:
4673:
4671:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4643:
4636:
4629:
4623:
4621:
4617:
4616:
4614:
4613:
4606:
4599:
4594:
4586:
4584:
4577:
4571:
4570:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4563:
4558:
4551:
4544:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4514:
4509:
4503:
4501:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4452:
4450:
4446:
4445:
4443:
4442:
4437:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4417:
4412:
4407:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4384:
4382:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4374:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4354:
4348:
4347:
4340:
4339:
4332:
4325:
4317:
4308:
4307:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4282:
4274:
4266:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4250:
4248:
4247:
4235:
4223:
4211:
4198:
4196:
4192:
4191:
4189:
4188:
4183:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4170:
4168:
4167:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4130:
4128:
4115:
4114:
4112:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4095:
4093:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4056:
4050:
4048:
4035:
4034:
4032:
4031:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4003:
4001:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3948:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3918:
3916:
3903:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3894:
3889:
3887:Peerless Trout
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3858:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3768:
3766:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3733:
3731:
3718:
3717:
3715:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3688:
3686:
3670:
3662:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3650:
3642:
3633:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3616:
3610:
3608:
3601:
3600:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3585:
3584:
3583:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3539:
3538:
3537:
3530:
3518:
3503:
3501:
3494:
3493:
3482:Cultural areas
3480:
3477:
3476:
3464:
3463:
3456:
3449:
3441:
3435:
3434:
3422:
3417:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3381:
3376:
3357:
3356:External links
3354:
3352:
3351:
3334:
3328:
3307:
3305:. CA965L2008b.
3294:
3281:
3279:. CA965L1992b.
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3259:
3257:on 2024-01-15.
3249:
3224:
3215:
3205:
3193:10.1086/465977
3187:(4): 572–574.
3176:
3167:
3157:(2): 224–235.
3146:
3137:
3102:
3092:(3): 534–558.
3081:
3075:
3062:
3049:
3043:
3031:
3025:
3012:
3003:
3001:. CA965L2008b.
2990:
2981:
2975:
2958:
2945:
2934:
2923:
2914:
2904:
2902:on 2008-07-23.
2883:
2877:
2855:
2842:
2832:
2823:
2821:. CA961K1977a.
2810:
2800:
2790:
2781:
2769:10.1086/465014
2763:(3): 194–203.
2752:
2740:10.1086/464810
2723:
2711:10.1086/464766
2705:(2): 118–131.
2694:
2692:on 2016-07-01.
2673:
2667:
2650:
2644:
2631:
2622:
2616:
2603:
2601:on 2022-05-23.
2580:
2568:(4): 253–271.
2553:
2541:10.1086/466129
2535:(4): 424–454.
2524:
2512:10.1086/464422
2506:(4): 291–297.
2495:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2456:10.1086/464374
2450:(4): 219–232.
2439:
2418:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2366:
2360:
2347:
2326:
2320:
2307:
2295:
2266:
2264:on 2014-10-10.
2253:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2244:
2209:
2150:
2143:
2123:
2107:
2096:
2075:
2060:
2038:
2029:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2008:
2007:
2001:
1996:
1993:trade language
1984:
1981:
1966:Main article:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1949:
1930:
1916:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1891:
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1793:
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1776:
1769:
1762:
1752:
1746:
1735:
1722:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1703:
1702:
1695:
1683:
1682:
1681:
1677:Western Apache
1673:
1665:
1664:
1663:
1656:
1641:
1640:
1639:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1610:
1609:
1608:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1590:
1580:
1578:
1565:
1564:
1563:
1555:
1547:
1540:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1476:
1475:
1474:
1473:
1463:Sarsi subgroup
1460:
1449:
1444:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1431:
1423:
1409:
1408:
1407:
1391:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1383:
1382:
1381:
1373:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1360:
1357:
1354:
1344:
1336:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1318:
1310:
1295:
1294:
1293:
1285:
1277:
1270:
1263:
1256:
1249:
1240:
1232:
1224:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1201:
1193:
1175:
1161:
1158:
1111:Michael Krauss
1101:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1092:
1086:
1080:
1074:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1051:
1050:
1028:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1010:
1007:
1001:
995:
983:
963:
960:
954:
951:
907:Na-Dene family
877:
874:
871:
870:
859:
858:
855:
852:
849:
843:
842:
836:
831:
826:
820:
819:
813:
808:
803:
797:
796:
790:
785:
780:
774:
773:
767:
762:
757:
751:
750:
744:
739:
734:
728:
727:
721:
716:
711:
705:
704:
698:
693:
688:
682:
681:
675:
670:
665:
659:
658:
652:
647:
642:
636:
635:
629:
624:
619:
613:
612:
606:
601:
596:
590:
589:
586:
583:
580:
573:
570:
569:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
532:
529:
526:
523:
520:
517:
418:
417:
411:
406:
396:
393:
389:Dené languages
310:Lake Athabasca
190:⟩, see
166:
165:
164:
161:
160:
157:
149:
148:
141:
135:
134:
127:
117:
116:
115:
114:
109:
104:
97:
93:
92:
87:
86:Proto-language
83:
82:
81:
80:
70:
64:
63:
57:
51:
50:
46:
45:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5865:
5854:
5851:
5849:
5846:
5844:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5834:
5831:
5829:
5826:
5824:
5821:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5813:
5798:
5795:
5793:
5790:
5788:
5785:
5783:
5780:
5779:
5777:
5773:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5754:
5752:
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5734:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5713:
5712:
5708:
5706:
5705:
5701:
5699:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5689:
5685:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5662:
5658:
5651:
5650:
5646:
5644:
5643:
5639:
5637:
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5632:
5630:
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5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
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5613:
5609:
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5597:
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5585:
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5542:
5538:
5528:
5527:
5523:
5521:
5520:
5516:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5509:Calusa–Tunica
5506:
5500:
5499:
5495:
5493:
5492:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5481:
5479:
5478:
5474:
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5471:
5468:
5464:
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5447:
5446:
5442:
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5439:
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5428:
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5405:
5404:
5400:
5398:
5397:
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5390:
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5379:
5377:
5376:
5372:
5370:
5369:
5365:
5363:
5362:
5358:
5357:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5341:
5340:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5329:
5327:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5306:
5302:
5300:
5299:
5295:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5286:
5285:
5281:
5279:
5278:
5274:
5272:
5269:
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5262:
5260:
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4836:
4833:
4831:
4830:
4826:
4825:
4823:
4817:
4813:
4812:North America
4809:
4802:
4797:
4795:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4779:
4769:
4765:
4760:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4742:
4732:
4731:
4730:Plains Apache
4727:
4726:
4724:
4720:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4705:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4672:
4668:
4665:
4663:
4659:
4649:
4648:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4637:
4635:
4634:
4630:
4628:
4625:
4624:
4622:
4618:
4612:
4611:
4607:
4605:
4604:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4581:
4578:
4576:
4575:Pacific Coast
4572:
4562:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4552:
4550:
4549:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4537:
4535:
4531:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4498:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4451:
4447:
4441:
4438:
4436:
4433:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4411:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4364:
4362:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4331:
4326:
4324:
4319:
4318:
4315:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4291:
4278:
4275:
4270:
4267:
4262:
4259:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4244:
4239:
4236:
4232:
4227:
4224:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4203:
4202:Acho Dene Koe
4200:
4199:
4197:
4193:
4187:
4184:
4182:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4172:
4166:
4163:
4162:
4160:
4156:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4125:
4120:
4116:
4110:
4109:Sturgeon Lake
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4052:
4051:
4049:
4045:
4040:
4036:
4030:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4007:Stoney Nakoda
4005:
4004:
4002:
3998:
3993:
3989:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3953:
3949:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3913:
3908:
3904:
3898:
3897:Woodland Cree
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3754:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3732:
3728:
3723:
3719:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3707:Fort McMurray
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3689:
3687:
3683:
3682:Fort McMurray
3678:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3663:
3654:
3651:
3646:
3643:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3620:
3617:
3615:
3612:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3594:
3591:
3590:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3555:
3554:
3550:
3547:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3528:
3524:
3523:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3423:
3421:
3418:
3408:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3380:
3377:
3374:
3370:
3367:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3340:
3335:
3331:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3304:
3300:
3295:
3292:. CA965L1996.
3291:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3138:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3044:0-933769-25-3
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3026:0-521-23228-7
3022:
3018:
3013:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2964:
2963:Baldi, Philip
2959:
2956:. CA965L1982.
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2941:
2935:
2931:
2930:
2924:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2898:
2891:
2890:
2884:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2856:
2853:. CA961K1981.
2852:
2848:
2843:
2839:. CA961K1978.
2838:
2833:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2787:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2688:
2681:
2680:
2674:
2670:
2668:0-8263-1705-7
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2641:
2637:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2619:
2617:1-889963-56-9
2613:
2609:
2604:
2597:
2593:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2542:
2538:
2534:
2530:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2487:
2483:
2478:
2474:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2445:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2407:
2401:
2397:
2393:
2392:
2386:
2382:
2380:0-89925-282-6
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2361:0-19-505196-3
2357:
2353:
2348:
2344:
2340:
2336:
2332:
2327:
2323:
2321:0-19-509427-1
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2273:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2225:(3): 410–46.
2224:
2220:
2213:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2170:(3): e91722.
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2140:
2136:
2135:
2127:
2120:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2100:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2047:
2042:
2033:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1990:
1989:Broken Slavey
1987:
1986:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1969:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1907:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1896:
1892:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1884:
1883:
1880:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1855:
1851:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1829:
1825:
1823:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1792:
1791:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1781:
1777:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1733:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1701:
1700:
1696:
1694:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1657:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1635:Plains Apache
1632:
1631:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1622:
1621:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1582:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1571:
1570:
1569:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1553:
1552:
1548:
1546:
1545:
1541:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1523:
1522:
1507:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1495:
1492:(also called
1491:
1488:
1487:
1486:
1485:
1483:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1465:
1464:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1448:
1437:
1436:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1424:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1392:
1390:
1379:
1378:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1361:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1349:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1329:
1324:
1323:
1319:
1316:
1315:
1311:
1309:
1308:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1278:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1269:
1268:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1237:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1187:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:Tanana Valley
1167:
1157:
1155:
1151:
1147:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1133:
1128:
1124:
1118:
1116:
1112:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1081:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1029:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1011:
1008:
1002:
996:
990:
989:
988:
985:
984:
982:
980:
976:
972:
967:
959:
950:
948:
944:
939:
937:
933:
929:
928:
922:
920:
919:reconstructed
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
868:
864:
860:
848:
845:
844:
825:
822:
821:
802:
799:
798:
779:
776:
775:
756:
753:
752:
733:
730:
729:
710:
707:
706:
687:
684:
683:
664:
661:
660:
641:
638:
637:
618:
615:
614:
595:
592:
591:
587:
584:
581:
578:
577:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
539:
536:
533:
530:
527:
524:
521:
518:
515:
514:
513:
509:
507:
501:
499:
495:
491:
485:
483:
479:
474:
473:Tłı̨chǫ Yatıì
469:
464:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
416:or "Apachean"
415:
412:
410:
407:
405:
402:
401:
400:
392:
390:
385:
380:
375:
373:
369:
368:
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
334:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
306:Cree language
304:version of a
303:
299:
294:
292:
288:
284:
282:
278:
277:North America
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
253:
240:
201:
193:
181:
177:
175:
171:
155:
150:
146:
142:
140:
136:
132:
128:
126:
122:
118:
113:
110:
108:
105:
103:
100:
99:
98:
94:
91:
88:
84:
79:
76:
75:
74:
71:
69:
65:
62:
61:North America
58:
52:
47:
42:
37:
33:
19:
5746:Aztec–Tanoan
5709:
5702:
5697:Guanahatabey
5695:
5688:Pre-Arawakan
5670:
5647:
5640:
5633:
5626:
5614:
5605:
5598:
5583:Oto-Manguean
5581:
5574:
5567:
5550:
5541:Mesoamerican
5524:
5517:
5496:
5489:
5482:
5475:
5450:
5443:
5436:
5429:
5422:
5401:
5394:
5387:
5380:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5350:Coahuiltecan
5337:
5330:
5303:
5296:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5263:
5256:
5244:
5199:
5178:
5160:Coast Oregon
5142:
5135:
5102:
5061:
5054:
5042:
5034:Macro-Siouan
5016:
5009:
4988:
4981:
4974:
4955:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4920:
4913:
4893:
4886:
4879:
4872:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4827:
4821:and isolates
4763:
4728:
4647:Upper Umpqua
4645:
4638:
4631:
4608:
4601:
4589:
4553:
4546:
4539:
4440:Upper Tanana
4415:Lower Tanana
4402:
4343:
4158:Unaffiliated
4074:Kehewin Cree
3937:Sucker Creek
3817:Kehewin Cree
3712:Mikisew Cree
3578:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3533:
3526:
3410:. Retrieved
3343:. Retrieved
3311:
3302:
3289:
3276:
3255:the original
3232:
3219:
3209:
3184:
3180:
3171:
3154:
3150:
3141:
3107:
3089:
3085:
3066:
3060:(3): 423–26.
3057:
3053:
3034:
3016:
3007:
2998:
2985:
2966:
2953:
2939:
2928:
2918:
2908:
2897:the original
2888:
2860:
2850:
2827:
2818:
2804:
2794:
2785:
2760:
2756:
2734:(1): 18–28.
2731:
2727:
2702:
2698:
2687:the original
2678:
2658:
2635:
2626:
2607:
2596:the original
2591:
2565:
2561:
2532:
2528:
2503:
2499:
2490:
2481:
2472:
2447:
2443:
2429:(1): 75–87.
2426:
2422:
2394:. Berkeley:
2390:
2370:
2351:
2334:
2330:
2311:
2302:
2271:
2262:the original
2250:Bibliography
2222:
2218:
2212:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2133:
2126:
2110:
2099:
2087:. Retrieved
2078:
2063:
2041:
2032:
2024:
2019:
1971:
1944:
1938:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1911:
1899:
1895:Lower Tanana
1893:
1888:Upper Tanana
1886:
1864:
1853:
1847:
1841:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1801:
1795:
1788:
1778:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1751:(California)
1725:
1714:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1675:
1667:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1602:
1592:
1584:
1574:Upper Umpqua
1572:
1567:
1557:
1549:
1542:
1534:
1529:
1524:
1499:
1493:
1489:
1480:
1467:
1462:
1454:
1446:
1433:
1425:
1417:
1411:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1375:
1367:
1346:
1338:
1330:
1320:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1287:
1279:
1272:
1265:
1260:Upper Tanana
1258:
1251:
1244:Lower Tanana
1242:
1234:
1226:
1218:
1210:
1205:
1195:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1163:
1143:
1136:
1119:
1114:
1109:complex" by
1107:
1103:
1065:
1059:
1055:
1042:Tonto Apache
986:
968:
965:
956:
947:Edward Vajda
940:
925:
923:
913:(AET). With
910:
901:
889:demonstrated
887:(AE) – well-
884:
879:
862:
847:Upper Tanana
546:Utah: Navajo
510:
502:
486:
446:Saskatchewan
419:
398:
388:
378:
376:
371:
365:
361:
349:
345:
341:
337:
335:
297:
295:
285:
268:
264:
260:
256:
199:
198:
186:and ⟨
168:
96:Subdivisions
77:
56:distribution
5751:Macro-Mayan
5616:Uto-Aztecan
5594:Totozoquean
5424:Coahuilteco
5235:Palaihnihan
5117:Tsimshianic
4456:Dene Suline
3847:Samson Cree
3842:Saddle Lake
3604:Historical
3566:Dënesųłı̨ne
3233:Linguistics
2219:Diachronica
1377:Dene Suline
977:(1996) and
333:the lake."
5812:Categories
5607:Mixe–Zoque
5576:Misumalpan
5498:Chitimacha
4990:Algonquian
4956:Athabaskan
4835:Yuki–Wappo
4677:Chiricahua
4404:Holikachuk
4388:Deg Hitʼan
4261:Papaschase
4254:Terminated
4226:Onion Lake
4214:Kelly Lake
4124:Morinville
4104:Horse Lake
4089:Valleyview
4069:Heart Lake
3957:High Level
3942:Swan River
3912:Slave Lake
3822:Louis Bull
3812:Heart Lake
3792:Enoch Cree
3702:Fort McKay
3549:Athapascan
3511:Algonquian
3412:2018-05-30
3125:1085619259
3117:gs17000020
2337:: 253–73.
2068:Ethnologue
2011:References
1797:Holikachuk
1726:Athabaskan
1653:Chiricahua
1506:Kwalhioqua
1348:Slave–Hare
1220:Holikachuk
1066:Athabaskan
987:Athabaskan
971:Keren Rice
927:Ethnologue
897:morphology
732:Holikachuk
582:Population
498:Washington
494:California
463:Dënesųłıné
379:Athabaskan
372:Athapaskan
367:Ethnologue
362:Athabascan
350:Athapascan
346:Athapaskan
342:Athabascan
338:Athabaskan
314:Moose Cree
302:anglicized
298:Athabaskan
265:Athapascan
261:Athapaskan
257:Athabascan
200:Athabaskan
78:Athabaskan
54:Geographic
44:Athabaskan
18:Athapaskan
5761:Tolatecan
5661:Caribbean
5649:Alagüilac
5642:Purépecha
5628:Cuitlatec
5600:Totonacan
5558:Jicaquean
5477:Muskogean
5452:Mamulique
5438:Comecrudo
5368:Karankawa
5271:Jicaquean
5258:Chimariko
5207:Kalapuyan
5150:Sahaptian
5098:Yok-Utian
5083:Chinookan
5056:Iroquoian
5024:Chimakuan
4840:Chumashan
4766:indicate
4708:Jicarilla
4682:Mescalero
4561:Tsuutʼina
4512:Chilcotin
4430:Tanacross
4269:Sharphead
4134:Alexander
4064:Frog Lake
4059:Cold Lake
4029:Tsuut'ina
3997:Tsuut'ina
3972:Dene Tha'
3927:Kapawe'no
3922:Driftpile
3802:Frog Lake
3787:Cold Lake
3772:Alexander
3580:Tsuut'ina
3573:Dene Tha'
3542:Saulteaux
3516:Blackfoot
3490:Subarctic
3201:144286904
2777:143582680
2748:144404147
2719:144615266
2549:143799443
2520:143745953
2464:144276480
2414:755008853
2290:24180632M
2239:209542004
1901:Tanacross
1790:Deg Xinag
1732:Yeniseian
1692:Jicarilla
1660:Mescalero
1551:Eel River
1469:Tsuut'ina
1435:Chilcotin
1253:Tanacross
1212:Deg Xinag
1132:Chilcotin
1030:Apachean
943:Yeniseian
924:Although
915:Jeff Leer
801:Tanacross
640:Deg Xinag
458:Chipewyan
395:Languages
318:Āðapāskāw
308:name for
296:The word
287:Chipewyan
139:Glottolog
121:ISO 639-2
5672:Arawakan
5552:Chibchan
5431:Cotoname
5389:Quinigua
5375:Maratino
5074:Penutian
5018:Wakashan
5011:Salishan
4922:Eskimoan
4906:Eskaleut
4662:Southern
4555:Tsetsaut
4393:Gwichʼin
4372:Denaʼina
4352:Northern
4165:Bigstone
4149:Sunchild
4144:O'Chiese
4099:Duncan's
4012:Bearspaw
3982:Tallcree
3932:Sawridge
3867:Atikameg
3852:Sunchild
3832:O'Chiese
3727:Standoff
3653:Treaty 8
3645:Treaty 7
3637:Treaty 6
3606:polities
3534:Woodland
3428:Archived
3369:Archived
3133:7099707M
2204:24621925
2164:PLOS ONE
2117:(ANLC).
2089:18 March
2053:Archived
1983:See also
1849:Dane-zaa
1821:Gwich’in
1813:(Oregon)
1780:Dena'ina
1759:Tsetsaut
1403:Tsetsaut
1340:Dane-zaa
1281:Gwich'in
1197:Dena'ina
1166:urheimat
1139:Tsetsaut
1088:Eastern
1070:Alaskan
1009:Tsetsaut
962:Overview
686:Gwich'in
617:Dena'ina
585:Speakers
579:Language
478:Gwich'in
450:Manitoba
281:Apachean
184:/ /
180:Help:IPA
145:atha1247
59:Western
5736:Amerind
5711:Ciguayo
5704:Macorix
5678:Cariban
5652: ?
5511: ?
5491:Atakapa
5484:Natchez
5469: ?
5416: ?
5414:Pakawan
5403:Tonkawa
5361:Aranama
5316:Pueblo
5284:Salinan
5265:Esselen
5230:Shastan
5223: ?
5201:Takelma
5193: ?
5180:Siuslaw
5162: ?
5137:Klamath
5129: ?
5127:Plateau
5093:Maiduan
5088:Wintuan
5076: ?
5050:Caddoan
5036: ?
5003: ?
4942:Tlingit
4933:Na-Dene
4888:Waikuri
4881:Timucua
4874:Kutenai
4853:Beothuk
4764:Italics
4610:Wailaki
4603:Mattole
4491:Tahltan
4466:Dunneza
4410:Koyukon
4017:Chiniki
3827:Montana
3747:Siksika
3742:Piikani
3559:Daneẕaa
2965:(ed.).
2281:1678979
2195:3951421
2172:Bibcode
1975:is the
1843:Carrier
1803:Koyukon
1739:Tlingit
1314:Tahltan
1228:Koyukon
975:Goddard
903:Tlingit
863:Source:
755:Koyukon
442:Alberta
428:in the
172:in the
73:Na-Dene
5766:Waroid
5622:Xincan
5563:Lencan
5526:Calusa
5519:Tunica
5396:Solano
5382:Naolan
5326:Tanoan
5240:Pomoan
5174:Coosan
5169:Alsean
5144:Molala
5104:Yokuts
5044:Siouan
4895:Pericú
4867:Cayuse
4687:Navajo
4627:Tolowa
4548:Nicola
4517:Dakelh
4486:Tagish
4481:Slavey
4476:Sekani
4461:Dogrib
4280:(1958)
4277:Michel
4272:(1897)
4264:(1891)
4139:Alexis
4022:Wesley
3967:Beaver
3777:Alexis
3737:Kainai
3656:(1899)
3648:(1877)
3640:(1876)
3593:Nakoda
3588:Siouan
3527:Plains
3486:Plains
3345:2 July
3326:
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1919:South
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1834:North
1828:Dogrib
1715:Using
1669:Navajo
1604:Tolowa
1456:Nicola
1427:Dakelh
1369:Dogrib
1332:Sekani
1307:Tagish
1127:Nicola
1076:Yukon
1034:Navajo
979:Mithun
778:Tanana
632:<10
627:<50
506:Mexico
490:Oregon
482:Slavey
468:Dogrib
426:Canada
422:Alaska
348:, and
322:Canada
300:is an
291:Navajo
188:
5775:Lists
5635:Huave
5569:Mayan
5445:Garza
5332:Keres
5298:Washo
5277:Karuk
5246:Yuman
5221:Hokan
5110:Utian
5063:Yuchi
5001:Mosan
4983:Yurok
4976:Wiyot
4967:Algic
4915:Aleut
4860:Bidai
4829:Haida
4713:Lipan
4471:Kaska
4367:Ahtna
3762:Enoch
3507:Algic
3197:S2CID
2900:(PDF)
2893:(PDF)
2773:S2CID
2744:S2CID
2715:S2CID
2690:(PDF)
2683:(PDF)
2599:(PDF)
2588:(PDF)
2562:Names
2545:S2CID
2516:S2CID
2460:S2CID
2235:S2CID
1927:Kaska
1866:Sarsi
1773:Ahtna
1699:Lipan
1322:Kaska
1190:Ahtna
932:Haida
760:2,300
691:1,100
594:Ahtna
430:Yukon
370:uses
176:(IPA)
5467:Gulf
5339:Zuni
5305:Yana
5291:Seri
4949:Eyak
4846:Adai
4597:Hupa
4591:Kato
3837:Paul
3553:Dene
3521:Cree
3347:2020
3324:ISBN
3245:ISBN
3121:OCLC
3113:LCCN
3071:ISBN
3039:ISBN
3021:ISBN
2971:ISBN
2873:ISBN
2663:ISBN
2640:ISBN
2612:ISBN
2410:OCLC
2400:ISBN
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2356:ISBN
2316:ISBN
2277:OCLC
2200:PMID
2139:ISBN
2091:2020
1991:, a
1934:Dene
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881:Eyak
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816:29.6
770:13.0
724:24.0
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448:and
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356:and
269:Dene
250:BASK
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4398:Hän
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3237:doi
3189:doi
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