20:
533:
The adjacent table compares the BTX content of pyrolysis gasoline produced at standard cracking severity or at medium cracking severity with the BTX content of catalytic reformate produced by either a continuous catalytic regenerative (CCR) reformer or by a semi-regenerative catalytic reformer. About
90:
The BTX aromatics are very important petrochemical materials. Global consumption of benzene, estimated at more than 40,000,000 tons in 2010, showed an unprecedented growth of more than 3,000,000 tons from the level seen in 2009. Likewise, the para-xylene consumption showed unprecedented growth in
642:
There are a very large number of petrochemicals produced from the BTX aromatics. The following diagram shows the chains leading from the BTX components to some of the petrochemicals that can be produced from those components:
860:
816:
630:
856:
794:
647:
801:
537:
The BTX aromatics can be extracted from catalytic reformate or from pyrolysis gasoline by many different methods. Most of those methods, but not all, involve the use of a
773:
840:
435:
Benzene, toluene, and xylenes can be made by various processes. However, most BTX production is based on the recovery of aromatics derived from the
624:
Below is a schematic flow diagram of one method, involving extractive distillation, for extraction of the BTX aromatics from a catalytic reformate:
735:
705:
903:
114:
The table below lists some of the properties of the BTX aromatic hydrocarbons, all of which are liquids at typical room conditions:
798:
729:
884:
721:
697:
913:
770:
837:
747:
937:
741:
534:
70 percent of the global production of benzene is by extraction from either reformate or pyrolysis gasoline.
444:
932:
487:
738:, David Netzer. Presented to 2005 World Petrochemical Conference, March 2005, Houston, Texas, U.S.A.
542:
19:
797:. Chapter 4 of the DOE's Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) report entitled
546:
942:
610:
99:
582:
52:
8:
436:
908:. 1st Edition. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Page 414.
523:
493:
633:
Schematic flow diagram for the extraction of BTX aromatics from a catalytic reformate.
909:
880:
717:
693:
598:
440:
167:
450:
Catalytic reforming usually utilizes a feedstock naphtha that contains non-aromatic
844:
805:
777:
522:
aromatics, heavier aromatics containing 9 to 12 carbon atoms, and non-aromatic
483:
234:
926:
799:"Energy and Environmental Profile of the U.S. Chemical Industry" of May 2000.
501:
290:
264:
32:
136:
80:
28:
629:
661:
451:
817:
Use of
Process Analytics in Aromatics (BTX and phenol) production plants
771:
The Future of
Benzene and Para-Xylene after Unprecedented Growth In 2010
865:, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Volume II, 2006, pages 603-605.
527:
650:
Diagram of the chain of petrochemicals derived from the BTX aromatics.
91:
2010, growing by 2,800,000 tons, a full ten percent growth from 2009.
673:
667:
550:
711:
566:
157:
149:
141:
103:
646:
538:
131:
126:
95:
44:
40:
819:. Case Study, August 2008. (scroll down to "Aromatics" section.
736:
Benzene Supply Trends and
Proposed Method For Enhanced Recovery
476:
455:
48:
670: – Process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction
509:
687:
458:
55:. The xylene isomers are distinguished by the designations
16:
Mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers
482:
Another process for producing BTX aromatics involves the
479:
and heavier aromatics containing 9 to 12 carbon atoms.
94:
Toluene is also a valuable petrochemical for use as a
753:. From the website of GTC Technology, Houston, Texas.
83:
is included, the mixture is sometimes referred to as
850:
637:
79: –) as indicated in the adjacent diagram. If
549:. Many different solvents are suitable, including
514:. The pyrolysis gasoline typically consists of C
475:aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylenes) as well as
317:
109:
924:
764:
426:CCR = Continuous catalytic regenerative reformer
323:BTX content of Pyrolysis Gasoline and Reformate
874:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
847:. Introduction to a ChemSystems report, 2009.
23:Structural diagrams of the BTX hydrocarbons.
822:
790:
788:
786:
690:Petroleum Refining Technology and Economics
486:of hydrocarbons which typically produces a
898:
896:
712:Donald L. Burdick and William L. Leffler.
676: – Thermal decomposition of materials
428:SR = Semi-regenerative catalytic reformer
783:
645:
628:
18:
893:
868:
795:The BTX Chain: Benzene, Toluene, Xylene
714:Petrochemicals in Nontechnical Language
925:
810:
716:(3rd ed.). PennWell Publishing.
530:) containing 6 or more carbon atoms.
780:. From a ChemSystems report in 2011.
692:(3rd ed.). Marcel Dekker, Inc.
688:J.H. Gary and G.E. Handwerk (1984).
902:International Energy Agency (2006).
13:
744:, James A. Johnson, Feb. 12, 2009.
14:
954:
877:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
681:
751: – xylene Production
638:Petrochemicals produced from BTX
490:product commonly referred to as
905:Energy Technology Perspectives
318:Production of BTX hydrocarbons
110:Properties of BTX hydrocarbons
1:
875:Robert C. Weast, ed. (1975).
757:
879:(56th ed.). CRC Press.
862:Encyclopedia of Hydrocarbons
419:
416:
413:
410:
402:
399:
396:
393:
385:
382:
379:
376:
368:
365:
362:
359:
288:
262:
232:
165:
7:
654:
35:industries, the initialism
10:
959:
704:(see Chapter 15 available
664: – Chemical property
461:and typically produces a
424:
408:Xylenes, wt % of BTX
391:Toluene, wt % of BTX
374:Benzene, wt % of BTX
333:
330:
327:
116:
543:liquid-liquid extraction
547:extractive distillation
651:
634:
611:N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone
357:BTX content, wt %
100:chemical manufacturing
39:refers to mixtures of
24:
649:
632:
53:aromatic hydrocarbons
22:
938:Petroleum technology
583:tetraethylene glycol
467:product containing C
104:high octane gasoline
98:and intermediate in
524:cyclic hydrocarbons
437:catalytic reforming
324:
119:
102:processes and as a
51:, all of which are
843:2011-08-31 at the
804:2012-09-04 at the
776:2011-10-05 at the
652:
635:
494:pyrolysis gasoline
445:petroleum refinery
331:Pyrolysis Gasoline
322:
117:
29:petroleum refining
25:
933:Chemical mixtures
859:, Online Italian
742:Aromatics Complex
599:dimethylsulfoxide
433:
432:
315:
314:
168:Molecular formula
950:
917:
900:
891:
890:
872:
866:
854:
848:
835:
820:
814:
808:
792:
781:
768:
727:
703:
429:
325:
321:
120:
47:, and the three
958:
957:
953:
952:
951:
949:
948:
947:
923:
922:
921:
920:
901:
894:
887:
873:
869:
855:
851:
845:Wayback Machine
838:Benzene/Toluene
836:
823:
815:
811:
806:Wayback Machine
793:
784:
778:Wayback Machine
769:
765:
760:
724:
700:
684:
679:
657:
640:
626:
625:
620:
616:
608:
604:
596:
592:
588:
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576:
572:
564:
560:
556:
521:
517:
488:cracked naphtha
474:
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345:
340:
320:
229:
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219:
215:
209:
205:
199:
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112:
71: –), and
17:
12:
11:
5:
956:
946:
945:
940:
935:
919:
918:
892:
885:
867:
857:10.6 Aromatics
849:
821:
809:
782:
762:
761:
759:
756:
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745:
739:
733:
722:
709:
698:
683:
682:External links
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515:
484:steam cracking
472:
468:
431:
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235:Molecular mass
231:
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213:
210:
207:
203:
200:
197:
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164:
163:
155:
147:
139:
134:
129:
124:
111:
108:
49:xylene isomers
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
955:
944:
943:Alkylbenzenes
941:
939:
936:
934:
931:
930:
928:
915:
911:
907:
906:
899:
897:
888:
886:0-87819-455-X
882:
878:
871:
864:
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853:
846:
842:
839:
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830:
828:
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818:
813:
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800:
796:
791:
789:
787:
779:
775:
772:
767:
763:
752:
750:
746:
743:
740:
737:
734:
731:
728:Available at
725:
723:0-87814-798-5
719:
715:
710:
707:
701:
699:0-8247-9157-6
695:
691:
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685:
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672:
669:
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659:
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644:
631:
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612:
600:
584:
568:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
531:
529:
525:
513:
512:
511:
505:
504:
503:
502:pyrolysis gas
497:
496:
495:
489:
485:
480:
478:
466:
465:
460:
457:
454:with 6 to 12
453:
448:
446:
442:
438:
423:
407:
406:
390:
389:
373:
372:
356:
355:
351:
348:
343:
338:
337:
326:
311:– 25.2
310:
307:
304:
301:
298:
295:
292:
291:Melting point
289:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
265:Boiling point
263:
258:
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75: – (or
74:
70:
67: – (or
66:
62:
59: – (or
58:
54:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:petrochemical
30:
21:
914:08070-1556-3
904:
876:
870:
861:
852:
812:
766:
748:
730:Google Books
713:
689:
641:
623:
536:
532:
508:
507:
500:
499:
492:
491:
481:
463:
462:
452:hydrocarbons
449:
434:
308:– 47.9
302:– 95.0
299:– 95.0
238:
158:
150:
142:
137:ethylbenzene
113:
93:
89:
84:
81:ethylbenzene
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
36:
26:
662:Aromaticity
541:either for
118:Properties
106:component.
63: –),
927:Categories
758:References
528:naphthenes
334:Reformate
241: mol
237:, g
674:Pyrolysis
668:Catalysis
609:OS), and
551:sulfolane
477:paraffins
464:reformate
841:Archived
802:Archived
774:Archived
655:See also
567:furfural
346:severity
341:severity
339:Standard
539:solvent
441:naphtha
344:Medium
259:106.17
161:-xylene
153:-xylene
145:-xylene
132:toluene
127:benzene
96:solvent
45:toluene
41:benzene
27:In the
912:
883:
720:
696:
456:carbon
328:
285:144.4
256:106.17
253:106.17
250:106.17
123:
621:NO).
510:pygas
459:atoms
443:in a
282:139.1
279:138.4
276:136.2
273:110.6
247:92.15
244:78.12
57:ortho
910:ISBN
881:ISBN
749:Para
718:ISBN
706:here
694:ISBN
565:S),
518:to C
471:to C
305:13.3
293:, °C
270:80.1
267:, °C
85:BTEX
73:para
65:meta
31:and
597:),
581:),
545:or
506:or
439:of
420:47
403:39
386:14
369:42
352:SR
349:CCR
296:5.5
37:BTX
929::
895:^
824:^
785:^
708:).
613:(C
601:(C
591:18
585:(C
569:(C
553:(C
498:,
447:.
417:44
414:25
411:19
400:39
397:31
394:33
383:17
380:44
377:48
366:51
363:42
360:58
228:10
218:10
208:10
198:10
87:.
43:,
916:.
889:.
732:.
726:.
702:.
619:9
617:H
615:5
607:6
605:H
603:2
595:5
593:O
589:H
587:8
579:2
577:O
575:4
573:H
571:5
563:2
561:O
559:8
557:H
555:4
526:(
520:8
516:6
473:8
469:6
239:·
226:H
224:8
222:C
216:H
214:8
212:C
206:H
204:8
202:C
196:H
194:8
192:C
188:8
186:H
184:7
182:C
178:6
176:H
174:6
172:C
159:o
151:m
143:p
77:p
69:m
61:o
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