Gasoline - Knowledge

773:, who had become Aviation Manager of Shell Oil Company. He convinced Shell to invest in refining capacity to produce 100-octane on a scale that nobody needed since no aircraft existed that required a fuel that nobody made. Some fellow employees would call his effort "Doolittle's million-dollar blunder" but time would prove Doolittle correct. Before this, the Army had considered 100-octane tests using pure octane but at $ 6.6 per liter ($ 25/U.S. gal), the price prevented this from happening. In 1929, Stanavo Specification Board Inc. was organized by the Standard Oil companies of California, Indiana, and New Jersey to improve aviation fuels and oils and by 1935 had placed their first 100 octane fuel on the market, Stanavo Ethyl Gasoline 100. It was used by the Army, engine manufacturers and airlines for testing and for air racing and record flights. By 1936, tests at Wright Field using the new, cheaper alternatives to pure octane proved the value of 100 octane fuel, and both Shell and Standard Oil would win the contract to supply test quantities for the Army. By 1938, the price was down to $ 0.046 per liter ($ 0.175/U.S. gal), only $ 0.0066 ($ 0.025) more than 87 octane fuel. By the end of WWII, the price would be down to $ 0.042 per liter ($ 0.16/U.S. gal). 1005:

even began. The free market did not support the expense of producing 100-octane aviation fuel in large volume, especially during the Great Depression. Iso-octane in the early development stage cost $ 7.9 per liter ($ 30/U.S. gal), and, even by 1934, it was still $ 0.53 per liter ($ 2/U.S. gal)compared to $ 0.048 ($ 0.18) for motor gasoline when the Army decided to experiment with 100-octane for its combat aircraft. Though only three percent of U.S. combat aircraft in 1935 could take full advantage of the higher octane due to low compression ratios, the Army saw that the need for increasing performance warranted the expense and purchased 100,000 gallons. By 1937, the Army established 100-octane as the standard fuel for combat aircraft and by 1939 production was only 20,000 barrels (3,200 m; 110,000 cu ft) a day. In effect, the U.S. military was the only market for 100-octane aviation gasoline and as war broke out in Europe this created a supply problem that persisted throughout the duration.

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same time. Military aircraft were using expensive turbo-supercharged engines that cost at least 10 times as much per horsepower as automobile engines and had to be overhauled every 700 to 1,000 hours. The automobile market could not support such expensive engines. It would not be until 1957 that the first U.S. automobile manufacturer could mass-produce an engine that would produce one horsepower per cubic inch, the Chevrolet 283 hp/283 cubic inch V-8 engine option in the Corvette. At $ 485, this was an expensive option that few consumers could afford and would only appeal to the performance-oriented consumer market willing to pay for the premium fuel required. This engine had an advertised compression ratio of 10.5-to-1 and the 1958 AMA Specifications stated that the octane requirement was 96–100 RON. At 243 kilograms (535 lb) (1959 with aluminum intake), it took 0.86 kilograms (1.9 lb) of engine weight to make 0.75 kilowatts (1 hp).

951: cu ft) a year (67 percent of world production) and the petroleum industry had built 122 new plants for the production of 100-octane aviation gasoline and capacity was over 400,000 barrels (64,000 m; 2,200,000 cu ft) a day – an increase of more than ten-fold. It was estimated that the U.S. was producing enough 100-octane aviation gasoline to permit the dropping of 16,000 metric tons (18,000 short tons; 16,000 long tons) of bombs on the enemy every day of the year. The record of gasoline consumption by the Army prior to June 1943 was uncoordinated as each supply service of the Army purchased its own petroleum products and no centralized system of control nor records existed. On 1 June 1943, the Army created the Fuels and Lubricants Division of the Quartermaster Corps, and, from their records, they tabulated that the Army (excluding fuels and lubricants for aircraft) purchased over 9.1 billion liters (2.4 2759:. Vapor pressure initially rises with some addition of ethanol to gasoline, but the increase is greatest at 10 percent by volume. At higher concentrations of ethanol above 10 percent, the vapor pressure of the blend starts to decrease. At a 10 percent ethanol by volume, the rise in vapor pressure may potentially increase the problem of photochemical smog. This rise in vapor pressure could be mitigated by increasing or decreasing the percentage of ethanol in the gasoline mixture. The chief risks of such leaks come not from vehicles, but gasoline delivery truck accidents and leaks from storage tanks. Because of this risk, most (underground) storage tanks now have extensive measures in place to detect and prevent any such leaks, such as monitoring systems (Veeder-Root, Franklin Fueling). 558:, which gave satisfactory performance in their military aircraft. When the U.S. entered the war in April 1917, the U.S. became the principal supplier of aviation gasoline to the Allies and a decrease in engine performance was noted. Soon it was realized that motor vehicle fuels were unsatisfactory for aviation, and after the loss of several combat aircraft, attention turned to the quality of the gasolines being used. Later flight tests conducted in 1937 showed that an octane reduction of 13 points (from 100 down to 87 octane) decreased engine performance by 20 percent and increased take-off distance by 45 percent. If abnormal combustion were to occur, the engine could lose enough power to make getting airborne impossible and a take-off roll became a threat to the pilot and aircraft. 1001: cu ft) in 1943. World War II marked the first time in U.S. history that gasoline was rationed and the government imposed price controls to prevent inflation. Gasoline consumption per automobile declined from 2,860 liters (755 U.S. gal) per year in 1941 down to 2,000 liters (540 U.S. gal)in 1943, with the goal of preserving rubber for tires since the Japanese had cut the U.S. off from over 90 percent of its rubber supply which had come from the Dutch East Indies and the U.S. synthetic rubber industry was in its infancy. Average gasoline prices went from a record low of $ 0.0337 per liter ($ 0.1275/U.S. gal) ($ 0.0486 ($ 0.1841) with taxes) in 1940 to $ 0.0383 per liter ($ 0.1448/U.S. gal) ($ 0.0542 ($ 0.2050) with taxes) in 1945. 1016:. But even this soon was inadequate. The trucks in the convoys had to drive longer distances as the armies advanced and they were consuming a greater percentage of the same gasoline they were trying to deliver. In 1944, General George Patton's Third Army finally stalled just short of the German border after running out of gasoline. The general was so upset at the arrival of a truckload of rations instead of gasoline he was reported to have shouted: "Hell, they send us food, when they know we can fight without food but not without oil." The solution had to wait for the repairing of the railroad lines and bridges so that the more efficient trains could replace the gasoline-consuming truck convoys. 2718:, causing headaches, dizziness, vomiting, and other poisoning symptoms. In severe cases, it may lead to death. Hydrocarbons only affect the human body when their concentration is quite high, and their toxicity level depends on the chemical composition. The hydrocarbons produced by incomplete combustion include alkanes, aromatics, and aldehydes. Among them, a concentration of methane and ethane over 35 g/m (0.035 oz/cu ft) will cause loss of consciousness or suffocation, a concentration of pentane and hexane over 45 g/m (0.045 oz/cu ft) will have an anesthetic effect, and aromatic hydrocarbons will have more serious effects on health, blood toxicity, 861:) and news reached the American public of Japanese bombing of civilian centers, especially the bombing of Chungking, public opinion began to support a U.S. embargo. A Gallup poll in June 1939 found that 72 percent of the American public supported an embargo on war materials to Japan. This increased tensions between the U.S. and Japan, and it led to the U.S. placing restrictions on exports. In July 1940, the U.S. issued a proclamation that banned the export of 87 octane or higher aviation gasoline to Japan. This ban did not hinder the Japanese as their aircraft could operate with fuels below 87 octane and if needed they could add 750:", which became an important component in aviation fuel blending. To further complicate the situation, as engine performance increased, the altitude that aircraft could reach also increased, which resulted in concerns about the fuel freezing. The average temperature decrease is 3.6 °F (2.0 °C) per 300-meter (1,000 ft) increase in altitude, and at 12,000 meters (40,000 ft), the temperature can approach −57 °C (−70 °F). Additives like benzene, with a freezing point of 6 °C (42 °F), would freeze in the gasoline and plug fuel lines. Substituted aromatics such as 880:

the East coast due to increased exports to Allies. He also telegrammed all oil suppliers on the East coast not to ship any oil to Japan without his permission. President Roosevelt countermanded Ickes's orders telling Ickes that the "I simply have not got enough Navy to go around and every little episode in the Pacific means fewer ships in the Atlantic". On 25 July 1941, the U.S. froze all Japanese financial assets and licenses would be required for each use of the frozen funds including oil purchases that could produce aviation gasoline. On 28 July 1941, Japan invaded southern Indochina.

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conversion between the two fuels occurs twice a year, once in autumn (winter mix) and the other in spring (summer mix). The winter blended fuel has a higher RVP because the fuel must be able to evaporate at a low temperature for the engine to run normally. If the RVP is too low on a cold day, the vehicle will be difficult to start; however, the summer blended gasoline has a lower RVP. It prevents excessive evaporation when the outdoor temperature rises, reduces ozone emissions, and reduces smog levels. At the same time, vapor lock is less likely to occur in hot weather.

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confusion, the government now recognized 14 different grades, in addition to 11 others in foreign countries. With some companies required to stock 14 grades of aviation fuel, none of which could be interchanged, the effect on the refiners was negative. The refining industry could not concentrate on large capacity conversion processes for so many different grades and a solution had to be found. By 1941, principally through the efforts of the Cooperative Fuel Research Committee, the number of grades for aviation fuels was reduced to three: 73, 91, and 100 octane.

354:. When Carless was denied a trademark on "petrol" in the 1930s, its competitors switched to the more popular name "petrol". However, "motor spirit" had already made its way into laws and regulations, so the term remains in use as a formal name for petrol. The term is used most widely in Nigeria, where the largest petroleum companies call their product "premium motor spirit". Although "petrol" has made inroads into Nigerian English, "premium motor spirit" remains the formal name that is used in scientific publications, government reports, and newspapers. 1502:. Fuel stabilizers are commonly used for small engines, such as lawnmower and tractor engines, especially when their use is sporadic or seasonal (little to no use for one or more seasons of the year). Users have been advised to keep gasoline containers more than half full and properly capped to reduce air exposure, to avoid storage at high temperatures, to run an engine for ten minutes to circulate the stabilizer through all components prior to storage, and to run the engine at intervals to purge stale fuel from the carburetor. 9786: 2471: 843:

grade and the C-3 or green grade, which accounted for about two-thirds of all production. B-4 was equivalent to 89-octane and the C-3 was roughly equal to the U.S. 100-octane, though lean mixture was rated around 95-octane and was poorer than the U.S. version. Maximum output achieved in 1943 reached 52,200 barrels (8,300 m; 293,000 cu ft) a day before the Allies decided to target the synthetic fuel plants. Through captured enemy aircraft and analysis of the gasoline found in them, both the Allies and the

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industrializing and, like Britain, lacked many natural resources which had to be shipped to the home country. By the 1890s, Germany began to pursue a policy of global prominence and began building a navy to compete with Britain's. Coal was the fuel that powered their navies. Though both Britain and Germany had natural coal reserves, new developments in oil as a fuel for ships changed the situation. Coal-powered ships were a tactical weakness because the process of

44: 582:, power and efficiency increased with compression ratio, but experience with early gasolines during World War I showed that higher compression ratios increased the risk of abnormal combustion, producing lower power, lower efficiency, hot-running engines, and potentially severe engine damage. To compensate for these poor fuels, early engines used low compression ratios, which required relatively large, heavy engines with limited power and efficiency. The 494:. Gasoline production would not surpass kerosene production until 1916. The earliest straight-run gasolines were the result of distilling eastern crude oils and there was no mixing of distillates from different crudes. The composition of these early fuels was unknown and the quality varied greatly as crude oils from different oil fields emerged in different mixtures of hydrocarbons in different ratios. The engine effects produced by abnormal combustion ( 9726: 2893: 1323: 205: 599:

designated as "fighting" and "domestic" and were governed by boiling points, color, sulfur content, and a gum formation test) along with one "motor" grade for automobiles. The gum test essentially eliminated thermally cracked gasoline from aviation usage and thus aviation gasolines reverted to fractionating straight-run naphthas or blending straight-run and highly treated thermally cracked naphthas. This situation persisted until 1929.

4476: 3879: 1368: 1183:, is distilled directly from crude oil. Once the leading source of fuel, its low octane rating required lead additives. It is low in aromatics (depending on the grade of the crude oil stream) and contains some cycloalkanes (naphthenes) and no olefins (alkenes). Between 0 and 20 percent of this stream is pooled into the finished gasoline because the quantity of this fraction in the crude is less than fuel demand and the fraction's 9690: 1009:

market, the petroleum industry would not risk its capital to expand production for a product that only the government would buy. The solution to the expansion of storage, transportation, finances, and production was the creation of the Defense Supplies Corporation on 19 September 1940. The Defense Supplies Corporation would buy, transport and store all aviation gasoline for the Army and Navy at cost plus a carrying fee.

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gasolines performed as well as "high-test" but in other types resulted in hot-running engines. It was also found that gasolines from aromatic and naphthenic base crude oils from California, South Texas, and Venezuela resulted in smooth-running engines. These tests resulted in the first government specifications for motor gasolines (aviation gasolines used the same specifications as motor gasolines) in late 1917.

2676: 1596:. Gasoline blends differ, and therefore actual energy content varies according to the season and producer by up to 1.75 percent more or less than the average. On average, about 74 liters (20 U.S. gal) of gasoline are available from a barrel of crude oil (about 46 percent by volume), varying with the quality of the crude and the grade of the gasoline. The remainder is products ranging from tar to 1052: 2098: 703:

air-cooled or water-cooled engines, chamber shapes, intake temperatures, lean or rich mixtures, and others. This led to a confusing variety of test engines that gave conflicting results, and no standard rating scale existed. By 1929, it was recognized by most aviation gasoline manufacturers and users that some kind of antiknock rating must be included in government specifications. In 1929, the

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varies with season, requiring less volatile blends during summer, in order to minimize evaporative losses. At the refinery, the composition varies according to the crude oils from which it is produced, the type of processing units present at the refinery, how those units are operated, and which hydrocarbon streams (blendstocks) the refinery opts to use when blending the final product.

823:. When they were engaged in combat across open country, gasoline consumption almost doubled. On the second day of battle, a unit of the XIX Corps was forced to halt when it ran out of gasoline. One of the major objectives of the Polish invasion was their oil fields but the Soviets invaded and captured 70 percent of the Polish production before the Germans could reach it. Through the 9762: 2089:(MMT) is used in Canada and the U.S. to boost octane rating. Its use in the U.S. has been restricted by regulations, although it is currently allowed. Its use in the European Union is restricted by Article 8a of the Fuel Quality Directive following its testing under the Protocol for the evaluation of effects of metallic fuel-additives on the emissions performance of vehicles. 193: 586:' first gasoline engine used a compression ratio as low as 4.7-to-1, developed only 8.9 kilowatts (12 hp) from 3,290 cubic centimeters (201 cu in), and weighed 82 kilograms (180 lb). This was a major concern for aircraft designers and the needs of the aviation industry provoked the search for fuels that could be used in higher-compression engines. 2722:, and cancer. If the concentration of benzene exceeds 40 ppm, it can cause leukemia, and xylene can cause headache, dizziness, nausea, and vomiting. Human exposure to large amounts of aldehydes can cause eye irritation, nausea, and dizziness. In addition to carcinogenic effects, long-term exposure can cause damage to the skin, liver, kidneys, and cataracts. After NO 784:, which produced a high-octane base stock of gasoline which was superior to the thermally cracked product since it did not contain the high concentration of olefins. In 1940, there were only 14 Houdry units in operation in the U.S.; by 1943, this had increased to 77, either of the Houdry process or of the Thermofor Catalytic or Fluid Catalyst type. 534:(the largest refiner of crude oil in the United States at the time) stated that the most important property of a gasoline was its volatility. It is estimated that the rating equivalent of these straight-run gasolines varied from 40 to 60 octane and that the "high-test", sometimes referred to as "fighting grade", probably averaged 50 to 65 octane. 1486:

fresh gasoline. The addition of a fuel stabilizer to gasoline can extend the life of fuel that is not or cannot be stored properly, though removal of all fuel from a fuel system is the only real solution to the problem of long-term storage of an engine or a machine or vehicle. Typical fuel stabilizers are proprietary mixtures containing

514:(tendency to vaporize) specified in terms of boiling points, which became the primary focuses for gasoline producers. These early eastern crude oil gasolines had relatively high Baumé test results (65 to 80 degrees Baumé) and were called "Pennsylvania high-test" or simply "high-test" gasolines. These were often used in aircraft engines. 726:) had higher resistance to knocking. This development led to the search for processes that would produce more of these compounds from crude oils than achieved under straight distillation or thermal cracking. Research by the major refiners led to the development of processes involving isomerization of cheap and abundant 694:, the company created to produce TEL, began to argue that there were no alternatives to leaded gasoline that would maintain fuel efficiency and still prevent engine knocking. After several industry-funded flawed studies reported that TEL-treated gasoline was not a public health issue, the controversy subsided. 2952:

2.60/U.S. gal) by September 2009. The U.S. experienced an upswing in gasoline prices through 2011, and, by 1 March 2012, the national average was $ 0.99 per liter ($ 3.74/U.S. gal). California prices are higher because the California government mandates unique California gasoline formulas and taxes.

2537:, swallowing gasoline does not generally require special emergency treatment, and inducing vomiting does not help, and can make it worse. According to poison specialist Brad Dahl, "even two mouthfuls wouldn't be that dangerous as long as it goes down to your stomach and stays there or keeps going". The U.S. 2125:). Improvements in refinery techniques have generally reduced the susceptibility of gasolines to these problems. Previously, catalytically or thermally cracked gasolines were most susceptible to oxidation. The formation of gums is accelerated by copper salts, which can be neutralized by additives called 2844:

Gasoline enters the environment through the soil, groundwater, surface water, and air. Therefore, humans may be exposed to gasoline through methods such as breathing, eating, and skin contact. For example, using gasoline-filled equipment, such as lawnmowers, drinking gasoline-contaminated water close

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Commercial gas is a mixture of a large number of different hydrocarbons. Chemical Gasoline is produced to meet a number of engine performance specifications and many different compositions are possible. Hence, the exact chemical composition of gasoline is undefined. The performance specification also

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In the five years prior to 1929, a great amount of experimentation was conducted on different testing methods for determining fuel resistance to abnormal combustion. It appeared engine knocking was dependent on a wide variety of parameters including compression, ignition timing, cylinder temperature,

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U.S. Patent no. 45,568 (issued: 20 December 1864). From p. 2 of the text: "One of the products obtained from the distillation of petroleum is a colorless liquid having an ethereal odor and being the lightest in specific gravity of all known liquids. This material is known now in commerce by the term

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In the U.S., most consumer goods bear pre-tax prices, but gasoline prices are posted with taxes included. Taxes are added by federal, state, and local governments. As of 2009, the federal tax was $ 0.049 per liter ($ 0.184/U.S. gal) for gasoline and $ 0.064 per liter ($ 0.244/U.S. gal) for

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From 1998 to 2004, the price of gasoline fluctuated between $ 0.26 and $ 0.53 per liter ($ 1 and $ 2/U.S. gal). After 2004, the price increased until the average gasoline price reached a high of $ 1.09 per liter ($ 4.11/U.S. gal) in mid-2008 but receded to approximately $ 0.69 per liter ($

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The U.S. automobile industry after WWII could not take advantage of the high octane fuels then available. Automobile compression ratios increased from an average of 5.3-to-1 in 1931 to just 6.7-to-1 in 1946. The average octane number of regular-grade motor gasoline increased from 58 to 70 during the

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Even with the world's largest aviation gasoline production, the U.S. military still found that more was needed. Throughout the duration of the war, aviation gasoline supply was always behind requirements and this impacted training and operations. The reason for this shortage developed before the war

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and this led Washington to fear that a complete U.S. oil embargo would prompt the Japanese to invade the Dutch East Indies. On 16 June 1941 Harold Ickes, who was appointed Petroleum Coordinator for National Defense, stopped a shipment of oil from Philadelphia to Japan in light of the oil shortage on

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offensive and had annexed Austria, adding 18,000 barrels (2,900 m; 100,000 cu ft) per day of oil production, but this was not sufficient to sustain the planned conquest of Europe. Because captured supplies and oil fields would be necessary to fuel the campaign, the German high command

2793:, and other social costs. The costs imposed on society and the planet are estimated to be $ 3.80 per gallon of gasoline, in addition to the price paid at the pump by the user. The damage to the health and climate caused by a gasoline-powered vehicle greatly exceeds that caused by electric vehicles. 2726:

enters the alveoli, it has a severe stimulating effect on the lung tissue. It can irritate the conjunctiva of the eyes, cause tearing, and cause pink eyes. It also has a stimulating effect on the nose, pharynx, throat, and other organs. It can cause acute wheezing, breathing difficulties, red eyes,

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of 7.6 percent. If the concentration is below 1.4 percent, the air-gasoline mixture is too lean and does not ignite. If the concentration is above 7.6 percent, the mixture is too rich and also does not ignite. However, gasoline vapor rapidly mixes and spreads with air, making unconstrained gasoline

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have caused the typical ethanol content in gasoline to approach 10 percent. Most fuel pumps display a sticker that states that the fuel may contain up to 10 percent ethanol, an intentional disparity that reflects the varying actual percentage. Until late 2010, fuel retailers were only authorized to

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regulations signaled the end of production for cars using leaded gasoline in member states. At this stage, a large percentage of cars from the 1980s and early 1990s which ran on leaded gasoline were still in use, along with cars that could run on unleaded fuel. However, the declining number of such

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In the United Kingdom, over 95 percent of gasoline sold has 95 RON and is marketed as Unleaded or Premium Unleaded. Super Unleaded, with 97/98 RON and branded high-performance fuels (e.g., Shell V-Power, BP Ultimate) with 99 RON make up the balance. Gasoline with 102 RON may rarely be available for

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The presence of these degradation products in the fuel tank or fuel lines plus a carburetor or fuel injection components makes it harder to start the engine or causes reduced engine performance. On resumption of regular engine use, the buildup may or may not be eventually cleaned out by the flow of

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of the gasoline without venting (to prevent the loss of the more volatile fractions) at a stable cool temperature (to reduce the excess pressure from liquid expansion and to reduce the rate of any decomposition reactions). When gasoline is not stored correctly, gums and solids may result, which can

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to increase the octane. As it turned out, Japan bought 550 percent more sub-87 octane aviation gasoline in the five months after the July 1940 ban on higher octane sales. The possibility of a complete ban of gasoline from America created friction in the Japanese government as to what action to take

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Virtually all of Germany's aviation gasoline came from synthetic oil plants that hydrogenated coals and coal tars. These processes had been developed during the 1930s as an effort to achieve fuel independence. There were two grades of aviation gasoline produced in volume in Germany, the B-4 or blue

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The search for fuels with octane ratings above 100 led to the extension of the scale by comparing power output. A fuel designated grade 130 would produce 130 percent as much power in an engine as it would running on pure iso-octane. During WWII, fuels above 100-octane were given two ratings, a rich

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By 1935, there were seven different aviation grades based on octane rating, two Army grades, four Navy grades, and three commercial grades including the introduction of 100-octane aviation gasoline. By 1937, the Army established 100-octane as the standard fuel for combat aircraft, and to add to the

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were well-established by then and Kettering was directly warned by Robert Wilson of MIT, Reid Hunt of Harvard, Yandell Henderson of Yale, and Erik Krause of the University of Potsdam in Germany about its use. Krause had worked on tetraethyllead for many years and called it "a creeping and malicious

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and fouling them, creating hard starting and rough running in winter and sticking to cylinder walls, bypassing the pistons and rings, and going into the crankcase oil. One journal stated, "on a multi-cylinder engine in a high-priced car we are diluting the oil in the crankcase as much as 40 percent

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can be added within the common gasoline spec (EN 228). Discussions are ongoing to allow 10 percent blending of ethanol (available in Finnish, French and German gasoline stations). In Finland, most gasoline stations sell 95E10, which is 10 percent ethanol, and 98E5, which is 5 percent ethanol. Most

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issued regulations to reduce the lead content of leaded gasoline over a series of annual phases, scheduled to begin in 1973 but delayed by court appeals until 1976. By 1995, leaded fuel accounted for only 0.6 percent of total gasoline sales and under 1,800 metric tons (2,000 short tons; 1,800 long

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for six months if stored properly, but can degrade over time. Gasoline stored for a year will most likely be able to be burned in an internal combustion engine without too much trouble. However, the effects of long-term storage will become more noticeable with each passing month until a time comes

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in general, benzene in particular, and olefin (alkene) content. Such regulations have led to an increasing preference for alkane isomers, such as isomerate or alkylate, as their octane rating is higher than n-alkanes. In the European Union, the benzene limit is set at one percent by volume for all

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With the war in Europe a reality in 1939, all predictions of 100-octane consumption were outrunning all possible production. Neither the Army nor the Navy could contract more than six months in advance for fuel and they could not supply the funds for plant expansion. Without a long-term guaranteed

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The debate inside the Japanese government as to its oil and gasoline situation was leading to invasion of the Dutch East Indies but this would mean war with the U.S., whose Pacific fleet was a threat to their flank. This situation led to the decision to attack the U.S. fleet at Pearl Harbor before

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Being very unhappy with the consequent reduction in overall gasoline quality, automobile manufacturers suggested imposing a quality standard on the oil suppliers. The oil industry in turn accused the automakers of not doing enough to improve vehicle economy, and the dispute became known within the

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and a general survey concluded that no reliable data existed for the proper fuels for aircraft. As a result, flight tests began at Langley, McCook and Wright fields to determine how different gasolines performed under different conditions. These tests showed that in certain aircraft, motor vehicle

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and unburned fuel in the exhaust. In many areas throughout the U.S., oxygenate blending is mandated by EPA regulations to reduce smog and other airborne pollutants. For example, in Southern California fuel must contain two percent oxygen by weight, resulting in a mixture of 5.6 percent ethanol in

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The development of jet engines burning kerosene-based fuels during WWII for aircraft produced a superior performing propulsion system than internal combustion engines could offer and the U.S. military forces gradually replaced their piston combat aircraft with jet powered planes. This development

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Even after the Nazis conquered the vast territories of Europe, this did not help the gasoline shortage. This area had never been self-sufficient in oil before the war. In 1938, the area that would become Nazi-occupied produced 575,000 barrels (91,400 m; 3,230,000 cu ft) per day. In

682:. By 30 October, the death toll had reached five. In November, the New Jersey Labor Commission closed the Bayway refinery and a grand jury investigation was started which had resulted in no charges by February 1925. Leaded gasoline sales were banned in New York City, Philadelphia, and New Jersey. 473:

was extremely slow and dirty and left the ship completely vulnerable to attack, and unreliable supplies of coal at international ports made long-distance voyages impractical. The advantages of petroleum oil soon found the navies of the world converting to oil, but Britain and Germany had very few

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In recent years, the rapid production of motor vehicles has significantly increased their use, thus leading to many serious environmental risks. The air pollution in many large cities has changed from coal-burning pollution to "motor vehicle pollution". In the U.S., transportation is the largest

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called the eradication of leaded petrol an "international success story". He also added: "Ending the use of leaded petrol will prevent more than one million premature deaths each year from heart disease, strokes and cancer, and it will protect children whose IQs are damaged by exposure to lead".

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In the 1950s, oil refineries started to focus on high octane fuels, and then detergents were added to gasoline to clean the jets in carburetors. The 1970s witnessed greater attention to the environmental consequences of burning gasoline. These considerations led to the phasing out of TEL and its

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first entered commercial service, piston powered airliners still relied on aviation gasoline. But commercial aviation had greater economic concerns than the maximum performance that the military could afford. As octane numbers increased so did the cost of gasoline but the incremental increase in

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material percentage (thermally cracked products caused gumming in both use and storage while unsaturated hydrocarbons are more reactive and tend to combine with impurities leading to gumming). In 1922, the U.S. government published the first specifications for aviation gasolines (two grades were

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of crude oils, which increased the percent yield of gasoline from the heavier hydrocarbons. This was combined with the expansion of foreign markets for the export of surplus kerosene which domestic markets no longer needed. These new thermally "cracked" gasolines were believed to have no harmful

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Though gasoline is a naturally colorless liquid, many gasolines are dyed in various colors to indicate their composition and acceptable uses. In Australia, the lowest grade of gasoline (RON 91) was dyed a light shade of red/orange, but is now the same color as the medium grade (RON 95) and high

1624:. Also, increased mechanical efficiency is created by a higher compression ratio through the concomitant higher expansion ratio on the power stroke, which is by far the greater effect. The higher expansion ratio extracts more work from the high-pressure gas created by the combustion process. An 2713:

The exhaust gas generated by burning gasoline is harmful to both the environment and to human health. After CO is inhaled into the human body, it readily combines with hemoglobin in the blood, and its affinity is 300 times that of oxygen. Therefore, the hemoglobin in the lungs combines with CO

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By 1910, increased automobile production and the resultant increase in gasoline consumption produced a greater demand for gasoline. Also, the growing electrification of lighting produced a drop in kerosene demand, creating a supply problem. It appeared that the burgeoning oil industry would be

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corrode system components and accumulate on wet surfaces, resulting in a condition called "stale fuel". Gasoline containing ethanol is especially subject to absorbing atmospheric moisture, then forming gums, solids, or two phases (a hydrocarbon phase floating on top of a water-alcohol phase).

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was using 115/145 Aviation gasoline and producing 0.046 kilowatts per cubic centimeter (1 hp/cu in) at 6.7 compression ratio (turbo-supercharging would increase this) and 0.45 kilograms (1 lb) of engine weight to produce 0.82 kilowatts (1.1 hp). This compares to the Wright

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There is a considerable difference between summer oil and winter oil in gasoline vapor pressure (Reid Vapor Pressure, RVP), which is a measure of how easily the fuel evaporates at a given temperature. The higher the gasoline volatility (the higher the RVP), the easier it is to evaporate. The

1025:

would essentially remove the military need for ever increasing octane fuels and eliminated government support for the refining industry to pursue the research and production of such exotic and expensive fuels. Commercial aviation was slower to adapt to jet propulsion and until 1958, when the

4634:

of London on 27 November 1862: "The Patent Cazeline Oil, safe, economical, and brilliant possesses all the requisites which have so long been desired as a means of powerful artificial light". According to this source, that 19th-century advertisement is the earliest occurrence of Cassell's

910:

Early in 1944, William Boyd, president of the American Petroleum Institute and chairman of the Petroleum Industry War Council said: "The Allies may have floated to victory on a wave of oil in World War I, but in this infinitely greater World War II, we are flying to victory on the wings of

468:

The evolution of gasoline followed the evolution of oil as the dominant source of energy in the industrializing world. Before World War I, Britain was the world's greatest industrial power and depended on its navy to protect the shipping of raw materials from its colonies. Germany was also

1353:

of gasoline ranges from 0.71 to 0.77, with higher densities having a greater volume fraction of aromatics. Finished marketable gasoline is traded (in Europe) with a standard reference of 0.755 kilograms per liter (6.30 lb/U.S. gal), (7,5668 lb/ imp gal) its price is escalated or

2530:(NIOSH) has also designated gasoline as a carcinogen. Physical contact, ingestion, or inhalation can cause health problems. Since ingesting large amounts of gasoline can cause permanent damage to major organs, a call to a local poison control center or emergency room visit is indicated. 2325:

sell fuel containing up to 10 percent ethanol (E10), and most vehicle warranties (except for flexible fuel vehicles) authorize fuels that contain no more than 10 percent ethanol. In parts of the U.S., ethanol is sometimes added to gasoline without an indication that it is a component.

839:, certain Luftwaffe squadrons were forced to curtail ground support missions due to shortages of aviation gasoline. On 9 October, the German quartermaster general estimated that army vehicles were 24,000 barrels (3,800 m; 130,000 cu ft) short of gasoline requirements. 2401:

gasoline. The resulting fuel is often known as reformulated gasoline (RFG) or oxygenated gasoline, or, in the case of California, California reformulated gasoline (CARBOB). The federal requirement that RFG contain oxygen was dropped on 6 May 2006 because the industry had developed

121:

motors. The additive continued to be used in low-income countries for decades after others had phased it out, leading the UN Environment Programme (UNEP) to launch a campaign to eliminate its use. This campaign finally led to Algeria being the last country to stop its use in 2021.

485:

During the early period of gasoline engine development, aircraft were forced to use motor vehicle gasoline since aviation gasoline did not yet exist. These early fuels were termed "straight-run" gasolines and were byproducts from the distillation of a single crude oil to produce

5470:

Based on estimated provided by the oil refining industry, the Department of National Development and Energy has estimated that the decision to reduce the RON of premium motor spirit from 98 to 97 has resulted in an annual saving equivalent to about 1.6 million barrels of crude

1469:

when the gasoline should be diluted with ever-increasing amounts of freshly made fuel so that the older gasoline may be used up. If left undiluted, improper operation will occur and this may include engine damage from misfiring or the lack of proper action of the fuel within a

2408:

MTBE was phased out in the U.S. due to groundwater contamination and the resulting regulations and lawsuits. Ethanol and, to a lesser extent, ethanol-derived ETBE are common substitutes. A common ethanol-gasoline mix of 10 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called

847:

were aware of the quality of the aviation gasoline being produced and this prompted an octane race to achieve the advantage in aircraft performance. Later in the war, the C-3 grade was improved to where it was equivalent to the U.S. 150 grade (rich mixture rating).

2655:. The number of people sniffing petrol goes up and down over time as young people experiment or sniff occasionally. "Boss", or chronic, sniffers may move in and out of communities; they are often responsible for encouraging young people to take it up. In 2005, the 807:

created a special squad of oilfield experts drawn from the ranks of domestic oil industries. They were sent in to put out oilfield fires and get production going again as soon as possible. But capturing oilfields remained an obstacle throughout the war. During the

2809:) are produced from burning gasoline that does not contain ethanol. Most of the retail gasoline now sold in the U.S. contains about 10 percent fuel ethanol (or E10) by volume. Burning E10 produces about 2.119 kilograms per liter (17.68 lb/U.S. gal) of CO 665:

that coincided with the large-scale development of oil refining to provide more products in the boiling range of gasoline. Ethanol could not be patented but TEL could, so Kettering secured a patent for TEL and began promoting it instead of other options.

888:. But the Japanese missed a golden opportunity at Pearl Harbor. "All of the oil for the fleet was in surface tanks at the time of Pearl Harbor", Admiral Chester Nimitz, who became Commander in Chief of the Pacific Fleet, was later to say. "We had about 961: U.S. gal) of gasoline for delivery to overseas theaters between 1 June 1943 through August 1945. That figure does not include gasoline used by the Army inside the U.S. Motor fuel production had declined from 701 million barrels (111.5 2337:

decided to make five percent ethanol blending (with gasoline) mandatory. Currently, 10 percent ethanol blended product (E10) is being sold in various parts of the country. Ethanol has been found in at least one study to damage catalytic converters.

1628:

engine uses the timing of the valve events to produce the benefits of a high expansion ratio without the disadvantages, chiefly detonation, of a high compression ratio. A high expansion ratio is also one of the two key reasons for the efficiency of

2007:

called the announcement "the end of one toxic era". However, leaded gasoline continues to be used in aeronautic, auto racing, and off-road applications. The use of leaded additives is still permitted worldwide for the formulation of some grades of

2572:. Gasoline inhalation has become epidemic in some poorer communities and indigenous groups in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and some Pacific Islands. The practice is thought to cause severe organ damage, along with other effects such as 623:(API) initiated a conference to address the fuel problem and a cooperative fuel research (CFR) committee was established in 1920, to oversee joint investigative programs and solutions. Apart from representatives of the two industries, the 4915:

Baumbach, JI; Sielemann, S; Xie, Z; Schmidt, H (15 March 2003). "Detection of the gasoline components methyl tert-butyl ether, benzene, toluene, and m-xylene using ion mobility spectrometers with a radioactive and UV ionization source".

7074: 2357:) is dyed to identify its octane rating and to distinguish it from kerosene-based jet fuel, which is left colorless. In Canada, the gasoline for marine and farm use is dyed red and is not subject to fuel excise tax in most provinces. 2981:

engines and high compression ratios often specify premium gasoline because higher octane fuels reduce the incidence of "knock", or fuel pre-detonation. The price of gasoline varies considerably between the summer and winter months.

1945:(TEL) was widely adopted as an additive for gasoline in the 1920s. With a growing awareness of the seriousness of the extent of environmental and health damage caused by lead compounds, however, and the incompatibility of lead with 125:

Gasoline can be released into the Earth's environment as an uncombusted liquid fuel, as a flammable liquid, or as a vapor by way of leakages occurring during its production, handling, transport and delivery. Gasoline contains known

2272:

gasoline sold in Sweden has 5–15 percent ethanol added. Three different ethanol blends are sold in the Netherlands—E5, E10 and hE15. The last of these differs from standard ethanol–gasoline blends in that it consists of 15 percent

1886:

boost, and thus higher temperatures and pressures, which translate to higher power output. Some scientists even predicted that a nation with a good supply of high-octane gasoline would have the advantage in air power. In 1943, the

1870:

recommends 95-octane gasoline at low altitude and 93-octane for use in Johannesburg because "The higher the altitude the lower the air pressure, and the lower the need for a high octane fuel as there is no real performance gain".

502:) due to inferior fuels had not yet been identified, and as a result, there was no rating of gasoline in terms of its resistance to abnormal combustion. The general specification by which early gasolines were measured was that of 2695:

of −23 °C (−9 °F). Like other hydrocarbons, gasoline burns in a limited range of its vapor phase, and, coupled with its volatility, this makes leaks highly dangerous when sources of ignition are present. Gasoline has a

2447: 1619:

fuel via higher compression ratios (typically 12:1) improves the power output. This is because higher-octane fuels allow for a higher compression ratio without knocking, resulting in a higher cylinder temperature, which improves

2320:(mostly ethanol) with gasoline, sufficient to meet a growing annual target of total gallons blended. Although the mandate does not require a specific percentage of ethanol, annual increases in the target combined with declining 1979:

Reduction in the average lead content of human blood may be a major cause for falling violent crime rates around the world including South Africa. A study found a correlation between leaded gasoline usage and violent crime (see

1750:

In the U.S., octane ratings in unleaded fuels vary between 85 and 87 AKI (91–92 RON) for regular, 89–90 AKI (94–95 RON) for mid-grade (equivalent to European regular), up to 90–94 AKI (95–99 RON) for premium (European premium).

801:

Oil and its byproducts, especially high-octane aviation gasoline, would prove to be a driving concern for how Germany conducted the war. As a result of the lessons of World War I, Germany had stockpiled oil and gasoline for its

640:

With the increased use of thermally cracked gasolines came an increased concern regarding its effects on abnormal combustion, and this led to research for antiknock additives. In the late 1910s, researchers such as A.H. Gibson,

7546: 856:

Japan, like Germany, had almost no domestic oil supply and by the late 1930s, produced only seven percent of its own oil while importing the rest – 80 percent from the U.S.. As Japanese aggression grew in China

593:

increased greatly. During this period, many U.S. states established specifications for motor gasoline but none of these agreed and they were unsatisfactory from one standpoint or another. Larger oil refiners began to specify

631:

being chosen as an impartial research organization to carry out many of the studies. Initially, all the programs were related to volatility and fuel consumption, ease of starting, crankcase oil dilution, and acceleration.

619:

two industries as "the fuel problem". Animosity grew between the industries, each accusing the other of not doing anything to resolve matters, and their relationship deteriorated. The situation was only resolved when the

6942: 1728:. There are different conventions for expressing octane ratings, so the same physical fuel may have several different octane ratings based on the measure used. One of the best known is the research octane number (RON). 931: cu ft) barrels of oil a year and 100-octane aviation gasoline capacity was at 40,000 barrels (6,400 m; 220,000 cu ft) a day. By 1944, the U.S. was producing over 1.5 billion barrels (0.24 518:

trapped into over-producing kerosene and under-producing gasoline since simple distillation could not alter the ratio of the two products from any given crude. The solution appeared in 1911 when the development of the

1644:(LPG's chief component) compared to gasoline's blend of various hydrocarbon compounds with heavier molecular weights than propane. Conversely, LPG's energy content by weight is higher than gasoline's due to a higher 1030:

efficiency becomes less as compression ratio goes up. This reality set a practical limit to how high compression ratios could increase relative to how expensive the gasoline would become. Last produced in 1955, the

1675:

O, respectively; therefore one kilogram (2.2 lb) of fuel reacts with 3.51 kilograms (7.7 lb) of oxygen to produce 3.09 kilograms (6.8 lb) of carbon dioxide and 1.42 kilograms (3.1 lb) of water.

346:

had already become an established general term for motor fuel. Due to the firm's age, Carless retained the legal rights to the term and to the uppercase spelling of "Petrol" as the name of a petrochemical product.

527:

effects and would be added to straight-run gasolines. There also was the practice of mixing heavy and light distillates to achieve the desired Baumé reading and collectively these were called "blended" gasolines.

2170:, which are compounds that sequester (deactivate) metal salts that otherwise accelerate the formation of gummy residues. The metal impurities might arise from the engine itself or as contaminants in the fuel. 874:

in September 1940, came great concerns about the possible Japanese invasion of the Dutch Indies to secure their oil. After the U.S. banned all exports of steel and iron scrap, the next day, Japan signed the

2835:

stated, "To ensure fuel economy and CO2 emissions standards are effective, governments must continue regulatory efforts to monitor and reduce the gap between real-world fuel economy and rated performance."

1354:

de-escalated according to its actual density. Because of its low density, gasoline floats on water, and therefore water cannot generally be used to extinguish a gasoline fire unless applied in a fine mist.

7346: 2736:

source of carbon emissions, accounting for 30 percent of the total carbon footprint of the U.S. Combustion of gasoline produces 2.35 kilograms per liter (19.6 lb/U.S. gal) of carbon dioxide, a

1509:

D4814. This standard describes the various characteristics and requirements of automotive fuels for use over a wide range of operating conditions in ground vehicles equipped with spark-ignition engines.

8070: 7164: 827:, Stalin agreed in vague terms to supply Germany with additional oil equal to that produced by now Soviet-occupied Polish oilfields at Drohobych and Boryslav in exchange for hard coal and steel tubing. 8894: 2632:

sawmill workers, other sources claim that inhalant abuse (such as glue inhalation) emerged in Australia in the late 1960s. Chronic, heavy petrol sniffing appears to occur among remote, impoverished

5224:

That naphtha of specific gravity exceeding eighty degrees, according to Baume's hydrometer, and of the kind usually known as gasoline, shall be subject to a tax of five per centum ad valorem." See

1968:

European countries began replacing lead-containing additives by the end of the 1980s, and by the end of the 1990s, leaded gasoline was banned within the entire European Union with an exception for

835:

saw the invasion of Russia to seize the Polish oil fields and the Russian oil in the Caucasus as the solution to the German gasoline shortage. As early as July 1941, following the 22 June start of

902: million barrels of oil out there and all of it was vulnerable to .50 caliber bullets. Had the Japanese destroyed the oil," he added, "it would have prolonged the war another two years." 7066: 1199:. However, before feeding those units, the naphtha needs to be split into light and heavy naphtha. Straight-run gasoline can also be used as a feedstock for steam-crackers to produce olefins. 9104:

Eyidogan, Muharrem; Ozsezen, Ahmet Necati; Canakci, Mustafa; Turkcan, Ali (2010). "Impact of alcohol–gasoline fuel blends on the performance and combustion characteristics of an SI engine".

2070:, and some other countries. Consumer confusion led to a widespread mistaken preference for LRP rather than unleaded, and LRP was phased out 8 to 10 years after the introduction of unleaded. 2769:

Gasoline use causes a variety of deleterious effects to the human population and to the climate generally. The harms imposed include a higher rate of premature death and ailments, such as

2051:

Lead replacement petrol (LRP) was developed for vehicles designed to run on leaded fuels and incompatible with unleaded fuels. Rather than tetraethyllead, it contains other metals such as

6292:, The Technical Services, The Quartermaster Corps: Organization, Supply, and Services, Office of the CHief of Military History, Department of the Army, Washington, D.C., 1955, pp. 128–129 5436:

India's drivers used 500,000 barrels per day of motor spirit in the 12 months ending in February 2016, according to the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell of the Ministry of Petroleum.

2845:

to gasoline spills or leaks to the soil, working at a gasoline station, inhaling gasoline volatile gas when refueling at a gasoline station is the easiest way to be exposed to gasoline.

7553: 7245: 7520: 831:

1940, total production under German control amounted to only 234,550 barrels (37,290 m; 1,316,900 cu ft). By early 1941 and the depletion of German gasoline reserves,

9202: 7415: 7217: 4776: 4959: 2300:

Legislation requires retailers to label fuels containing ethanol on the dispenser, and limits ethanol use to 10 percent of gasoline in Australia. Such gasoline is commonly called

2289: 657:

were added) and the "low percentage" solution (where only 0.53-1.1 g/L or 0.071-0.147 oz / U.S. gal were needed). The "low percentage" solution ultimately led to the discovery of

8235: 8104: 7097: 6934: 8560: 7971: 5220:

38th Congress. Sessions I. Chapter 173: An Act to provide Internal Revenue to support the Government, to pay Interest on the Public Debt, and for other Purposes, 1864, p. 265. "

5867: 674:

poison" that had killed a member of his dissertation committee. On 27 October 1924, newspaper articles around the nation told of the workers at the Standard Oil refinery near

6478: 5757: 4643:, to identify automobile fuel. It describes that, in the course of business, he learned that the Dublin shopkeeper Samuel Boyd was selling a counterfeit version of the fuel 2667:

in remote areas prone to petrol sniffing. Opal is a non-sniffable fuel (which is much less likely to cause a high) and has made a difference in some indigenous communities.

884:

proceeding with the Dutch East Indies invasion. On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, and the next day the Netherlands declared war on Japan, which initiated the

6956: 5930: 7669:"Removal of Reformulated Gasoline Oxygen Content Requirement (national) and Revision of Commingling Prohibition to Address Non-0xygenated Reformulated Gasoline (national)" 4647:, and, in writing, Cassell asked Boyd to cease and desist selling fuel using his trademark. Boyd did not reply, instead merely changing the spelling of the initial letter 2977:

said premium gas—which has a higher octane rating and costs more per gallon than regular unleaded—should be used only if the manufacturer says it is "required". Cars with

460:

became the world's first commercial method to break down heavier hydrocarbons in crude oil to increase the percentage of lighter products compared to simple distillation.

7643: 8364: 6115: 445:(evaporators). The development of a "spray nozzle" carburetor enabled the use of less volatile fuels. Further improvements in engine efficiency were attempted at higher 661:(TEL) in December 1921, a product of the research of Midgley and Boyd and the defining component of leaded gasoline. This innovation started a cycle of improvements in 7458:"Top Tier Detergent Gasoline (Deposits, Fuel Economy, No Start, Power, Performance, Stall Concerns)", GM Bulletin, 04-06-04-047, 06-Engine/Propulsion System, June 2004 7315: 6061: 5351: 8288: 4828: 1473:

system and from an onboard computer attempting to compensate (if applicable to the vehicle). Gasoline should ideally be stored in an airtight container (to prevent

101:

of the fuel blend. Gasoline blends with stable octane ratings are produced in several fuel-grades for different types of motors. A low octane rated fuel may cause

5228: 5110: 7386: 2439:

and sold as E10. E85 is slowly becoming available in much of the U.S., though many of the relatively few stations vending E85 are not open to the general public.

870:. This action prompted the U.S. to move its Pacific fleet from Southern California to Pearl Harbor to help stiffen British resolve to stay in Indochina. With the 7338: 6859: 4802: 610:(unsaturated hydrocarbons), which increased the risk of gumming. Also, the volatility was decreasing to the point that fuel did not vaporize and was sticking to 134:

and can be harmful or fatal when used in such a manner. When burned, one liter (0.26 U.S. gal) of gasoline emits about 2.3 kilograms (5.1 lb) of

8331: 7160: 6654: 5787: 8074: 5242: 8991: 8886: 8127: 6380: 6335: 6160: 2527: 1636:

The lower energy content of LPG by liquid volume in comparison to gasoline is due mainly to its lower density. This lower density is a property of the lower

9301: 8953: 8908: 6228: 8808: 7444: 9211: 8838: 8717: 5890: 4985: 1043:

replacement by other antiknock compounds. Subsequently, low-sulfur gasoline was introduced, in part to preserve the catalysts in modern exhaust systems.

8939: 8096: 5323: 2292:(ANP) requires gasoline for automobile use to have 27.5 percent of ethanol added to its composition. Pure hydrated ethanol is also available as a fuel. 8011: 7476: 7368: 8258: 7240: 2879:

on fuels such as gasoline when compared to the U.S. The price of gasoline in Europe is typically higher than that in the U.S. due to this difference.

1299:, to the reformer unit, where it would be converted to benzene. Therefore, only (desulfurized) heavy virgin naphtha (HVN) is fed to the reformer unit 9400: 8601: 5483: 530:

Gradually, volatility gained favor over the Baumé test, though both continued to be used in combination to specify a gasoline. As late as June 1917,

113:

and other lead compounds were once widely used as additives to increase the octane rating, but are not used in modern automotive gasoline due to the

5205: 2564:(huffed) gasoline vapor is a common intoxicant. Users concentrate and inhale gasoline vapor in a manner not intended by the manufacturer to produce 2454:, though, ordinary people in much of Europe cannot legally ferment and distill their own bioethanol at present (unlike in the U.S., where getting a 7875: 5007:

Cook, John; Nuccitelli, Dana; Green, Sarah A.; Richardson, Mark; Winkler, Bärbel; Painting, Rob; Way, Robert; Jacobs, Peter; Skuce, Andrew (2013).

2542: 1891:

aero engine produced 980 kilowatts (1,320 hp) using 100 RON fuel from a modest 27 liters (1,600 cu in) displacement. By the time of

9282: 7920: 2446:

and bio-methanol, either directly or indirectly by conversion of ethanol to bio-ETBE, or methanol to bio-MTBE is encouraged by the European Union

287:

countries (except Canada), use the term "petrol", and North Americans more often use "gas" in common parlance, hence the prevalence of the usage

7135: 4858: 4673: 2526:

People can be exposed to gasoline in the workplace by swallowing it, breathing in vapors, skin contact, and eye contact. Gasoline is toxic. The

2515:(MTBE) (up to 18 percent by volume, in some states), and about 10 others. Hydrocarbons in gasoline generally exhibit low acute toxicities, with 9334: 9075: 7985: 5957:

Kovarik, William (1 October 2005). "Ethyl-leaded Gasoline: How a Classic Occupational Disease Became an International Public Health Disaster".

5431: 2940: 2936: 7854: 7578: 6911: 6687: 788:

and a lean mixture, and these would be called 'performance numbers' (PN). 100-octane aviation gasoline would be referred to as 130/100 grade.

714:

During this period, research showed that hydrocarbon structure was extremely important to the antiknocking properties of fuel. Straight-chain

9341:, 'A Refiner's Viewpoint on Motor Fuel Quality' About the fuel specs refiners can control. Holaday W, and Happel J. (SAE paper 430113, 1943). 7043: 5705: 5046: 824: 9017: 8533:

V. F. Andersen; J. E. Anderson; T. J. Wallington; S. A. Mueller; O. J. Nielsen (21 May 2010). "Vapor Pressures of Alcohol−Gasoline Blends".

8394: 8687: 8424: 7524: 2086: 2056: 1012:

When the Allied breakout after D-Day found their armies stretching their supply lines to a dangerous point, the makeshift solution was the

7408: 6597: 602:

The automobile industry reacted to the increase in thermally cracked gasoline with alarm. Thermal cracking produced large amounts of both

7690: 7209: 6779: 5084: 4772: 2744: 2059:(MMT); these are purported to buffer soft exhaust valves and seats so that they do not suffer recession due to the use of unleaded fuel. 6999: 6793: 6749: 4951: 9230: 8227: 7885: 7101: 6474: 6452: 5663: 5270: 2967:

About nine percent of all gasoline sold in the U.S. in May 2009 was premium grade, according to the Energy Information Administration.

2538: 9238: 9139: 8567: 8047: 7498: 4713:

Diesel fuel is not used in a gasoline engine, so its low octane rating is not an issue; the relevant metric for diesel engines is the

9293: 8158: 7889: 7283: 5753: 8778: 5859: 1170:

The various refinery streams blended to make gasoline have different characteristics. Some important streams include the following:

422:, were developed in Germany during the last quarter of the 19th century. The fuel for these early engines was a relatively volatile 8519: 2591:

governments intervened on several occasions, sending many children away for treatment. Despite being moved to the new community of

208:

A modern gasoline container is made of colored, plastic material that does not rust, whilst the red color exclusively identifies a

8195: 9288: 9163: 5926: 1996: 1961:

banned the sale of leaded fuel for use in on-road vehicles in the U.S. The use of TEL also necessitated other additives, such as

7636: 6960: 9310: 8864: 2596: 2584: 1867: 866:

to secure more supplies from the Dutch East Indies and demanded greater oil exports from the exiled Dutch government after the

8356: 6885: 6379:(Report). Air Historical Office Headquarters, Army Air Forces: Army Air Forces Historical Studies. September 1947. p. 4. 6334:(Report). Air Historical Office Headquarters, Army Air Forces: Army Air Forces Historical Studies. September 1947. p. 3. 6159:(Report). Air Historical Office Headquarters, Army Air Forces: Army Air Forces Historical Studies. September 1947. p. 2. 6096: 653:

of General Motors began investigating additives based on two paths, the "high percentage" solution (where large quantities of

9268: 7305: 6743: 6710: 6622:

Huess Hedlund, Frank; Boier Pedersena, Jan; Sinc, Gürkan; Garde, Frits G.; Kragha, Eva K.; Frutiger, Jérôme (February 2019).

6109: 5459: 4756: 4607: 4540: 2854: 2592: 1903:

to 100-octane avgas. By this time, the Rolls-Royce Merlin 66 was developing 1,500 kilowatts (2,000 hp) using this fuel.

871: 5465: 9429: 7672: 6070: 5606: 5345: 4628:

According to this single source, provided at the end of this note, Cassell placed the following fuel-oil advertisement in

1988: 1031: 543: 9251: 7610: 6624:"Puncture of an import gasoline pipeline—Spray effects may evaporate more fuel than a Buncefield-type tank overfill event" 5580: 2817:

emissions from ethanol combustion are considered, then about 2.271 kilograms per liter (18.95 lb/U.S. gal) of CO

8750: 8299: 7915: 4824: 707:

scale was adopted, and in 1930, the first octane specification for aviation fuels was established. In the same year, the

595: 7772: 7676: 5552: 5301: 5225: 5106: 2867:

said in 2021 that "road fuels should be taxed at a rate that reflects their impact on people's health and the climate".

9818: 9039: 7382: 1432: 323: 7720: 6855: 6538: 4872:

Mehlman, MA (1990). "Dangerous properties of petroleum-refining products: carcinogenicity of motor fuels (gasoline)".

4798: 2587:

were the focus of national concern in 1993, when many were found to be sniffing gasoline. The Canadian and provincial

1109:. Roughly 72 liters (19 U.S. gal) of gasoline is derived from a 160-liter (42 U.S. gal) barrel of 156:

On average, U.S. petroleum refineries produce about 19 to 20 gallons of gasoline, 11 to 13 gallons of distillate fuel

8324: 7186: 4576: 3918: 1451: 1404: 9387: 8695: 6623: 5779: 350:

British refiners originally used "motor spirit" as a generic name for the automotive fuel and "aviation spirit" for

9318: 5238: 8983: 8135: 7747:

Karl Griesbaum et al. "Hydrocarbons" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

6373: 6328: 6153: 1701:

at exactly the right time, causing a rapid pressure rise that can damage the engine. This is often referred to as

1283:

is usually blended in the gasoline pool, although the quantity of this stream is limited by the RVP specification.

1035:

Brothers engine needing almost 7.7 kilograms (17 lb) of engine weight to produce 0.75 kilowatts (1 hp).

97:

The fuel-characteristics of a particular gasoline-blend, which will resist igniting too early are measured as the

9553: 9298: 8961: 8916: 6224: 2944: 2203: 1953: 624: 8812: 8266: 8071:"The Office of the Chief Coroner's Death Review of the Youth Suicides at the Pikangikum First Nation, 2006–2008" 6418:

Kavanagh, F. W.; MacGregor, J. R.; Pohl, R. L.; Lawler, M. B. (1959). "The economics of High-Octane Gasolines".

1743:, 95 RON is the standard for regular unleaded gasoline and 98 RON is also available as a more expensive option. 1411: 3900: 2178:

Gasoline, as delivered at the pump, also contains additives to reduce internal engine carbon buildups, improve

1389: 8834: 8709: 8484: 8454: 5901: 4981: 8931: 6833: 6512: 5331: 4678: 3954: 2607: 1958: 562: 268: 8015: 7468: 7409:"Protocol for the Evaluation of Effects of Metallic Fuel-Additives on the Emissions Performance of Vehicles" 7360: 1117:, called virgin or straight-run gasoline, does not meet specifications for modern engines (particularly the 9624: 9558: 7250: 5503:"Exposure of Petrol Station Attendants and Auto Mechanics to Premium Motor Sprit Fumes in Calabar, Nigeria" 2301: 2257: 1273:

is obtained by isomerizing low-octane straight-run gasoline into iso-paraffins (non-chain alkanes, such as

620: 8593: 5487: 1418: 1184: 589:

Between 1917 and 1919, the amount of thermally cracked gasoline utilized almost doubled. Also, the use of

373:

is used in Japanese. In other languages, the name of the product is derived from the hydrocarbon compound

9833: 9221: 7440: 5213: 2864: 2832: 2636:

communities, where the ready accessibility of petrol has helped to make it a common substance for abuse.

2183: 2074: 1697:. However, the unburned mixture may autoignite by pressure and heat alone, rather than igniting from the 146: 4586: 4548: – Amount of alternative fuel it takes to equal the energy content of one liquid gallon of gasoline 9680: 9548: 9520: 7910: 6856:"Quality of petrol and diesel fuel used for road transport in the European Union (Reporting year 2013)" 6475:"MotorCities – One Horsepower per Cubic Inch: 1957 Chevy Corvette | 2018 | Story of the Week" 4581: 4560: 4545: 1912: 885: 71: 4499: – Fuel for internal combustion engines – replacement fuel for use in unmodified gasoline engines 1655:

Molecular weights of the species in the representative octane combustion are 114, 32, 44, and 18 for C

1156:

the oil refinery that makes the gasoline, as not all refineries have the same set of processing units;

9790: 7694: 7124: 5380: 4850: 4683: 3932: 3896: 2588: 2402: 2117:

degradation of gasoline during long-term storage. These harmful deposits arise from the oxidation of

1981: 1400: 1385: 1209:, has a high octane rating with high aromatic content and relatively low olefin content. Most of the 867: 479: 241: 35: 9331: 7989: 5423: 2152:

and oil-soluble strong amine bases, such as hindered phenols. "Stale" gasoline can be detected by a

911:

petroleum". In December 1941 the U.S. had 385,000 oil wells producing 1.6 billion barrels (0.25

9533: 9422: 9082: 8159:"Community Affairs Reference Committee Reference: Petrol sniffing in remote Aboriginal communities" 7844: 7585: 7067:"Lead abatement, alcohol taxes and 10 other ways to reduce the crime rate without annoying the NRA" 6907: 6679: 5451:

Motor Spirit: Vehicle Emissions, Octane Ratings and Lead Additives: Further Examination, March 1981

1706: 1236: 628: 457: 406:

Some languages, like French and Italian, use the respective words for gasoline to instead indicate

338:, suggested to John Leonard, owner of Carless, that they trademark the word and uppercase spelling 17: 7039: 6501: 5699: 5185: 2519:

of 700–2700 mg/kg for simple aromatic compounds. Benzene and many antiknocking additives are

1263:

and olefins as feedstocks. Finished alkylate contains no aromatics or olefins and has a high MON (

1124:

The bulk of a typical gasoline consists of a homogeneous mixture of small, relatively lightweight

9730: 9639: 9583: 9563: 9013: 8861:"When did the Federal Government begin collecting the gas tax?—Ask the Rambler — Highway History" 8390: 8042: 5385: 4659:. According to this theory, by 1863, North American English usage would have re-spelled the word 4567:) – Engine in which the combustion of a fuel occurs with an oxidizer in a combustion chamber 4397: 4055: 3889: 2973:

magazine says, "If says to use regular fuel, do so—there's no advantage to a higher grade." The

2656: 2600: 2573: 2508: 2373: 2313: 1604: 1378: 718:

in the boiling range of gasoline had low antiknock qualities while ring-shaped molecules such as

418:

The first internal combustion engines suitable for use in transportation applications, so-called

331: 284: 272:

alternatively proposes that the word may have originated from the surname of British businessman

83: 31: 8416: 2639:

In Australia, petrol sniffing now occurs widely throughout remote Aboriginal communities in the

2491:

unleaded gasoline shows at least 15 hazardous chemicals occurring in various amounts, including

2016:, because the required octane rating is difficult to reach without the use of leaded additives. 9490: 6589: 5132: 2633: 2569: 2504: 2381: 2377: 1934: 1895:, both the RAF and USAAF were conducting some operations in Europe using 150 RON fuel (100/150 1713: 1495: 1152:

is particular to the oil industry. The actual ratio of molecules in any gasoline depends upon:

819:

consumed nearly 2.4 liters per kilometer (1 U.S. gal/mi) of gasoline on the drive to

566: 511: 474:

domestic oil reserves. Britain eventually solved its naval oil dependence by securing oil from

9325:

i.e. reformulated gasoline. Has lower heating value data, actual energy content is higher see

7698: 6983: 6771: 5076: 1295:

grades of automotive gasoline. This is usually achieved by avoiding feeding C6, in particular

9828: 8786: 6804: 6733: 5393: 4368: 2790: 2701: 2697: 2613: 2385: 2073:

Leaded gasoline was withdrawn from sale in Britain after 31 December 1999, seven years after

1690: 711:

specified fuels rated at 87 octane for its aircraft as a result of studies it had conducted.

675: 106: 9352: 8228:"Petrol-sniffing reports in Central Australia increase as kids abuse low aromatic Opal fuel" 6446: 5657: 5262: 4339: 4310: 2062:

LRP was marketed during and after the phaseout of leaded motor fuels in the United Kingdom,

9326: 9235: 9146: 9113: 8636: 8037: 7490: 6638: 5020: 3946: 2612:

Australia has long faced a petrol (gasoline) sniffing problem in isolated and impoverished

2595:

in 2002, serious inhalant abuse problems have continued. Similar problems were reported in

2534: 2321: 2020: 1225:

hydrocarbons) are more valuable as chemical feedstocks and are thus removed to some extent.

836: 719: 650: 8169: 7879: 7273: 8: 9415: 8532: 8289:"Submission to the Senate Community Affairs References Committee by BP Australia Pty Ltd" 8128:"Anangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights (Regulated Substances) Amendment Bill" 7310: 7014: 6568:

Werner Dabelstein, Arno Reglitzky, Andrea Schütze and Klaus Reders "Automotive Fuels" in

5701:

Development of Aircraft Engines: Two Studies of Relations Between Government and Business

5291:

Medieval Latin: literally, rock oil = Latin petr(a) rock (< Greek pétra) + oleum oil.

4430: 3950: 2762:

Production of gasoline consumes 1.5 liters per kilometer (0.63 U.S. gal/mi) of

2448:

Directive on the Promotion of the use of biofuels and other renewable fuels for transport

2334: 2148:

of 10 or above can be protected with the combination of unhindered or partially hindered

1946: 1593: 1592:(9.3 kWh/L; 127 MJ/U.S. gal; 121,000 BTU/U.S. gal), quoting the 1264: 1192: 1188: 708: 9117: 8640: 8515: 6642: 5024: 2906:

Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.

2413:

or E10, and an ethanol-gasoline mix of 85 percent ethanol mixed with gasoline is called

1999: 1633:, along with the elimination of pumping losses due to throttling of the intake airflow. 769:

The development of 100-octane aviation gasoline on an economic scale was due in part to

114: 9823: 9742: 9706: 9543: 8664: 8202: 8201:(Report). National Institute on Drug Abuse. NIDA Research Monograph 148. Archived from 7850: 7820: 7795: 6427: 5990: 5529: 5502: 5038: 5033: 4592: 4529: 3945:(per mass) of various transportation fuels as compared with gasoline. In the rows with 2756: 2640: 2186:. The specification for Top Tier Detergent Gasolines was developed by four automakers: 1892: 1888: 1506: 1206: 858: 808: 781: 646: 9167: 7210:"Leaded gas was phased out 25 years ago. Why are these planes still using toxic fuel?" 6069:(18th ed.). New York: Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America. Archived from 5146: 2207: 1425: 240:(aviation gasoline), which is fuel for airplanes. English dictionaries, including the 9598: 9578: 9538: 9276: 9259: 8860: 7963: 7825: 7383:"Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 April 2009" 6991: 6739: 6105: 5982: 5974: 5534: 5455: 5042: 4933: 4897: 4889: 4752: 2715: 2644: 2629: 2484: 2182:

and allow easier starting in cold climates. High levels of detergent can be found in

2167: 2126: 2019:

Different additives have replaced lead compounds. The most popular additives include

2009: 1879: 1705:

or end-gas knock. Knocking can be reduced by increasing the gasoline's resistance to

1608: 1499: 1491: 1327: 1287:

The terms above are the jargon used in the oil industry, and the terminology varies.

1232: 691: 565:

arranged to study fuels for aircraft in cooperation with the Aviation Section of the

475: 446: 378: 91: 8835:"Regional gasoline price differences - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 8668: 7513: 5994: 5374: 2078:

cars on British roads saw many gasoline stations withdrawing LRP from sale by 2003.

9778: 9662: 9480: 9195:

The Boom: How Fracking Ignited the American Energy Revolution and Changed the World

9121: 8654: 8644: 8542: 7955: 7943: 7815: 7807: 7748: 6881: 6646: 6573: 6225:"Kurfürst – Technical Report No 145-45 Manufacture of Aviation Gasoline in Germany" 5966: 5840: 5524: 5514: 5028: 4925: 4881: 2969: 2550: 2435: U.S. gal) of ethanol was produced in the U.S. for fuel use, mostly from 2160: 2137: 2106: 1973: 1731:

The octane rating of typical commercially available gasoline varies by country. In

1637: 1350: 1330: 1303: 1239:, has a moderate octane rating, high olefin content, and moderate aromatic content. 1132:

atoms per molecule (commonly referred to as C4–C12). It is a mixture of paraffins (

1013: 590: 523: 503: 335: 79: 63: 9294:

World Internet News: "Big Oil Looking for Another Government Handout", April 2006.

9265: 7959: 7881:

Medical Management Guidelines for Gasoline (Mixture) CAS# 86290-81-5 and 8006-61-9

7241:"More than 20% of SA cars still using lead-replacement petrol but only 1% need it" 6718: 6590:"Hydrocarbon Gas Liquids Explained - U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 6577: 4505: – Gasoline produced from biomass - petrol derived from biomass such as algae 2923: 2280:) instead of the anhydrous ethanol traditionally used for blending with gasoline. 9754: 9667: 9649: 9573: 9367: 9338: 9322: 9305: 9272: 9255: 9242: 9225: 7483: 7132:

National Bureau of Economic Research. "a" ref citing Pirkle, Brody, et al. (1994)

5449: 5246: 5232: 5151: 4514: 3942: 2786: 2684: 2648: 2459: 2397: 2273: 2211: 1938: 1937:

internal combustion engines, tends to auto-ignite or "detonate" causing damaging

1928: 1875: 1702: 1487: 1222: 876: 816: 770: 735: 662: 583: 495: 470: 450: 177: 110: 102: 9382: 8259:"Responding to petrol sniffing on the Anangu Pitjantjatjara Lands: A case study" 7874: 5602: 5576: 2206:

requirement is not sufficient to keep engines clean. Typical detergents include

9718: 9694: 9593: 9510: 9248: 9125: 7614: 6650: 5171: 5068: 4534: 4520: 3938: 2802: 2737: 2187: 2145: 1942: 1625: 1527: 1478: 1470: 1095: 862: 812: 683: 679: 658: 649:, and Thomas Boyd began to investigate abnormal combustion. Beginning in 1916, 519: 449:, but early attempts were blocked by the premature explosion of fuel, known as 295: 142: 135: 9377: 8739: 8649: 8624: 7764: 5970: 5447: 2616:

communities. Although some sources argue that sniffing was introduced by U.S.

2222: 507: 9812: 9766: 9701: 9438: 8957: 8510: 7752: 7668: 6995: 5978: 5562: 5501:

Udonwa, N. E.; Uko, E. K.; Ikpeme, B. M.; Ibanga, I. A.; Okon, B. O. (2009).

5293: 5166: 4893: 4714: 4601: 4551: 4490: 4481: 3972: 2774: 2719: 2470: 1962: 1685: 1630: 1612: 1577: 1307: 1196: 1118: 777: 704: 642: 491: 431: 98: 75: 59: 9372: 9047: 811:, German estimates of gasoline consumption turned out to be vastly too low. 482:

and this determined from where and of what quality its gasoline would come.

9588: 9528: 9505: 7967: 7811: 7731: 7278: 6534: 5986: 5538: 4937: 4885: 4496: 4184: 4154: 4086: 2978: 2625: 2520: 2451: 2410: 2253: 2153: 2067: 1883: 1859: 1694: 1581: 1311: 1246: 1114: 1106: 1064: 832: 531: 499: 273: 173: 94:. It is a high-volume profitable product produced in crude oil refineries. 8932:"Fact or Fiction?: Premium Gasoline Delivers Premium Benefits to Your Car" 8516:"How much carbon dioxide is produced by burning gasoline and diesel fuel?" 7829: 7178: 6502:"Tuning Vintage Corvette Engines for Maximum Performance and Fuel Economy" 6104:. The Drew Papers. Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama: Air University Press. 5519: 4901: 2583:

In Canada, Native children in the isolated Northern Labrador community of

1969: 200:

lists capacity in three measures: U.S. gallon, Imperial gallon, and liters

9802: 9629: 9470: 9460: 9315: 9311:

Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural petroleum.

8500: 8498: 8496: 8494: 5835:

Vincent, J. G. (1920). "Adapting Engines to the Use of Available Fuels".

5557: 4604: – Standard measure of the performance of an engine or aviation fuel 4508: 4502: 4214: 2957: 2824:

Worldwide 7 liters of gasoline are burnt for every 100 km driven by

2778: 2692: 2664: 2500: 2450:. Since producing bioethanol from fermented sugars and starches involves 2133: 2092: 1621: 1296: 1141: 1125: 1086: 844: 423: 419: 407: 393:

in Italian; but in Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay, the colloquial name

311: 288: 157: 9737: 9219:

Graph of inflation-corrected historic prices, 1970–2005. Highest in 2005

7842: 6431: 6404:

Robert E. Allen, Director of Information, American Petroleum Institute,

6359:

Robert E. Allen, Director of Information, American Petroleum Institute,

6314:

Robert E. Allen, Director of Information, American Petroleum Institute,

6301:

Robert E. Allen, Director of Information, American Petroleum Institute,

4773:"Why small planes still use leaded fuel decades after phase-out in cars" 2931: 2353:

octane (RON 98), which are dyed yellow. In the U.S., aviation gasoline (

1878:

in the late 1920s and the 1940s. A higher octane rating allows a higher

1874:

Octane rating became important as the military sought higher output for

441:

boils at 125.62 °C (258.12 °F)), it was well-suited for early

149:. Oil products, including gasoline, were responsible for about 32% of CO 43: 9619: 9362: 8659: 7179:"Highly polluting leaded petrol now eradicated from the world, says UN" 4982:"Releases or emission of CO2 per Liter of fuel (Gasoline, Diesel, LPG)" 3903: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 2961: 2748: 2652: 2443: 2393: 2179: 2132:

This degradation can be prevented through the addition of 5–100 ppm of

2122: 2004: 1698: 1519: 1465: 1392: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1310:(deliberately added), plus small levels of contaminants, in particular 1256: 1026: 803: 611: 579: 442: 221: 165: 127: 118: 9713: 8546: 8491: 4929: 1322: 615:

in a 200-mile run, as the analysis of the oil in the oil-pan shows".

9657: 9614: 9465: 9166:. The National Hydrogen Association. 25 November 2005. Archived from 6621: 5239:"Improved apparatus for vaporizing and aerating volatile hydrocarbon" 5072: 4636: 4630: 4248: 2422: 2365: 2347: 2277: 2156: 2114: 2063: 2052: 1585: 1569: 1518:

A gasoline-fueled internal combustion engine obtains energy from the

1474: 1334: 1274: 1260: 1160: 1110: 1056: 747: 731: 169: 87: 9725: 3878: 2316:(RFS) effectively requires refiners and blenders to blend renewable 1367: 262: 256: 204: 9634: 9495: 9485: 9373:

High octane fuel, leaded and LRP gasoline—article from robotpig.net

8476: 8446: 7579:"The Color of Australian Unleaded Petrol Is Changing To Red/Orange" 6735:

Energy: Production, Conversion, Storage, Conservation, and Coupling

5844: 4570: 4120: 2876: 2858: 2752: 2565: 2561: 2304:

by major brands, and it is cheaper than regular unleaded gasoline.

2036: 1863: 1645: 1573: 1291: 1277:). Isomerate has a medium RON and MON, but no aromatics or olefins. 1079: 739: 607: 487: 435: 427: 250: 161: 131: 6829: 5639: 5637: 4827:. United States Environmental Protection Agency. 13 October 2014. 4825:"Preventing and Detecting Underground Storage Tank (UST) Releases" 9568: 9500: 9203:

The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World

8509:

This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the

5407:

Hincks, Ron (2004). "Our Motoring Heritage: Gasoline & Oil".

5107:"Refining crude oil—U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)" 4475: 4051: 2801:

About 2.353 kilograms per liter (19.64 lb/U.S. gal) of

2621: 2617: 2496: 2492: 2389: 2317: 2268: 2109:

are common antioxidants used to inhibit gum formation in gasoline

2040: 1992: 1991:

announced that leaded petrol had been eradicated worldwide, with

1900: 1732: 1725: 1641: 1616: 1597: 1249:, has a medium to low octane rating and moderate aromatic levels. 1214: 1210: 1179: 1091: 1074: 751: 723: 654: 555: 400: 374: 319: 197: 9357: 5424:"India's thirst for gasoline helps spur global oil demand: Kemp" 2675: 2290:

Brazilian National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels

8391:"Effects of vehicle pollution on human health – x-engineer.org" 8265:. Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission. Archived from 8194:

Kozel, Nicholas; Sloboda, Zili; Mario De La Rosa, eds. (1995).

8100: 6935:"85-octane warning labels not posted at many gasoline stations" 5634: 4523: – Machine at a filling station that is used to pump fuels 2770: 2603:. In 2012, the issue once again made the news media in Canada. 2577: 2546: 2418: 2369: 2232: 2195: 2149: 2118: 2102: 1941:(also called "pinging" or "pinking"). To address this problem, 1740: 1736: 1721: 1717: 1649: 1535: 1523: 1218: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1060: 1051: 981: cu ft)in 1941 down to 208 million barrels (33.1 820: 759: 755: 743: 727: 715: 687: 603: 547: 9407: 9218: 5959:

International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health

5891:"Early Liquid Fuels and the Controversial Octane Number Tests" 4537: – Conversion of natural gas to liquid petroleum products 2777:, higher healthcare costs for the public generally, decreased 2679:

Uncontrolled burning of gasoline produces large quantities of

2097: 1477:

or water vapor mixing in with the gas) that can withstand the

546:, the European Allies used fuels derived from crude oils from 9215:(Buccaneer Books, 1994; latest edition: Reissue Press, 2008). 9103: 8984:"Why Is Gas More Expensive in the Summer Than in the Winter?" 7903: 7161:"Ban on leaded petrol 'has cut crime rates around the world'" 6959:. Automobile Association of South Africa (AA). Archived from 5006: 4277: 2782: 2763: 2488: 2436: 2354: 2191: 2141: 2024: 2013: 1896: 1693:

are designed to burn gasoline in a controlled process called

1607:(LPG), has an overall lower power output at the typical 10:1 1589: 1531: 1338: 351: 237: 9368:

Energy Supply Logistics Searchable Directory of US Terminals

9094:. Livermore, California. Sandia National Laboratories. 2000. 8196:

Epidemiology of Inhalant Abuse: An International Perspective

8193: 6932: 6212:

The Last Wave; Oil, War, and Financial Upheaval in the 1990s

6199:

The Last Wave; Oil, War, and Financial Upheaval in the 1990s

6186:

The Last Wave; Oil, War, and Financial Upheaval in the 1990s

5008: 1976:. The UAE started to switch to unleaded in the early 2000s. 1949:, governments began to mandate reductions in gasoline lead. 1538:, a representative species, performs the chemical reaction: 1191:(RVP)) of the straight-run gasoline can be improved through 678:, New Jersey who were producing TEL and were suffering from 9441: 8594:"New models yield clearer picture of emissions' true costs" 8417:"NOx gases in diesel car fumes: Why are they so dangerous?" 7986:"Rising Trend: Sniffing Gasoline – Huffing & Inhalants" 6714: 6417: 4914: 2825: 2680: 2516: 2455: 2032: 2028: 1611:

of an engine design optimized for gasoline fuel. An engine

1068: 670: 551: 67: 9761: 9097: 6686:. U.S. Energy Information Administration. 12 August 2016. 1187:(RON) is too low. The chemical properties (namely RON and 7843:

University of Utah Poison Control Center (24 June 2014),

7793: 7765:"CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards – Gasoline" 2414: 2396:. The presence of these oxygenates reduces the amount of 2199: 1166:

the grade of gasoline (in particular, the octane rating).

635: 192: 8097:"Labrador Innu kids sniffing gas again to fight boredom" 8073:. Office of the Chief Coroner of Ontario. Archived from 5454:. Australian Government Publishing Service. p. 11. 4851:"Evaluation of the Carcinogenicity of Unleaded Gasoline" 2781:, missed work and school days due to illness, increased 1505:

Gasoline stability requirements are set by the standard

490:, which was the principal product sought for burning in 9475: 8747:

MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research

5448:

National Energy Advisory Committee (Australia) (1981).

4597:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4556:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

4525:

Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets

2813:

that is emitted from the fossil fuel content. If the CO

2660: 1314:

compounds (which are usually removed at the refinery).

1121:; see below), but can be pooled to the gasoline blend. 62:

product characterized as a transparent, yellowish, and

9266:

What's the difference between premium and regular gas?

9145:. North Carolina Cooperative Extension. Archived from 9076:"Overview of Storage Development DOE Hydrogen Program" 2093:

Fuel stabilizers (antioxidants and metal deactivators)

1568:

By weight, combustion of gasoline releases about 46.7

377:, or more precisely from the class of products called 9678: 9299:

Durability of various plastics: Alcohols vs. Gasoline

8954:"Why is summer fuel more expensive than winter fuel?" 7944:"Low IQ and Gasoline Huffing: The Perpetuation Cycle" 7637:"Fuel Taxes & Road Expenditures: Making the Link" 6738:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 33. 5500: 4610: – Chronology of events affecting the oil market 2528:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

2405:-controlled RFG that did not need additional oxygen. 1866:

at 1,753 meters (5,751 ft) above sea level, the

762:, combined with limited benzene, solved the problem. 8740:"Fuel Prices and New Vehicle Fuel Economy in Europe" 7521:"India to raise ethanol blending in gasoline to 10%" 7058: 6277:

The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power

5780:"The Power to Fly: The Wright Brothers' 1903 Engine" 5629:

The Prize, The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power

4471: 172:

The product ratio depends upon the processing in an

9212:

The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power

8801: 5605:. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 2417:. The most extensive use of ethanol takes place in 1712:Octane rating is measured relative to a mixture of 1046: 117:, except in aviation, off-road motor vehicles, and 8384: 8382: 7337:Hollrah, Don P.; Burns, Allen M. (11 March 1991). 7208:Miranda, Leticia; Farivar, Cyrus (12 April 2021). 5864:The Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers 5373: 5372: 5324:"History of Carless, Capel & Leonard, Carless" 5067: 5009:"Global Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet" 4751:(4. ed.). New York Basel: Dekker. p. 1. 4589: – Low-density mixture of hydrocarbon liquids 4554: – Using hydrogen to decarbonize more sectors 2839: 9388:Comparison of Regular, Midgrade, and Premium Fuel 8357:"Carbon monoxide poisoning - Symptoms and causes" 7942:Yip, Leona; Mashhood, Ahmed; Naudé, Suné (2005). 7491:"Government to take a call on ethanol price soon" 7089: 2989: 2241: Corn used for Ethanol fuel (bushels) (left) 1957:tons) of lead per year. From 1 January 1996, the 1290:Currently, many countries set limits on gasoline 627:(SAE) also played an instrumental role, with the 9810: 9285:with diesel and gasoline prices of 172 countries 8518:. U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). 7941: 7876:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 7125:"The Impact of Childhood Lead Exposure on Crime" 7098:"Ban on lead may yet give us respite from crime" 6981: 6830:"Oil Industry Statistics from Gibson Consulting" 6098:Jimmy Doolittle: The Commander Behind the Legend 4517: – Facility which sells gasoline and diesel 2875:Countries in Europe impose substantially higher 2714:instead of oxygen, causing the human body to be 2543:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 2226:Corn vs Ethanol production in the United States 1995:being the last country to deplete its reserves. 342:. The trademark application was refused because 318:was a refined mineral oil product marketed as a 9258:, and to the Russian-Ukrainian theory of deep, 8379: 7796:"Acute toxicity of gasoline and some additives" 7339:"MMT Increases Octane While Reducing Emissions" 6711:"Lead-Free gasoline Material Safety Data Sheet" 2691:Gasoline is extremely flammable due to its low 1148:in place of the standard chemical nomenclature 276:, who supposedly first marketed the substance. 9040:"Appendix B – Transportation Energy Data Book" 8688:"Fuel Consumption of Cars and Vans – Analysis" 7207: 6975: 6684:U.S. Energy Information Administration website 6570:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 4874:Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis 4595: – Fuel from carbon monoxide and hydrogen 3868: 2727:sore throat, and dizziness causing poisoning. 2556: 2247: Percent of corn used for Ethanol (right) 2202:. According to the bulletin, the minimal U.S. 368: 266:. However, a blog post at the defunct website 9423: 6933:Ryan Lengerich Journal staff (17 July 2012). 6318:, Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1947, pp. 512–518 4799:"Race Fuel 101: Lead and Leaded Racing Fuels" 4573: – Robust pressed steel liquid container 578:Engine designers knew that, according to the 394: 388: 362: 30:"Petrol" redirects here. For other uses, see 9378:CDC – NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards 9249:introduction to the modern petroleum science 8682: 8680: 8678: 7846:Dos and Don'ts in Case of Gasoline Poisoning 7336: 5595: 4749:Petroleum refining: technology and economics 4746: 2608:Indigenous Australian § Substance abuse 2458:distillation permit has been easy since the 2121:and other minor components in gasoline (see 2087:Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl 2057:methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl 1513: 382: 224:, which common usage shortened to the terms 9332:A Refiner's Viewpoint on MOTOR FUEL QUALITY 9069: 9067: 9065: 8773: 8771: 7794:E Reese and R D Kimbrough (December 1993). 7361:"EPA Comments on the Gasoline Additive MMT" 6631:Process Safety and Environmental Protection 6564: 6562: 6560: 6558: 6556: 5952: 5950: 5948: 5662:. Farm Implement Publishing Company. 1917. 4747:Gary, James H.; Handwerk, Glenn E. (2001). 4704:Consisting mostly of C3 and C4 hydrocarbons 2425:. In 2004, over 13 billion liters (3.4 1709:, which is expressed by its octane rating. 314:derived from rocks and stones. In Britain, 130:. Gasoline is often used as a recreational 9430: 9416: 8909:"Gassing up with premium probably a waste" 8887:"New & Used Car Reviews & Ratings" 8388: 7886:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 7274:"Petrol for older cars about to disappear" 7012: 5507:Journal of Environmental and Public Health 4511: – Liquid fuel used in diesel engines 2046: 9073: 8710:"Gasoline, Automotive | ToxFAQs™ | ATSDR" 8675: 8658: 8648: 7819: 6957:"95/93 – What is the Difference, Really?" 6266:, Simon & Schuster, 1992, pp. 316–317 6253:, Simon & Schuster, 1992, pp. 310–312 5697: 5631:, Simon & Schuster, 1992, pp. 150–63. 5528: 5518: 5032: 3919:Learn how and when to remove this message 2927:U.S. Regular Gasoline Prices through 2018 2113:Gummy, sticky resin deposits result from 1452:Learn how and when to remove this message 1245:(heavy, mid, and light), produced with a 825:German–Soviet Commercial Agreement (1940) 690:, and Standard Oil, who were partners in 322:from the 1870s by the British wholesaler 9062: 9014:"Gasoline production - Country rankings" 8779:"Gas Prices: Frequently Asked Questions" 8768: 8625:"The social cost of atmospheric release" 8622: 8256: 7064: 6617: 6615: 6553: 6499: 6408:, Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1947, p. 498 6374:Aviation Gasoline Production and Control 6363:, Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1945, p. 509 6329:Aviation Gasoline Production and Control 6305:, Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1947, p. 499 6154:Aviation Gasoline Production and Control 5945: 2930: 2922: 2674: 2628:or through experimentation by 1940s-era 2469: 2221: 2096: 1522:of gasoline's various hydrocarbons with 1321: 1113:. Material separated from crude oil via 1085: 1073: 1050: 203: 191: 42: 8125: 8068: 7679:from the original on 20 September 2005. 7479:from the original on 19 September 2011. 6731: 6444: 5956: 5834: 5468:from the original on 17 February 2017. 4871: 2730: 2163:produced by oxidation of the gasoline. 1984:). Other studies found no correlation. 367:is used in Spanish and Portuguese, and 14: 9811: 9404:Handy Jam Organization, 1935 (Cartoon) 9032: 9020:from the original on 22 September 2020 8897:from the original on 23 February 2013. 8591: 7389:from the original on 22 September 2016 7371:from the original on 17 November 2016. 7349:from the original on 17 November 2016. 7238: 7220:from the original on 15 September 2021 7116: 6888:from the original on 25 September 2020 6836:from the original on 12 September 2008 6782:from the original on 15 December 2015. 6708: 6094: 6059: 5406: 5347:Carless, Capel and Leonard Ltd Records 1917: 1868:Automobile Association of South Africa 1317: 636:Leaded gasoline controversy, 1924–1925 9411: 9289:EIA – Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Update 8942:from the original on 12 October 2012. 8841:from the original on 15 November 2021 8756:from the original on 13 November 2020 8720:from the original on 12 December 2021 8604:from the original on 25 November 2020 8522:from the original on 27 October 2013. 8427:from the original on 12 December 2021 8397:from the original on 12 December 2021 8367:from the original on 12 December 2021 8156: 8132:Legislative Council (South Australia) 8012:"Petrol Sniffing / Gasoline Sniffing" 7892:from the original on 14 November 2020 7728:Tesoro petroleum Companies, Inc., U.S 7691:"Alternative Fueling Station Locator" 7306:"AA warns over lead replacement fuel" 7286:from the original on 29 December 2016 7271: 7122: 7095: 6612: 6481:from the original on 30 November 2020 6095:Bishop, Benjamin W. (December 2014). 5927:"The Water Network | by AquaSPE" 5857: 5434:from the original on 30 August 2017. 4831:from the original on 10 December 2020 4608:World oil market chronology from 2003 4541:Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing 2855:Gasoline and diesel usage and pricing 2360: 1851: 1848: 1843: 1825: 1818: 1799: 1032:Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major 1019: 872:Japanese invasion of French Indochina 399:is derived from that of the chemical 357:Some other languages use variants of 78:, gasoline is chemically composed of 9231:The Low-Down on High Octane Gasoline 8994:from the original on 24 October 2021 8487:from the original on 20 August 2011. 8457:from the original on 9 December 2021 8050:from the original on 25 January 2021 7974:from the original on 14 August 2017. 7857:from the original on 8 November 2020 7775:from the original on 16 October 2015 7673:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 7497:. Chennai, India. 21 November 2011. 7189:from the original on 25 January 2022 7167:from the original on 29 August 2017. 7141:from the original on 17 January 2024 7006: 6914:from the original on 21 October 2020 6660:from the original on 2 November 2021 6515:from the original on 29 January 2020 6455:from the original on 29 January 2020 6386:from the original on 29 January 2020 6341:from the original on 29 January 2020 6279:, Simon & Schuster, 1992, p. 327 6231:from the original on 6 November 2018 6166:from the original on 29 January 2020 5888: 5708:from the original on 31 January 2021 5666:from the original on 29 January 2020 5421: 5394:participating institution membership 5366: 5304:from the original on 10 January 2017 4855:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 4805:from the original on 25 October 2020 4615: 3957:'s Transportation Energy Data Book. 3901:adding citations to reliable sources 3872: 2995:Gasoline production (per day; 2014) 2886: 2821:are produced when E10 is combusted. 2421:, where the ethanol is derived from 1390:adding citations to reliable sources 1361: 1055:Some of the components of gasoline: 669:The dangers of compounds containing 544:United States entry into World War I 9316:Fuel Economy Impact Analysis of RFG 8561:"Water Intensity of Transportation" 8337:from the original on 1 January 2022 8166:Official Committee Hansard (Senate) 7916:Australian Broadcasting Corporation 7469:"MEDIDA PROVISÓRIA nº 532, de 2011" 7015:"Europe moves to ban lead in avgas" 6772:"Energy Information Administration" 6288:Erna Risch and Chester L. Kieffer, 5858:Pogue, Joseph E. (September 1919). 5609:from the original on 24 August 2023 5603:"N-OCTANE / CAMEO Chemicals / NOAA" 5113:from the original on 27 August 2022 4493: – Fuel used to power aircraft 2708: 330:found a later use as a motor fuel, 90:and later chemically enhanced with 24: 8929: 7649:from the original on 10 April 2014 7523:. 22 November 2011. Archived from 7318:from the original on 21 April 2017 7046:from the original on 12 April 2020 7002:from the original on 19 June 2013. 6945:from the original on 15 June 2015. 6862:from the original on 22 April 2021 6732:Demirel, Yaşar (26 January 2012). 6600:from the original on 5 August 2022 6290:United States Army in World War II 6121:from the original on 29 March 2020 5583:from the original on 18 March 2022 5087:from the original on 19 April 2023 5077:"CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions" 5049:from the original on 11 April 2019 4988:from the original on 1 August 2021 4962:from the original on 11 March 2024 4861:from the original on 27 June 2010. 4726:at −253.2 °C (−423.8 °F) 2848: 1922: 1899:), obtained by adding 2.5 percent 1603:A high-octane-rated fuel, such as 697: 573: 324:Carless Refining and Marketing Ltd 310:, oil) initially denoted types of 27:Liquid fuel derived from petroleum 25: 9845: 9346: 8107:from the original on 18 June 2012 7800:Environmental Health Perspectives 7730:. 8 February 2003. Archived from 7421:from the original on 1 March 2021 7239:Seggie, Eleanor (5 August 2011). 7065:Matthews, Dylan (22 April 2013). 7013:Calderwood, Dave (8 March 2022). 6752:from the original on 28 July 2020 6541:from the original on 23 July 2020 5870:from the original on 28 July 2020 5790:from the original on 16 June 2023 4577:List of automotive fuel retailers 2796: 2507:(up to seven percent by volume), 2262: 164:from each 42 gallon (152 liters) 9796: 9784: 9772: 9760: 9748: 9736: 9724: 9712: 9700: 9688: 9156: 9132: 9006: 8976: 8946: 8923: 8915:. 19 August 2009. Archived from 8901: 8879: 8867:from the original on 29 May 2010 8853: 8827: 8732: 8702: 8616: 8585: 8553: 8526: 8504: 8469: 8451:Coltura - moving beyond gasoline 8439: 8409: 8349: 8317: 8296:Parliament of Australia Web Site 8281: 8250: 8238:from the original on 16 May 2022 8220: 8187: 8150: 8126:Wortley, R.P. (29 August 2006). 8119: 8089: 8062: 8030: 8004: 7978: 7935: 7923:from the original on 26 May 2024 7868: 7836: 7787: 7757: 7741: 7713: 7683: 7661: 7629: 7603: 7571: 7539: 7461: 7452: 7433: 7401: 7375: 7353: 7330: 7298: 7272:Clark, Andrew (14 August 2002). 7077:from the original on 12 May 2013 6690:from the original on 24 May 2017 5933:from the original on 3 June 2020 5760:from the original on 4 July 2018 5354:from the original on 26 May 2024 5350:. National Archives. 1860–1988. 5273:from the original on 16 May 2020 5267:The American Heritage Dictionary 5192:. Oxford University Press, 2024. 4779:from the original on 2 June 2021 4720: 4707: 4698: 4474: 3877: 2891: 2700:of 1.4 percent by volume and an 2495:(up to five percent by volume), 2166:Gasolines are also treated with 1858:As South Africa's largest city, 1679: 1366: 1302:Gasoline can also contain other 1047:Chemical analysis and production 780:developed the Houdry process of 74:. When formulated as a fuel for 9554:2,4-Dimethyl-6-tert-butylphenol 9437: 9363:Transportation Energy Data Book 9186: 8694:. November 2021. Archived from 8157:Brady, Maggie (27 April 2006). 7501:from the original on 5 May 2012 7265: 7232: 7201: 7171: 7153: 7096:Marrs, Dave (22 January 2013). 7040:"UAE switches to unleaded fuel" 7032: 6982:Hearst Magazines (April 1936). 6949: 6926: 6900: 6874: 6848: 6822: 6786: 6764: 6725: 6702: 6672: 6582: 6527: 6493: 6467: 6438: 6411: 6398: 6366: 6353: 6321: 6308: 6295: 6282: 6269: 6256: 6243: 6217: 6204: 6191: 6178: 6146: 6143:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, pp. 94–95. 6133: 6088: 6063:The Aircraft Year Book for 1936 6053: 6050:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, pp. 12–19. 6040: 6027: 6014: 6001: 5919: 5882: 5851: 5828: 5815: 5802: 5772: 5746: 5733: 5720: 5691: 5678: 5650: 5621: 5569: 5545: 5494: 5476: 5441: 5415: 5400: 5338: 5316: 5285: 5255: 5195: 5179: 5159: 5139: 5125: 5099: 5075:; Rosado, Pablo (11 May 2020). 5061: 5000: 4671:spelling was the common usage: 4622: 4587:Natural-gas condensate#Drip gas 3888:needs additional citations for 2947:reflect prices paid at the pump 2840:Contamination of soil and water 2670: 2503:(up to one percent by volume), 1954:Environmental Protection Agency 1526:from the ambient air, yielding 1377:needs additional citations for 791: 625:Society of Automotive Engineers 463: 434:near 85 °C (185 °F) ( 236:, thus differentiating it from 9283:International Fuel Prices 2005 8257:Williams, Jonas (March 2004). 7948:American Journal of Psychiatry 7249:. South Africa. Archived from 7100:. Business Day. Archived from 6680:"Gasoline—a petroleum product" 6500:Williams, Duke (1 July 2012). 6445:Sanders, Gold V. (June 1946). 6188:, Agora Inc., 1988, pp. 13–14. 5152:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary 5013:Environmental Research Letters 4974: 4944: 4908: 4865: 4843: 4817: 4791: 4765: 4740: 2990:Gasoline production by country 2499:(up to 35 percent by volume), 1534:as exhaust. The combustion of 537: 181: 13: 1: 9197:(Simon & Schuster, 2014). 8960:. 6 June 2008. Archived from 8168:. Hansard: 11. Archived from 8069:Lauwers, Bert (1 June 2011). 7988:. 16 May 2013. Archived from 7960:10.1176/appi.ajp.162.5.1020-a 7613:. 17 May 2008. Archived from 7547:"European Biogas Association" 6801:Alternative Fuels Data Center 6578:10.1002/14356007.a16_719.pub2 6406:The American Year Book – 1946 6361:The American Year Book – 1944 6316:The American Year Book – 1946 6303:The American Year Book – 1946 6141:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 6048:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 6035:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 6022:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 6009:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 5900:. p. 227. Archived from 5823:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 5812:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, pp. 6–9. 5810:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 5741:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 5728:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 5686:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 5647:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, pp. 1–4. 5645:Aviation Gasoline Manufacture 4733: 3955:Oak Ridge National Laboratory 2545:says not to induce vomiting, 2231: Total corn production ( 2173: 153:emissions worldwide in 2021. 9625:Automatic transmission fluid 9559:Dinonylnaphthylsulfonic acid 9511:Racing fuel (Tetraethyllead) 9353:CNN/Money: Global gas prices 9164:"Frequently Asked Questions" 7721:"Material safety data sheet" 6794:"Fuel Properties Comparison" 6060:Mingos, Howard, ed. (1936). 5839:. Vol. 1. p. 346. 5422:Kemp, John (18 March 2017). 5034:10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024 2295: 2258:Common ethanol fuel mixtures 2184:Top Tier Detergent Gasolines 1933:Gasoline, when used in high- 1906: 1357: 621:American Petroleum Institute 187: 7: 8325:"Carbon Monoxide Poisoning" 7911:"Petrol Sniffing Fact File" 6572:2007, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim. 6037:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, p. 34. 6024:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, p. 20. 6011:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, p. 22. 5825:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, p. 74. 5730:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, p. 252 5688:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, p. 10. 5486:. Oando PLC. Archived from 5206:"The etymology of gasoline" 4775:. NBC News. 22 April 2021. 4674:"The etymology of gasoline" 4467: 3869:Comparison with other fuels 2865:International Energy Agency 2833:International Energy Agency 2557:Inhalation for intoxication 2478: 2372:-bearing compounds such as 1464:Quality gasoline should be 1177:, sometimes referred to as 369: 254:plus the chemical suffixes 147:human-caused climate change 72:internal combustion engines 10: 9850: 9549:Dimethyl methylphosphonate 9126:10.1016/j.fuel.2010.01.032 8623:Shindell, Drew T. (2015). 8477:"How Gasoline Becomes CO2" 8263:Social Justice Report 2003 7314:. London. 15 August 2002. 6990:. Hearst Magazines: 524–. 6651:10.1016/j.psep.2018.11.007 6214:, Agora Inc., 1988, p. 19. 6201:, Agora Inc., 1988, p. 17. 5837:SAE Technical Paper Series 5743:, McGraw-Hill, 1944, p. 3. 5698:Schlaifer, Robert (1950). 5083:. Global Change Data Lab. 4582:List of gasoline additives 4561:Internal combustion engine 4546:Gasoline gallon equivalent 3930: 2852: 2620:stationed in the nation's 2605: 2345: 2251: 2217: 2214:at a level of 50–100 ppm. 1926: 1913:List of gasoline additives 1910: 1683: 1344: 1229:Catalytic cracked gasoline 1163:feed used by the refinery; 1067:, and the octane enhancer 886:Dutch East Indies campaign 796: 413: 216:The American English word 105:and reduced efficiency in 29: 9819:IARC Group 2B carcinogens 9648: 9607: 9519: 9448: 9241:20 September 2005 at the 9224:23 September 2005 at the 8650:10.1007/s10584-015-1343-0 8134:. Hansard. Archived from 8038:"Benzene and Cancer Risk" 7695:U.S. Department of Energy 5971:10.1179/oeh.2005.11.4.384 5860:"The Engine-Fuel Problem" 5381:Oxford English Dictionary 5190:Oxford English Dictionary 5172:Dictionary.com Unabridged 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3933:Energy content of biofuel 3002: 2999: 2900:This section needs to be 2882: 2870: 2745:evaporation from the tank 2589:Newfoundland and Labrador 2465: 2307: 2283: 2276:(i.e., the ethanol–water 1514:Combustion energy content 868:Battle of the Netherlands 480:Anglo-Persian Oil Company 242:Oxford English Dictionary 36:Gasoline (disambiguation) 9534:Butylated hydroxytoluene 9358:EEP: European gas prices 7753:10.1002/14356007.a13_227 6908:"Sunoco CFR Racing Fuel" 5231:13 November 2018 at the 5226:Library of Congress (US) 4655:, thus coining the word 3937:Below is a table of the 2945:excise taxes on gasoline 2328: 1989:UN Environment Programme 1105:Gasoline is produced in 851: 629:U.S. Bureau of Standards 458:Shukhov cracking process 9640:Windshield washer fluid 9584:Methyl tert-butyl ether 9564:2,6-Di-tert-butylphenol 9476:Lead Replacement Petrol 9401:Down the Gasoline Trail 9337:4 February 2021 at the 9321:22 October 2012 at the 9304:28 October 2004 at the 9271:19 October 2004 at the 8043:American Cancer Society 6858:. European Commission. 5784:Mac's MOTOR CITY GARAGE 5386:Oxford University Press 4002:BTU / U.S. gal 3996:BTU / U.S. gal 2657:Government of Australia 2601:Pikangikum First Nation 2574:intellectual disability 2474:HAZMAT class 3 gasoline 2341: 2314:Renewable Fuel Standard 2047:Lead Replacement Petrol 1605:liquefied petroleum gas 1231:, or catalytic cracked 1144:). The use of the term 905: 84:fractional distillation 47:Gasoline in a glass jar 32:Petrol (disambiguation) 9491:Compressed natural gas 8447:"Facts About Gasoline" 7812:10.1289/ehp.93101s6115 7449: Gasoline test kit 5484:"Premium Motor Spirit" 5245:27 August 2018 at the 5212:(blog). Archived from 4886:10.1002/tcm.1770100505 2948: 2928: 2688: 2475: 2249: 2144:. Hydrocarbons with a 2110: 2081: 1714:2,2,4-trimethylpentane 1691:Spark-ignition engines 1496:1,2,4-trimethylbenzene 1341: 1185:Research Octane Number 1128:with between 4 and 12 1098: 1083: 1071: 738:to join isobutane and 567:U.S. Army Signal Corps 561:On 2 August 1917, the 395: 389: 383: 363: 291:in the United States. 213: 201: 160:and 3 to 4 gallons of 48: 7737:on 28 September 2007. 7123:Reyes, J. W. (2007). 2934: 2926: 2791:global climate change 2743:Unburnt gasoline and 2702:upper explosive limit 2698:lower explosive limit 2678: 2473: 2333:In October 2007, the 2267:In the EU, 5 percent 2225: 2100: 2021:aromatic hydrocarbons 1982:Lead–crime hypothesis 1325: 1175:Straight-run gasoline 1089: 1077: 1054: 720:aromatic hydrocarbons 279:In place of the word 244:, show that the term 207: 196:An American metallic 195: 115:extreme health hazard 107:reciprocating engines 46: 9327:higher heating value 9254:4 April 2005 at the 9152:on 22 November 2012. 9140:"Extension Forestry" 9088:on 21 February 2007. 8573:on 15 September 2013 8175:on 12 September 2006 8138:on 29 September 2007 8077:on 30 September 2012 7806:(Suppl 6): 115–131. 7675:. 22 February 2006. 7611:"EAA – Avgas Grades" 6451:. pp. 124–126. 6210:Robert W. Czeschin, 6197:Robert W. Czeschin, 6184:Robert W. Czeschin, 6139:Matthew Van Winkle, 6046:Matthew Van Winkle, 6033:Matthew Van Winkle, 6020:Matthew Van Winkle, 6007:Matthew Van Winkle, 5821:Matthew Van Winkle, 5808:Matthew Van Winkle, 5754:"1903 Wright Engine" 5739:Matthew Van Winkle, 5726:Matthew Van Winkle, 5684:Matthew Van Winkle, 5643:Matthew Van Winkle, 5490:on 17 February 2017. 5133:"Gas Can Fact Sheet" 4958:. 28 December 2012. 4918:Analytical Chemistry 3953:, they are from the 3897:improve this article 3003:Gasoline production 2937:RBOB Gasoline Prices 2766:by driven distance. 2731:Environmental impact 2647:, northern parts of 2599:in 2000 and also in 2535:common misconception 2322:gasoline consumption 1997:UN Secretary-General 1987:In August 2021, the 1947:catalytic converters 1862:, is located on the 1584:) or by volume 33.6 1386:improve this article 1082:in the United States 837:Operation Barbarossa 651:Charles F. Kettering 563:U.S. Bureau of Mines 9170:on 25 November 2005 9118:2010Fuel...89.2713E 8936:Scientific American 8641:2015ClCh..130..313S 8483:. 1 November 2006. 8018:on 21 December 2016 7992:on 20 December 2016 7878:(21 October 2014), 7441:A1 AU 2000/72399 A1 7311:The Daily Telegraph 7163:. 28 October 2007. 6984:"Popular Mechanics" 6963:on 29 December 2016 6882:"Types Of Car Fuel" 6643:2019PSEP..122...33H 6535:"Engine Weight FYI" 5565:on 6 February 2010. 5520:10.1155/2009/281876 5384:(Online ed.). 5298:The Free Dictionary 5222:And provided, also, 5216:on 12 January 2018. 5210:Oxford Dictionaries 5025:2013ERL.....8b4024C 5019:(2). NASA: 024024. 4956:HealthyChildren.org 4952:"Gasoline Sniffing" 4679:Oxford Dictionaries 2996: 2705:quickly flammable. 2663:began the usage of 2335:Government of India 2105:and derivatives of 1918:Antiknock additives 1594:lower heating value 1318:Physical properties 1265:Motor Octane Number 1189:Reid vapor pressure 742:to form isomers of 709:U.S. Army Air Force 269:Oxford Dictionaries 66:normally used as a 9834:Petroleum products 9791:History of science 9544:1,2-Dichloroethane 8919:on 21 August 2009. 8789:on 21 January 2011 8592:University, Duke. 7851:University of Utah 7367:. 5 October 2015. 7253:on 13 October 2016 7185:. 31 August 2021. 6939:Rapid City Journal 6810:on 31 October 2016 6721:on 20 August 2002. 5786:. 4 January 2020. 5409:Chrysler Collector 5155:. Merriam-Webster. 4593:Synthetic gasoline 4530:Fuel saving device 2994: 2949: 2929: 2757:photochemical smog 2689: 2641:Northern Territory 2551:activated charcoal 2476: 2361:Oxygenate blending 2250: 2168:metal deactivators 2127:metal deactivators 2111: 1959:U.S. Clean Air Act 1893:Operation Overlord 1889:Rolls-Royce Merlin 1580:/kg; 21.2 MJ/ 1342: 1255:is produced in an 1235:, produced with a 1207:catalytic reformer 1140:), and napthenes ( 1099: 1084: 1072: 1020:U.S., 1946–present 859:USS Panay incident 809:Invasion of Poland 782:catalytic cracking 647:Thomas Midgley Jr. 447:compression ratios 334:, an associate of 214: 202: 145:, contributing to 92:gasoline additives 70:for spark-ignited 49: 9676: 9675: 9599:Tetranitromethane 9579:Metal deactivator 9539:1,2-Dibromoethane 9383:Aviation Fuel Map 9277:The Straight Dope 9260:abiotic petroleum 8547:10.1021/ef100254w 8269:on 31 August 2007 8208:on 5 October 2016 6988:Popular Mechanics 6745:978-1-4471-2371-2 6111:978-1-58566-245-6 6076:on 2 January 2020 5461:978-0-642-06672-5 5392:(Subscription or 5269:. HarperCollins. 5081:Our World in Data 4930:10.1021/ac020342i 4758:978-0-8247-0482-7 4616:Explanatory notes 4465: 4464: 3941:(per volume) and 3929: 3928: 3921: 3866: 3865: 3026: 3019: 3012: 2921: 2920: 2789:events linked to 2645:Western Australia 2630:Cobourg Peninsula 2485:safety data sheet 2161:organic peroxides 2138:phenylenediamines 2010:aviation gasoline 1952:In the U.S., the 1880:compression ratio 1856: 1855: 1836:High-performance 1747:racing purposes. 1609:compression ratio 1492:isopropyl alcohol 1462: 1461: 1454: 1436: 1304:organic compounds 1237:catalytic cracker 692:Ethyl Corporation 476:Royal Dutch Shell 379:petroleum benzine 352:aviation gasoline 220:denotes fuel for 82:derived from the 80:organic compounds 16:(Redirected from 9841: 9801: 9800: 9799: 9789: 9788: 9787: 9777: 9776: 9775: 9765: 9764: 9753: 9752: 9751: 9741: 9740: 9731:Renewable energy 9729: 9728: 9717: 9716: 9705: 9704: 9693: 9692: 9691: 9684: 9663:MTBE controversy 9432: 9425: 9418: 9409: 9408: 9209:Yergin, Daniel. 9206:(Penguin, 2011). 9200:Yergin, Daniel. 9180: 9179: 9177: 9175: 9160: 9154: 9153: 9151: 9144: 9136: 9130: 9129: 9101: 9095: 9093: 9089: 9087: 9081:. Archived from 9080: 9071: 9060: 9059: 9057: 9055: 9046:. Archived from 9036: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9025: 9010: 9004: 9003: 9001: 8999: 8980: 8974: 8973: 8971: 8969: 8950: 8944: 8943: 8927: 8921: 8920: 8905: 8899: 8898: 8891:Consumer Reports 8883: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8857: 8851: 8850: 8848: 8846: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8822: 8820: 8811:. Archived from 8805: 8799: 8798: 8796: 8794: 8785:. Archived from 8775: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8755: 8744: 8736: 8730: 8729: 8727: 8725: 8706: 8700: 8699: 8684: 8673: 8672: 8662: 8652: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8611: 8609: 8589: 8583: 8582: 8580: 8578: 8572: 8566:. Archived from 8565: 8557: 8551: 8550: 8541:(6): 3647–3654. 8530: 8524: 8523: 8508: 8507: 8502: 8489: 8488: 8473: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8462: 8443: 8437: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8413: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8389:x-engineer.org. 8386: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8353: 8347: 8346: 8344: 8342: 8336: 8329: 8321: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8310: 8304: 8298:. Archived from 8293: 8285: 8279: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8254: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8207: 8200: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8174: 8163: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8145: 8143: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8093: 8087: 8086: 8084: 8082: 8066: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8055: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8014:. Archived from 8008: 8002: 8001: 7999: 7997: 7982: 7976: 7975: 7954:(5): 1020–1021. 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7907: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7823: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7761: 7755: 7745: 7739: 7738: 7736: 7725: 7717: 7711: 7710: 7708: 7706: 7697:. Archived from 7687: 7681: 7680: 7665: 7659: 7658: 7656: 7654: 7648: 7641: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7624: 7622: 7607: 7601: 7600: 7598: 7596: 7590: 7584:. Archived from 7583: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7564: 7559:on 24 March 2016 7558: 7552:. Archived from 7551: 7543: 7537: 7536: 7534: 7532: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7508: 7506: 7487: 7481: 7480: 7465: 7459: 7456: 7450: 7448: 7447: 7443: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7428: 7426: 7420: 7413: 7405: 7399: 7398: 7396: 7394: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7357: 7351: 7350: 7334: 7328: 7327: 7325: 7323: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7246:Engineering News 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7157: 7151: 7150: 7148: 7146: 7140: 7129: 7120: 7114: 7113: 7111: 7109: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7084: 7082: 7062: 7056: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7042:. January 2003. 7036: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7025: 7010: 7004: 7003: 6979: 6973: 6972: 6970: 6968: 6953: 6947: 6946: 6930: 6924: 6923: 6921: 6919: 6904: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6893: 6878: 6872: 6871: 6869: 6867: 6852: 6846: 6845: 6843: 6841: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6803:. Archived from 6798: 6790: 6784: 6783: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6759: 6757: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6717:. Archived from 6706: 6700: 6699: 6697: 6695: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6667: 6665: 6659: 6628: 6619: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6605: 6586: 6580: 6566: 6551: 6550: 6548: 6546: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6522: 6520: 6506: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6488: 6486: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6420:SAE Transactions 6415: 6409: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6391: 6385: 6378: 6370: 6364: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6348: 6346: 6340: 6333: 6325: 6319: 6312: 6306: 6299: 6293: 6286: 6280: 6273: 6267: 6260: 6254: 6247: 6241: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6221: 6215: 6208: 6202: 6195: 6189: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6171: 6165: 6158: 6150: 6144: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6128: 6126: 6120: 6103: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6075: 6068: 6057: 6051: 6044: 6038: 6031: 6025: 6018: 6012: 6005: 5999: 5998: 5954: 5943: 5942: 5940: 5938: 5923: 5917: 5916: 5914: 5912: 5906: 5895: 5889:Marshall, E. L. 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5855: 5849: 5848: 5832: 5826: 5819: 5813: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5750: 5744: 5737: 5731: 5724: 5718: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5695: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5675: 5673: 5671: 5654: 5648: 5641: 5632: 5625: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5593: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5561:. Archived from 5549: 5543: 5542: 5532: 5522: 5498: 5492: 5491: 5480: 5474: 5473: 5445: 5439: 5438: 5419: 5413: 5412: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5389: 5377: 5370: 5364: 5363: 5361: 5359: 5342: 5336: 5335: 5334:on 28 June 2011. 5330:. Archived from 5320: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5309: 5289: 5283: 5282: 5280: 5278: 5259: 5253: 5217: 5199: 5193: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5163: 5157: 5156: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5129: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5118: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5094: 5092: 5065: 5059: 5058: 5056: 5054: 5036: 5004: 4998: 4997: 4995: 4993: 4984:. 7 March 2008. 4978: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4967: 4948: 4942: 4941: 4912: 4906: 4905: 4869: 4863: 4862: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4821: 4815: 4814: 4812: 4810: 4795: 4789: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4769: 4763: 4762: 4744: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4711: 4705: 4702: 4696: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4682:. Archived from 4626: 4598: 4566: 4557: 4526: 4484: 4479: 4478: 3960: 3959: 3924: 3917: 3913: 3910: 3904: 3881: 3873: 3024: 3017: 3010: 2997: 2993: 2975:Associated Press 2970:Consumer Reports 2916: 2913: 2907: 2895: 2894: 2887: 2709:Gasoline exhaust 2549:, or administer 2505:trimethylbenzene 2431: 2430: 2246: 2240: 2230: 2212:alkyl phosphates 2107:phenylenediamine 2039:, most commonly 2000:António Guterres 1974:general aviation 1876:aircraft engines 1754: 1753: 1638:molecular weight 1564: 1457: 1450: 1446: 1443: 1437: 1435: 1394: 1370: 1362: 1351:specific gravity 1205:, produced in a 1014:Red Ball Express 997: 996: 987: 986: 977: 976: 967: 966: 957: 956: 947: 946: 937: 936: 927: 926: 917: 916: 901: 900: 896: 893: 817:Panzer divisions 591:natural gasoline 524:thermal cracking 504:specific gravity 398: 392: 386: 372: 366: 336:Gottlieb Daimler 248:originates from 182:§ Etymology 64:flammable liquid 21: 9849: 9848: 9844: 9843: 9842: 9840: 9839: 9838: 9809: 9808: 9807: 9797: 9795: 9785: 9783: 9773: 9771: 9759: 9749: 9747: 9735: 9723: 9711: 9699: 9689: 9687: 9679: 9677: 9672: 9668:Pay at the pump 9644: 9603: 9574:Ethylenediamine 9515: 9456:Gasoline/petrol 9444: 9436: 9349: 9344: 9339:Wayback Machine 9323:Wayback Machine 9306:Wayback Machine 9273:Wayback Machine 9256:Wayback Machine 9243:Wayback Machine 9226:Wayback Machine 9193:Gold, Russell. 9189: 9184: 9183: 9173: 9171: 9162: 9161: 9157: 9149: 9142: 9138: 9137: 9133: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9085: 9078: 9074:George Thomas. 9072: 9063: 9053: 9051: 9050:on 18 July 2011 9038: 9037: 9033: 9023: 9021: 9012: 9011: 9007: 8997: 8995: 8990:. 6 June 2008. 8982: 8981: 8977: 8967: 8965: 8952: 8951: 8947: 8930:Biello, David. 8928: 8924: 8907: 8906: 8902: 8885: 8884: 8880: 8870: 8868: 8859: 8858: 8854: 8844: 8842: 8833: 8832: 8828: 8818: 8816: 8807: 8806: 8802: 8792: 8790: 8783:fueleconomy.gov 8777: 8776: 8769: 8759: 8757: 8753: 8749:. August 2011. 8742: 8738: 8737: 8733: 8723: 8721: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8686: 8685: 8676: 8629:Climatic Change 8621: 8617: 8607: 8605: 8590: 8586: 8576: 8574: 8570: 8563: 8559: 8558: 8554: 8531: 8527: 8514: 8505: 8503: 8492: 8475: 8474: 8470: 8460: 8458: 8445: 8444: 8440: 8430: 8428: 8415: 8414: 8410: 8400: 8398: 8387: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8355: 8354: 8350: 8340: 8338: 8334: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8318: 8308: 8306: 8305:on 14 June 2007 8302: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8282: 8272: 8270: 8255: 8251: 8241: 8239: 8234:. 10 May 2022. 8226: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8192: 8188: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8161: 8155: 8151: 8141: 8139: 8124: 8120: 8110: 8108: 8095: 8094: 8090: 8080: 8078: 8067: 8063: 8053: 8051: 8036: 8035: 8031: 8021: 8019: 8010: 8009: 8005: 7995: 7993: 7984: 7983: 7979: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7909: 7908: 7904: 7895: 7893: 7873: 7869: 7860: 7858: 7841: 7837: 7792: 7788: 7778: 7776: 7763: 7762: 7758: 7746: 7742: 7734: 7723: 7719: 7718: 7714: 7704: 7702: 7701:on 14 July 2008 7689: 7688: 7684: 7667: 7666: 7662: 7652: 7650: 7646: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7630: 7620: 7618: 7609: 7608: 7604: 7594: 7592: 7591:on 9 April 2013 7588: 7581: 7577: 7576: 7572: 7562: 7560: 7556: 7549: 7545: 7544: 7540: 7530: 7528: 7527:on 7 April 2014 7519: 7518: 7514: 7504: 7502: 7489: 7488: 7484: 7467: 7466: 7462: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7439: 7438: 7434: 7424: 7422: 7418: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7392: 7390: 7381: 7380: 7376: 7359: 7358: 7354: 7335: 7331: 7321: 7319: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7270: 7266: 7256: 7254: 7237: 7233: 7223: 7221: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7190: 7177: 7176: 7172: 7159: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7142: 7138: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7107: 7105: 7104:on 6 April 2013 7094: 7090: 7080: 7078: 7071:Washington Post 7063: 7059: 7049: 7047: 7038: 7037: 7033: 7023: 7021: 7011: 7007: 6980: 6976: 6966: 6964: 6955: 6954: 6950: 6931: 6927: 6917: 6915: 6906: 6905: 6901: 6891: 6889: 6880: 6879: 6875: 6865: 6863: 6854: 6853: 6849: 6839: 6837: 6828: 6827: 6823: 6813: 6811: 6807: 6796: 6792: 6791: 6787: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6755: 6753: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6707: 6703: 6693: 6691: 6678: 6677: 6673: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6626: 6620: 6613: 6603: 6601: 6588: 6587: 6583: 6567: 6554: 6544: 6542: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6518: 6516: 6504: 6498: 6494: 6484: 6482: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6458: 6456: 6448:Popular Science 6443: 6439: 6416: 6412: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6387: 6383: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6367: 6358: 6354: 6344: 6342: 6338: 6331: 6327: 6326: 6322: 6313: 6309: 6300: 6296: 6287: 6283: 6275:Daniel Yergen, 6274: 6270: 6262:Daniel Yergin, 6261: 6257: 6249:Daniel Yergin, 6248: 6244: 6234: 6232: 6223: 6222: 6218: 6209: 6205: 6196: 6192: 6183: 6179: 6169: 6167: 6163: 6156: 6152: 6151: 6147: 6138: 6134: 6124: 6122: 6118: 6112: 6101: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6073: 6066: 6058: 6054: 6045: 6041: 6032: 6028: 6019: 6015: 6006: 6002: 5955: 5946: 5936: 5934: 5925: 5924: 5920: 5910: 5908: 5907:on 17 June 2018 5904: 5893: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5856: 5852: 5833: 5829: 5820: 5816: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5738: 5734: 5725: 5721: 5711: 5709: 5704:. p. 569. 5696: 5692: 5683: 5679: 5669: 5667: 5659:Farm Implements 5656: 5655: 5651: 5642: 5635: 5627:Daniel Yergen, 5626: 5622: 5612: 5610: 5601: 5600: 5596: 5586: 5584: 5575: 5574: 5570: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5499: 5495: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5462: 5446: 5442: 5420: 5416: 5405: 5401: 5391: 5371: 5367: 5357: 5355: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5322: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5305: 5292: 5290: 5286: 5276: 5274: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5247:Wayback Machine 5237:Stevens, Levi, 5233:Wayback Machine 5204: 5200: 5196: 5184: 5180: 5165: 5164: 5160: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5131: 5130: 5126: 5116: 5114: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5090: 5088: 5069:Ritchie, Hannah 5066: 5062: 5052: 5050: 5005: 5001: 4991: 4989: 4980: 4979: 4975: 4965: 4963: 4950: 4949: 4945: 4913: 4909: 4870: 4866: 4849: 4848: 4844: 4834: 4832: 4823: 4822: 4818: 4808: 4806: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4782: 4780: 4771: 4770: 4766: 4759: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4730: 4725: 4721: 4712: 4708: 4703: 4699: 4689: 4687: 4686:on 29 July 2017 4672: 4667:; by 1864, the 4627: 4623: 4618: 4613: 4596: 4564: 4555: 4524: 4515:Filling station 4480: 4473: 4470: 4434: 4256:119,000–128,000 3969:Specific energy 3943:specific energy 3935: 3925: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3894: 3882: 3871: 3023: 3016: 3009: 2992: 2939: 2917: 2911: 2908: 2905: 2896: 2892: 2885: 2873: 2861: 2853:Main articles: 2851: 2849:Use and pricing 2842: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2799: 2787:extreme weather 2733: 2725: 2711: 2685:carbon monoxide 2673: 2649:South Australia 2610: 2559: 2481: 2468: 2460:1973 oil crisis 2428: 2426: 2398:carbon monoxide 2363: 2350: 2344: 2331: 2310: 2298: 2286: 2274:hydrous ethanol 2265: 2260: 2248: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2228: 2220: 2176: 2095: 2084: 2049: 1943:tetraethyl lead 1939:engine knocking 1931: 1929:Tetraethyl lead 1925: 1923:Tetraethyl lead 1920: 1915: 1909: 1703:engine knocking 1688: 1682: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1542: 1516: 1500:other additives 1488:mineral spirits 1458: 1447: 1441: 1438: 1395: 1393: 1383: 1371: 1360: 1347: 1320: 1221:(the so-called 1049: 1022: 994: 992: 984: 982: 974: 972: 964: 962: 954: 952: 944: 942: 934: 932: 924: 922: 914: 912: 908: 898: 894: 891: 889: 877:Tripartite Pact 854: 799: 794: 771:Jimmy Doolittle 700: 698:U.S., 1930–1941 663:fuel efficiency 638: 584:Wright brothers 576: 574:U.S., 1918–1929 540: 496:engine knocking 466: 416: 332:Frederick Simms 190: 178:crude oil assay 152: 139: 111:Tetraethyl lead 103:engine knocking 39: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9847: 9837: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9821: 9806: 9805: 9793: 9781: 9769: 9757: 9745: 9733: 9721: 9709: 9697: 9674: 9673: 9671: 9670: 9665: 9660: 9654: 9652: 9646: 9645: 9643: 9642: 9637: 9632: 9627: 9622: 9617: 9611: 9609: 9605: 9604: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9594:Tetraethyllead 9591: 9586: 9581: 9576: 9571: 9566: 9561: 9556: 9551: 9546: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9525: 9523: 9521:Fuel additives 9517: 9516: 9514: 9513: 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9468: 9463: 9458: 9452: 9450: 9446: 9445: 9435: 9434: 9427: 9420: 9412: 9406: 9405: 9396: 9395: 9391: 9390: 9385: 9380: 9375: 9370: 9365: 9360: 9355: 9348: 9347:External links 9345: 9343: 9342: 9329: 9313: 9308: 9296: 9291: 9286: 9280: 9263: 9245: 9233: 9228: 9216: 9207: 9198: 9190: 9188: 9185: 9182: 9181: 9155: 9131: 9096: 9092:(99.6 KB) 9061: 9031: 9005: 8975: 8964:on 30 May 2015 8945: 8922: 8900: 8878: 8852: 8826: 8815:on 6 July 2009 8809:"Fiscal Facts" 8800: 8767: 8731: 8701: 8698:on 3 May 2022. 8674: 8635:(2): 313–326. 8615: 8584: 8552: 8525: 8490: 8481:Slate Magazine 8468: 8438: 8408: 8378: 8348: 8316: 8280: 8249: 8219: 8186: 8149: 8118: 8088: 8061: 8029: 8003: 7977: 7934: 7902: 7867: 7835: 7786: 7756: 7740: 7712: 7682: 7660: 7628: 7617:on 17 May 2008 7602: 7570: 7538: 7512: 7482: 7460: 7451: 7432: 7400: 7374: 7352: 7329: 7297: 7264: 7231: 7200: 7170: 7152: 7115: 7088: 7057: 7031: 7005: 6974: 6948: 6925: 6899: 6873: 6847: 6821: 6785: 6763: 6744: 6724: 6701: 6671: 6611: 6581: 6552: 6526: 6492: 6466: 6437: 6410: 6397: 6365: 6352: 6320: 6307: 6294: 6281: 6268: 6255: 6242: 6216: 6203: 6190: 6177: 6145: 6132: 6110: 6087: 6052: 6039: 6026: 6013: 6000: 5965:(4): 384–397. 5944: 5918: 5881: 5850: 5845:10.4271/200017 5827: 5814: 5801: 5771: 5745: 5732: 5719: 5690: 5677: 5649: 5633: 5620: 5594: 5568: 5544: 5493: 5475: 5460: 5440: 5414: 5399: 5365: 5337: 5328:Vintage Garage 5315: 5284: 5254: 5252: 5251: 5235: 5218: 5194: 5178: 5175:(Online). n.d. 5158: 5138: 5124: 5098: 5060: 4999: 4973: 4943: 4924:(6): 1483–90. 4907: 4880:(5): 399–408. 4864: 4842: 4816: 4790: 4764: 4757: 4738: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4719: 4706: 4697: 4663:into the word 4651:to the letter 4637:trademark word 4620: 4619: 4617: 4614: 4612: 4611: 4605: 4599: 4590: 4584: 4579: 4574: 4568: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4538: 4535:Gas to liquids 4532: 4527: 4521:Fuel dispenser 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4487: 4486: 4485: 4469: 4466: 4463: 4462: 4460: 4457: 4454: 4451: 4448: 4445: 4442: 4439: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4418: 4415: 4412: 4409: 4406: 4403: 4400: 4394: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4362: 4360: 4358: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4307: 4306: 4304: 4301: 4298: 4295: 4292: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4280: 4274: 4273: 4271: 4269: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4193: 4190: 4187: 4181: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4147: 4144: 4141: 4138: 4135: 4132: 4129: 4126: 4123: 4117: 4116: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4092: 4089: 4083: 4082: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4048: 4047: 4044: 4041: 4038: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4009: 4006: 4003: 4000: 3997: 3994: 3990: 3989: 3986: 3983: 3980: 3976: 3975: 3970: 3967: 3966:Energy density 3964: 3939:energy density 3927: 3926: 3885: 3883: 3876: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3863: 3860: 3857: 3854: 3851: 3847: 3846: 3843: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3830: 3829: 3826: 3823: 3820: 3817: 3813: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3803: 3800: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3779: 3778: 3775: 3772: 3769: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3732: 3728: 3727: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3715: 3711: 3710: 3707: 3704: 3701: 3698: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3684: 3681: 3677: 3676: 3673: 3670: 3667: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3647: 3643: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3626: 3625: 3622: 3619: 3616: 3613: 3609: 3608: 3605: 3602: 3599: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3588: 3585: 3582: 3579: 3575: 3574: 3571: 3568: 3565: 3562: 3558: 3557: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3541: 3540: 3537: 3534: 3531: 3528: 3524: 3523: 3520: 3517: 3514: 3511: 3507: 3506: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3490: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3472: 3469: 3466: 3463: 3460: 3456: 3455: 3452: 3449: 3446: 3443: 3439: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3429: 3426: 3422: 3421: 3418: 3415: 3412: 3409: 3405: 3404: 3401: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3375: 3371: 3370: 3367: 3364: 3361: 3358: 3354: 3353: 3350: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3337: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3320: 3319: 3316: 3313: 3310: 3307: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3286: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3273: 3269: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3252: 3251: 3248: 3245: 3242: 3239: 3235: 3234: 3231: 3228: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3201: 3200: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3174: 3171: 3167: 3166: 3163: 3160: 3157: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3146: 3143: 3140: 3137: 3133: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3123: 3120: 3116: 3115: 3112: 3109: 3106: 3103: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3081: 3078: 3075: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3020: 3013: 3005: 3004: 3001: 2991: 2988: 2935: 2919: 2918: 2899: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2881: 2872: 2869: 2850: 2847: 2841: 2838: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2806: 2803:carbon dioxide 2798: 2797:Carbon dioxide 2795: 2747:, when in the 2738:greenhouse gas 2732: 2729: 2723: 2710: 2707: 2672: 2669: 2558: 2555: 2480: 2477: 2467: 2464: 2368:blending adds 2362: 2359: 2346:Main article: 2343: 2340: 2330: 2327: 2309: 2306: 2297: 2294: 2285: 2282: 2264: 2263:European Union 2261: 2243: 2237: 2227: 2219: 2216: 2175: 2172: 2146:bromine number 2094: 2091: 2083: 2080: 2048: 2045: 1927:Main article: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1908: 1905: 1854: 1853: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1813: 1812: 1810: 1807: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1794: 1793: 1790: 1787: 1784: 1781: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1760: 1757: 1684:Main article: 1681: 1678: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1631:diesel engines 1626:Atkinson cycle 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1528:carbon dioxide 1515: 1512: 1479:vapor pressure 1471:fuel injection 1460: 1459: 1374: 1372: 1365: 1359: 1356: 1346: 1343: 1319: 1316: 1308:organic ethers 1285: 1284: 1278: 1268: 1250: 1240: 1226: 1200: 1168: 1167: 1164: 1157: 1107:oil refineries 1096:Gulf of Mexico 1048: 1045: 1021: 1018: 991: m; 1,170 971: m; 3,940 907: 904: 853: 850: 813:Heinz Guderian 798: 795: 793: 790: 699: 696: 684:General Motors 680:lead poisoning 659:tetraethyllead 637: 634: 575: 572: 539: 536: 520:Burton process 510:and later the 492:kerosene lamps 465: 462: 426:obtained from 415: 412: 296:Medieval Latin 210:fuel container 189: 186: 150: 143:greenhouse gas 137: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9846: 9835: 9832: 9830: 9827: 9825: 9822: 9820: 9817: 9816: 9814: 9804: 9794: 9792: 9782: 9780: 9770: 9768: 9763: 9758: 9756: 9746: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9732: 9727: 9722: 9720: 9715: 9710: 9708: 9703: 9698: 9696: 9686: 9685: 9682: 9669: 9666: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9655: 9653: 9651: 9647: 9641: 9638: 9636: 9633: 9631: 9628: 9626: 9623: 9621: 9618: 9616: 9613: 9612: 9610: 9606: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9587: 9585: 9582: 9580: 9577: 9575: 9572: 9570: 9567: 9565: 9562: 9560: 9557: 9555: 9552: 9550: 9547: 9545: 9542: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9524: 9522: 9518: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9477: 9474: 9472: 9469: 9467: 9464: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9453: 9451: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9433: 9428: 9426: 9421: 9419: 9414: 9413: 9410: 9403: 9402: 9398: 9397: 9393: 9392: 9389: 9386: 9384: 9381: 9379: 9376: 9374: 9371: 9369: 9366: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9350: 9340: 9336: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9317: 9314: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9284: 9281: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9267: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9253: 9250: 9246: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9223: 9220: 9217: 9214: 9213: 9208: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9196: 9192: 9191: 9169: 9165: 9159: 9148: 9141: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9107: 9100: 9084: 9077: 9070: 9068: 9066: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9035: 9019: 9015: 9009: 8993: 8989: 8988:HowStuffWorks 8985: 8979: 8963: 8959: 8958:HowStuffWorks 8955: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8918: 8914: 8910: 8904: 8896: 8892: 8888: 8882: 8866: 8862: 8856: 8840: 8836: 8830: 8814: 8810: 8804: 8788: 8784: 8780: 8774: 8772: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8735: 8719: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8697: 8693: 8689: 8683: 8681: 8679: 8670: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8588: 8569: 8562: 8556: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8529: 8521: 8517: 8512: 8511:public domain 8501: 8499: 8497: 8495: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8472: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8426: 8422: 8418: 8412: 8396: 8392: 8385: 8383: 8366: 8362: 8358: 8352: 8333: 8326: 8320: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8284: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8253: 8237: 8233: 8229: 8223: 8204: 8197: 8190: 8171: 8167: 8160: 8153: 8137: 8133: 8129: 8122: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8092: 8076: 8072: 8065: 8049: 8045: 8044: 8039: 8033: 8017: 8013: 8007: 7991: 7987: 7981: 7973: 7969: 7965: 7961: 7957: 7953: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7912: 7906: 7891: 7887: 7883: 7882: 7877: 7871: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7847: 7839: 7831: 7827: 7822: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7774: 7770: 7766: 7760: 7754: 7750: 7744: 7733: 7729: 7722: 7716: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7686: 7678: 7674: 7670: 7664: 7645: 7642:. p. 2. 7638: 7632: 7616: 7612: 7606: 7587: 7580: 7574: 7555: 7548: 7542: 7526: 7522: 7516: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7486: 7478: 7474: 7473:senado.gov.br 7470: 7464: 7455: 7442: 7436: 7417: 7410: 7404: 7388: 7384: 7378: 7370: 7366: 7362: 7356: 7348: 7344: 7340: 7333: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7307: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7268: 7252: 7248: 7247: 7242: 7235: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7204: 7188: 7184: 7180: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7156: 7137: 7133: 7126: 7119: 7103: 7099: 7092: 7076: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7035: 7020: 7016: 7009: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6989: 6985: 6978: 6962: 6958: 6952: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6929: 6913: 6909: 6903: 6887: 6883: 6877: 6861: 6857: 6851: 6835: 6831: 6825: 6806: 6802: 6795: 6789: 6781: 6777: 6773: 6767: 6751: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6728: 6720: 6716: 6712: 6705: 6689: 6685: 6681: 6675: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6625: 6618: 6616: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6585: 6579: 6575: 6571: 6565: 6563: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6514: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6480: 6476: 6470: 6454: 6450: 6449: 6441: 6433: 6429: 6425: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6401: 6382: 6375: 6369: 6362: 6356: 6337: 6330: 6324: 6317: 6311: 6304: 6298: 6291: 6285: 6278: 6272: 6265: 6259: 6252: 6246: 6230: 6226: 6220: 6213: 6207: 6200: 6194: 6187: 6181: 6162: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6136: 6117: 6113: 6107: 6100: 6099: 6091: 6072: 6065: 6064: 6056: 6049: 6043: 6036: 6030: 6023: 6017: 6010: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5932: 5928: 5922: 5903: 5899: 5892: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5861: 5854: 5846: 5842: 5838: 5831: 5824: 5818: 5811: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5749: 5742: 5736: 5729: 5723: 5707: 5703: 5702: 5694: 5687: 5681: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5646: 5640: 5638: 5630: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5598: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5564: 5560: 5559: 5554: 5548: 5540: 5536: 5531: 5526: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5508: 5504: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5479: 5472: 5467: 5463: 5457: 5453: 5452: 5444: 5437: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5418: 5411:(154): 16–20. 5410: 5403: 5395: 5387: 5383: 5382: 5376: 5369: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5341: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5288: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5258: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5211: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5187: 5182: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5162: 5154: 5153: 5148: 5142: 5134: 5128: 5112: 5108: 5102: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5064: 5048: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4846: 4830: 4826: 4820: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4778: 4774: 4768: 4760: 4754: 4750: 4743: 4739: 4723: 4716: 4715:cetane number 4710: 4701: 4685: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4666: 4662: 4658: 4654: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4632: 4625: 4621: 4609: 4606: 4603: 4602:Octane rating 4600: 4594: 4591: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4562: 4559: 4553: 4552:Hydrogen fuel 4550: 4547: 4544: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4522: 4519: 4516: 4513: 4510: 4507: 4504: 4501: 4498: 4495: 4492: 4491:Aviation fuel 4489: 4488: 4483: 4482:Energy portal 4477: 4472: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4443: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4388: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4330: 4327: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4287: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4250: 4247: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4236: 4233: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4216: 4213: 4212: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4191: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4174: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4152: 4148: 4145: 4142: 4139: 4136: 4133: 4130: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4114: 4111: 4108: 4105: 4102: 4099: 4096: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4084: 4080: 4078: 4076: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4066: 4063: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4042: 4039: 4036: 4033: 4030: 4027: 4024: 4021: 4018: 4017: 4013: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3991: 3977: 3974: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3952: 3948: 3944: 3940: 3934: 3923: 3920: 3912: 3909:December 2020 3902: 3898: 3892: 3891: 3886:This section 3884: 3880: 3875: 3874: 3861: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3849: 3848: 3844: 3841: 3838: 3835: 3832: 3831: 3827: 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3807: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3793: 3790: 3787: 3784: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3748:Turkmenistan 3747: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3730: 3729: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3713: 3712: 3708: 3705: 3702: 3699: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3688: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3657: 3654: 3651: 3648: 3645: 3644: 3640: 3637: 3634: 3631: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3610: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3589: 3586: 3583: 3580: 3577: 3576: 3572: 3569: 3566: 3563: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3532: 3529: 3526: 3525: 3521: 3518: 3515: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3501: 3498: 3495: 3492: 3491: 3487: 3484: 3481: 3478: 3475: 3474: 3470: 3467: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3440: 3436: 3433: 3430: 3427: 3425:South Africa 3424: 3423: 3419: 3416: 3413: 3410: 3407: 3406: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3390: 3389: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3373: 3372: 3368: 3365: 3362: 3359: 3356: 3355: 3351: 3348: 3345: 3342: 3339: 3338: 3334: 3331: 3328: 3325: 3322: 3321: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3297: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3277: 3274: 3271: 3270: 3266: 3263: 3260: 3257: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3246: 3243: 3240: 3237: 3236: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3209: 3206: 3203: 3202: 3198: 3195: 3192: 3189: 3186: 3185: 3181: 3178: 3175: 3172: 3170:Saudi Arabia 3169: 3168: 3164: 3161: 3158: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3134: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3117: 3113: 3110: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3100: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3087: 3084: 3083: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3059: 3056: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3045: 3042: 3039: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3028: 3021: 3014: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2987: 2983: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2971: 2965: 2963: 2959: 2953: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2933: 2925: 2915: 2903: 2898: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2878: 2868: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2846: 2837: 2834: 2831:In 2021, the 2829: 2827: 2822: 2804: 2794: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2775:air pollution 2772: 2767: 2765: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2741: 2739: 2728: 2721: 2720:neurotoxicity 2717: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2686: 2682: 2677: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2631: 2627: 2623: 2619: 2615: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2581: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2554: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2531: 2529: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2512: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2486: 2472: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2438: 2434: 2424: 2420: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2358: 2356: 2349: 2339: 2336: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2305: 2303: 2293: 2291: 2281: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2259: 2255: 2234: 2224: 2215: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2162: 2158: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2090: 2088: 2079: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2060: 2058: 2055:compounds or 2054: 2044: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1966: 1964: 1963:dibromoethane 1960: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1930: 1914: 1904: 1902: 1898: 1894: 1890: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1872: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1846: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1815: 1814: 1811: 1808: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1797:Scandinavian 1796: 1795: 1791: 1788: 1785: 1782: 1779: 1776: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1764: 1761: 1758: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1729: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1715: 1710: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1687: 1686:Octane rating 1680:Octane rating 1677: 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1632: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1575: 1571: 1541: 1540: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1511: 1508: 1503: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1483: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1467: 1456: 1453: 1445: 1442:November 2022 1434: 1431: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1410: 1406: 1403: – 1402: 1398: 1397:Find sources: 1391: 1387: 1381: 1380: 1375:This section 1373: 1369: 1364: 1363: 1355: 1352: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1329: 1324: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1300: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1269: 1266: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1248: 1244: 1243:Hydrocrackate 1241: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1227: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1201: 1198: 1197:isomerization 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1181: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1171: 1165: 1162: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1122: 1120: 1119:octane rating 1116: 1112: 1108: 1103: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1081: 1076: 1070: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1033: 1028: 1017: 1015: 1010: 1006: 1002: 1000: 990: 980: 970: 960: 950: 940: 930: 920: 903: 887: 881: 878: 873: 869: 864: 860: 849: 846: 840: 838: 834: 828: 826: 822: 818: 814: 810: 805: 789: 785: 783: 779: 778:Eugene Houdry 774: 772: 767: 763: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 741: 737: 733: 729: 725: 722:(for example 721: 717: 712: 710: 706: 705:octane rating 695: 693: 689: 685: 681: 677: 672: 667: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 644: 643:Harry Ricardo 633: 630: 626: 622: 616: 613: 609: 605: 600: 597: 592: 587: 585: 581: 571: 568: 564: 559: 557: 553: 549: 545: 542:Prior to the 535: 533: 528: 525: 521: 515: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 481: 477: 472: 461: 459: 456:In 1891, the 454: 452: 448: 444: 440: 438: 433: 432:boiling point 429: 425: 421: 411: 409: 404: 402: 397: 391: 387:in German or 385: 380: 376: 371: 365: 360: 355: 353: 348: 345: 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London. 6967:26 January 6814:31 October 5764:25 January 5670:9 November 5613:6 November 5513:: 281876. 5396:required.) 5375:"gasoline" 5167:"gasoline" 5147:"gasoline" 5073:Roser, Max 4734:References 4253:33.3–35.7 3931:See also: 3816:Lithuania 3442:Argentina 3340:Indonesia 3323:Australia 3306:Singapore 3272:Venezuela 2962:red diesel 2912:April 2016 2828:and vans. 2785:and other 2749:atmosphere 2653:Queensland 2634:indigenous 2618:servicemen 2614:aboriginal 2606:See also: 2593:Natuashish 2444:bioethanol 2394:biobutanol 2252:See also: 2180:combustion 2174:Detergents 2140:and other 2136:, such as 2005:Greenpeace 1911:See also: 1849:Mid-grade 1699:spark plug 1622:efficiency 1586:megajoules 1570:megajoules 1520:combustion 1412:newspapers 1401:"Gasoline" 1306:, such as 1257:alkylation 1027:Boeing 707 804:blitzkrieg 736:alkylation 580:Otto cycle 512:volatility 381:, such as 170:crude oil. 119:racing car 9824:Inhalants 9779:Chemistry 9658:Fuel card 9615:Motor oil 9466:Biodiesel 8793:16 August 8577:6 October 8081:2 October 7621:6 October 7495:The Hindu 6996:0032-4558 6637:: 33–47. 6264:The Prize 6251:The Prize 5979:1077-3525 5577:"Gasolio" 5117:27 August 5043:250675802 4894:2472-1727 4631:The Times 4249:Biodiesel 3963:Fuel type 3578:Colombia 3510:Malaysia 3374:Thailand 2665:Opal fuel 2423:sugarcane 2366:Oxygenate 2348:Fuel dyes 2296:Australia 2278:azeotrope 2159:test for 2157:enzymatic 2115:oxidative 2064:Australia 2053:potassium 1907:Additives 1475:oxidation 1358:Stability 1335:Hiroshima 1292:aromatics 1275:isooctane 1271:Isomerate 1261:isobutane 1203:Reformate 1193:reforming 1161:crude oil 1111:crude oil 1057:isooctane 776:In 1937, 748:isooctane 746:such as " 740:butylenes 732:isobutane 716:paraffins 676:Elizabeth 608:diolefins 430:. 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When 320:solvent 283:, most 198:gas can 76:engines 9767:Trains 9650:Retail 9608:Fluids 9461:Diesel 9394:Images 9275:(from 9174:23 May 9090: 9054:8 July 8968:30 May 8667: 8608:26 May 8513:: 8309:8 June 8242:16 May 8101:CBC.ca 7966: 7927:26 May 7828: 7818: 7531:25 May 7505:25 May 7446: 7145:26 May 7108:23 May 7081:23 May 6994: 6742: 6694:15 May 6430: 6108: 5993: 5985: 5977: 5537: 5527: 5458: 5358:26 May 5277:26 May 5041: 4936: 4900: 4892: 4783:2 June 4755: 4456:0.506 4453:61,000 4444:0.036 4441:36,000 4423:18,200 4417:19,800 4411:83,500 4405:91,300 4386:24,000 4376:91,000 4328:18,800 4303:18,600 4297:20,100 4240:18,100 4234:19,500 4215:Diesel 4209:93–94 4179:91–99 4172:15,700 4134:56,600 4128:64,000 4115:108.7 4112:11,500 4106:11,500 4100:75,700 4094:76,000 4074:20,000 4064:96,000 4046:91–98 4043:17,700 4037:19,100 4008:BTU/lb 3850:Qatar 3731:Chile 3697:Egypt 3391:Spain 3349:1,300 3332:1,350 3315:1,400 3298:1,490 3281:1,560 3264:1,930 3255:Italy 3247:2,040 3230:2,140 3213:2,230 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