Lead poisoning - Knowledge

3379: 3367: 2027: 3523: 2336:, addressed the issue and replaced all of their lead service lines, but there are still other cities that have yet to follow suit. While there are chemical methods that could help reduce the amount of lead in the water distributed, a permanent fix would be to replace the pipes completely. While the state may replace the pipes below ground, homeowners must replace the pipes on their property, at an average cost of $ 3,000. Experts say that if the city were to replace their pipes and the citizens were to keep the old pipes located within their homes, there would be a potential for more lead to dissolve into their drinking water. The US Congress authorized the EPA to dedicate funds to assist states and nonprofits with the costs of lead service line removal under Section 50105 of the 3067:(EPA) only approves kits with an accuracy rating of at least 95%. Professional lead testing companies caution that DIY test kits can create health risks for users that do not understand their limitations and liability issues for employers with regard to worker protection. As hot water is more likely than cold water to contain higher amounts of lead, only cold water from the tap should be used for drinking, cooking, and making baby formula. Since most of the lead in household water usually comes from plumbing in the house and not from the local water supply, using cold water can avoid lead exposure. Measures such as dust control and household education do not appear to be effective in changing children's blood levels. 3304:

urine is analyzed by a laboratory for levels of heavy metals; from this analysis overall body burden is inferred. Chelation challenge mainly measures the burden of lead in soft tissues, though whether it accurately reflects long-term exposure or the amount of lead stored in bone remains controversial. Although the technique has been used to determine whether chelation therapy is indicated and to diagnose heavy metal exposure, some evidence does not support these uses as blood levels after chelation are not comparable to the reference range typically used to diagnose heavy metal poisoning. The single chelation dose could also redistribute the heavy metals to more sensitive areas such as central nervous system tissue.

852: 3344:, Global South exposure has increased by nearly three times. In all countries that have banned leaded gasoline, average blood lead levels have fallen sharply. However, some developing countries still allow leaded gasoline, which is the primary source of lead exposure in most developing countries. Beyond exposure from gasoline, the frequent use of pesticides in developing countries adds a risk of lead exposure and subsequent poisoning. Poor children in developing countries are at especially high risk for lead poisoning. Of North American children, 7% have blood lead levels above 10 μg/dL, whereas among Central and South American children, the percentage is 33–34%. About one fifth of the world's 2873: 2205: 2763: 2165:, eating things that are not food. Even a small amount of a lead-containing product such as a paint chip or a sip of glaze can contain tens or hundreds of milligrams of lead. Eating chips of lead paint presents a particular hazard to children, generally producing more severe poisoning than occurs from dust. Because removing lead paint from dwellings, e.g. by sanding or torching, creates lead-containing dust and fumes, it is generally safer to seal the lead paint under new paint (excepting moveable windows and doors, which create paint dust when operated). Alternatively, special precautions must be taken if the lead paint is to be removed. 2542: 3674:, the scientist who convinced governments to ban lead from gasoline, enthusiastically endorsed this idea, which nevertheless triggered a volley of publications aimed at refuting it. In 1984, John Scarborough, a pharmacologist and classicist, criticized the conclusions drawn by Nriagu's book as "so full of false evidence, miscitations, typographical errors, and a blatant flippancy regarding primary sources that the reader cannot trust the basic arguments." Although today lead is no longer seen as the prime culprit of Rome's demise, its status in the system of water distribution by lead pipes ( 3963: 2574:, passes through the skin; and other forms of lead, including inorganic lead are also absorbed through skin. The main sources of absorption of inorganic lead are from ingestion and inhalation. In adults, about 35–40% of inhaled lead dust is deposited in the lungs, and about 95% of that goes into the bloodstream. Of ingested inorganic lead, about 15% is absorbed, but this percentage is higher in children, pregnant women, and people with deficiencies of calcium, zinc, or iron. Infants may absorb about 50% of ingested lead, but little is known about absorption rates in children. 3041: 868: 668: 416: 3512: 3296:

lead poisoning cases. This may be the case in instances where children have a blood lead level >25 μg/dL. The most reported adverse side effect for succimer is gastrointestinal disturbances. It is also important to note that chelation therapy only lowers blood lead levels and may not prevent the lead-induced cognitive problems associated with lower lead levels in tissue. This may be because of the inability of these agents to remove sufficient amounts of lead from tissue or inability to reverse preexisting damage. Chelating agents can have

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weight of street marijuana sold by the gram, thereby maximizing the dealers' profits. The researchers estimated that the profit per kilogram increased by as much as $ 1,500 with the lead added. It is common for drugs to be cut with less-expensive substances to increase the profits of dealers or distributors (e.g., cocaine is routinely adulterated with sugars, talcum powder, magnesium salts, and even other drugs). It is thought that the adverse reactions to many of these drugs are a result of poor manufacturing rather than face-value overdoses.

2925:(EP) in blood samples. EP is a part of red blood cells known to increase when the amount of lead in the blood is high, with a delay of a few weeks. Thus EP levels in conjunction with blood lead levels can suggest the time period of exposure; if blood lead levels are high but EP is still normal, this finding suggests exposure was recent. However, the EP level alone is not sensitive enough to identify elevated blood lead levels below about 35 μg/dL. Due to this higher threshold for detection and the fact that EP levels also increase in 947:). Reduced academic performance has been associated with lead exposure even at blood lead levels lower than 5 μg/dL. Blood lead levels below 10 μg/dL have been reported to be associated with lower IQ and behavior problems such as aggression, in proportion with blood lead levels. Between the blood lead levels of 5 and 35 μg/dL, an IQ decrease of 2–4 points for each μg/dL increase is reported in children. However, studies that show associations between low-level lead exposure and health effects in children may be affected by 2582:, which allows the lead to be continuously re-introduced into the bloodstream. Also, if lead exposure takes place over years, clearance is much slower, partly due to the re-release of lead from bone. Many other tissues store lead, but those with the highest concentrations (other than blood, bone, and teeth) are the brain, spleen, kidneys, liver, and lungs. Lead is removed from the body very slowly, mainly through urine. Smaller amounts of lead are also eliminated through the feces, and very small amounts in hair, nails, and sweat. 2578:

generally thought not to be harmful. In adults, 94% of absorbed lead is deposited in the bones and teeth, but children only store 70% in this manner, a fact which may partially account for the more serious health effects on children. The half-life of lead in bone has been estimated as years to decades, and bone can introduce lead into the bloodstream long after the initial exposure is gone. The half-life of lead in the blood in men is about 40 days, but it may be longer in children and pregnant women, whose bones are undergoing

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objects such as blinds and jewellery in the house. In houses with lead pipes or plumbing solder, these can be replaced. Less permanent but cheaper methods include running water in the morning to flush out the most contaminated water, or adjusting the water's chemistry to prevent corrosion of pipes. Lead testing kits are commercially available for detecting the presence of lead in the household. Testing kit accuracy depends on the user testing all layers of paint and the quality of the kit; the

1941: 2264: 4008:, lead poisoning due to eating lead shot is the most frequently diagnosed cause of death. In an effort to protect this species, in areas designated as the California condor's range the use of projectiles containing lead has been banned to hunt deer, feral pigs, elk, pronghorn antelope, coyotes, ground squirrels, and other non-game wildlife. Also, conservation programs exist which routinely capture condors, check their blood lead levels, and treat cases of poisoning. 2508: 19501: 18605: 16169: 3287:

more controversial. Chelation therapy is of limited value for cases of chronic exposure to low levels of lead. Chelation therapy is usually stopped when symptoms resolve or when blood lead levels return to premorbid levels. When lead exposure has taken place over a long period, blood lead levels may rise after chelation is stopped because lead is leached into blood from stores in the bone; thus repeated treatments are often necessary.

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poisoning. In some places, the solder in cans used for food contains lead. When manufacturing medical instruments and hardware, solder containing lead may be present. People who eat animals hunted with lead bullets may be at risk for lead exposure. Bullets lodged in the human body rarely cause significant levels of lead, but bullets lodged in the joints are the exception, as they deteriorate and release lead into the body over time.

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may be more likely to have contact with and ingest soil. Children of ages one to three tend to have the highest blood lead levels, possibly because at that age they begin to walk and explore their environment, and they use their mouths in their exploration. Blood levels usually peak at about 18–24 months old. In many countries including the US, household paint and dust are the major route of exposure in children.

18635: 16193: 46: 19530: 18615: 16181: 18584: 966:. Elevated lead levels in children are correlated with higher scores on aggression and delinquency measures. A correlation has also been found between prenatal and early childhood lead exposure and violent crime in adulthood. Countries with the highest air lead levels have also been found to have the highest murder rates, after adjusting for confounding factors. A May 2000 study by economic consultant 2041:, ammunition, certain surgical equipment, developing dental X-ray films prior to digital X-rays (each film packet had a lead liner to prevent the radiation from going through), fetal monitors, plumbing, circuit boards, jet engines, and ceramic glazes. In addition, lead miners and smelters, plumbers and fitters, auto mechanics, glass manufacturers, construction workers, battery manufacturers and 3071:

products. Regulations exist to limit the amount of lead in paint; for example, a 1978 law in the US restricted the lead in paint for residences, furniture, and toys to 0.06% or less. In October 2008, the US EPA reduced the allowable lead level by a factor of ten to 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter of air, giving states five years to comply with the standards. The European Union's

3476:, are only significant risks when lead exposure is prolonged (over about one year). Furthermore, the neurological effects of lead exposure have been shown to be exacerbated and long lasting in low income children in comparison to those of higher economic standing. This does not imply that being wealthy can prevent lead from causing long-term mental health issues. 3920:... the judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded to the trial court with directions to (1) recalculate the amount of the abatement fund to limit it to the amount necessary to cover the cost of remediating pre-1951 homes, and (2) hold an evidentiary hearing regarding the appointment of a suitable receiver. The Plaintiff shall recover its costs on appeal. 3950:, and behavioral changes such as increased aggression. Much of what is known about human lead toxicity and its effects is derived from animal studies. Animals are used to test the effects of treatments, such as chelating agents, and to provide information on the pathophysiology of lead, such as how it is absorbed and distributed in the body. 3028:(ABLES) program, the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), and CDC's National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). Previously (i.e. from 2009 until November 2015), the case definition for an elevated BLL was a BLL ≥10 μg/dL. The US national BLL geometric mean among adults was 1.2 μg/dL in 2009–2010. 3605:

therefore have suffered from lead poisoning; sometimes conclusions are carried even further and it is inferred that this caused infertility and other unwelcome conditions, and that lead plumbing was largely responsible for the decline and fall of Rome. Two things make this otherwise attractive hypothesis impossible. First, the

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appears to increase school suspensions and juvenile detention among boys. It is believed that the US ban on lead paint in buildings in the late 1970s, as well as the phaseout of leaded gasoline in the 1970s and 1980s, partially helped contribute to the decline of violent crime in the United States since the early 1990s.

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waterfowl deaths. Lead shot has been banned for hunting waterfowl in several countries, including the US in 1991 and Canada in 1997. Other threats to wildlife include lead paint, sediment from lead mines and smelters, and lead weights from fishing lines. Lead in some fishing gear has been banned in several countries.

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produce dangerous lead levels in household dust and soil. Deteriorating lead paint and lead-containing household dust are the main causes of chronic lead poisoning. The lead breaks down into the dust and since children are more prone to crawling on the floor, it is easily ingested. Many young children display

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of organs targeted by lead (e.g. the brain, the kidneys), and possibly genetic susceptibility. Differences in vulnerability to lead-induced neurological damage between males and females have also been found, but some studies have found males to be at greater risk, while others have found females to be.

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Farm animals such as cows and horses as well as pet animals are also susceptible to the effects of lead toxicity. Sources of lead exposure in pets can be the same as those that present health threats to humans sharing the environment, such as paint and blinds, and there is sometimes lead in toys made

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and increased impulsivity and aggression. These traits of childhood lead exposure are associated with crimes of passion, such as aggravated assault in young adults. An increase in lead exposure in children was linked to an increase in aggravated assault rates 22 years later. For instance, the peak in

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to other locations after 1000 children living around China's largest smelter plant (owned and operated by Yuguang Gold and Lead) were found to have excess lead in their blood. The total cost of this project is estimated to around 1 billion yuan ($ 150 million). 70% of the cost was estimated

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is used in cases of acute lead poisoning, severe poisoning, and encephalopathy, and is considered for people with blood lead levels above 25 μg/dL. While the use of chelation for people with symptoms of lead poisoning is widely supported, use in asymptomatic people with high blood lead levels is

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limits amounts of lead and other toxic substances in electronics and electrical equipment. In some places, remediation programs exist to reduce the presence of lead when it is found to be high, for example in drinking water. As a more radical solution, entire towns located near former lead mines have

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The current reference range for acceptable blood lead concentrations in healthy persons without excessive exposure to environmental sources of lead is less than 3.5 μg/dL for children. It was less than 25 μg/dL for adults. Previous to 2012 the value for children was 10 (μg/dL). Lead-exposed

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According to a study published in 2008, 1.1% of the 736 persons consuming wild game meat tested had PbB ≥5 μg/dL In November 2015 the US Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) designated

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Lead encephalopathy is a medical emergency and causes permanent brain damage in 70–80% of children affected by it, even those that receive the best treatment. The mortality rate for people who develop cerebral involvement is about 25%, and of those who survive who had lead encephalopathy symptoms by

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Risk factors for elevated lead exposure include alcohol consumption and smoking (possibly because of contamination of tobacco leaves with lead-containing pesticides). Adults with certain risk factors might be more susceptible to toxicity; these include calcium and iron deficiencies, old age, disease

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In 2015, the US Health and Human Services (HHS), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) designated 5 μg/dL (five micrograms per deciliter) of whole blood, in a venous blood sample, as the reference blood lead level for

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Contact with ammunition is a source of lead exposure. As of 2013, lead-based ammunition production is the second largest annual use of lead in the US, accounting for over 84,800 metric tons in 2013, second only to the manufacture of storage batteries. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cannot

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Lead may be found in food when food is grown in soil that is high in lead, airborne lead contaminates the crops, animals eat lead in their diet, or lead enters the food either from what it was stored or cooked in. Ingestion of lead paint and batteries is also a route of exposure for livestock, which

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theorizes that lead exposure explains 65% to 90% of the variation in violent crime rates in the US. A 2007 paper by the same author claims to show a strong association between preschool blood lead and subsequent crime rate trends over several decades across nine countries. Lead exposure in childhood

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Cleveland LM, Minter ML, Cobb KA, Scott AA, German VF (October 2008). "Lead hazards for pregnant women and children: part 1: immigrants and the poor shoulder most of the burden of lead exposure in this country. Part 1 of a two-part article details how exposure happens, whom it affects, and the harm

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Because game animals can be shot using lead bullets, the potential for lead ingestion from game meat consumption has been studied clinically and epidemiologically. In a recent study conducted by the CDC, a cohort from North Dakota was enrolled and asked to self-report historical consumption of game

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has also been linked to increases in lead pollution. Some research has suggested a link between leaded gasoline and crime rates. Man-made lead pollution has been elevated in the air for the past 2000 years. Lead pollution in the air is entirely due to human activity (mining and smelting, as well as

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High blood lead levels in adults are also associated with decreases in cognitive performance and with psychiatric symptoms such as depression and anxiety. It was found in a large group of current and former inorganic lead workers in Korea that blood lead levels in the range of 20–50 μg/dL were

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The classic signs and symptoms in children are loss of appetite, abdominal pain, vomiting, weight loss, constipation, anemia, kidney failure, irritability, lethargy, learning disabilities, and behavioral problems. Slow development of normal childhood behaviors, such as talking and use of words, and

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which vary depending on the individual and the duration of lead exposure. Symptoms are nonspecific and may be subtle, and someone with elevated lead levels may have no symptoms. Symptoms usually develop over weeks to months as lead builds up in the body during a chronic exposure, but acute symptoms

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state that a blood lead level of 10 μg/dL or above is a cause for concern; however, lead may impair development and have harmful health effects even at lower levels, and there is no known safe exposure level. Authorities such as the American Academy of Pediatrics define lead poisoning as blood

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of blood (μg/dL). Urine lead levels may be used as well, though less commonly. In cases of chronic exposure, lead often sequesters in the highest concentrations first in the bones, then in the kidneys. If a provider is performing a provocative excretion test, or "chelation challenge", a measurement

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As of 2022 in the United States lead paint in rental housing remains a hazard to children. Both landlords and insurance companies have adopted strategies which limit the chance of recovery for damages due to lead poisoning: insurance companies by excluding coverage for lead poisoning from policies

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Outcome is related to the extent and duration of lead exposure. Effects of lead on the physiology of the kidneys and blood are generally reversible; its effects on the central nervous system are not. While peripheral effects in adults often go away when lead exposure ceases, evidence suggests that

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In adults, blood lead levels steadily increase with increasing age. In adults of all ages, men have higher blood lead levels than women do. Children are more sensitive to elevated blood lead levels than adults are. Children may also have a higher intake of lead than adults; they breathe faster and

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Lead poisoning is preventable. This includes individual efforts such as removing lead-containing items from the home, workplace efforts such as improved ventilation and monitoring, state and national policies that ban lead in products such as paint, gasoline, ammunition, wheel weights, and fishing

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such as ducks can ingest the spent pellets later and be poisoned; predators that eat these birds are also at risk. Lead shot-related waterfowl poisonings were first documented in the US in the 1880s. By 1919, the spent lead pellets from waterfowl hunting was positively identified as the source of

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In developed countries, people with low levels of education living in poorer areas are most at risk for elevated lead. In the US, the groups most at risk for lead exposure are the impoverished, city-dwellers, and immigrants. African-American children and those living in old housing have also been

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Since lead has been used widely for centuries, the effects of exposure are worldwide. Environmental lead is ubiquitous, and everyone has some measurable blood lead level. Atmospheric lead pollution increased dramatically beginning in the 1950s as a result of the widespread use of leaded gasoline.

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Chelation challenge, also known as provocation testing, is used to indicate an elevated and mobilizable body burden of heavy metals including lead. This testing involves collecting urine before and after administering a one-off dose of chelating agent to mobilize heavy metals into the urine. Then

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prior to calcium EDTA is necessary to prevent the redistribution of lead into the central nervous system. Dimercaprol used alone may also redistribute lead to the brain and testes. An adverse side effect of calcium EDTA is renal toxicity. Succimer (DMSA) is the preferred agent in mild to moderate

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Ingestion of metallic lead, such as small lead fishing lures, increases blood lead levels and can be fatal. Ingestion of lead-contaminated food is also a threat. Ceramic glaze often contains lead, and dishes that have been improperly fired can leach the metal into food, potentially causing severe

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plants have an inherent ability to absorb heavy metals from the soil. This makes them useful for remediating contaminated sites. But this may also make cannabis dangerous for consumers who ingest it. Some cannabis strains have been bred specifically to remove pollutants from soil, air or water, a

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In adults, symptoms can occur at levels above 40 μg/dL, but are more likely to occur only above 50–60 μg/dL. Symptoms begin to appear in children generally at around 60 μg/dL. However, the lead levels at which symptoms appear vary widely depending on unknown characteristics of each

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Prevention measures also exist on national and municipal levels. Recommendations by health professionals for lowering childhood exposures include banning the use of lead where it is not essential and strengthening regulations that limit the amount of lead in soil, water, air, household dust, and

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to make it more yellow. This is believed to have started in the 1980s. It was believed to have been one of the main sources of high lead levels in the country. Following a 2019 report identifying adulterated turmeric as the main cause of lead poisoning in Bangladesh, the government began a rapid

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revealed that lead poisoning is affecting children on a "massive and previously unknown scale". According to the report, one in three children, up to 800 million globally, have blood lead levels at or above 5 micrograms per decilitre (μg/dL), which is the commonly-accepted threshold beyond which

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Classically, "lead poisoning" or "lead intoxication" has been defined as exposure to high levels of lead typically associated with severe health effects. Poisoning is a pattern of symptoms that occur with toxic effects from mid to high levels of exposure; toxicity is a wider spectrum of effects,

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People have been mining and using lead for thousands of years. Descriptions of lead poisoning date to at least 200 BC, while efforts to limit lead's use date back to at least the 16th century. Concerns for low levels of exposure began in the 1970s with there being no safe threshold for lead

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Recommended steps by individuals to reduce the blood lead levels of children include increasing their frequency of hand washing and their intake of calcium and iron, discouraging them from putting their hands to their mouths, vacuuming frequently, and eliminating the presence of lead-containing

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Blood lead concentrations in poisoning victims have ranged from 30 to 80 μg/dL in children exposed to lead paint in older houses, 77–104 μg/dL in persons working with pottery glazes, 90–137 μg/dL in individuals consuming contaminated herbal medicines, 109–139 μg/dL in indoor

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was uncovered in Leipzig, Germany, where 29 young adults were hospitalized with lead poisoning for several months after having smoked marijuana that had been tainted with small lead particles. One hypothesis from the police was that lead, with its high specific gravity, was used to increase the

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painted surfaces generate toxic lead dust ), industrial use of lead, such as found in facilities that process lead-acid batteries or produce lead wire or pipes, metal recycling and foundries, and burning of joss paper. Storage batteries and ammunition are made with the largest amounts of lead

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Fecal lead content that is measured over the course of a few days may also be an accurate way to estimate the overall amount of childhood lead intake. This form of measurement may serve as a useful way to see the extent of oral lead exposure from all the diet and environmental sources of lead.

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The main body tissues that store lead are the blood, soft tissues, and bone; the half-life of lead in these tissues is measured in weeks for blood, months for soft tissues, and years for bone. Lead in the bones, teeth, hair, and nails is bound tightly and not available to other tissues, and is

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Some lead compounds are colorful and are used widely in paints, and lead paint is a major route of lead exposure in children. A study conducted in 1998–2000 found that 38 million housing units in the US had lead-based paint, down from a 1990 estimate of 64 million. Deteriorating lead paint can

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A pregnant woman who has elevated blood lead levels is at greater risk of a premature birth or with a low birth weight. Children are more at risk for lead poisoning because their smaller bodies are in a continuous state of growth and development. Young children are much more vulnerable to lead

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The great disadvantage of lead has always been that it is poisonous. This was fully recognised by the ancients, and Vitruvius specifically warns against its use. Because it was nevertheless used in profusion for carrying drinking water, the conclusion has often been drawn that the Romans must

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The amount of lead in the blood and tissues, as well as the time course of exposure, determine toxicity. Lead poisoning may be acute (from intense exposure of short duration) or chronic (from repeat low-level exposure over a prolonged period), but the latter is much more common. Diagnosis and

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In most cases, lead poisoning is preventable by avoiding exposure to lead. Prevention strategies can be divided into individual (measures taken by a family), preventive medicine (identifying and intervening with high-risk individuals), and public health (reducing risk on a population level).

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Residual lead in soil contributes to lead exposure in urban areas. It has been thought that the more polluted an area is with various contaminants, the more likely it is to contain lead. However, this is not always the case, as there are several other reasons for lead contamination in soil.

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might have died of lead poisoning. Bones with high lead levels were recently found in a grave thought likely to be his. Paints used at the time contained high amounts of lead salts. Caravaggio is known to have exhibited violent behavior, a symptom commonly associated with lead poisoning.

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However, recent research supports the idea that the lead found in the water came from the supply pipes, rather than another source of contamination. It was not unknown for locals to punch holes in the pipes to draw water off, increasing the number of people exposed to the lead.

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from brief, intense exposures also occur. Symptoms from exposure to organic lead, which is probably more toxic than inorganic lead due to its lipid solubility, occur rapidly. Poisoning by organic lead compounds has symptoms predominantly in the central nervous system, such as

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poisoning, as they absorb 4 to 5 times more lead than an adult from a given source. Furthermore, children, especially as they are learning to crawl and walk, are constantly on the floor and therefore more prone to ingesting and inhaling dust that is contaminated with lead.

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as these metals but, due to its differing chemistry, does not properly function as a cofactor, thus interfering with the enzyme's ability to catalyze its normal reaction or reactions. Among the essential metals which lead displaces in this way are calcium, iron, and zinc.

3472:. Evidence also suggests that age-related mental decline and psychiatric symptoms are correlated with lead exposure. Cumulative exposure over a prolonged period may have a more important effect on some aspects of health than recent exposure. Some health effects, such as 3290:

People receiving dimercaprol need to be assessed for peanut allergies since the commercial formulation contains peanut oil. Calcium EDTA is also effective if administered four hours after the administration of dimercaprol. Administering dimercaprol, DMSA (Succimer), or

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or concentration, depression, nausea, abdominal pain, loss of coordination, and numbness and tingling in the extremities. Fatigue, problems with sleep, headaches, stupor, slurred speech, and anemia are also found in chronic lead poisoning. A "lead hue" of the skin with

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Exposure to lead can occur by contaminated air, water, dust, food, or consumer products. Lead poisoning poses a significantly increased risk to children as they are far more likely to ingest lead indirectly by chewing on toys or other objects that are coated in

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Humans are not alone in suffering from lead's effects; plants and animals are also affected by lead toxicity to varying degrees depending on species. Animals experience many of the same effects of lead exposure as humans do, such as abdominal pain, peripheral

3212:, or even surgical removal may be used to eliminate it from the gut and prevent further exposure. Lead-containing bullets and shrapnel may also present a threat of further exposure and may need to be surgically removed if they are in or near fluid-filled or 3803:(1853–1928), research ceramist of City & Guilds London Institute, appeared before Parliament in 1901 and presented a decade's evidence to convince the nation's leaders to remove lead completely from the British ceramic industry. His 852-page treatise, 2944:; this may be the best measure of cumulative exposure and total body burden. However, this method is not widely available and is mainly used for research rather than routine diagnosis. Another radiographic sign of elevated lead levels is the presence of 2496:

meat, and participation in other activities that could cause lead exposure. The study found that participants' age, sex, housing age, current hobbies with potential for lead exposure, and game consumption were all associated with blood lead level (PbB).

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weights, reduce allowable levels in water or soil, and provide for cleanup of contaminated soil. Workers' education could be helpful as well. The major treatments are removal of the source of lead and the use of medications that bind lead so it can be

3680:) still stands as a major public health issue. By measuring Pb isotope compositions of sediments from the Tiber River and the Trajanic Harbor, the present work shows that "tap water" from ancient Rome had 100 times more lead than local spring waters. 345:. According to a study, half of the US population has been exposed to substantially detrimental lead levels in early childhood – mainly from car exhaust, from which lead pollution peaked in the 1970s and caused widespread loss in cognitive ability. 2343:

Collected rainwater from roof runoff used as potable water may contain lead, if there are lead contaminants on the roof or in the storage tank. The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines allow a maximum of 0.01 mg/L (10 ppb) lead in water.

2260:; eating food grown in contaminated soil can present a lead hazard. Interfacial solar evaporation has been recently studied as a technique for remediating lead-contaminated sites, which involves the evaporation of heavy metal ions from moist soil. 732:. Intrauterine and neonatal lead exposure promote tooth decay. Aside from the developmental effects unique to young children, the health effects experienced by adults are similar to those in children, although the thresholds are generally higher. 290:. Additionally, children absorb greater quantities of lead from ingested sources than adults. Exposure at work is a common cause of lead poisoning in adults with certain occupations at particular risk. Diagnosis is typically by measurement of the 362:

ones (those that do not cause symptoms). However, professionals often use "lead poisoning" and "lead toxicity" interchangeably, and official sources do not always restrict the use of "lead poisoning" to refer only to symptomatic effects of lead.

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lead exposure became understood to be a problem. During the end of the 20th century, the blood lead levels deemed acceptable steadily declined. Blood lead levels once considered safe are now considered hazardous, with no known safe threshold.

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correlated with neuro-cognitive defects. Increases in blood lead levels from about 50 to about 100 μg/dL in adults have been found to be associated with persistent, and possibly permanent, impairment of central nervous system function.

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5 μg/dL (five micrograms per deciliter) of whole blood, in a venous blood sample, as the reference blood lead level for adults. An elevated blood lead level (BLL) is defined as a BLL ≥5 μg/dL. This case definition is used by the

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to be paid by local government and the smelter company, while the rest would be paid by the residents themselves. The government suspended production at 32 of 35 lead plants. The affected area includes people from 10 different villages.

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in the 19th century, lead poisoning became common in the work setting. The introduction of lead paint for residential use in the 19th century increased childhood exposure to lead; for millennia before this, most lead exposure had been

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describes how the toxin affects the body, including the mechanisms causing its symptoms. Lead has no known physiologically necessary role in the body, and its harmful effects are myriad. Lead and other heavy metals create reactive

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is banned in some areas, but this is primarily for the benefit of the birds and their predators, rather than humans. Contamination from heavily used gun ranges is of concern to those who live near by. Non-lead alternatives include

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The education of workers on lead, its danger and how its workplace exposure can be decreased, especially when initial blood lead level and urine lead level are high, could help reduce the risk of lead poisoning in the workplace.

2073:, regardless of whether these ranges are indoor or out. Parents who are exposed to lead in the workplace can bring lead dust home on clothes or skin and expose their children. Occupational exposure to lead increases the risk of 298:(US) has set the upper limit for blood lead for adults at 10 μg/dL (10 μg/100 g) and for children at 3.5 μg/dL; before October 2021 the limit was 5 μg/dL. Elevated lead may also be detected by changes in 3463:

from a variety of causes have been found to be higher in people with elevated blood lead levels; these include cancer, stroke, and heart disease, and general death rates from all causes. Lead is considered a possible human

9793:

Iqbal S, Blumenthal W, Kennedy C, Yip FY, Pickard S, Flanders WD, Loringer K, Kruger K, Caldwell KL, Jean Brown M (November 2009). "Hunting with lead: association between blood lead levels and wild game consumption".

3870:. Due to reductions of lead in products and the workplace, acute lead poisoning is rare in most countries today, but low-level lead exposure is still common. It was not until the second half of the 20th century that 3232:. Treatment of organic lead poisoning involves removing the lead compound from the skin, preventing further exposure, treating seizures, and possibly chelation therapy for people with high blood lead concentrations. 7888: 3200:, which are associated with increased lead absorption, is another part of treatment for lead poisoning. When lead-containing materials are present in the gastrointestinal tract (as evidenced by abdominal X-rays), 9541: 3352:

found to be at elevated risk for high blood lead levels in the US. Low-income people often live in old housing with lead paint, which may begin to peel, exposing residents to high levels of lead-containing dust.

15126: 15111: 12165:

Konradsen F, van der Hoek W, Cole DC, Hutchinson G, Daisley H, Singh S, Eddleston M (November 2003). "Reducing acute poisoning in developing countries--options for restricting the availability of pesticides".

2366:

The use of lead in gasoline peaked in the 1970s. By the next decade most high-income countries prohibited the use of leaded petrol. As late as 2002, almost all low- and middle-income countries, including some

2347:

Lead wheel weights have been found to accumulate on roads and interstates and erode in traffic entering the water runoff through drains. Leaded fishing weights accumulate in rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes.

9648: 5900:

Lanphear BP, Hornung R, Khoury J, Yolton K, Baghurst P, Bellinger DC, Canfield RL, Dietrich KN, Bornschein R, Greene T, Rothenberg SJ, Needleman HL, Schnaas L, Wasserman G, Graziano J, Roberts R (July 2005).

3846:

provides a case history of lead poisoning in an artist using lead glazes in decorating tiles in the 1940s; her monograph suggests that other artists' potential for lead poisoning be investigated, for example

5851:

White LD, Cory-Slechta DA, Gilbert ME, Tiffany-Castiglioni E, Zawia NH, Virgolini M, Rossi-George A, Lasley SM, Qian YC, Basha MR (November 2007). "New and evolving concepts in the neurotoxicology of lead".

5367:

This JAMA Medical News video summarizes findings from a recent cohort study reporting an association between childhood lead exposure in Dunedin, New Zealand, and adult personality traits and psychopathology.

13453:

Leadless Decorative Tiles, Faience, and Mosaic, comprising notes and receipts on the History, Materials, Manufacture & Use of Ornamental Flooring Tiles, Ceramic Mosaic, and Decorative Tiles and Faience

2280:, e.g. from plumbing and fixtures that are either made of lead or have lead solder. Since acidic water breaks down lead in plumbing more readily, chemicals can be added to municipal water to increase the 3438:

most of lead's effects on a child's central nervous system are irreversible. Children with lead poisoning may thus have adverse health, cognitive, and behavioral effects that follow them into adulthood.

12588:

Associations between childhood BLL and adult personality and psychopathology remained significant even after adjusting for sex, maternal IQ, socioeconomic status, and family history of mental illness.

3262:

that is thus formed is nontoxic and can be excreted in the urine, initially at up to 50 times the normal rate. The chelating agents used for treatment of lead poisoning are edetate disodium calcium (

11552:

Curry SJ, Krist AH, Owens DK, Barry MJ, Cabana M, Caughey AB, Doubeni CA, Epling JW, Kemper AR, Kubik M, Landefeld CS, Mangione CM, Pbert L, Silverstein M, Simon MA, Tseng CW, Wong JB (April 2019).

3328:, as of June 2022, only 45% of countries had confirmed legally-binding controls on production and use of lead paint. Significant disparities exist in the enactment of bans, with regions such as the 19171: 19106: 13407: 12414: 3324:

Although regulation reducing lead in products has greatly reduced exposure in the developed world since the 1970s, lead is still allowed in products in many developing countries. According to the

4553: 2865:, medical specialists in the area of poisoning, may be involved in diagnosis and treatment. The main tool in diagnosing and assessing the severity of lead poisoning is laboratory analysis of the 2106:

crackdown and public service campaign on it. By 2021, leaded turmeric had vanished from the Bangladeshi market, and blood lead levels in workers at turmeric mills had dropped by a median of 30%.

2434:

FDA on 4 June 2015 banned the noodles for 30 days after 27 out of 39 samples were detected with objectionable levels of metallic lead, among other things. Some of India's biggest retailers like

3811:(1869–1970) documented lead toxicity in Illinois industry and in 1911 presented results to the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American Economic Association. Hamilton was a founder of the field of 18209: 9705: 6497:

Shadick NA, Kim R, Weiss S, Liang MH, Sparrow D, Hu H (July 2000). "Effect of low level lead exposure on hyperuricemia and gout among middle aged and elderly men: the normative aging study".

3300:; for example, chelation therapy can lower the body's levels of necessary nutrients like zinc. Chelating agents taken orally can increase the body's absorption of lead through the intestine. 9578: 2328:

Like Flint, Michigan, and Washington, D.C., a similar situation affects the state of Wisconsin, where estimates call for replacement of up to 176,000 underground pipes made of lead known as

1996:

Lead is a common environmental pollutant. Causes of environmental contamination include lead-based paint that is deteriorating (e.g. peeling, chipping, chalking, cracking, damp or damage),

630:

and neuromuscular symptoms usually result from intense exposure, while gastrointestinal symptoms usually result from exposure over longer periods. Signs of chronic exposure include loss of

2533:

has been the source of poisoning in Iran and other Middle Eastern countries. This has also appeared in the illicit narcotic supply in North America, resulting in confirmed lead poisoning.

12234:

Jones RL, Homa DM, Meyer PA, Brody DJ, Caldwell KL, Pirkle JL, Brown MJ (March 2009). "Trends in blood lead levels and blood lead testing among US children aged 1 to 5 years, 1988-2004".

16228: 13026: 9504: 2037:

In adults, occupational exposure is the main cause of lead poisoning. People can be exposed when working in facilities that produce a variety of lead-containing products; these include

1721: 9601: 11447: 1900: 9468: 18793: 2252:, former industrial sites became important sources of exposure in local communities in the early 2000s. Although leaded soil is less of a problem in countries that no longer have 1895: 13003: 843:

if lead from the mother's bones is subsequently mobilized by the changes in metabolism due to pregnancy; increased calcium intake in pregnancy may help mitigate this phenomenon.

14949:

Peer-reviewed profile that characterizes the toxicology and health effects information, identifies and reviews the key literature that describes lead's toxicological properties.

11526: 6053:

Brudevold F, Aasenden R, Srinivasian BN, Bakhos Y (October 1977). "Lead in enamel and saliva, dental caries and the use of enamel biopsies for measuring past exposure to lead".

4004:, condors eat carcasses of game that have been shot but not retrieved, and with them the fragments from lead bullets; this increases their lead levels. Among condors around the 2391:

from multiple countries owing to safety hazards including lead paint. Vinyl mini-blinds, found especially in older housing, may contain lead. Lead is commonly incorporated into

4824: 7880: 470:

Early symptoms of lead poisoning in adults are commonly nonspecific and include depression, loss of appetite, intermittent abdominal pain, nausea, diarrhea, constipation, and

3751:

with a lead component (the "worm"). It was a significant cause of mortality amongst slaves and sailors in the colonial West Indies. Lead poisoning from rum was also noted in

3258:

A chelating agent is a molecule with at least two negatively charged groups that allow it to form complexes with metal ions with multiple positive charges, such as lead. The

14610:

Salvato JA, Nemerow NL, Agardy FJ, eds. (2003). "Noninfectious and noncommunicable diseases and conditions associated with the environment, including air, water, and food".

5634:"Environmental pollutants and disease in American children: estimates of morbidity, mortality, and costs for lead poisoning, asthma, cancer, and developmental disabilities" 2967:

Lead poisoning shares symptoms with other conditions and may be easily missed. Conditions that present similarly and must be ruled out in diagnosing lead poisoning include

2152:

In 2022, around 40% of cannabis products sold at unlicensed storefronts in New York City were found to contain heavy metals (e.g., lead, nickel), pesticides, and bacteria.

19588: 11927:

Bradberry S, Vale A (November 2009). "A comparison of sodium calcium edetate (edetate calcium disodium) and succimer (DMSA) in the treatment of inorganic lead poisoning".

10438: 9839:"Epi-AID Trip Report: Assessment of human health risk from consumption of wild game meat with possible lead contamination among the residents of the State of North Dakota" 9527: 13796: 3596:) was used to sweeten wine, and the gout that resulted from this was known as "saturnine" gout. It is even hypothesized that lead poisoning may have contributed to the 3020:

workers in the US are required to be removed from work when their level is greater than 50 μg/dL if they do construction and otherwise greater than 60 μg/dL.

3827:

followed suit in 1922. However, in the United States, laws banning lead house paint were not passed until 1971, and it was phased out and not fully banned until 1978.

13186: 8609: 7705: 13908:...we can accept the inference that defendants' pre-1951 promotions increased the use of lead paint on residential interiors during the period of those promotions... 9638: 8944: 7242: 337:. There also are numerous cases in the developed world, with there being thousands of American communities with higher lead burdens than seen during the peak of the 16136: 3855:. Blood lead levels worldwide have been declining sharply since the 1980s, when leaded gasoline began to be phased out. In those countries that have banned lead in 2626:

become more fragile as the result of damage to their membranes. Lead interferes with metabolism of bones and teeth and alters the permeability of blood vessels and

2521:

is an element used as a lead-replacement for shotgun pellets used in waterfowl hunting although shotshells made from bismuth are nearly ten times the cost of lead.

18671: 18377: 12075: 9838: 9251: 3800: 15024: 13347: 3657:. The use of leaden cookware, though popular, was not the general standard and copper cookware was used far more generally. There is also no indication how often 3188:

The mainstays of treatment are removal from the source of lead and, for people who have significantly high blood lead levels or who have symptoms of poisoning,

7096: 3728:. He had noticed that monks who did not drink wine were healthy, while wine drinkers developed colic, and traced the cause to sugar of lead, made by simmering 3384:

Trend of blood lead levels (BLLs) in Chinese adults in different regions from 1980 to 2018. A decreasing trend was found in all regions except for South China.

740:

Kidney damage occurs with exposure to high levels of lead, and evidence suggests that lower levels can damage kidneys as well. The toxic effect of lead causes

7568: 795:, and death from stroke, but this evidence is more limited. People who have been exposed to higher concentrations of lead may be at a higher risk for cardiac 19521: 19129: 12381: 4017: 2314: 5820: 3613:

channels also formed inside the pipes, effectively insulating the water from the lead, so that the two never touched. Second, because the Romans had so few

2770:, a part of the brain involved in memory. Hippocampi of lead-exposed rats (bottom) show structural damage such as irregular nuclei (IN) and denaturation of 14967: 11218: 10879: 2566:, or occasionally skin contact. Lead may be taken in through direct contact with mouth, nose, and eyes (mucous membranes), and through breaks in the skin. 9450: 9033: 5587: 18342: 13415: 6725:

Cecil KM, Brubaker CJ, Adler CM, Dietrich KN, Altaye M, Egelhoff JC, Wessel S, Elangovan I, Hornung R, Jarvis K, Lanphear BP (May 2008). Balmes J (ed.).

3924:

On 6 December 2017, the petitions for rehearing from NL Industries, Inc., ConAgra Grocery Products Company and The Sherwin-Williams Company were denied.

3886:

did research trying to prove lead's toxicity to humans. In the 1980s Needleman was falsely accused of scientific misconduct by lead industry associates.

3097: 11085:"A noninvasive isotopic approach to estimate the bone lead contribution to blood in children: implications for assessing the efficacy of lead abatement" 10547:

Indeed, lead poisoning, like all porphyrin diseases, is accompanied by obstinate constipation, nervous lesions, hyperpigmentation and abdominal attacks.

4557: 19315: 19100: 9681: 3424:

Neuroanatomical pathology due to lead exposure is more pronounced in males, suggesting that lead-related toxicity has a disparate impact across sexes.

8127: 7591: 3617:

and the water was constantly running, it was never inside the pipes for more than a few minutes, and certainly not long enough to become contaminated.

2013:

living near zinc and manganese smelters. Lead exposure can occur from contact with lead in air, household dust, soil, water, and commercial products.

510:

of pain, may appear at blood lead levels greater than 80 μg/dL. Signs that occur in adults at blood lead levels exceeding 100 μg/dL include

18372: 17828: 17110: 15561: 13386: 10304:

Gourlaouen C, Parisel O (15 January 2007). "Is an electronic shield at the molecular origin of lead poisoning? A computational modeling experiment".

12439: 9716: 3317:

problems in terms of numbers of people exposed and the public health toll it takes. Lead exposure accounts for about 0.2% of all deaths and 0.6% of

893:. Peripheral nervous system effects are more prominent in adults and central nervous system effects are more prominent in children. Lead causes the 391:

Lead forms a variety of compounds and exists in the environment in various forms. Features of poisoning differ depending on whether the agent is an

19516: 19150: 19112: 18332: 17319: 17044: 16657: 15248: 9564: 9009: 7624:

More AF, Spaulding NE, Bohleber P, Handley MJ, Hoffmann H, Korotkikh EV, Kurbatov AV, Loveluck CP, Sneed SB, McCormick M, Mayewski PA (June 2017).

5745: 2683:

found on many enzymes. Part of lead's toxicity results from its ability to mimic other metals that take part in biological processes, which act as

2430:

Government banned the sale of Maggi noodles in New Delhi stores for 15 days because it was found to contain lead beyond the permissible limit. The

2515:

To virtually eliminate the potential for lead contamination, some researchers have suggested the use of lead-free copper non-fragmenting bullets.

403:, but such compounds are still used in industrial settings. Organic lead compounds, which cross the skin and respiratory tract easily, affect the 19534: 19160: 19056: 12039: 10980:

Bottomley SS (2014). "Sideroblastic Anemias". In Greer JP, Arber DA, Glader BE, List AF, Means RT, Paraskevas F, Rodgers GM, Wintrobe MM (eds.).

12602:"A General Theory of Crime. By Michael R. Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi. Stanford University Press, 1990. 297 pp. Cloth $ 39.50; paper $ 12.95" 11389:

Nussbaumer-Streit B, Mayr V, Dobrescu AI, Wagner G, Chapman A, Pfadenhauer LM, Lohner S, Lhachimi SK, Busert LK, Gartlehner G (6 October 2020).

2750:, which may be directly or indirectly harmful to neurons. Elevation of aminolevulinic acid results in lead poisoning having symptoms similar to 19421: 17509: 12151: 7541: 3807:

of 1904 published that campaign and provided recipes to promote lead-free ceramics. At the request of the Illinois state government in the US,

3096:(USPSTF) has stated that general screening of those without symptoms include children and pregnant women is of unclear benefit as of 2019. The 3025: 2501: 1905: 13892: 13034: 9490: 19124: 19074: 18264: 16971: 16235: 13774: 8202: 3830:

The 20th century saw an increase in worldwide lead exposure levels due to the increased widespread use of the metal. Beginning in the 1920s,

3823:

in children from lead paint was recognized in Australia in 1897. France, Belgium, and Austria banned white lead interior paints in 1909; the

3072: 3064: 11479: 2094:

can subsequently affect humans. Milk produced by contaminated cattle can be diluted to a lower lead concentration and sold for consumption.

18664: 18517: 18231: 11156: 9615: 6251:

Gemmel A, Tavares M, Alperin S, Soncini J, Daniel D, Dunn J, Crawford S, Braveman N, Clarkson TW, McKinlay S, Bellinger DC (October 2002).

4392: 3093: 13209: 12092: 11451: 10576: 7682: 2687:

in many enzymatic reactions, displacing them at the enzymes on which they act. Lead is able to bind to and interact with many of the same

19578: 18455: 17039: 9464: 8870: 4448: 1983: 1671: 752:

function of the kidney is impaired. Long-term exposure at levels lower than those that cause lead nephropathy have also been reported as

376:

obtained from urine rather than blood is likely to provide a more accurate representation of total lead burden to a skilled interpreter.

7930: 5618: 16107: 13819: 13011: 11638: 7626:"Next-generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death" 4530: 4421: 4396: 3954:

for pets. Lead poisoning in a pet dog may indicate that children in the same household are at increased risk for elevated lead levels.

380: 295: 8145:

Forsyth JE, Baker M, Nurunnahar S, Islam S, Islam MS, Islam T, Plambeck E, Winch PJ, Mistree D, Luby SP, Rahman M (1 September 2023).

5521:"Treatment of periocular hyperpigmentation due to lead of kohl (surma) by penicillamine: a single group non-randomized clinical trial" 4835: 3981:

Lead, one of the leading causes of toxicity in waterfowl, has been known to cause die-offs of wild bird populations. When hunters use

2375:(UNEP) thus launched a campaign in 2002 to eliminate its use, leading to Algeria being the last country to stop its use in July 2021. 708:

Lead affects every one of the body's organ systems, especially the nervous system, but also the bones and teeth, the kidneys, and the

18293: 13856: 11554:"Screening for Elevated Blood Lead Levels in Children and Pregnant Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement" 10248:

Flora SJ, Mittal M, Mehta A (October 2008). "Heavy metal induced oxidative stress & its possible reversal by chelation therapy".

7892: 2124:, lead or both. When cocoa beans are set outside near polluting industrial plants, they can be contaminated by dust containing lead. 9208:

Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (March 2006). "Death of a child after ingestion of a metallic charm--Minnesota, 2006".

8346: 6348: 3771:

that were lined with lead. Lead was added to cheap wine illegally in the 18th and early 19th centuries as a sweetener. The composer

3092:

Screening may be an important method of prevention for those at high risk, such as those who live near lead-related industries. The

18337: 18199: 17315: 8915: 3044:

Testing kits are commercially available for detecting lead. These swabs, when wiped on a surface, turn red in the presence of lead.

959: 8708: 4326: 651:

or aggressive behavior disorders. Visual disturbance may present with gradually progressing blurred vision as a result of central

614:

Chronic poisoning usually presents with symptoms affecting multiple systems, but is associated with three main types of symptoms:

19563: 19505: 19294: 18657: 18307: 17054: 17034: 17029: 14873: 14188:"Effectiveness of action to reduce exposure of free-ranging California condors in Arizona and Utah to lead from spent ammunition" 9165:

Durlach V, Lisovoski F, Gross A, Ostermann G, Leutenegger M (March 1986). "Appendicectomy in an unusual case of lead poisoning".

4156: 939:

The effect of lead on children's cognitive abilities takes place at very low levels. There is no apparent lower threshold to the

11502: 10446: 9740: 9130:

Madsen HH, Skjødt T, Jørgensen PJ, Grandjean P (1988). "Blood lead levels in patients with lead shot retained in the appendix".

9049: 7946:"Lead, zinc, and cadmium uptake, accumulation, and phytoremediation by plants growing around Tang-e Douzan lead–zinc mine, Iran" 4180:

Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders

3733: 2898:(dots in red blood cells visible through a microscope), as well as the changes normally associated with iron-deficiency anemia ( 19481: 19340: 18753: 17426: 17231: 15004: 12647:. Conversations in the Discipline About Hormones- Part 1 of 2: The 50th Anniversary of the Discovery of the Estrogen Receptor. 2423: 13788: 13652: 11325:"How to Test Paint With a DIY Lead Test Kit: CR's step-by-step guide to getting accurate results from 3M LeadCheck and D-Lead" 4087: 18298: 18246: 18151: 17421: 17256: 16737: 14744: 14657: 14638: 14619: 14600: 14581: 14562: 14543: 14518: 14499: 14480: 14461: 14442: 14423: 14404: 14385: 14366: 14347: 14328: 14303: 14284: 13716: 13683: 13558: 13278: 13250: 12796: 12127: 12069: 11244: 10989: 10570: 10013: 9848:. National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Atlanta, Georgia, USA. Archived from 9076: 7924: 7328: 5778: 5612: 5207: 4187: 4032: 3413: 3292: 2715: 2662: 2399:

preparations and remedies of Chinese origin. There are also risks of elevated blood lead levels caused by folk remedies like

2049:

workers, and plastic manufacturers are at risk for lead exposure. Other occupations that present lead exposure risks include

1890: 554:. Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation are other acute symptoms. Lead's effects on the mouth include 318:. Chelation therapy in children is recommended when blood levels are greater than 40–45 μg/dL. Medications used include 14245: 13194: 13064: 12874:

Nriagu JO (March 1983). "Saturnine gout among Roman aristocrats. Did lead poisoning contribute to the fall of the Empire?".

11182:"CDC - Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES): Program Description: NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic" 9878:"CDC - Adult Blood Lead Epidemiology and Surveillance (ABLES): Program Description: NIOSH Workplace Safety and Health Topic" 9022: 8601: 3032:

shooting range instructors and as high as 330 μg/dL in those drinking fruit juices from glazed earthenware containers.

2033:

workers are at risk for lead exposure. This worker ladles molten lead into billets in a lead-acid battery recovery facility.

19461: 18638: 18501: 18312: 18241: 18166: 17985: 17246: 17024: 16650: 15241: 12406: 7701: 7232: 5967:

Pokras MA, Kneeland MR (September 2008). "Lead poisoning: using transdisciplinary approaches to solve an ancient problem".

3819:, in 1934, yet in print in revised forms. An important step in the understanding of childhood lead poisoning occurred when 2387:, an ancient cosmetic from the Middle East, South Asia, and parts of Africa that has many other names; and from some toys. 1164: 8936: 2861:

Diagnosis includes determining the clinical signs and the medical history, with inquiry into possible routes of exposure.

18743: 18489: 18367: 14677: 12056: 11324: 8874: 3592:, prevalent in affluent Rome, is thought to be the result of lead, or leaded eating and drinking vessels. Sugar of lead ( 3053: 2937: 2010: 1291: 1211: 13355: 9849: 9259: 6995:"Cumulative lead dose and cognitive function in adults: a review of studies that measured both blood lead and bone lead" 19411: 17502: 17251: 17171: 15035: 13737:"Standing up to the lead industry: an interview with Herbert Needleman. Interview by David Rosner and Gerald Markowitz" 13294: 8962: 8227: 8147:"Food safety policy enforcement and associated actions reduce lead chromate adulteration in turmeric across Bangladesh" 7782: 7610: 4925:"A critical review of biomarkers used for monitoring human exposure to lead: advantages, limitations, and future needs" 2714:

One of the main causes for the pathology of lead is that it interferes with the activity of an essential enzyme called

2228:

Lead content in soil may be caused by broken-down lead paint, residues from lead-containing gasoline, used engine oil,

1885: 1799: 1241: 3416:

occurred in Nigeria in 2010. As of 5 October 2010 at least 400 children have died from the effects of lead poisoning.

2883:

in a 53-year-old who had elevated blood lead levels due to drinking repeatedly from glasses decorated with lead paint.

266:

of otherwise unknown cause and can result in behavioral problems. Some of the effects are permanent. In severe cases,

19334: 19324: 19079: 18506: 18465: 18430: 18415: 18397: 18322: 18101: 16956: 16900: 15678: 15054: 9383:

DiMaio VJ, DiMaio SM, Garriott JC, Simpson P (June 1983). "A fatal case of lead poisoning due to a retained bullet".

7311:

Mañay N, Cousillas AZ, Alvarez C, Heller T (2008). "Lead Contamination in Uruguay: The "La Teja" Neighborhood Case".

5503: 3499:

use in the late 1970s correlates with a peak in aggravated assault rates in the late 1990s in urban areas across the

2363:. Automotive exhaust represented a major way for lead to be inhaled, invade the bloodstream and pass into the brain. 1741: 1646: 10872:"How Lead Changes the Brain to Impair Learning and Memory, How Lead Changes the Brain to Impair Learning and Memory" 7103: 6443:

Wright LF, Saylor RP, Cecere FA (August 1984). "Occult lead intoxication in patients with gout and kidney disease".

2005:

consumed in the economy each year, in the US as of 2013. Children living near facilities that process lead, such as

399:

one. Organic lead poisoning is now very rare, because countries across the world have phased out the use of organic

19583: 18511: 18347: 18278: 18273: 16890: 16197: 15992: 15011:. Canberra, Australia: Department of Sustainability, Environment, Water, Population and Communities. Archived from 14826:

Vorvolakos T, Arseniou S, Samakouri M (2016). "There is no safe threshold for lead exposure: Α literature review".

14762:

Liu KS, Hao JH, Zeng Y, Dai FC, Gu PQ (September 2013). "Neurotoxicity and biomarkers of lead exposure: a review".

12385: 7560: 2555:

describes how the body handles the toxin over time, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.

14793:"Lead neurotoxicity: exploring the potential impact of lead substitution in zinc-finger proteins on mental health" 10077:"Factors influencing bone lead concentration in a suburban community assessed by noninvasive K x-ray fluorescence" 5323:

Patrick L (March 2006). "Lead toxicity, a review of the literature. Part 1: Exposure, evaluation, and treatment".

4467:"Educational interventions for preventing lead poisoning in workers. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2020" 3024:

adults. An elevated blood lead level (BLL) is defined as a BLL ≥5 μg/dL. This case definition is used by the

2778:

The brain is the organ most sensitive to lead exposure. Lead is able to pass through the endothelial cells at the

647:, is another indication of chronic lead poisoning. Children with chronic poisoning may refuse to play or may have 18450: 18357: 18221: 18136: 17899: 17374: 17130: 16643: 16426: 15234: 12279:"Lead toxicity: does the critical level of lead resulting in adverse effects differ between adults and children?" 5710:

Woolf AD, Goldman R, Bellinger DC (April 2007). "Update on the clinical management of childhood lead poisoning".

2842: 1976: 1686: 1449: 1031: 811:

Lead affects both the male and female reproductive systems. In men, when blood lead levels exceed 40 μg/dL,

16837: 14975: 13972: 11207: 10871: 9947:"Rapid Review of Dermal Penetration and Absorption of Inorganic Lead Compounds for Occupational Risk Assessment" 8477:

Jacobs DE, Clickner RP, Zhou JY, Viet SM, Marker DA, Rogers JW, Zeldin DC, Broene P, Friedman W (October 2002).

4579: 2446:, and Nilgiris have imposed a nationwide ban on Maggi noodles. Many other states too have banned Maggi noodles. 2303:

due to fewer health concerns, increase corrositivity. In the US, 14–20% of total lead exposure is attributed to

839:

and into breast milk, and blood lead levels in mothers and infants are usually similar. A fetus may be poisoned

756:

in patients from developed countries that had chronic kidney disease or were at risk because of hypertension or

671:

As lead safety standards become more stringent, fewer children in the US are found to have elevated lead levels.

19568: 19511: 19376: 19031: 18768: 18680: 18479: 18352: 18189: 18156: 17236: 17147: 16966: 16885: 16321: 15810: 15805: 10732:"Effects of lead exposure on hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 3 and 7 in developmental rats" 9446: 5583: 3812: 3318: 3101: 187:

Removing lead from the home, improved monitoring and education in the workplace, laws that ban lead in products

14087:"Recent and chronic exposure of wild ducks to lead in human-modified wetlands in Santa Fe Province, Argentina" 9418:

Fiorica V, Brinker JE (February 1989). "Increased lead absorption and lead poisoning from a retained bullet".

5903:"Low-level environmental lead exposure and children's intellectual function: an international pooled analysis" 3699:

recognized dust and fumes containing lead compounds as the cause of disease, called since ancient Roman times

2972: 19247: 19000: 18255: 17645: 17495: 17336: 17295: 17241: 16832: 16599: 16077: 15815: 15503: 9670: 5681: 4052: 3994: 2918:

deficiencies. Contrary to other sideroblastic anemia, there are no ring sideroblasts in a bone marrow smear.

2910:. However, basophilic stippling is also seen in unrelated conditions, such as megaloblastic anemia caused by 1921: 1371: 10181:"The epidemiology of lead toxicity in adults: measuring dose and consideration of other methodologic issues" 7426: 6301: 3796: 3522: 19289: 19222: 18975: 18763: 18618: 18484: 17203: 16221: 15633: 15214: 7583: 2956:

due to disrupted metabolism in the growing bones, become wider as the duration of lead exposure increases.

2787: 2193: 1459: 1311: 1286: 1081: 13370: 9283:

Hunt WG, Watson RT, Oaks JL, Parish CN, Burnham KK, Tucker RL, Belthoff JR, Hart G (2009). Zhang B (ed.).

7368:"Heavy metals emissions from joss paper burning rituals and the air quality around a specific incinerator" 3931:

and landlords by crafting barriers to collection of any money damages compensating plaintiffs for damage.

3340:

currently the most likely to have countries lacking such measures. Despite phase out in many parts of the

2952:

in the long bones of growing children, especially around the knees. These lead lines, caused by increased

2026: 2009:, have been found to have unusually high blood lead levels. In August 2009, parents rioted in China after 19426: 19118: 19026: 18990: 18828: 18538: 18236: 18194: 17548: 17290: 16185: 15800: 14890: 13820:"Turning Lead Into Gold: How the Bush Administration is Poisoning the Lead Advisory Committee at the CDC" 12435: 8251: 6470:

Lin JL, Huang PT (April 1994). "Body lead stores and urate excretion in men with chronic renal disease".

4047: 3597: 2643: 2388: 2325:, a switch to a more corrosive municipal water source caused elevated lead levels in domestic tap water. 2042: 1570: 1321: 10690:

Wang B, Bissell DM, Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A (2018).

6573:

Park SK, O'Neill MS, Vokonas PS, Sparrow D, Wright RO, Coull B, Nie H, Hu H, Schwartz J (January 2008).

5753: 2642:

in children. Lead exposure has also been associated with a decrease in activity of immune cells such as

2276:

Lead from the atmosphere or soil can end up in groundwater and surface water. It is also potentially in

367:

treatment of lead exposure are based on blood lead level (the amount of lead in the blood), measured in

19486: 19391: 19165: 18868: 18533: 17310: 16976: 16624: 15919: 15538: 14882: 7047:

Kosnett MJ, Wedeen RP, Rothenberg SJ, Hipkins KL, Materna BL, Schwartz BS, Hu H, Woolf A (March 2007).

3546:

around 6500 BC. Its density, workability, and corrosion resistance were among the metal's attractions.

2926: 2818:

sheaths, reduces numbers of neurons, interferes with neurotransmission, and decreases neuronal growth.

2746:. Another effect of lead's interference with heme synthesis is the buildup of heme precursors, such as 2679:

The primary cause of lead's toxicity is its interference with a variety of enzymes because it binds to

1969: 1326: 1176: 940: 860: 482:, and problems with sleep. An unusual taste in the mouth and personality changes are also early signs. 333:

In 2013, lead is believed to have resulted in 853,000 deaths worldwide. It occurs most commonly in the

15074: 12327: 12032: 7266:"Lead and Juvenile Delinquency: New Evidence from Linked Birth, School and Juvenile Detention Records" 4977:

Ragan P, Turner T (July 2009). "Working to prevent lead poisoning in children: getting the lead out".

2229: 19084: 18995: 18980: 18838: 18813: 18563: 18283: 17152: 17100: 16857: 16852: 16479: 16072: 15578: 15566: 15508: 12698: 12640: 7545: 3485: 3325: 2960:

may also reveal lead-containing foreign materials such as paint chips in the gastrointestinal tract.

2411:, powders containing lead tetroxide and lead oxide, respectively, which each contain about 95% lead. 1701: 1666: 1626: 1279: 1246: 1096: 882: 876: 384: 14944: 14275:

Brunton LL, Goodman LS, Blumenthal D, Buxton I, Parker KL, eds. (2007). "Principles of toxicology".

11743:"On the Employment of Iodide of Potassium as a Remedy for the Affections Caused by Lead and Mercury" 5821:"The Toxic Truth: Children's Exposure to Lead Pollution Undermines a Generation of Future Potential" 4417: 2109:

In Hong Kong, the maximum allowed lead parts per million is 6 in solid foods and 1 in liquid foods.

19476: 19401: 19381: 19274: 18898: 18888: 18863: 18425: 17786: 17778: 17621: 17105: 16067: 15988: 15790: 15141: 13210:"A Preliminary Investigation of Lead Poisoning in a Napoleonic Era Naval Cemetery in Antigua, W.I." 10053: 8268: 4756: 3395: 2607: 2372: 1696: 1316: 1251: 1188: 913: 855:

The brains of adults who were exposed to lead as children show decreased volume, especially in the

559: 323: 211: 13736: 11984:"Provocative chelation with DMSA and EDTA: evidence for differential access to lead storage sites" 11465: 10390:"Lead and delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase polymorphism: where does it lead? A meta-analysis" 6876:"The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood. An 11-year follow-up report" 19573: 19558: 19446: 19232: 18405: 18317: 17758: 17633: 17166: 17059: 16802: 16117: 15738: 15648: 15452: 15020: 14509:

Mycyk M, Hryhorczuk D, Amitai Y (2005). "Lead". In Erickson TB, Ahrens WR, Aks S, Ling L (eds.).

12428: 11145: 8391: 8332: 4742:

Guidotti TL, Ragain L (April 2007). "Protecting children from toxic exposure: three strategies".

4673:"Deficits in Psychologic and Classroom Performance of Children with Elevated Dentine Lead Levels" 3883: 3795:. The first legislation in the UK to limit pottery workers' exposure to lead was included in the 3400:

Cases of mass lead poisoning can occur. In 2009, 15,000 people were planned to be relocated from

3275: 3008: 2684: 2337: 2318: 1726: 1681: 1301: 681: 578:, are common in acute poisoning. Absorption of large amounts of lead over a short time can cause 263: 99: 79: 14727:

Küpper H (2017). "Chapter 15. Lead Toxicity in Plants". In Astrid S, Helmut S, Sigel RK (eds.).

13675: 13668: 13550: 13544: 12699:"The urban rise and fall of air lead (Pb) and the latent surge and retreat of societal violence" 12209: 11727:"Sur l'emploi de l'iodure de potassium pour combattre les affections saturnines et mercurielles" 8672: 4400: 3743:

In the 18th century lead poisoning was fairly frequent on account of the widespread drinking of

3565:, a Greek physician who lived in the 1st century AD, wrote that lead makes the mind "give way". 2846: 643:

is another feature. A blue line along the gum with bluish black edging to the teeth, known as a

19041: 19021: 18808: 18778: 18473: 18393: 18288: 18111: 17990: 17193: 17049: 16895: 16491: 15462: 14471:

Menkes JH (2006). "Toxic and nutritional disorders". In Menkes JH, Sarnat HB, Maria BL (eds.).

13224: 12326:

Li Y, Chen J, Bu S, Wang S, Geng X, Guan G, Zhao Q, Ao L, Qu W, Zheng Y, Jin Y, Tang J (2021).

12058:

Global health risks : mortality and burden of disease attributable to selected major risks

11352: 10560: 9285:"Lead bullet fragments in venison from rifle-killed deer: potential for human dietary exposure" 7179: 7121: 5350: 4751: 4042: 3867: 3610: 3490:

Lead poisoning in children has been linked to changes in brain function that can result in low

3469: 3314: 3297: 3263: 3201: 2992: 2968: 2826: 2418:

In May 2015, Indian food safety regulators in the state of Uttar Pradesh found that samples of

2074: 1864: 1351: 890: 792: 627: 404: 161: 156: 15181: 12909:

Scarborough J (October 1984). "The Myth of Lead Poisoning Among the Romans: An Essay Review".

11830:

Meyer PA, Brown MJ, Falk H (2008). "Global approach to reducing lead exposure and poisoning".

10003: 9766: 8878: 5768: 5602: 4442: 3076:

been "closed" by the government, and the population resettled elsewhere, as was the case with

19036: 18495: 18445: 18440: 18184: 17932: 17305: 16732: 16711: 16666: 16431: 16306: 15785: 15688: 15668: 14931: 11475: 11470: 10641:"Lead Poisoning Can Be Easily Misdiagnosed as Acute Porphyria and Nonspecific Abdominal Pain" 8982:"Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA): Drinking Water and Wastewater Infrastructure" 7914: 4522: 3940: 3787: 3752: 3670:

argued in a milestone paper that Roman civilization collapsed as a result of lead poisoning.

3650: 3491: 3447:

the time chelation therapy was begun, about 40% have permanent neurological problems such as

2988: 1834: 1676: 1542: 1454: 1151: 963: 917: 796: 709: 685: 648: 527: 13830: 12542: 11780:

Lightfoot TL, Yeager JM (May 2008). "Pet bird toxicity and related environmental concerns".

11726: 11602: 9902:

Young S, Chen L, Palatnick W, Wong P, Wong J (August 2020). Solomon CG (ed.). "Led Astray".

8076: 7294: 7097:"Research Links Lead Exposure to Changes in Violent Crime Rates Throughout the 20th century" 4672: 3893:, United States Secretary of Health and Human Services, appointed at least two persons with 2849:

for LTD. The targeting of NMDA receptors is thought to be one of the main causes for lead's

2730:, another enzyme involved in the formation of heme. Ferrochelatase catalyzes the joining of 851: 455:

Symptoms may be different in adults and children; the main symptoms in adults are headache,

341:. Those who are poor are at greater risk. Lead is believed to result in 0.6% of the world's 19237: 19212: 19016: 18933: 18783: 18773: 18733: 18688: 18608: 17922: 17751: 17606: 17329: 17221: 16760: 16604: 16316: 16276: 16266: 16261: 16030: 15643: 15628: 15444: 14199: 12957: 12710: 12339: 12175: 11839: 9946: 9803: 9296: 8263: 8158: 7957: 7834: 7637: 7194: 7136: 6951: 6794: 5861: 4617: 3894: 3792: 3772: 3562: 3531: 3515: 3348:

from lead poisoning occurs in the Western Pacific, and another fifth is in Southeast Asia.

3205: 2932:

Blood lead levels are an indicator mainly of recent or current lead exposure, not of total

2907: 2891: 2876: 2830: 2707:, and in 2007 was hypothesized to be important in lead poisoning's effects on enzymes (see 2700: 2181: 1376: 1109: 929: 867: 820: 606:. People who survive acute poisoning often go on to display symptoms of chronic poisoning. 17157: 14062: 14045: 13863: 13857:"Lead Paint Companies Hit With Billion Dollar Judgment in California Public Nuisance Case" 13708: 11181: 9877: 4671:

Needleman HL, Gunnoe C, Leviton A, Reed R, Peresie H, Maher C, Barrett P (29 March 1979).

2069:, and production of paints and pigments. Lead exposure can also occur with intense use of 912:, and children with blood lead concentrations greater than 10 μg/dL are in danger of 8: 19371: 19254: 19242: 19207: 18985: 18970: 18963: 18943: 18713: 18695: 18568: 18327: 18025: 16951: 16474: 16441: 16401: 16301: 16173: 16112: 15836: 15795: 15602: 15555: 15498: 15323: 15297: 15192: 15130: 12328:"Blood lead levels and their associated risk factors in Chinese adults from 1980 to 2018" 9071: 8989: 8920: 7237: 7122:"How lead exposure relates to temporal changes in IQ, violent crime, and unwed pregnancy" 4293: 3684: 3473: 2922: 2779: 2747: 2739: 2718:, or ALAD (see image of the enzyme structure), which is important in the biosynthesis of 2309: 2172:, it was once common for colours such as yellow or white to be made with lead carbonate. 2082: 1711: 1656: 1621: 1547: 1474: 1424: 1419: 1404: 1061: 909: 717: 667: 602:. Damage to kidneys can cause changes in urination such as acquired fanconi syndrome and 579: 18624: 16716: 14203: 13243:

Death by Migration: Europe's Encounter with the Tropical World in the Nineteenth Century

12961: 12714: 12343: 12179: 11843: 11742: 11391:"Household interventions for secondary prevention of domestic lead exposure in children" 10388:

Scinicariello F, Murray HE, Moffett DB, Abadin HG, Sexton MJ, Fowler BA (January 2007).

9807: 9639:"Future Group bans Maggi too: The two-minute death of an India's favourite noodle brand" 9300: 8698: 8162: 7961: 7838: 7641: 7198: 7140: 6955: 6798: 6575:"Air pollution and heart rate variability: effect modification by chronic lead exposure" 5865: 4621: 4318: 3900:

In 2014 a case by the State of California against a number of companies decided against

2708: 684:

are both commonly seen. Although less common, it is possible for fingernails to develop

19406: 19310: 19227: 19046: 18226: 18179: 18121: 18005: 17677: 17198: 17125: 16930: 16925: 16842: 16812: 16609: 16568: 16393: 16271: 16025: 15889: 15733: 15728: 15723: 15673: 15533: 15348: 14912: 14530: 14315: 14222: 14187: 14116: 13948: 13921: 13761: 13613: 13167: 13155: 13119: 13094: 12980: 12945: 12676: 12572: 12518: 12485: 12363: 12308: 12259: 12145: 12008: 11983: 11952: 11904: 11877: 11630: 11583: 11507: 11423: 11390: 11301: 11276: 11109: 11084: 11043: 11018: 10848: 10823: 10758: 10731: 10667: 10640: 10616: 10591: 10414: 10389: 10370: 10205: 10180: 10147: 10122: 9979: 9927: 9606: 9532: 9319: 9284: 9190: 8981: 8847: 8822: 8776: 8703: 8649: 8624: 8511: 8498: 8478: 8451: 8426: 8309: 8284: 8049: 8036: 7989: 7857: 7822: 7758: 7733: 7658: 7625: 7522: 7389: 7160: 7073: 7048: 7019: 6994: 6975: 6856: 6753: 6726: 6657: 6599: 6574: 6550: 6525: 6425: 6277: 6252: 6228: 6215: 6195: 6130: 6117: 6097: 6078: 6035: 5992: 5927: 5902: 5658: 5633: 5547: 5520: 5271: 5106: 5081: 5002: 4949: 4924: 4891: 4874: 4648: 4605: 4504: 4491: 4466: 4148: 3696: 3688: 3337: 3049: 2941: 2862: 2647: 2333: 2322: 2217: 2176:

oil colour was the main white of oil painters until superseded by compounds containing

1945: 1706: 1582: 1344: 1126: 1066: 1036: 983: 583: 338: 74: 15135: 14883:"Lead | Medical Management Guidelines | Toxic Substance Portal | ATSDR" 14775: 13592: 13575: 12399: 12187: 11512: 9178: 7510: 7474: 7457: 6942:

Wilson IH, Wilson SB (2016). "Confounding and causation in the epidemiology of lead".

6831:

Bellinger DC (April 2008). "Very low lead exposures and children's neurodevelopment".

3459:

Exposure to lead may also decrease lifespan and have health effects in the long term.

2751: 415: 19456: 19269: 18948: 18923: 18818: 18803: 18553: 18362: 18048: 17682: 17667: 17649: 17563: 17364: 17300: 16990: 16847: 16578: 16548: 16516: 16511: 16496: 16469: 16416: 16406: 16311: 16291: 16286: 16256: 16155: 15715: 15638: 15571: 15528: 15467: 15434: 15371: 15338: 15328: 15287: 15152: 14989: 14916: 14843: 14814: 14779: 14750: 14740: 14653: 14634: 14615: 14596: 14577: 14558: 14539: 14514: 14495: 14476: 14457: 14438: 14419: 14416:

Critical Care Toxicology: Diagnosis and Management of the Critically Poisoned Patient

14400: 14381: 14362: 14343: 14324: 14299: 14280: 14227: 14163: 14108: 14067: 14014: 13953: 13766: 13712: 13679: 13617: 13605: 13597: 13554: 13378: 13328: 13274: 13246: 13159: 13124: 13068: 12985: 12926: 12891: 12829: 12792: 12769: 12734: 12726: 12668: 12660: 12621: 12564: 12523: 12505: 12367: 12355: 12300: 12251: 12191: 12133: 12123: 12065: 12013: 11944: 11909: 11855: 11797: 11634: 11622: 11587: 11575: 11428: 11410: 11306: 11240: 11208:"Fourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals. Updated Tables" 11114: 11048: 10985: 10947: 10853: 10804: 10763: 10699: 10672: 10621: 10607: 10566: 10491: 10419: 10362: 10321: 10257: 10210: 10152: 10096: 10092: 10009: 9984: 9966: 9931: 9919: 9819: 9733: 9427: 9400: 9396: 9365: 9324: 9217: 9182: 9147: 9112: 9045: 9003: 8852: 8780: 8768: 8654: 8516: 8456: 8314: 8184: 8176: 8054: 8028: 7981: 7973: 7920: 7862: 7763: 7663: 7514: 7479: 7407: 7393: 7352: 7334: 7324: 7210: 7152: 7078: 7024: 6967: 6897: 6848: 6810: 6758: 6702: 6661: 6604: 6555: 6506: 6479: 6452: 6417: 6321: 6282: 6233: 6176: 6135: 6070: 6027: 5984: 5932: 5877: 5774: 5727: 5663: 5608: 5552: 5499: 5409: 5332: 5263: 5203: 5111: 4994: 4990: 4954: 4896: 4769: 4692: 4653: 4635: 4551: 4508: 4496: 4374: 4297: 4237: 4183: 3997: 3974: 3879: 3860: 3848: 3824: 3756: 3654: 3606: 3283: 3213: 3189: 3104:(AAP), however, recommend asking about risk factors and testing those who have them. 3000: 2667: 2571: 2329: 2257: 2237: 2030: 1594: 1517: 1510: 1464: 1331: 1121: 1116: 1026: 958:

Lead exposure in children is also correlated with neuropsychiatric disorders such as

944: 921: 856: 757: 631: 507: 441: 315: 195: 144: 62: 16635: 15701: 15226: 15055:"Biden administration proposes strictest lead pipe rules in more than three decades" 15012: 13938: 13171: 12765: 12576: 12312: 12263: 11956: 10374: 9360: 9343: 9095:

Schep LJ, Fountain JS, Cox WM, Pesola GR (April 2006). "Lead shot in the appendix".

7526: 7164: 6979: 6860: 6082: 5996: 5275: 5006: 4079: 3866:

The levels found today in most people are orders of magnitude greater than those of

53:

An X-ray demonstrating the characteristic finding of lead poisoning in humans—dense

19197: 19192: 18858: 18798: 18204: 18116: 18096: 17944: 17914: 17530: 17115: 16678: 16543: 16501: 15696: 15658: 15653: 15588: 15481: 15376: 14907: 14902: 14894: 14835: 14804: 14771: 14732: 14713: 14217: 14207: 14155: 14120: 14098: 14057: 14006: 13943: 13933: 13756: 13748: 13587: 13151: 13114: 13106: 13060: 12975: 12965: 12918: 12883: 12821: 12761: 12718: 12680: 12652: 12613: 12554: 12513: 12497: 12486:"Association of lead-exposure risk and family income with childhood brain outcomes" 12347: 12290: 12243: 12183: 12003: 11995: 11936: 11899: 11889: 11847: 11789: 11614: 11565: 11418: 11406: 11402: 11328: 11296: 11288: 11104: 11096: 11038: 11030: 10843: 10835: 10794: 10753: 10743: 10662: 10652: 10611: 10603: 10590:

Akshatha LN, Rukmini MS, Mamatha TS, Sadashiva Rao P, Prashanth B (December 2014).

10481: 10409: 10401: 10352: 10313: 10200: 10192: 10142: 10134: 10088: 9974: 9958: 9911: 9811: 9771: 9392: 9355: 9314: 9304: 9194: 9174: 9139: 9104: 9034:

Era of leaded petrol over, eliminating a major threat to human and planetary health

8842: 8834: 8758: 8644: 8636: 8506: 8490: 8446: 8438: 8304: 8296: 8166: 8044: 8020: 7993: 7965: 7852: 7842: 7753: 7745: 7653: 7645: 7506: 7469: 7379: 7353:"Parkinson s disease in occupational exposure to joss paper, a report of two cases" 7316: 7276: 7202: 7144: 7068: 7060: 7014: 7006: 6959: 6887: 6840: 6802: 6748: 6738: 6692: 6653: 6594: 6586: 6545: 6537: 6429: 6407: 6313: 6272: 6264: 6223: 6207: 6166: 6125: 6109: 6062: 6039: 6019: 5976: 5922: 5914: 5869: 5719: 5653: 5645: 5542: 5532: 5401: 5253: 5101: 5093: 4986: 4944: 4936: 4886: 4761: 4684: 4643: 4625: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4366: 4289: 4229: 3901: 3831: 3760: 3593: 3077: 2866: 2680: 2384: 2146: 2117: 2038: 1854: 1751: 1691: 1577: 1530: 1479: 1439: 1414: 1399: 1381: 1356: 1296: 1181: 1131: 925: 835:, and problems with development during childhood. Lead is able to pass through the 745: 615: 487: 400: 392: 334: 291: 173: 149: 14433:

Kosnett MJ (2007). "Heavy metal intoxication and chelators". In Katzung BG (ed.).

13576:"Blood lead levels in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review" 12656: 12484:

Marshall AT, Betts S, Kan EC, McConnell R, Lanphear BP, Sowell ER (January 2020).

9491:"Maggi Noodles Packets Recalled Across Uttar Pradesh, Say Food Inspectors: Report" 6963: 6010:

Brudevold F, Steadman LT (June 1956). "The distribution of lead in human enamel".

5198:

Timbrell JA, ed. (2008). "Biochemical mechanisms of toxicity: Specific examples".

3927:

Studies have found a weak link between lead from leaded gasoline and crime rates.

3372:

Map showing the mean blood lead levels (BLLs) of adults in China during 1980–2018.

2196:

had lead poisoning due to overexposure or carelessness when handling this colour.

2173: 467:, male reproductive problems, and weakness, pain, or tingling in the extremities. 19471: 19451: 19279: 18958: 18953: 18908: 18649: 18420: 18126: 18088: 18058: 17904: 17837: 17702: 17687: 17611: 17578: 17457: 17177: 17135: 17120: 17090: 17064: 16961: 16807: 16614: 16506: 16446: 16411: 16296: 16281: 15875: 15663: 15583: 15381: 15363: 15146: 14839: 14249: 14212: 13701: 12722: 12374: 12351: 10540: 9815: 9611: 9309: 8171: 8146: 7889:

Swedish Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Assessment of Social Services

7458:"Identifying and managing adverse environmental health effects: 3. Lead exposure" 7206: 7180:"Understanding international crime trends: the legacy of preschool lead exposure" 6844: 6743: 6590: 6066: 6023: 3966: 3852: 3721: 3671: 3496: 3225: 3197: 2803: 2579: 2360: 2162: 2014: 1639: 1599: 1469: 1434: 1366: 1306: 1234: 1171: 1071: 785: 749: 591: 243: 137: 18628: 15075:"E.P.A. Proposes Tighter Limits on Lead Dust in Homes and Child Care Facilities" 14863: 14572:

Rambousek AJ, ed. (2008). "The symptoms and treatment of industrial poisoning".

13642: 13437: 12887: 11851: 11034: 10691: 8442: 8128:"Lead poisoning kills millions annually. One country is showing the way forward" 7384: 7367: 7320: 6892: 6875: 6338: 4688: 502:

may appear at blood lead levels higher than 50 μg/dL. In adults, abdominal

19436: 19396: 19284: 19264: 19259: 18878: 18758: 18543: 17707: 17672: 17476: 17469: 17447: 16935: 16875: 16765: 16558: 16553: 16526: 16082: 16055: 15978: 15945: 15880: 15620: 15386: 14648:

Yu MH (2005). "Soil and water pollution: Environmental metals and metalloids".

14159: 14103: 14086: 14010: 13922:"Did the elimination of lead from petrol reduce crime in the USA in the 1990s?" 13752: 12950:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

11793: 11146:"Low Level Lead Exposure Harms Children: A Renewed Call for Primary Prevention" 10839: 9569: 8838: 8823:"Reducing lead exposure from drinking water: recent history and current status" 7945: 5873: 5795:"Revealed: A third of world's children poisoned by lead, UNICEF analysis finds" 5794: 5097: 4357:

Gracia RC, Snodgrass WR (January 2007). "Lead toxicity and chelation therapy".

4233: 4027: 3890: 3808: 3584:

pipes than from lead pipes. For it seems to be made injurious by lead, because

3569: 3460: 3448: 3405: 3345: 3221: 3217: 2838: 2791: 2790:. Lead poisoning interferes with the normal development of a child's brain and 2738:

to form heme. Lead's interference with heme synthesis results in production of

2731: 2727: 2623: 2590: 2567: 2552: 2545: 2356: 2304: 2293: 2277: 2209: 2189: 2177: 2113: 1957: 1761: 1661: 1616: 1609: 1604: 1361: 1056: 916:. Increased blood lead level in children has been correlated with decreases in 753: 656: 599: 523: 519: 464: 456: 449: 342: 299: 177: 15157: 15120: 14736: 14685: 14574:

Industrial Poisoning from Fumes, Gases, and Poisons of Manufacturing Processes

13110: 12501: 12137: 11940: 10341:"The molecular mechanism of lead inhibition of human porphobilinogen synthase" 9143: 8300: 8203:"Maximum Permitted Concentration of Certain Metals Present in Specified Foods" 8101: 7969: 7847: 7408:"Health risk of aerosols and toxic metals from incense and joss paper burning" 5980: 5723: 4765: 3530:

Lead poisoning was among the first known and most widely studied work-related

2872: 2825:. Therefore, an increase in Pb concentration will effectively inhibit ongoing 2762: 19552: 19441: 19202: 18903: 18848: 18548: 18068: 17876: 17737: 17717: 17628: 17593: 17395: 17324: 17285: 16880: 16619: 16583: 16573: 16531: 16521: 15950: 15841: 15763: 15611: 15396: 15353: 15269: 15203: 14591:

Rubin R, Strayer DS, eds. (2008). "Environmental and nutritional pathology".

13601: 13382: 12922: 12730: 12664: 12625: 12509: 11414: 9970: 9962: 8772: 8427:"A rationale for lowering the blood lead action level from 10 to 2 microg/dL" 8228:"Consumer Reports urges dark chocolate makers to reduce lead, cadmium levels" 8180: 8032: 7977: 7606: 6317: 6171: 6154: 5405: 4639: 3905: 3843: 3667: 3573: 3500: 3279: 3240: 3193: 3081: 2953: 2850: 2822: 2807: 2795: 2631: 2619: 2603: 2548:, still used as an additive in some fuels, can be absorbed through the skin. 2263: 2098: 1940: 1776: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1014: 828: 788: 713: 619: 571: 491: 165: 16563: 15457: 14880: 14046:"Metabolism and toxicity of cadmium, mercury, and lead in animals: a review" 13302: 13142:

Gochfeld M (February 2005). "Chronologic history of occupational medicine".

12970: 12752:

Needleman H (April 2009). "Low level lead exposure: history and discovery".

12543:"Childhood Lead Exposure May Affect Personality, Mental Health in Adulthood" 9207: 8747:"Interfacial solar evaporation driven lead removal from a contaminated soil" 8640: 6806: 5537: 4630: 2212:, which used to be added to automotive gasoline (and still is added to some 863:. Areas of volume loss are shown in color over a template of a normal brain. 19356: 19330: 19320: 18913: 18853: 18823: 18598: 18558: 18073: 17894: 17886: 17856: 17727: 17712: 17558: 17162: 17086: 16436: 15966: 15780: 14865: 14847: 14818: 14783: 14754: 14731:. Metal Ions in Life Sciences. Vol. 17. de Gruyter. pp. 491–500. 14701: 14294:

Casarett LJ, Klaassen CD, Doull J, eds. (2007). "Toxic effects of metals".

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Hernberg S (September 2000). "Lead poisoning in a historical perspective".

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in the California 6th Appellate District Court on 14 November 2017 is that:

3780: 3775:, a heavy wine drinker, had elevated lead levels (as later detected in his 3341: 3333: 2996: 2984: 2980: 2945: 2899: 2635: 2595: 2541: 2435: 2300: 2289: 2169: 2046: 2006: 1809: 1771: 1756: 1587: 1552: 1497: 1216: 1076: 933: 832: 781: 721: 623: 563: 551: 428: 251: 83: 14071: 13371:"Locks of Beethoven's Hair Offer New Clues to the Mystery of His Deafness" 13128: 13004:"Ancient Rome's tap water heavily contaminated with lead, researchers say" 12930: 12895: 12617: 12017: 11894: 11366: 10951: 10783:"Lead neurotoxicity in children: basic mechanisms and clinical correlates" 10748: 10156: 10100: 10075:

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proteins; this mechanism may mean that lead exposure is a risk factor for

546:

In acute poisoning, typical neurological signs are pain, muscle weakness,

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and ordered them to pay $ 1.15 billion. The disposition of

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high levels of lead in the drinking water in Washington, DC

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in the mid-20th century. It is speculated that the painter

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is reduced and changes occur in volume of sperm, their

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Exposure to lead also can be evaluated by measuring

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This may be known as 2722:, the cofactor found in 2558:Exposure occurs through 2524: 2379:Lead-containing products 2373:UN Environment Programme 2271: 2155: 2061:smelting, processing of 1252:Marine mammals and sonar 490:effects such as delayed 324:edetate calcium disodium 312:eliminated from the body 212:edetate calcium disodium 19584:Intellectual disability 19447:Quality of working life 19233:Administrative controls 18406:Acceptable daily intake 18318:2013 horse meat scandal 17759:Clostridium perfringens 17167:Poikiloderma of Civatte 16803:Oculocutaneous albinism 16118:List of types of poison 15674:Serotonergic substances 15021:National Safety Council 14908:2027/mdp.39015026228240 13369:Kolata G (2024-05-06). 12971:10.1073/pnas.1400097111 11733:, t. 26, 3 série, 1849. 9250:Bastow E (2011-02-28). 9084:(42). 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Other 2851:toxicity to neurons 2786:and be taken up by 2780:blood brain barrier 2748:aminolevulinic acid 2740:zinc protoporphyrin 2695:The lead ion has a 2310:The Washington Post 2083:high blood pressure 1712:Ocean acidification 1622:Unexploded ordnance 1543:Advertising clutter 1475:Post-consumer waste 1420:Foam food container 1405:Biodegradable waste 1062:Global distillation 807:Reproductive system 782:high blood pressure 686:leukonychia striata 663:Effects on children 452:, and convulsions. 19407:Indoor air quality 19311:Diving regulations 19228:Hazard elimination 19047:Safety engineering 18227:Toxic oil syndrome 18180:Swill milk scandal 18006:Diethylstilbestrol 17678:Diphyllobothriasis 17306:Majocchi's disease 17199:Scratch dermatitis 17126:Mucosal lentigines 16926:Vasospastic macule 16843:Griscelli syndrome 16569:Thallium poisoning 16272:Calcium in biology 16108:EPA list of hazard 15890:Alpha-Bungarotoxin 15634:Anticholinesterase 15168:External resources 15079:The New York Times 14899:10.15620/cdc:95222 14876:. Course: WB 1105. 14810:10.1039/c5mt00300h 14719:10.5070/G312910819 14340:Medical Toxicology 14154:(2): 283–300, vi. 13977:The New York Times 13869:on 1 December 2017 13836:on 24 October 2002 13699:Kennedy D (1997). 13543:Chiras DD (2009). 13375:The New York Times 12116:Renfrew D (2019). 11508:The New York Times 11235:Baselt RC (2008). 11188:. 28 November 2018 10965:Fischer C (2007). 10139:10.1289/ehp.919133 9607:The Times of India 9533:The Times of India 8764:10.1002/eom2.12140 8704:The New York Times 7787:www.resurgence.org 6698:10.1002/bdra.20127 5246:European Neurology 5240:Pearce JM (2007). 4750:(2): 227–35, vii. 4371:10.2146/ajhp060175 4155:. September 2016. 3979: 3975:California condors 3861:gasoline additives 3697:Samuel Stockhausen 3689:medical literature 3528: 3520: 3338:Sub-Saharan Africa 3256: 3121: 3046: 2942:X-ray fluorescence 2885: 2839:the nervous system 2802:formation in the 2776: 2677: 2550: 2529:Lead-contaminated 2513: 2334:Madison, Wisconsin 2330:lead service lines 2269: 2236:used in the past, 2222: 2218:soil contamination 2216:), contributed to 2214:aviation gasolines 2101:has been added to 2035: 1958:Ecology portal 1583:Herbicidal warfare 1127:Introduced species 1067:Indoor air quality 1037:Chlorofluorocarbon 873: 865: 673: 655:, caused by toxic 584:circulatory system 530:, delirium, coma, 442:cognitive deficits 421: 411:Signs and symptoms 339:Flint water crisis 82:, abdominal pain, 19544: 19543: 19457:Safety data sheet 19270:Operations manual 19151:Bangladesh Accord 19139: 19138: 18949:Biological hazard 18647: 18646: 18554:Food preservation 18363:Foodborne illness 17915:Sugar substitutes 17668:Cryptosporidiosis 17650:parasitic disease 17564:HGH controversies 17531:food contaminants 17485: 17484: 17408: 17407: 17404: 17403: 17365:Arsenic poisoning 17301:Schamberg disease 17265: 17264: 17158:Café au lait spot 16985: 16984: 16909: 16908: 16848:Elejalde syndrome 16774: 16773: 16633: 16632: 16579:Toxic heavy metal 16564:Selenium toxicity 16549:Mercury poisoning 16517:Fluoride toxicity 16512:Cadmium poisoning 16497:Chromium toxicity 16470:Arsenic poisoning 16312:Iodine in biology 16292:Copper in biology 16287:Cobalt in biology 16257:Sodium in biology 16211: 16210: 16207: 16206: 16091: 16090: 16073:Poisonous animals 15751: 15750: 15716:Vitamin poisoning 15710: 15709: 15597: 15596: 15476: 15475: 15421: 15420: 15224: 15223: 14746:978-3-11-043433-0 14659:978-1-56670-670-4 14640:978-0-07-148869-3 14621:978-0-471-41813-9 14602:978-0-7817-9516-6 14583:978-1-4086-7025-5 14564:978-0-8385-8285-5 14545:978-0-07-147247-0 14528:Olson KR (2007). 14520:978-0-07-141736-5 14501:978-0-8493-3778-9 14482:978-0-7817-5104-9 14463:978-0-07-144333-3 14444:978-0-07-145153-6 14425:978-0-8151-4387-1 14406:978-0-7156-2194-3 14395:Hodge AT (1992). 14387:978-0-07-143763-9 14368:978-0-471-79335-9 14349:978-0-7817-2845-4 14330:978-0-7817-3770-8 14305:978-0-07-147051-3 14286:978-0-07-144343-2 14034:pp. 768, 771, 774 14005:(2): 261–82, vi. 13735:(May–June 2005). 13718:978-0-674-00222-7 13685:978-0-8070-0032-8 13560:978-0-7637-5925-4 13280:978-0-385-49540-0 13252:978-0-521-38922-8 12798:978-1-888456-03-5 12553:(15): 1445–1446. 12296:10.1539/joh.K8003 12129:978-0-520-96824-0 12071:978-92-4-156387-1 11832:Mutation Research 11788:(2): 229–59, vi. 11613:(15): 1464–1465. 11564:(15): 1502–1509. 11355:. 27 August 2020. 11331:. 15 October 2017 11246:978-0-9626523-7-0 10991:978-1-4511-7268-3 10878:. 3 August 2000. 10572:978-3-642-04519-6 10306:Angewandte Chemie 10015:978-0-87371-997-1 9614:). Archived from 8289:Dtsch Ärztebl Int 8234:. 23 January 2023 7926:978-0-87371-997-1 7330:978-0-387-77029-1 5780:978-1-118-28670-8 5614:978-0-323-26462-4 5601:Kappy MS (2015). 5259:10.1159/000098100 5209:978-0-8493-7302-2 4823:Lowry JA (2010). 4189:978-0-323-07699-9 4023:Lead in chocolate 3998:California condor 3880:Herbert Needleman 3849:Vally Wieselthier 3838:; lead from this 3825:League of Nations 3757:Benjamin Franklin 3655:food preservative 3607:calcium carbonate 3284:Chelation therapy 3198:zinc deficiencies 3190:chelation therapy 3186: 3185: 3142:repeat screening 3001:subdural hematoma 2681:sulfhydryl groups 2665:with lead bound ( 2608:DNA transcription 2572:aviation gasoline 2422:2 Minute Noodles 2258:urban agriculture 2077:, in particular: 2039:radiation shields 2031:Battery recycling 1994: 1993: 1929: 1928: 1595:Nuclear holocaust 1518:Urban heat island 1332:Radioactive waste 1117:Biological hazard 1027:Air quality index 934:social engagement 926:fine motor skills 922:short-term memory 881:Lead affects the 857:prefrontal cortex 758:diabetes mellitus 632:short-term memory 610:Chronic poisoning 316:chelation therapy 229: 228: 196:Chelation therapy 145:Diagnostic method 39:, painter's colic 21:Medical condition 19596: 19532: 19531: 19503: 19502: 19198:Contingency plan 19193:Code of practice 19065: 19064: 18859:Metal fume fever 18674: 18667: 18660: 18651: 18650: 18637: 18636: 18627: 18617: 18616: 18607: 18606: 18599:Drink portal 18597: 18596: 18595: 18587: 18586: 18498:(United Kingdom) 18247:Jack in the Box 18218: 18205:Minamata disease 18117:Food irradiation 18097:4-Hydroxynonenal 17945:Sodium cyclamate 17788:Escherichia coli 17780:Escherichia coli 17512: 17505: 17498: 17489: 17488: 17276: 17275: 17116:Ink spot lentigo 17015: 17014: 16996: 16995: 16791: 16790: 16717:Vitiligo ponctué 16700: 16699: 16689: 16688: 16660: 16653: 16646: 16637: 16636: 16544:Lithium toxicity 16502:Cobalt poisoning 16238: 16231: 16224: 16215: 16214: 16195: 16194: 16183: 16182: 16171: 16170: 16144:, which is rare. 16133: 16132: 16068:Venomous animals 15760: 15759: 15617: 15616: 15608: 15607: 15509:Organophosphates 15487: 15486: 15364:Dietary minerals 15312: 15311: 15303: 15302: 15251: 15244: 15237: 15228: 15227: 15095: 15094: 15089: 15087: 15085: 15069: 15067: 15065: 15049: 15047: 15046: 15040: 15029: 15025:"Lead Poisoning" 15016: 14999: 14986: 14984: 14983: 14974:. Archived from 14962: 14948: 14942: 14937: 14935: 14927: 14925: 14923: 14910: 14886: 14877: 14851: 14822: 14812: 14787: 14758: 14723: 14721: 14696: 14694: 14693: 14684:. Archived from 14663: 14644: 14625: 14606: 14587: 14568: 14549: 14533: 14524: 14505: 14486: 14467: 14448: 14429: 14410: 14391: 14372: 14353: 14334: 14318: 14316:"Lead poisoning" 14309: 14290: 14261: 14260: 14258: 14257: 14242: 14236: 14235: 14225: 14215: 14183: 14172: 14171: 14143: 14134: 14131: 14125: 14124: 14106: 14082: 14076: 14075: 14065: 14041: 14035: 14029: 14023: 14022: 13994: 13988: 13987: 13985: 13983: 13968: 13962: 13961: 13951: 13941: 13917: 13911: 13910: 13905: 13904: 13888: 13879: 13878: 13876: 13874: 13868: 13862:. Archived from 13861: 13852: 13846: 13845: 13843: 13841: 13835: 13829:. Archived from 13824: 13815: 13809: 13808: 13806: 13804: 13785: 13779: 13778: 13764: 13729: 13723: 13722: 13706: 13696: 13690: 13689: 13673: 13663: 13657: 13656: 13640: 13634: 13628: 13622: 13621: 13595: 13586:(3): e145–e153. 13571: 13565: 13564: 13540: 13534: 13528: 13522: 13521: 13509: 13503: 13497: 13491: 13490: 13482: 13476: 13475: 13463: 13457: 13456: 13448: 13442: 13441: 13434: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13423: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13366: 13360: 13359: 13354:. Archived from 13343: 13337: 13336: 13316: 13307: 13306: 13291: 13285: 13284: 13263: 13257: 13256: 13238: 13232: 13231: 13229: 13223:. Archived from 13214: 13205: 13199: 13198: 13193:. Archived from 13182: 13176: 13175: 13139: 13133: 13132: 13122: 13090: 13077: 13076: 13048: 13039: 13038: 13033:. Archived from 13022: 13016: 13015: 13000: 12994: 12993: 12983: 12973: 12941: 12935: 12934: 12906: 12900: 12899: 12871: 12865: 12864: 12856: 12850: 12844: 12838: 12837: 12809: 12803: 12802: 12784: 12778: 12777: 12749: 12743: 12742: 12694: 12685: 12684: 12636: 12630: 12629: 12597: 12591: 12590: 12585: 12583: 12562: 12538: 12532: 12531: 12521: 12481: 12475: 12469: 12463: 12457: 12451: 12450: 12448: 12447: 12432: 12426: 12425: 12423: 12422: 12403: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12378: 12372: 12371: 12323: 12317: 12316: 12298: 12274: 12268: 12267: 12231: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12221: 12206: 12200: 12199: 12162: 12156: 12155: 12149: 12141: 12113: 12107: 12106: 12104: 12103: 12089: 12083: 12082: 12080: 12063: 12053: 12047: 12046: 12044: 12037: 12028: 12022: 12021: 12011: 11979: 11973: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11924: 11918: 11917: 11907: 11897: 11873: 11864: 11863: 11827: 11818: 11812: 11806: 11805: 11777: 11762: 11756: 11750: 11740: 11734: 11724: 11718: 11712: 11706: 11700: 11694: 11688: 11679: 11673: 11667: 11661: 11655: 11649: 11643: 11642: 11598: 11592: 11591: 11573: 11549: 11543: 11542: 11540: 11538: 11533:. 30 August 2017 11523: 11517: 11516: 11511:. Archived from 11498: 11492: 11491: 11489: 11487: 11462: 11456: 11455: 11454:on June 4, 2009. 11443: 11437: 11436: 11426: 11401:(10): CD006047. 11386: 11380: 11377: 11371: 11370: 11367:"Lead Test Kits" 11363: 11357: 11356: 11349: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11336: 11329:Consumer Reports 11321: 11315: 11314: 11304: 11272: 11251: 11250: 11232: 11226: 11225: 11223: 11212: 11204: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11193: 11178: 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11161: 11150: 11142: 11136: 11129: 11123: 11122: 11112: 11101:10.1289/ehp.7241 11080: 11074: 11068: 11057: 11056: 11046: 11014: 11008: 11002: 10996: 10995: 10977: 10971: 10970: 10962: 10956: 10955: 10935: 10929: 10928: 10926: 10924: 10912: 10906: 10900: 10891: 10890: 10888: 10887: 10868: 10862: 10861: 10851: 10819: 10813: 10812: 10802: 10778: 10772: 10771: 10761: 10751: 10727: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10710: 10687: 10681: 10680: 10670: 10660: 10636: 10630: 10629: 10619: 10587: 10581: 10580: 10556: 10550: 10549: 10536: 10530: 10524: 10515: 10509: 10500: 10499: 10489: 10465: 10459: 10458: 10456: 10454: 10445:. Archived from 10434: 10428: 10427: 10417: 10406:10.1289/ehp.9448 10385: 10379: 10378: 10360: 10336: 10330: 10329: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10278: 10272: 10266: 10265: 10245: 10234: 10228: 10219: 10218: 10208: 10197:10.1289/ehp.9783 10176: 10161: 10160: 10150: 10118: 10112: 10111: 10109: 10107: 10072: 10066: 10065: 10063: 10061: 10050: 10044: 10038: 10032: 10026: 10020: 10019: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9982: 9942: 9936: 9935: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9889: 9874: 9865: 9864: 9862: 9860: 9854: 9843: 9834: 9828: 9827: 9790: 9784: 9783: 9781: 9779: 9772:Pacific Standard 9762: 9756: 9755: 9753: 9751: 9745: 9738: 9730: 9724: 9723: 9721: 9715:. Archived from 9710: 9702: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9692: 9686: 9675: 9667: 9661: 9660: 9658: 9656: 9634: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9623: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9560: 9554: 9553: 9551: 9549: 9523: 9517: 9516: 9514: 9512: 9487: 9481: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9442: 9436: 9435: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9380: 9374: 9373: 9363: 9339: 9333: 9332: 9322: 9312: 9280: 9271: 9270: 9268: 9267: 9258:. Archived from 9247: 9241: 9235: 9226: 9225: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9162: 9156: 9155: 9132:Acta Radiologica 9127: 9121: 9120: 9092: 9086: 9085: 9068: 9062: 9061: 9059: 9057: 9042: 9036: 9031: 9025: 9020: 9014: 9013: 9007: 8999: 8997: 8996: 8977: 8971: 8970: 8958: 8949: 8948: 8932: 8926: 8925: 8911: 8905: 8904: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8887: 8886: 8867: 8861: 8860: 8850: 8818: 8809: 8803: 8797: 8791: 8785: 8784: 8766: 8742: 8736: 8730: 8721: 8720: 8718: 8716: 8694: 8688: 8687: 8685: 8684: 8669: 8663: 8662: 8652: 8620: 8614: 8613: 8597: 8591: 8585: 8576: 8570: 8557: 8551: 8542: 8536: 8525: 8524: 8514: 8489:(10): A599-606. 8474: 8465: 8464: 8454: 8422: 8407: 8406: 8404: 8403: 8396:Lead Elimination 8388: 8382: 8376: 8357: 8356: 8355:. December 2022. 8343: 8337: 8336: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8312: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8260: 8254: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8240: 8239: 8224: 8218: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8199: 8193: 8192: 8174: 8142: 8136: 8135: 8123: 8117: 8116: 8114: 8112: 8098: 8092: 8091: 8089: 8087: 8072: 8063: 8062: 8052: 8004: 7998: 7997: 7956:(9): 8701–8714. 7941: 7935: 7934: 7910: 7904: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7877: 7871: 7870: 7860: 7850: 7818: 7812: 7806: 7797: 7796: 7794: 7793: 7778: 7772: 7771: 7761: 7729: 7710: 7709: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7661: 7621: 7615: 7614: 7602: 7596: 7595: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7537: 7531: 7530: 7494: 7488: 7487: 7477: 7453: 7440: 7439: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7423: 7412: 7411: 7404: 7398: 7397: 7387: 7363: 7357: 7356: 7349: 7343: 7342: 7308: 7299: 7298: 7291: 7285: 7284: 7270: 7261: 7255: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7228: 7219: 7218: 7184: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7126: 7117: 7111: 7110: 7108: 7101: 7093: 7087: 7086: 7076: 7065:10.1289/ehp.9784 7044: 7033: 7032: 7022: 7011:10.1289/ehp.9786 6990: 6984: 6983: 6939: 6933: 6927: 6921: 6915: 6906: 6905: 6895: 6871: 6865: 6864: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6778: 6767: 6766: 6756: 6746: 6722: 6711: 6710: 6700: 6676: 6670: 6669: 6640: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6612: 6602: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6553: 6542:10.1289/ehp.9785 6521: 6515: 6514: 6494: 6488: 6487: 6467: 6461: 6460: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6415: 6391: 6385: 6379: 6368: 6362: 6353: 6352: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6280: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6231: 6206:(11): 1099–102. 6191: 6185: 6184: 6174: 6150: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6093: 6087: 6086: 6050: 6044: 6043: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5964: 5941: 5940: 5930: 5919:10.1289/ehp.7688 5897: 5886: 5885: 5848: 5839: 5838: 5836: 5834: 5825: 5817: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5806: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5764: 5758: 5757: 5742: 5736: 5735: 5707: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5678: 5672: 5671: 5661: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5598: 5592: 5591: 5579: 5573: 5570:Rambousek (2008) 5567: 5561: 5560: 5550: 5540: 5516: 5510: 5509: 5491: 5485: 5479: 5450: 5444: 5435: 5429: 5418: 5417: 5389: 5370: 5369: 5364: 5362: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5320: 5299: 5293: 5280: 5279: 5261: 5237: 5214: 5213: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5162: 5156: 5141: 5135: 5120: 5119: 5109: 5077: 5056: 5050: 5023: 5017: 5011: 5010: 4974: 4963: 4962: 4952: 4941:10.1289/ehp.7917 4920: 4905: 4904: 4894: 4870: 4843: 4842: 4840: 4834:. Archived from 4829: 4820: 4811: 4805: 4799: 4793: 4778: 4777: 4759: 4739: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4651: 4633: 4601: 4595: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4576: 4570: 4569: 4567: 4565: 4556:. Archived from 4549: 4543: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4519: 4513: 4512: 4494: 4462: 4453: 4452: 4439: 4433: 4432: 4430: 4429: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4403:on Sep 22, 2023. 4389: 4383: 4382: 4354: 4339: 4338: 4336: 4334: 4315: 4306: 4305: 4277: 4246: 4245: 4217: 4194: 4193: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4145: 4100: 4099: 4097: 4095: 4076: 3902:Sherwin-Williams 3761:Devonshire colic 3704: 3679: 3662: 3648: 3594:lead(II) acetate 3381: 3369: 3162:case management 3124: 3120: 3078:Picher, Oklahoma 3015:Reference levels 2879:(arrows) of red 2867:blood lead level 2674: 2648:calcium in cells 2410: 2404: 2248:neighborhood of 2194:Vincent Van Gogh 2147:phytoremediation 2145:method known as 2118:Consumer Reports 2065:, combustion of 1986: 1979: 1972: 1956: 1955: 1954: 1944: 1943: 1875: 1874: 1578:Chemical warfare 1480:Waste management 1440:Industrial waste 1415:Electronic waste 1400:Advertising mail 1382:Phytoremediation 1357:Land degradation 1297:Depleted uranium 1182:Overillumination 1132:Invasive species 1004: 994: 979: 978: 750:proximal tubular 746:Fanconi syndrome 616:gastrointestinal 590:(the rupture of 518:, and signs of 488:neuropsychiatric 393:organic compound 335:developing world 292:blood lead level 234:, also known as 174:anxiety disorder 150:Blood lead level 48: 24: 23: 19604: 19603: 19599: 19598: 19597: 19595: 19594: 19593: 19549: 19548: 19545: 19540: 19491: 19472:Toxic workplace 19452:Risk management 19345: 19299: 19280:Risk assessment 19176: 19135: 19089: 19060: 19051: 19005: 18959:Physical hazard 18954:Chemical hazard 18935: 18928: 18693: 18690: 18683: 18678: 18648: 18643: 18593: 18591: 18589:Food portal 18581: 18573: 18522: 18460: 18421:Food libel laws 18384: 18212: 18161: 18127:Modified starch 18089:Food processing 18083: 18030: 17959: 17909: 17905:Sodium benzoate 17881: 17843: 17838:Vibrio cholerae 17732: 17703:Gnathostomiasis 17688:Fasciolopsiasis 17640: 17588: 17579:Mercury in fish 17521: 17516: 17486: 17481: 17431: 17400: 17379: 17347: 17341: 17286:Hemochromatosis 17271: 17261: 17214: 17208: 17182: 17178:Riehl melanosis 17136:PUVA lentigines 17121:Lentigo maligna 17091:Lentigo simplex 17075: 17069: 17065:Revesz syndrome 17008: 17003: 16981: 16962:Pityriasis alba 16940: 16931:Woronoff's ring 16918: 16905: 16864: 16825: 16817: 16808:Ocular albinism 16784: 16770: 16748: 16742: 16721: 16693: 16682: 16673: 16664: 16634: 16629: 16615:Oxygen toxicity 16588: 16507:Copper toxicity 16451: 16388: 16326: 16297:Zinc in biology 16282:Iron in biology 16245: 16242: 16212: 16203: 16159: 16145: 16127: 16087: 16035: 15983: 15906: 15822: 15747: 15742: 15706: 15683: 15649:Benzodiazepines 15593: 15579:Carbon monoxide 15567:Ethylene glycol 15543: 15515: 15472: 15439: 15417: 15401: 15358: 15292: 15274: 15255: 15225: 15220: 15219: 15163: 15162: 15106: 15092: 15083: 15081: 15063: 15061: 15044: 15042: 15038: 15027: 14981: 14979: 14940: 14938: 14929: 14928: 14921: 14919: 14889: 14866:"Lead Toxicity" 14859: 14854: 14747: 14691: 14689: 14671: 14669:Further reading 14666: 14660: 14641: 14622: 14603: 14584: 14565: 14546: 14521: 14502: 14483: 14473:Child Neurology 14464: 14445: 14426: 14407: 14388: 14369: 14350: 14331: 14306: 14287: 14265: 14264: 14255: 14253: 14244: 14243: 14239: 14184: 14175: 14144: 14137: 14132: 14128: 14083: 14079: 14056:(12): 1767–81. 14042: 14038: 14030: 14026: 13995: 13991: 13981: 13979: 13969: 13965: 13920:Hall W (2013). 13918: 13914: 13902: 13900: 13889: 13882: 13872: 13870: 13866: 13859: 13853: 13849: 13839: 13837: 13833: 13822: 13816: 13812: 13802: 13800: 13787: 13786: 13782: 13730: 13726: 13719: 13697: 13693: 13686: 13664: 13660: 13641: 13637: 13629: 13625: 13572: 13568: 13561: 13541: 13537: 13529: 13525: 13510: 13506: 13498: 13494: 13483: 13479: 13464: 13460: 13449: 13445: 13436: 13435: 13431: 13421: 13419: 13406: 13405: 13401: 13392: 13390: 13367: 13363: 13344: 13340: 13317: 13310: 13293: 13292: 13288: 13281: 13264: 13260: 13253: 13239: 13235: 13227: 13212: 13206: 13202: 13183: 13179: 13140: 13136: 13099:Medical History 13091: 13080: 13049: 13042: 13023: 13019: 13002: 13001: 12997: 12942: 12938: 12907: 12903: 12872: 12868: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12845: 12841: 12810: 12806: 12799: 12785: 12781: 12750: 12746: 12695: 12688: 12637: 12633: 12598: 12594: 12581: 12579: 12539: 12535: 12490:Nature Medicine 12482: 12478: 12470: 12466: 12458: 12454: 12445: 12443: 12434: 12433: 12429: 12420: 12418: 12405: 12404: 12400: 12391: 12389: 12380: 12379: 12375: 12324: 12320: 12275: 12271: 12232: 12228: 12219: 12217: 12208: 12207: 12203: 12174:(2–3): 249–61. 12163: 12159: 12143: 12142: 12130: 12114: 12110: 12101: 12099: 12091: 12090: 12086: 12078: 12072: 12061: 12055: 12054: 12050: 12042: 12035: 12029: 12025: 11980: 11976: 11968: 11964: 11925: 11921: 11874: 11867: 11838:(1–2): 166–75. 11828: 11821: 11813: 11809: 11778: 11765: 11757: 11753: 11741: 11737: 11725: 11721: 11713: 11709: 11701: 11697: 11689: 11682: 11674: 11670: 11664:Henretig (2006) 11662: 11658: 11650: 11646: 11599: 11595: 11550: 11546: 11536: 11534: 11525: 11524: 11520: 11499: 11495: 11485: 11483: 11464: 11463: 11459: 11444: 11440: 11387: 11383: 11378: 11374: 11365: 11364: 11360: 11351: 11350: 11343: 11334: 11332: 11323: 11322: 11318: 11273: 11254: 11247: 11233: 11229: 11221: 11210: 11206: 11205: 11201: 11191: 11189: 11180: 11179: 11175: 11165: 11163: 11159: 11148: 11144: 11143: 11139: 11130: 11126: 11081: 11077: 11069: 11060: 11015: 11011: 11003: 10999: 10992: 10978: 10974: 10963: 10959: 10936: 10932: 10922: 10920: 10913: 10909: 10903:Henretig (2006) 10901: 10894: 10885: 10883: 10870: 10869: 10865: 10820: 10816: 10779: 10775: 10728: 10721: 10708: 10706: 10688: 10684: 10637: 10633: 10588: 10584: 10573: 10557: 10553: 10537: 10533: 10525: 10518: 10510: 10503: 10466: 10462: 10452: 10450: 10449:on 3 April 2016 10435: 10431: 10386: 10382: 10337: 10333: 10302: 10298: 10290: 10281: 10273: 10269: 10246: 10237: 10229: 10222: 10177: 10164: 10119: 10115: 10105: 10103: 10073: 10069: 10059: 10057: 10052: 10051: 10047: 10039: 10035: 10027: 10023: 10016: 10000: 9996: 9943: 9939: 9900: 9896: 9887: 9885: 9876: 9875: 9868: 9858: 9856: 9855:on May 26, 2011 9852: 9841: 9835: 9831: 9791: 9787: 9777: 9775: 9763: 9759: 9749: 9747: 9743: 9736: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9719: 9708: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9690: 9688: 9684: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9664: 9654: 9652: 9635: 9631: 9621: 9619: 9612:The Times Group 9598: 9594: 9584: 9582: 9561: 9557: 9547: 9545: 9524: 9520: 9510: 9508: 9489: 9488: 9484: 9474: 9472: 9463: 9462: 9458: 9443: 9439: 9416: 9412: 9381: 9377: 9340: 9336: 9281: 9274: 9265: 9263: 9248: 9244: 9236: 9229: 9206: 9202: 9173:(8482): 687–8. 9163: 9159: 9128: 9124: 9093: 9089: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9055: 9053: 9044: 9043: 9039: 9032: 9028: 9021: 9017: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8992: 8978: 8974: 8959: 8952: 8933: 8929: 8912: 8908: 8898: 8897: 8893: 8884: 8882: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8819: 8812: 8804: 8800: 8792: 8788: 8743: 8739: 8731: 8724: 8714: 8712: 8695: 8691: 8682: 8680: 8671: 8670: 8666: 8621: 8617: 8598: 8594: 8586: 8579: 8571: 8560: 8552: 8545: 8537: 8528: 8475: 8468: 8431:Neurotoxicology 8423: 8410: 8401: 8399: 8390: 8389: 8385: 8379:Henretig (2006) 8377: 8360: 8345: 8344: 8340: 8331: 8330: 8326: 8281: 8277: 8262: 8261: 8257: 8250: 8246: 8237: 8235: 8226: 8225: 8221: 8211: 8209: 8201: 8200: 8196: 8143: 8139: 8124: 8120: 8110: 8108: 8100: 8099: 8095: 8085: 8083: 8073: 8066: 8025:10.2307/3433922 8005: 8001: 7942: 7938: 7927: 7911: 7907: 7898: 7896: 7879: 7878: 7874: 7819: 7815: 7807: 7800: 7791: 7789: 7779: 7775: 7730: 7713: 7698: 7694: 7679: 7675: 7622: 7618: 7603: 7599: 7580: 7576: 7557: 7553: 7538: 7534: 7495: 7491: 7468:(10): 1287–92. 7454: 7443: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7425: 7424: 7415: 7406: 7405: 7401: 7364: 7360: 7351: 7350: 7346: 7331: 7309: 7302: 7293: 7292: 7288: 7268: 7262: 7258: 7248: 7246: 7229: 7222: 7182: 7176: 7172: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7106: 7099: 7095: 7094: 7090: 7045: 7036: 6991: 6987: 6950:(5–6): 467–82. 6940: 6936: 6928: 6924: 6916: 6909: 6872: 6868: 6829: 6822: 6779: 6770: 6723: 6714: 6677: 6673: 6641: 6628: 6620: 6616: 6571: 6567: 6522: 6518: 6495: 6491: 6468: 6464: 6441: 6437: 6406:(12): 2074–84. 6392: 6388: 6380: 6371: 6363: 6356: 6337: 6333: 6298: 6294: 6263:(10): A625-30. 6249: 6245: 6212:10.2307/3434965 6192: 6188: 6151: 6147: 6114:10.2307/3430905 6094: 6090: 6061:(10): 1165–71. 6051: 6047: 6008: 6004: 5965: 5944: 5898: 5889: 5849: 5842: 5832: 5830: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5814: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5765: 5761: 5744: 5743: 5739: 5708: 5699: 5690: 5688: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5630: 5626: 5615: 5599: 5595: 5580: 5576: 5568: 5564: 5517: 5513: 5506: 5492: 5488: 5480: 5453: 5447:Henretig (2006) 5445: 5438: 5430: 5421: 5390: 5373: 5360: 5358: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5321: 5302: 5294: 5283: 5238: 5217: 5210: 5196: 5192: 5184: 5165: 5157: 5144: 5136: 5123: 5078: 5059: 5051: 5026: 5018: 5014: 4975: 4966: 4935:(12): 1669–74. 4921: 4908: 4871: 4846: 4838: 4827: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4802: 4794: 4781: 4740: 4723: 4715: 4711: 4701: 4699: 4683:(13): 689–695. 4669: 4665: 4602: 4598: 4588: 4586: 4584:Duke University 4578: 4577: 4573: 4563: 4561: 4550: 4546: 4536: 4534: 4521: 4520: 4516: 4477:(8): CD013097. 4463: 4456: 4441: 4440: 4436: 4427: 4425: 4416: 4415: 4408: 4391: 4390: 4386: 4355: 4342: 4332: 4330: 4317: 4316: 4309: 4278: 4249: 4218: 4197: 4190: 4176: 4172: 4162: 4160: 4147: 4146: 4103: 4093: 4091: 4078: 4077: 4066: 4061: 4014: 3967:Turkey vultures 3960: 3943: 3937: 3853:Dora Carrington 3834:to improve its 3722:Eberhard Gockel 3702:morbi metallici 3672:Clair Patterson 3570:Roman aqueducts 3509: 3497:leaded gasoline 3488: 3482: 3457: 3444: 3435: 3430: 3422: 3398: 3392: 3385: 3382: 3373: 3370: 3310: 3298:adverse effects 3267: 3252:chelating agent 3226:corticosteroids 3218:anticonvulsants 3181: 3171: 3161: 3151: 3141: 3128: 3119: 3110: 3090: 3056: 3038: 3017: 2987:in adults, and 2927:iron deficiency 2859: 2804:cerebral cortex 2760: 2752:acute porphyria 2666: 2656: 2624:red blood cells 2588: 2539: 2527: 2452: 2395:such as Indian 2393:herbal remedies 2381: 2361:engine knocking 2354: 2274: 2254:leaded gasoline 2202: 2158: 2130: 2097:In Bangladesh, 2091: 2024: 2015:Leaded gasoline 1990: 1952: 1950: 1938: 1931: 1930: 1830: 1822: 1821: 1795: 1787: 1786: 1722:Pharmaceuticals 1702:Nonpoint source 1642: 1632: 1631: 1600:Nuclear fallout 1573: 1563: 1562: 1533: 1523: 1522: 1513: 1503: 1502: 1493: 1485: 1484: 1470:Packaging waste 1435:Hazardous waste 1395: 1387: 1386: 1347: 1337: 1336: 1307:Nuclear fallout 1302:Nuclear fission 1282: 1272: 1271: 1237: 1227: 1226: 1202: 1194: 1193: 1167: 1165:Electromagnetic 1157: 1156: 1147: 1139: 1138: 1112: 1102: 1101: 1072:Ozone depletion 1017: 1007: 992: 977: 975:Exposure routes 879: 849: 809: 778: 748:, in which the 738: 706: 704:By organ system 665: 612: 592:red blood cells 544: 542:Acute poisoning 413: 407:predominantly. 355: 300:red blood cells 244:metal poisoning 242:, is a type of 22: 17: 12: 11: 5: 19602: 19592: 19591: 19586: 19581: 19576: 19574:Mass poisoning 19571: 19566: 19561: 19559:Lead poisoning 19542: 19541: 19539: 19538: 19526: 19525: 19524: 19519: 19514: 19496: 19493: 19492: 19490: 19489: 19484: 19479: 19474: 19469: 19464: 19462:Source control 19459: 19454: 19449: 19444: 19439: 19437:Process safety 19434: 19429: 19424: 19419: 19414: 19409: 19404: 19399: 19397:Health physics 19394: 19389: 19384: 19379: 19374: 19369: 19364: 19359: 19353: 19351: 19347: 19346: 19344: 19343: 19338: 19328: 19318: 19313: 19307: 19305: 19301: 19300: 19298: 19297: 19292: 19287: 19285:Safety culture 19282: 19277: 19272: 19267: 19265:Permit To Work 19262: 19260:Lockout-tagout 19257: 19252: 19251: 19250: 19245: 19240: 19235: 19230: 19220: 19215: 19210: 19205: 19200: 19195: 19190: 19184: 19182: 19178: 19177: 19175: 19174: 19169: 19163: 19158: 19153: 19147: 19145: 19141: 19140: 19137: 19136: 19134: 19133: 19127: 19122: 19116: 19110: 19104: 19097: 19095: 19091: 19090: 19088: 19087: 19082: 19077: 19071: 19069: 19062: 19053: 19052: 19050: 19049: 19044: 19039: 19034: 19029: 19024: 19019: 19013: 19011: 19007: 19006: 19004: 19003: 18998: 18993: 18988: 18983: 18978: 18973: 18968: 18967: 18966: 18961: 18956: 18951: 18940: 18938: 18930: 18929: 18927: 18926: 18924:Writer's cramp 18921: 18916: 18911: 18906: 18901: 18896: 18891: 18886: 18881: 18879:Pneumoconiosis 18876: 18871: 18866: 18861: 18856: 18851: 18846: 18844:Lead poisoning 18841: 18836: 18831: 18826: 18821: 18819:Golfer's elbow 18816: 18811: 18806: 18804:Fiddler's neck 18801: 18796: 18791: 18786: 18781: 18776: 18771: 18766: 18761: 18759:Chronic stress 18756: 18751: 18746: 18744:Cardiovascular 18741: 18736: 18731: 18726: 18721: 18716: 18711: 18706: 18700: 18698: 18685: 18684: 18677: 18676: 18669: 18662: 18654: 18645: 18644: 18642: 18641: 18631: 18621: 18611: 18601: 18578: 18575: 18574: 18572: 18571: 18566: 18561: 18556: 18551: 18546: 18544:Food marketing 18541: 18536: 18530: 18528: 18527:Related topics 18524: 18523: 18521: 18520: 18515: 18509: 18504: 18499: 18493: 18487: 18482: 18477: 18470: 18468: 18462: 18461: 18459: 18458: 18453: 18448: 18443: 18438: 18433: 18428: 18423: 18418: 18413: 18408: 18402: 18400: 18386: 18385: 18383: 18382: 18381: 18380: 18375: 18370: 18360: 18355: 18350: 18345: 18340: 18335: 18330: 18325: 18320: 18315: 18310: 18305: 18296: 18291: 18286: 18281: 18276: 18271: 18262: 18253: 18244: 18239: 18234: 18229: 18224: 18219: 18207: 18202: 18197: 18192: 18187: 18182: 18177: 18171: 18169: 18163: 18162: 18160: 18159: 18154: 18149: 18144: 18139: 18134: 18129: 18124: 18119: 18114: 18112:Food additives 18109: 18104: 18099: 18093: 18091: 18085: 18084: 18082: 18081: 18076: 18071: 18066: 18061: 18056: 18051: 18046: 18040: 18038: 18032: 18031: 18029: 18028: 18023: 18018: 18013: 18008: 18003: 17998: 17993: 17988: 17983: 17977: 17975: 17961: 17960: 17958: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17936: 17935: 17925: 17919: 17917: 17911: 17910: 17908: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17891: 17889: 17883: 17882: 17880: 17879: 17874: 17869: 17864: 17859: 17853: 17851: 17845: 17844: 17842: 17841: 17834: 17826: 17819: 17814: 17809: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17784: 17776: 17769: 17762: 17755: 17748: 17742: 17740: 17738:Microorganisms 17734: 17733: 17731: 17730: 17725: 17720: 17715: 17710: 17708:Paragonimiasis 17705: 17700: 17695: 17690: 17685: 17680: 17675: 17673:Cyclosporiasis 17670: 17665: 17660: 17654: 17652: 17642: 17641: 17639: 17638: 17637: 17636: 17626: 17625: 17624: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17598: 17596: 17594:Food additives 17590: 17589: 17587: 17586: 17581: 17576: 17571: 17569:Lead poisoning 17566: 17561: 17556: 17551: 17546: 17541: 17535: 17533: 17523: 17522: 17515: 17514: 17507: 17500: 17492: 17483: 17482: 17480: 17479: 17477:Depigmentation 17474: 17473: 17472: 17462: 17461: 17460: 17450: 17448:Skin whitening 17445: 17439: 17437: 17433: 17432: 17430: 17429: 17424: 17418: 17416: 17410: 17409: 17406: 17405: 17402: 17401: 17399: 17398: 17393: 17387: 17385: 17381: 17380: 17378: 17377: 17372: 17370:Lead poisoning 17367: 17362: 17357: 17351: 17349: 17343: 17342: 17340: 17339: 17334: 17333: 17332: 17327: 17322: 17313: 17308: 17303: 17293: 17288: 17282: 17280: 17273: 17267: 17266: 17263: 17262: 17260: 17259: 17254: 17249: 17244: 17239: 17234: 17229: 17224: 17218: 17216: 17210: 17209: 17207: 17206: 17201: 17196: 17190: 17188: 17184: 17183: 17181: 17180: 17175: 17169: 17160: 17155: 17150: 17145: 17139: 17138: 17133: 17128: 17123: 17118: 17113: 17108: 17103: 17098: 17093: 17079: 17077: 17071: 17070: 17068: 17067: 17062: 17057: 17052: 17047: 17042: 17037: 17032: 17027: 17021: 17019: 17012: 16993: 16987: 16986: 16983: 16982: 16980: 16979: 16974: 16969: 16964: 16959: 16954: 16948: 16946: 16942: 16941: 16939: 16938: 16936:Nevus anemicus 16933: 16928: 16922: 16920: 16911: 16910: 16907: 16906: 16904: 16903: 16898: 16893: 16888: 16883: 16878: 16876:Cross syndrome 16872: 16870: 16866: 16865: 16863: 16862: 16861: 16860: 16855: 16850: 16840: 16835: 16829: 16827: 16819: 16818: 16816: 16815: 16810: 16805: 16799: 16797: 16788: 16776: 16775: 16772: 16771: 16769: 16768: 16766:Tietz syndrome 16763: 16758: 16752: 16750: 16744: 16743: 16741: 16740: 16735: 16729: 16727: 16723: 16722: 16720: 16719: 16714: 16708: 16706: 16697: 16686: 16675: 16674: 16663: 16662: 16655: 16648: 16640: 16631: 16630: 16628: 16627: 16622: 16617: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16596: 16594: 16590: 16589: 16587: 16586: 16581: 16576: 16571: 16566: 16561: 16559:Nickel allergy 16556: 16554:Metal toxicity 16551: 16546: 16541: 16539:Lead poisoning 16536: 16535: 16534: 16527:Iron poisoning 16524: 16519: 16514: 16509: 16504: 16499: 16494: 16489: 16488: 16487: 16482: 16472: 16467: 16461: 16459: 16453: 16452: 16450: 16449: 16444: 16439: 16434: 16429: 16424: 16419: 16414: 16409: 16404: 16398: 16396: 16390: 16389: 16387: 16386: 16378: 16370: 16362: 16354: 16346: 16337: 16335: 16328: 16327: 16325: 16324: 16319: 16314: 16309: 16304: 16299: 16294: 16289: 16284: 16279: 16274: 16269: 16264: 16259: 16253: 16251: 16247: 16246: 16241: 16240: 16233: 16226: 16218: 16209: 16208: 16205: 16204: 16202: 16201: 16189: 16177: 16164: 16161: 16160: 16129: 16128: 16126: 16125: 16120: 16115: 16110: 16105: 16099: 16097: 16093: 16092: 16089: 16088: 16086: 16085: 16083:Mycotoxicology 16080: 16075: 16070: 16065: 16060: 16059: 16058: 16043: 16041: 16040:Related topics 16037: 16036: 16034: 16033: 16028: 16023: 16018: 16013: 16008: 16003: 15997: 15995: 15985: 15984: 15982: 15981: 15979:Tick paralysis 15976: 15975: 15974: 15969: 15955: 15954: 15953: 15946:Scorpion venom 15943: 15942: 15941: 15936: 15922: 15916: 15914: 15908: 15907: 15905: 15904: 15903: 15902: 15897: 15892: 15878: 15873: 15872: 15871: 15861: 15860: 15859: 15854: 15849: 15844: 15833: 15831: 15824: 15823: 15821: 15820: 15819: 15818: 15813: 15808: 15803: 15793: 15788: 15783: 15778: 15772: 15770: 15757: 15753: 15752: 15749: 15748: 15746: 15745: 15740: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15720: 15718: 15712: 15711: 15708: 15707: 15705: 15704: 15699: 15693: 15691: 15689:Cardiovascular 15685: 15684: 15682: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15625: 15623: 15614: 15612:Drug overdoses 15605: 15603:Pharmaceutical 15599: 15598: 15595: 15594: 15592: 15591: 15586: 15581: 15576: 15575: 15574: 15569: 15564: 15551: 15549: 15545: 15544: 15542: 15541: 15536: 15531: 15525: 15523: 15517: 15516: 15514: 15513: 15512: 15511: 15506: 15495: 15493: 15484: 15478: 15477: 15474: 15473: 15471: 15470: 15465: 15460: 15455: 15449: 15447: 15441: 15440: 15438: 15437: 15431: 15429: 15423: 15422: 15419: 15418: 15416: 15415: 15409: 15407: 15403: 15402: 15400: 15399: 15394: 15389: 15384: 15379: 15374: 15368: 15366: 15360: 15359: 15357: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15320: 15318: 15309: 15300: 15294: 15293: 15291: 15290: 15285: 15279: 15276: 15275: 15273: 15272: 15267: 15262: 15254: 15253: 15246: 15239: 15231: 15222: 15221: 15218: 15217: 15206: 15204:Lead poisoning 15195: 15193:article/815399 15184: 15172: 15171: 15169: 15165: 15164: 15161: 15160: 15149: 15138: 15123: 15107: 15102: 15101: 15099: 15098:Classification 15091: 15090: 15070: 15050: 15017: 15015:on 2012-03-20. 15000: 14987: 14963: 14950: 14941:|journal= 14887: 14878: 14860: 14858: 14857:External links 14855: 14853: 14852: 14834:(3): 204–214. 14823: 14788: 14764:Chin Med Sci J 14759: 14745: 14724: 14697: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14664: 14658: 14645: 14639: 14626: 14620: 14607: 14601: 14588: 14582: 14576:. READ BOOKS. 14569: 14563: 14550: 14544: 14525: 14519: 14506: 14500: 14487: 14481: 14468: 14462: 14449: 14443: 14430: 14424: 14411: 14405: 14392: 14386: 14373: 14367: 14354: 14348: 14335: 14329: 14310: 14304: 14291: 14285: 14271: 14263: 14262: 14237: 14173: 14135: 14126: 14077: 14036: 14024: 13989: 13963: 13912: 13880: 13847: 13810: 13780: 13724: 13717: 13691: 13684: 13658: 13635: 13623: 13566: 13559: 13535: 13523: 13504: 13492: 13477: 13458: 13443: 13429: 13418:on 7 July 2012 13399: 13361: 13358:on 2017-02-15. 13338: 13308: 13305:on 2014-04-09. 13286: 13279: 13258: 13251: 13233: 13200: 13197:on 2013-08-25. 13177: 13134: 13105:(3): 279–302. 13078: 13040: 13037:on 2016-01-14. 13017: 13014:on 2017-02-27. 12995: 12956:(18): 6594–9. 12936: 12901: 12866: 12851: 12839: 12804: 12797: 12779: 12744: 12686: 12651:(2): 260–268. 12631: 12612:(2): 545–546. 12592: 12533: 12476: 12464: 12460:Chisolm (2004) 12452: 12427: 12413:. 2009-10-18. 12398: 12373: 12318: 12269: 12242:(3): e376-85. 12226: 12201: 12157: 12128: 12108: 12084: 12070: 12048: 12023: 11974: 11962: 11919: 11888:(7): 2745–88. 11865: 11819: 11807: 11763: 11751: 11735: 11719: 11715:Kosnett (2007) 11707: 11703:Kosnett (2005) 11695: 11680: 11668: 11656: 11652:Kosnett (2006) 11644: 11593: 11544: 11518: 11515:on 2013-08-13. 11493: 11457: 11438: 11381: 11372: 11358: 11341: 11316: 11252: 11245: 11227: 11199: 11173: 11137: 11131:Wu, A. (2006) 11124: 11075: 11058: 11029:(2): H454-65. 11009: 10997: 10990: 10972: 10957: 10930: 10907: 10892: 10863: 10814: 10793:(Pt 1): 5–19. 10773: 10719: 10682: 10631: 10602:(12): CD01-2. 10582: 10571: 10551: 10531: 10527:Kosnett (2005) 10516: 10501: 10460: 10429: 10380: 10331: 10296: 10279: 10267: 10235: 10231:Kosnett (2006) 10220: 10162: 10113: 10087:(3): 197–203. 10067: 10045: 10033: 10021: 10014: 9994: 9957:(3): 291–311. 9937: 9910:(6): 578–583. 9894: 9866: 9829: 9785: 9757: 9725: 9722:on 2016-05-06. 9697: 9662: 9629: 9592: 9570:Times of India 9555: 9518: 9482: 9456: 9437: 9410: 9375: 9334: 9272: 9242: 9238:Salvato (2003) 9227: 9200: 9157: 9122: 9087: 9063: 9037: 9026: 9015: 8972: 8950: 8927: 8906: 8891: 8862: 8810: 8798: 8786: 8737: 8722: 8689: 8664: 8635:(601): 801–4. 8615: 8592: 8588:Salvato (2003) 8577: 8573:Chisolm (2004) 8558: 8554:Kosnett (2006) 8543: 8526: 8466: 8437:(5): 693–701. 8408: 8383: 8358: 8338: 8324: 8295:(44): 757–62. 8275: 8255: 8244: 8219: 8194: 8137: 8118: 8093: 8064: 7999: 7936: 7925: 7905: 7872: 7813: 7798: 7773: 7711: 7692: 7673: 7636:(4): 211–219. 7616: 7597: 7574: 7551: 7548:on 2016-02-08. 7532: 7489: 7441: 7413: 7399: 7358: 7344: 7329: 7300: 7286: 7281:10.3386/w23392 7256: 7220: 7170: 7112: 7109:on 2010-12-30. 7088: 7034: 6985: 6934: 6922: 6907: 6866: 6820: 6793:(4–5): 363–9. 6768: 6712: 6671: 6626: 6614: 6565: 6516: 6505:(7): 1708–12. 6489: 6462: 6435: 6386: 6369: 6354: 6331: 6292: 6243: 6186: 6165:(24): 2294–8. 6145: 6088: 6045: 6002: 5942: 5887: 5840: 5812: 5801:. 29 July 2020 5786: 5779: 5759: 5756:on 2016-02-04. 5737: 5697: 5673: 5624: 5613: 5593: 5574: 5562: 5511: 5504: 5486: 5482:Brunton (2007) 5451: 5436: 5432:Kosnett (2006) 5419: 5371: 5342: 5300: 5281: 5215: 5208: 5190: 5163: 5142: 5138:Kosnett (2005) 5121: 5057: 5053:Kosnett (2007) 5024: 5012: 4964: 4906: 4844: 4841:on 2016-01-26. 4812: 4800: 4779: 4757:10.1.1.533.907 4721: 4709: 4663: 4596: 4571: 4544: 4514: 4454: 4434: 4406: 4384: 4340: 4307: 4247: 4195: 4188: 4170: 4101: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4028:Lead abatement 4025: 4020: 4013: 4010: 3973:, shown), and 3971:Cathartes aura 3959: 3956: 3939:Main article: 3936: 3933: 3891:Tommy Thompson 3809:Alice Hamilton 3553:described the 3508: 3505: 3481: 3478: 3470:animal studies 3456: 3453: 3449:cerebral palsy 3443: 3442:Encephalopathy 3440: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3421: 3418: 3406:Henan province 3394:Main article: 3391: 3388: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3376: 3374: 3371: 3364: 3346:disease burden 3309: 3306: 3265: 3184: 3183: 3178: 3174: 3173: 3168: 3164: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3153: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3134: 3133: 3130: 3118: 3115: 3109: 3106: 3089: 3086: 3037: 3034: 3016: 3013: 2858: 2855: 2843:downregulation 2823:NMDA receptors 2792:nervous system 2759: 2756: 2732:protoporphyrin 2728:ferrochelatase 2655: 2652: 2604:cell membranes 2591:Toxicodynamics 2587: 2586:Toxicodynamics 2584: 2568:Tetraethyllead 2553:Toxicokinetics 2546:Tetraethyllead 2538: 2537:Toxicokinetics 2535: 2526: 2523: 2451: 2448: 2424:contained lead 2380: 2377: 2357:Tetraethyllead 2353: 2350: 2332:. The City of 2305:drinking water 2288:of the public 2278:drinking water 2273: 2270: 2210:Tetraethyllead 2201: 2198: 2190:Francisco Goya 2157: 2154: 2129: 2126: 2114:dark chocolate 2090: 2087: 2023: 2020: 2018:in gasoline). 1992: 1991: 1989: 1988: 1981: 1974: 1966: 1963: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1948: 1933: 1932: 1927: 1926: 1925: 1924: 1916: 1915: 1911: 1910: 1909: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1891:Law by country 1888: 1880: 1879: 1873: 1872: 1867: 1862: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1818: 1817: 1812: 1802: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1789: 1788: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1762:Surface runoff 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1662:Eutrophication 1659: 1654: 1649: 1643: 1638: 1637: 1634: 1633: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1617:Scorched earth 1614: 1613: 1612: 1610:Nuclear winter 1607: 1605:Nuclear famine 1602: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1580: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1555: 1550: 1545: 1540: 1534: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1514: 1509: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1501: 1500: 1494: 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1483: 1482: 1477: 1472: 1467: 1462: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1442: 1437: 1432: 1427: 1422: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1402: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1362:Bioremediation 1359: 1354: 1348: 1343: 1342: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1329: 1324: 1319: 1314: 1309: 1304: 1299: 1294: 1292:Bioremediation 1289: 1283: 1278: 1277: 1274: 1273: 1270: 1269: 1264: 1259: 1254: 1249: 1244: 1242:Transportation 1238: 1233: 1232: 1229: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1203: 1200: 1199: 1196: 1195: 1192: 1191: 1189:Radio spectrum 1186: 1185: 1184: 1179: 1168: 1163: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1155: 1154: 1148: 1145: 1144: 1141: 1140: 1137: 1136: 1135: 1134: 1124: 1119: 1113: 1108: 1107: 1104: 1103: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1059: 1057:Global dimming 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1018: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1008: 1005: 997: 996: 988: 987: 976: 973: 848: 847:Nervous system 845: 808: 805: 777: 774: 770:saturnine gout 744:and may cause 737: 734: 710:cardiovascular 705: 702: 664: 661: 657:optic neuritis 611: 608: 543: 540: 524:brain swelling 520:encephalopathy 492:reaction times 465:kidney failure 457:abdominal pain 450:hallucinations 412: 409: 354: 353:Classification 351: 343:disease burden 232:Lead poisoning 227: 226: 225:540,000 (2016) 223: 219: 218: 205: 199: 198: 193: 189: 188: 185: 181: 180: 178:polyneuropathy 159: 153: 152: 147: 141: 140: 134: 128: 127: 120: 116: 115: 102: 96: 95: 77: 71: 70: 65: 59: 58: 50: 49: 41: 40: 33: 29: 28: 27:Lead poisoning 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 19601: 19590: 19587: 19585: 19582: 19580: 19577: 19575: 19572: 19570: 19567: 19565: 19562: 19560: 19557: 19556: 19554: 19547: 19537: 19536: 19527: 19523: 19522:Organizations 19520: 19518: 19515: 19513: 19510: 19509: 19508: 19507: 19498: 19497: 19494: 19488: 19485: 19483: 19480: 19478: 19475: 19473: 19470: 19468: 19465: 19463: 19460: 19458: 19455: 19453: 19450: 19448: 19445: 19443: 19442:Public health 19440: 19438: 19435: 19433: 19430: 19428: 19425: 19423: 19420: 19418: 19415: 19413: 19410: 19408: 19405: 19403: 19400: 19398: 19395: 19393: 19390: 19388: 19385: 19383: 19380: 19378: 19375: 19373: 19370: 19368: 19365: 19363: 19360: 19358: 19355: 19354: 19352: 19348: 19342: 19339: 19336: 19335:United States 19332: 19329: 19326: 19325:United States 19322: 19319: 19317: 19314: 19312: 19309: 19308: 19306: 19302: 19296: 19293: 19291: 19288: 19286: 19283: 19281: 19278: 19276: 19273: 19271: 19268: 19266: 19263: 19261: 19258: 19256: 19253: 19249: 19246: 19244: 19241: 19239: 19236: 19234: 19231: 19229: 19226: 19225: 19224: 19221: 19219: 19216: 19214: 19211: 19209: 19206: 19204: 19203:Diving safety 19201: 19199: 19196: 19194: 19191: 19189: 19186: 19185: 19183: 19179: 19173: 19170: 19167: 19164: 19162: 19159: 19157: 19154: 19152: 19149: 19148: 19146: 19142: 19131: 19128: 19126: 19123: 19120: 19117: 19114: 19111: 19108: 19105: 19102: 19099: 19098: 19096: 19092: 19086: 19083: 19081: 19078: 19076: 19073: 19072: 19070: 19068:International 19066: 19063: 19061:organizations 19058: 19054: 19048: 19045: 19043: 19040: 19038: 19035: 19033: 19030: 19028: 19025: 19023: 19020: 19018: 19015: 19014: 19012: 19008: 19002: 18999: 18997: 18994: 18992: 18989: 18987: 18984: 18982: 18979: 18977: 18974: 18972: 18969: 18965: 18962: 18960: 18957: 18955: 18952: 18950: 18947: 18946: 18945: 18942: 18941: 18939: 18937: 18934:Occupational 18931: 18925: 18922: 18920: 18917: 18915: 18912: 18910: 18907: 18905: 18904:Sports injury 18902: 18900: 18897: 18895: 18892: 18890: 18887: 18885: 18882: 18880: 18877: 18875: 18872: 18870: 18867: 18865: 18862: 18860: 18857: 18855: 18852: 18850: 18849:Low back pain 18847: 18845: 18842: 18840: 18837: 18835: 18832: 18830: 18827: 18825: 18822: 18820: 18817: 18815: 18812: 18810: 18807: 18805: 18802: 18800: 18799:Farmer's lung 18797: 18795: 18792: 18790: 18787: 18785: 18782: 18780: 18777: 18775: 18772: 18770: 18767: 18765: 18762: 18760: 18757: 18755: 18752: 18750: 18747: 18745: 18742: 18740: 18737: 18735: 18732: 18730: 18727: 18725: 18722: 18720: 18717: 18715: 18712: 18710: 18707: 18705: 18702: 18701: 18699: 18697: 18692: 18689:Occupational 18686: 18682: 18675: 18670: 18668: 18663: 18661: 18656: 18655: 18652: 18640: 18632: 18630: 18626: 18622: 18620: 18612: 18610: 18602: 18600: 18590: 18585: 18580: 18579: 18576: 18570: 18567: 18565: 18562: 18560: 18557: 18555: 18552: 18550: 18549:Food politics 18547: 18545: 18542: 18540: 18537: 18535: 18532: 18531: 18529: 18525: 18519: 18516: 18514:(South Korea) 18513: 18510: 18508: 18505: 18503: 18500: 18497: 18494: 18491: 18488: 18486: 18483: 18481: 18478: 18475: 18472: 18471: 18469: 18467: 18463: 18457: 18454: 18452: 18449: 18447: 18444: 18442: 18439: 18437: 18434: 18432: 18429: 18427: 18424: 18422: 18419: 18417: 18414: 18412: 18409: 18407: 18404: 18403: 18401: 18399: 18395: 18391: 18387: 18379: 18378:United States 18376: 18374: 18371: 18369: 18366: 18365: 18364: 18361: 18359: 18356: 18354: 18351: 18349: 18346: 18344: 18341: 18339: 18336: 18334: 18331: 18329: 18326: 18324: 18321: 18319: 18316: 18314: 18311: 18309: 18306: 18304: 18302: 18299:2011 Germany 18297: 18295: 18292: 18290: 18287: 18285: 18282: 18280: 18277: 18275: 18272: 18270: 18268: 18263: 18261: 18259: 18256:1996 Odwalla 18254: 18252: 18250: 18245: 18243: 18240: 18238: 18235: 18233: 18230: 18228: 18225: 18223: 18220: 18216: 18211: 18208: 18206: 18203: 18201: 18198: 18196: 18193: 18191: 18188: 18186: 18183: 18181: 18178: 18176: 18173: 18172: 18170: 18168: 18164: 18158: 18155: 18153: 18150: 18148: 18145: 18143: 18140: 18138: 18135: 18133: 18130: 18128: 18125: 18123: 18120: 18118: 18115: 18113: 18110: 18108: 18105: 18103: 18100: 18098: 18095: 18094: 18092: 18090: 18086: 18080: 18077: 18075: 18072: 18070: 18067: 18065: 18062: 18060: 18057: 18055: 18052: 18050: 18047: 18045: 18042: 18041: 18039: 18037: 18033: 18027: 18024: 18022: 18019: 18017: 18014: 18012: 18009: 18007: 18004: 18002: 17999: 17997: 17994: 17992: 17989: 17987: 17984: 17982: 17979: 17978: 17976: 17974: 17970: 17966: 17962: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17943: 17941: 17938: 17934: 17931: 17930: 17929: 17926: 17924: 17921: 17920: 17918: 17916: 17912: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17892: 17890: 17888: 17887:Preservatives 17884: 17878: 17877:Methamidophos 17875: 17873: 17870: 17868: 17865: 17863: 17860: 17858: 17855: 17854: 17852: 17850: 17846: 17840: 17839: 17835: 17833: 17832: 17827: 17825: 17824: 17820: 17818: 17815: 17813: 17810: 17808: 17807: 17803: 17801: 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17789: 17785: 17783: 17781: 17777: 17775: 17774: 17770: 17768: 17767: 17763: 17761: 17760: 17756: 17754: 17753: 17749: 17747: 17744: 17743: 17741: 17739: 17735: 17729: 17726: 17724: 17721: 17719: 17718:Toxoplasmosis 17716: 17714: 17711: 17709: 17706: 17704: 17701: 17699: 17696: 17694: 17691: 17689: 17686: 17684: 17681: 17679: 17676: 17674: 17671: 17669: 17666: 17664: 17661: 17659: 17656: 17655: 17653: 17651: 17647: 17643: 17635: 17632: 17631: 17630: 17629:Vegetable oil 17627: 17623: 17620: 17619: 17618: 17615: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17599: 17597: 17595: 17591: 17585: 17582: 17580: 17577: 17575: 17572: 17570: 17567: 17565: 17562: 17560: 17557: 17555: 17552: 17550: 17547: 17545: 17542: 17540: 17537: 17536: 17534: 17532: 17528: 17524: 17520: 17513: 17508: 17506: 17501: 17499: 17494: 17493: 17490: 17478: 17475: 17471: 17468: 17467: 17466: 17463: 17459: 17456: 17455: 17454: 17451: 17449: 17446: 17444: 17441: 17440: 17438: 17434: 17428: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17419: 17417: 17415: 17411: 17397: 17396:Tar melanosis 17394: 17392: 17389: 17388: 17386: 17382: 17376: 17373: 17371: 17368: 17366: 17363: 17361: 17358: 17356: 17353: 17352: 17350: 17344: 17338: 17335: 17331: 17328: 17326: 17325:Lichen aureus 17323: 17321: 17317: 17314: 17312: 17309: 17307: 17304: 17302: 17299: 17298: 17297: 17294: 17292: 17289: 17287: 17284: 17283: 17281: 17277: 17274: 17268: 17258: 17255: 17253: 17250: 17248: 17245: 17243: 17240: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17228: 17225: 17223: 17220: 17219: 17217: 17211: 17205: 17202: 17200: 17197: 17195: 17192: 17191: 17189: 17185: 17179: 17176: 17173: 17170: 17168: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17154: 17151: 17149: 17146: 17144: 17141: 17140: 17137: 17134: 17132: 17129: 17127: 17124: 17122: 17119: 17117: 17114: 17112: 17109: 17107: 17104: 17102: 17099: 17097: 17094: 17092: 17088: 17084: 17081: 17080: 17078: 17076:circumscribed 17072: 17066: 17063: 17061: 17058: 17056: 17053: 17051: 17048: 17046: 17043: 17041: 17038: 17036: 17033: 17031: 17028: 17026: 17023: 17022: 17020: 17016: 17013: 17011: 17006: 17001: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16988: 16978: 16975: 16973: 16970: 16968: 16965: 16963: 16960: 16958: 16955: 16953: 16950: 16949: 16947: 16943: 16937: 16934: 16932: 16929: 16927: 16924: 16923: 16921: 16919:hypomelanosis 16916: 16912: 16902: 16899: 16897: 16894: 16892: 16889: 16887: 16884: 16882: 16881:ABCD syndrome 16879: 16877: 16874: 16873: 16871: 16867: 16859: 16856: 16854: 16851: 16849: 16846: 16845: 16844: 16841: 16839: 16836: 16834: 16831: 16830: 16828: 16824: 16820: 16814: 16811: 16809: 16806: 16804: 16801: 16800: 16798: 16796: 16792: 16789: 16787: 16782: 16777: 16767: 16764: 16762: 16759: 16757: 16754: 16753: 16751: 16745: 16739: 16736: 16734: 16731: 16730: 16728: 16724: 16718: 16715: 16713: 16710: 16709: 16707: 16705: 16701: 16698: 16696: 16690: 16687: 16685: 16680: 16676: 16672: 16668: 16661: 16656: 16654: 16649: 16647: 16642: 16641: 16638: 16626: 16623: 16621: 16620:Soil salinity 16618: 16616: 16613: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16597: 16595: 16591: 16585: 16584:Zinc toxicity 16582: 16580: 16577: 16575: 16574:Tin poisoning 16572: 16570: 16567: 16565: 16562: 16560: 16557: 16555: 16552: 16550: 16547: 16545: 16542: 16540: 16537: 16533: 16532:Iron overload 16530: 16529: 16528: 16525: 16523: 16522:Halotolerance 16520: 16518: 16515: 16513: 16510: 16508: 16505: 16503: 16500: 16498: 16495: 16493: 16490: 16486: 16483: 16481: 16478: 16477: 16476: 16473: 16471: 16468: 16466: 16463: 16462: 16460: 16458: 16454: 16448: 16445: 16443: 16440: 16438: 16435: 16433: 16430: 16428: 16425: 16423: 16420: 16418: 16415: 16413: 16410: 16408: 16405: 16403: 16400: 16399: 16397: 16395: 16391: 16385: 16383: 16379: 16377: 16375: 16371: 16369: 16367: 16363: 16361: 16359: 16355: 16353: 16351: 16347: 16345: 16343: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16333: 16329: 16323: 16320: 16318: 16315: 16313: 16310: 16308: 16305: 16303: 16300: 16298: 16295: 16293: 16290: 16288: 16285: 16283: 16280: 16278: 16275: 16273: 16270: 16268: 16265: 16263: 16260: 16258: 16255: 16254: 16252: 16248: 16239: 16234: 16232: 16227: 16225: 16220: 16219: 16216: 16200: 16199: 16190: 16188: 16187: 16178: 16176: 16175: 16166: 16165: 16162: 16157: 16153: 16149: 16143: 16139: 16134: 16130: 16124: 16121: 16119: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16109: 16106: 16104: 16101: 16100: 16098: 16096:Miscellaneous 16094: 16084: 16081: 16079: 16078:Deadly fungus 16076: 16074: 16071: 16069: 16066: 16064: 16061: 16057: 16054: 16053: 16052: 16048: 16045: 16044: 16042: 16038: 16032: 16029: 16027: 16024: 16022: 16019: 16017: 16014: 16012: 16009: 16007: 16004: 16002: 15999: 15998: 15996: 15994: 15990: 15986: 15980: 15977: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15964: 15961: 15960: 15959: 15956: 15952: 15951:Charybdotoxin 15949: 15948: 15947: 15944: 15940: 15937: 15935: 15932: 15931: 15930: 15926: 15923: 15921: 15918: 15917: 15915: 15913: 15909: 15901: 15898: 15896: 15893: 15891: 15888: 15887: 15886: 15882: 15879: 15877: 15874: 15870: 15867: 15866: 15865: 15862: 15858: 15855: 15853: 15850: 15848: 15845: 15843: 15842:Batrachotoxin 15840: 15839: 15838: 15835: 15834: 15832: 15830: 15825: 15817: 15814: 15812: 15809: 15807: 15804: 15802: 15799: 15798: 15797: 15794: 15792: 15789: 15787: 15784: 15782: 15779: 15777: 15774: 15773: 15771: 15769: 15765: 15761: 15758: 15754: 15744: 15739:Megavitamin-B 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15722: 15721: 15719: 15717: 15713: 15703: 15700: 15698: 15695: 15694: 15692: 15690: 15686: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15626: 15624: 15622: 15618: 15615: 15613: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15600: 15590: 15587: 15585: 15582: 15580: 15577: 15573: 15570: 15568: 15565: 15563: 15560: 15559: 15558: 15557: 15553: 15552: 15550: 15546: 15540: 15537: 15535: 15532: 15530: 15527: 15526: 15524: 15522: 15518: 15510: 15507: 15505: 15502: 15501: 15500: 15497: 15496: 15494: 15492: 15488: 15485: 15483: 15479: 15469: 15466: 15464: 15461: 15459: 15456: 15454: 15453:Sulfuric acid 15451: 15450: 15448: 15446: 15442: 15436: 15433: 15432: 15430: 15428: 15424: 15414: 15411: 15410: 15408: 15404: 15398: 15395: 15393: 15390: 15388: 15385: 15383: 15380: 15378: 15375: 15373: 15370: 15369: 15367: 15365: 15361: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15321: 15319: 15317: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15304: 15301: 15299: 15295: 15289: 15286: 15284: 15281: 15280: 15277: 15271: 15268: 15266: 15263: 15261: 15258: 15257: 15252: 15247: 15245: 15240: 15238: 15233: 15232: 15229: 15216: 15212: 15211: 15207: 15205: 15201: 15200: 15196: 15194: 15190: 15189: 15185: 15183: 15179: 15178: 15174: 15173: 15170: 15166: 15159: 15155: 15154: 15150: 15148: 15144: 15143: 15139: 15137: 15133: 15132: 15128: 15124: 15122: 15118: 15117: 15113: 15109: 15108: 15105: 15100: 15096: 15080: 15076: 15071: 15060: 15056: 15051: 15041:on 2017-12-22 15037: 15033: 15026: 15022: 15018: 15014: 15010: 15006: 15001: 14997: 14993: 14988: 14978:on 2011-06-03 14977: 14973: 14972:NY Daily News 14969: 14964: 14960: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14933: 14918: 14914: 14909: 14904: 14900: 14896: 14892: 14888: 14884: 14879: 14875: 14871: 14867: 14862: 14861: 14849: 14845: 14841: 14837: 14833: 14829: 14824: 14820: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14803:(6): 579–88. 14802: 14798: 14794: 14789: 14785: 14781: 14777: 14773: 14770:(3): 178–88. 14769: 14765: 14760: 14756: 14752: 14748: 14742: 14738: 14734: 14730: 14725: 14720: 14715: 14711: 14707: 14703: 14698: 14688:on 2004-05-05 14687: 14683: 14679: 14674: 14673: 14661: 14655: 14652:. CRC Press. 14651: 14646: 14642: 14636: 14632: 14627: 14623: 14617: 14613: 14608: 14604: 14598: 14594: 14589: 14585: 14579: 14575: 14570: 14566: 14560: 14556: 14551: 14547: 14541: 14537: 14532: 14526: 14522: 14516: 14512: 14507: 14503: 14497: 14493: 14488: 14484: 14478: 14474: 14469: 14465: 14459: 14455: 14450: 14446: 14440: 14436: 14431: 14427: 14421: 14417: 14412: 14408: 14402: 14398: 14393: 14389: 14383: 14379: 14374: 14370: 14364: 14360: 14355: 14351: 14345: 14341: 14336: 14332: 14326: 14322: 14317: 14311: 14307: 14301: 14297: 14292: 14288: 14282: 14278: 14273: 14272: 14270: 14269: 14252:on 2007-12-19 14251: 14247: 14241: 14233: 14229: 14224: 14219: 14214: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14198:(12): e4022. 14197: 14193: 14189: 14182: 14180: 14178: 14169: 14165: 14161: 14157: 14153: 14149: 14142: 14140: 14130: 14122: 14118: 14114: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14096: 14092: 14088: 14081: 14073: 14069: 14064: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14047: 14040: 14033: 14028: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14008: 14004: 14000: 13993: 13978: 13974: 13967: 13959: 13955: 13950: 13945: 13940: 13935: 13931: 13927: 13926:F1000Research 13923: 13916: 13909: 13898: 13894: 13887: 13885: 13865: 13858: 13851: 13832: 13828: 13821: 13814: 13798: 13794: 13790: 13784: 13776: 13772: 13768: 13763: 13758: 13754: 13750: 13746: 13742: 13738: 13734: 13728: 13720: 13714: 13710: 13705: 13704: 13703:Academic Duty 13695: 13687: 13681: 13677: 13672: 13671: 13662: 13654: 13650: 13646: 13639: 13632: 13627: 13619: 13615: 13611: 13607: 13603: 13599: 13594: 13589: 13585: 13581: 13577: 13570: 13562: 13556: 13552: 13548: 13547: 13539: 13532: 13527: 13519: 13515: 13508: 13501: 13496: 13488: 13481: 13474:(2): 257–264. 13473: 13469: 13462: 13454: 13447: 13439: 13433: 13417: 13413: 13412:Stoke Museums 13409: 13403: 13388: 13384: 13380: 13376: 13372: 13365: 13357: 13353: 13349: 13342: 13334: 13330: 13327:(3): 258–63. 13326: 13322: 13315: 13313: 13304: 13300: 13296: 13290: 13282: 13276: 13272: 13268: 13262: 13254: 13248: 13244: 13237: 13226: 13222: 13218: 13211: 13204: 13196: 13192: 13188: 13181: 13173: 13169: 13165: 13161: 13157: 13153: 13150:(2): 96–114. 13149: 13145: 13138: 13130: 13126: 13121: 13116: 13112: 13108: 13104: 13100: 13096: 13089: 13087: 13085: 13083: 13074: 13070: 13066: 13062: 13059:(3): 244–54. 13058: 13054: 13047: 13045: 13036: 13032: 13028: 13021: 13013: 13009: 13005: 12999: 12991: 12987: 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12963: 12959: 12955: 12951: 12947: 12940: 12932: 12928: 12924: 12920: 12917:(4): 469–75. 12916: 12912: 12905: 12897: 12893: 12889: 12885: 12882:(11): 660–3. 12881: 12877: 12870: 12862: 12855: 12849:, p. 308 12848: 12843: 12835: 12831: 12827: 12823: 12819: 12815: 12808: 12800: 12794: 12790: 12783: 12775: 12771: 12767: 12763: 12759: 12755: 12748: 12740: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12724: 12720: 12716: 12712: 12708: 12704: 12700: 12693: 12691: 12682: 12678: 12674: 12670: 12666: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12650: 12646: 12642: 12635: 12627: 12623: 12619: 12615: 12611: 12607: 12606:Social Forces 12603: 12596: 12589: 12578: 12574: 12570: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12544: 12537: 12529: 12525: 12520: 12515: 12511: 12507: 12503: 12499: 12495: 12491: 12487: 12480: 12473: 12468: 12461: 12456: 12441: 12437: 12431: 12416: 12412: 12408: 12402: 12388:on 2009-10-19 12387: 12383: 12377: 12369: 12365: 12361: 12357: 12353: 12349: 12345: 12341: 12337: 12333: 12329: 12322: 12314: 12310: 12306: 12302: 12297: 12292: 12288: 12284: 12280: 12273: 12265: 12261: 12257: 12253: 12249: 12245: 12241: 12237: 12230: 12215: 12211: 12205: 12197: 12193: 12189: 12185: 12181: 12177: 12173: 12169: 12161: 12153: 12147: 12139: 12135: 12131: 12125: 12121: 12120: 12112: 12098: 12094: 12088: 12077: 12073: 12067: 12060: 12059: 12052: 12041: 12034: 12027: 12019: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12001: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11978: 11971: 11966: 11958: 11954: 11950: 11946: 11942: 11938: 11935:(9): 841–58. 11934: 11930: 11923: 11915: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11887: 11883: 11879: 11872: 11870: 11861: 11857: 11853: 11849: 11845: 11841: 11837: 11833: 11826: 11824: 11816: 11815:Menkes (2006) 11811: 11803: 11799: 11795: 11791: 11787: 11783: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11770: 11768: 11760: 11755: 11748: 11744: 11739: 11732: 11728: 11723: 11716: 11711: 11704: 11699: 11692: 11687: 11685: 11677: 11672: 11665: 11660: 11653: 11648: 11640: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11612: 11608: 11604: 11597: 11589: 11585: 11581: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11563: 11559: 11555: 11548: 11532: 11528: 11522: 11514: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11497: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11472: 11467: 11461: 11453: 11449: 11442: 11434: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11416: 11412: 11408: 11404: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11385: 11376: 11368: 11362: 11354: 11348: 11346: 11330: 11326: 11320: 11312: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11294: 11290: 11286: 11282: 11278: 11271: 11269: 11267: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11248: 11242: 11238: 11231: 11220: 11216: 11209: 11203: 11187: 11183: 11177: 11158: 11154: 11147: 11141: 11134: 11128: 11120: 11116: 11111: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11095:(1): 104–10. 11094: 11090: 11086: 11079: 11072: 11067: 11065: 11063: 11054: 11050: 11045: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11013: 11006: 11001: 10993: 10987: 10983: 10976: 10968: 10961: 10953: 10949: 10946:(5): 402–13. 10945: 10941: 10934: 10918: 10911: 10904: 10899: 10897: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10867: 10859: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10841: 10837: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10818: 10810: 10806: 10801: 10796: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10777: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10755: 10750: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10733: 10726: 10724: 10716: 10705: 10701: 10697: 10693: 10686: 10678: 10674: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10642: 10635: 10627: 10623: 10618: 10613: 10609: 10605: 10601: 10597: 10593: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10568: 10564: 10563: 10555: 10548: 10544: 10543: 10535: 10528: 10523: 10521: 10513: 10508: 10506: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10483: 10479: 10475: 10471: 10464: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10433: 10425: 10421: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10395: 10391: 10384: 10376: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10359: 10354: 10351:(2): 1531–7. 10350: 10346: 10342: 10335: 10327: 10323: 10319: 10315: 10311: 10307: 10300: 10293: 10288: 10286: 10284: 10276: 10271: 10263: 10259: 10256:(4): 501–23. 10255: 10251: 10244: 10242: 10240: 10232: 10227: 10225: 10216: 10212: 10207: 10202: 10198: 10194: 10191:(3): 455–62. 10190: 10186: 10182: 10175: 10173: 10171: 10169: 10167: 10158: 10154: 10149: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10117: 10102: 10098: 10094: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10071: 10055: 10049: 10042: 10037: 10030: 10025: 10017: 10011: 10007: 10006: 9998: 9990: 9986: 9981: 9976: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9941: 9933: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9898: 9883: 9879: 9873: 9871: 9851: 9847: 9840: 9833: 9825: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9809: 9805: 9801: 9797: 9789: 9774: 9773: 9768: 9761: 9742: 9735: 9729: 9718: 9714: 9707: 9701: 9683: 9679: 9672: 9666: 9650: 9646: 9645: 9640: 9633: 9618:on 2015-06-07 9617: 9613: 9609: 9608: 9603: 9596: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9571: 9566: 9559: 9543: 9539: 9535: 9534: 9529: 9522: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9486: 9470: 9466: 9460: 9452: 9448: 9441: 9433: 9429: 9425: 9421: 9414: 9406: 9402: 9398: 9394: 9390: 9386: 9379: 9371: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9354:(3A): 575–7. 9353: 9349: 9345: 9338: 9330: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9306: 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9286: 9279: 9277: 9262:on 2015-04-18 9261: 9257: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9234: 9232: 9223: 9219: 9216:(12): 340–1. 9215: 9211: 9204: 9196: 9192: 9188: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9161: 9153: 9149: 9145: 9141: 9137: 9133: 9126: 9118: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9091: 9083: 9079: 9078: 9073: 9067: 9056:September 26, 9051: 9047: 9041: 9035: 9030: 9024: 9019: 9011: 9005: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8976: 8968: 8964: 8957: 8955: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8931: 8923: 8922: 8917: 8910: 8902: 8895: 8880: 8876: 8872: 8866: 8858: 8854: 8849: 8844: 8840: 8836: 8833:(3): 316–21. 8832: 8828: 8824: 8817: 8815: 8807: 8806:Menkes (2006) 8802: 8795: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8774: 8770: 8765: 8760: 8756: 8752: 8748: 8741: 8734: 8729: 8727: 8715:September 18, 8710: 8706: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8678: 8674: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8642: 8638: 8634: 8630: 8626: 8619: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8596: 8589: 8584: 8582: 8574: 8569: 8567: 8565: 8563: 8555: 8550: 8548: 8540: 8535: 8533: 8531: 8522: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8504: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8471: 8462: 8458: 8453: 8448: 8444: 8440: 8436: 8432: 8428: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8415: 8413: 8397: 8393: 8387: 8380: 8375: 8373: 8371: 8369: 8367: 8365: 8363: 8354: 8353: 8348: 8342: 8334: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8290: 8286: 8279: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8259: 8253: 8248: 8233: 8232:www.yahoo.com 8229: 8223: 8208: 8204: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8168: 8164: 8160: 8156: 8152: 8148: 8141: 8133: 8129: 8122: 8107: 8103: 8097: 8082: 8081:Stanford News 8078: 8071: 8069: 8060: 8056: 8051: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8003: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7979: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7959: 7955: 7951: 7947: 7940: 7932: 7928: 7922: 7918: 7917: 7909: 7895:on 2017-06-06 7894: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7876: 7868: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7832: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7810: 7805: 7803: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7769: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7728: 7726: 7724: 7722: 7720: 7718: 7716: 7707: 7703: 7696: 7688: 7684: 7677: 7669: 7665: 7660: 7655: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7620: 7612: 7608: 7601: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7547: 7543: 7536: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7505:(9693): 868. 7504: 7500: 7493: 7485: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7452: 7450: 7448: 7446: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7418: 7409: 7403: 7395: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7378:: 2751–2757. 7377: 7373: 7369: 7362: 7354: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7307: 7305: 7296: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7274: 7267: 7260: 7249:September 24, 7244: 7240: 7239: 7234: 7227: 7225: 7216: 7212: 7208: 7204: 7200: 7196: 7193:(3): 315–36. 7192: 7188: 7181: 7174: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7134: 7130: 7123: 7116: 7105: 7098: 7092: 7084: 7080: 7075: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7059:(3): 463–71. 7058: 7054: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7030: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7005:(3): 483–92. 7004: 7000: 6996: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6965: 6961: 6957: 6953: 6949: 6945: 6938: 6931: 6926: 6919: 6914: 6912: 6903: 6899: 6894: 6889: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6870: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6736: 6732: 6731:PLOS Medicine 6728: 6721: 6719: 6717: 6708: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6691:(6): 409–20. 6690: 6686: 6682: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6647: 6639: 6637: 6635: 6633: 6631: 6623: 6618: 6610: 6606: 6601: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6585:(1): 111–20. 6584: 6580: 6576: 6569: 6561: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6543: 6539: 6536:(3): 472–82. 6535: 6531: 6527: 6520: 6512: 6508: 6504: 6500: 6493: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6451:(4): 517–20. 6450: 6446: 6439: 6431: 6427: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6378: 6376: 6374: 6366: 6361: 6359: 6350: 6346: 6342: 6335: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6303: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6279: 6274: 6270: 6266: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6247: 6239: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6137: 6132: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6099: 6092: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6049: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5978: 5975:(3): 379–85. 5974: 5970: 5963: 5961: 5959: 5957: 5955: 5953: 5951: 5949: 5947: 5938: 5934: 5929: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5896: 5894: 5892: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5847: 5845: 5829: 5822: 5816: 5800: 5796: 5790: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5763: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5741: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5706: 5704: 5702: 5687: 5683: 5677: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5628: 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4969: 4960: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4926: 4919: 4917: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4902: 4898: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4817: 4809: 4804: 4797: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4763: 4758: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4718: 4713: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4667: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4645: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4585: 4581: 4575: 4559: 4555: 4548: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4518: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4459: 4450: 4446: 4445: 4438: 4423: 4419: 4413: 4411: 4402: 4398: 4394: 4388: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4314: 4312: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4270: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4262: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4228:(1): 313–33. 4227: 4223: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 4191: 4185: 4181: 4174: 4158: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4142: 4140: 4138: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4124: 4122: 4120: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4108: 4106: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4064: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4015: 4009: 4007: 4003: 3999: 3996: 3991: 3988: 3984: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3955: 3951: 3949: 3942: 3935:Other species 3932: 3928: 3925: 3921: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3906:NL Industries 3903: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3876: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3845: 3844:Carol Janeway 3841: 3837: 3833: 3828: 3826: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3789: 3784: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3741: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3718: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3681: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3668:Jerome Nriagu 3664: 3661: 3656: 3652: 3647: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3623: 3618: 3616: 3612: 3608: 3601: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3576:'s engineer, 3575: 3574:Julius Caesar 3571: 3566: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3547: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3524: 3517: 3513: 3504: 3502: 3501:United States 3498: 3493: 3487: 3477: 3475: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3439: 3433:Reversibility 3425: 3417: 3415: 3410: 3407: 3403: 3397: 3390:Notable cases 3380: 3375: 3368: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3349: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3320: 3316: 3305: 3301: 3299: 3294: 3288: 3285: 3281: 3280:penicillamine 3277: 3273: 3269: 3261: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3242: 3241:Louis Melsens 3238: 3233: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3179: 3176: 3175: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3159: 3156: 3155: 3149: 3146: 3145: 3139: 3136: 3135: 3131: 3129:level (μg/dL) 3126: 3125: 3114: 3105: 3103: 3099: 3095: 3085: 3083: 3082:airplane fuel 3079: 3074: 3068: 3066: 3060: 3055: 3051: 3042: 3033: 3029: 3027: 3021: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2959: 2955: 2954:calcification 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2938:noninvasively 2935: 2930: 2928: 2924: 2919: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904:hypochromasia 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2868: 2864: 2854: 2852: 2848: 2844: 2840: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2824: 2819: 2817: 2813: 2809: 2808:neurochemical 2805: 2801: 2797: 2796:neurotoxicity 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2769: 2764: 2755: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2741: 2737: 2733: 2729: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2712: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2693: 2690: 2686: 2682: 2673: 2669: 2664: 2660: 2651: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2632:immune system 2629: 2625: 2621: 2620:cell membrane 2617: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2583: 2581: 2575: 2573: 2569: 2565: 2561: 2556: 2554: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2532: 2522: 2520: 2516: 2509: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2458: 2447: 2445: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2409: 2403: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2376: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2339: 2335: 2331: 2326: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2301:disinfectants 2299: 2295: 2291: 2287: 2283: 2279: 2265: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2226: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2206: 2197: 2195: 2191: 2188:and possibly 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2138: 2135: 2125: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2110: 2107: 2104: 2100: 2099:lead chromate 2095: 2086: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2032: 2028: 2019: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2007:lead smelters 2003: 1999: 1987: 1982: 1980: 1975: 1973: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1949: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1936: 1935: 1934: 1923: 1920: 1919: 1918: 1917: 1913: 1912: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1882: 1881: 1877: 1876: 1871: 1868: 1866: 1863: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1816: 1813: 1811: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1801: 1798: 1797: 1791: 1790: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1777:Water quality 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1644: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1611: 1608: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1589: 1586: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1576: 1575: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1559: 1556: 1554: 1553:Traffic signs 1551: 1549: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1539: 1536: 1535: 1532: 1527: 1526: 1519: 1516: 1515: 1512: 1507: 1506: 1499: 1496: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1481: 1478: 1476: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1461: 1460:Nanomaterials 1458: 1456: 1453: 1451: 1448: 1446: 1443: 1441: 1438: 1436: 1433: 1431: 1428: 1426: 1423: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1398: 1397: 1391: 1390: 1383: 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1349: 1346: 1341: 1340: 1333: 1330: 1328: 1325: 1323: 1322:Radioactivity 1320: 1318: 1315: 1313: 1310: 1308: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1293: 1290: 1288: 1285: 1284: 1281: 1276: 1275: 1268: 1267:Soundproofing 1265: 1263: 1262:Noise control 1260: 1258: 1257:Noise barrier 1255: 1253: 1250: 1248: 1245: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1236: 1231: 1230: 1223: 1220: 1218: 1215: 1213: 1210: 1208: 1205: 1204: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1187: 1183: 1180: 1178: 1175: 1174: 1173: 1170: 1169: 1166: 1161: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1149: 1143: 1142: 1133: 1130: 1129: 1128: 1125: 1123: 1120: 1118: 1115: 1114: 1111: 1106: 1105: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1019: 1016: 1011: 1010: 1003: 999: 998: 995: 990: 989: 985: 981: 980: 972: 969: 965: 961: 956: 952: 950: 946: 942: 937: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 911: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 878: 869: 862: 858: 853: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 804: 802: 799:on days when 798: 794: 790: 789:heart disease 787: 783: 773: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 733: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 701: 698: 694: 689: 687: 683: 677: 669: 660: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 629: 625: 621: 620:neuromuscular 617: 607: 605: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572:poor appetite 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 539: 537: 533: 529: 525: 521: 517: 513: 509: 505: 501: 497: 493: 489: 483: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 462: 458: 453: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 426: 417: 408: 406: 402: 398: 394: 389: 386: 382: 377: 374: 370: 364: 361: 350: 346: 344: 340: 336: 331: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 307: 305: 301: 297: 293: 289: 283: 281: 277: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 224: 220: 217: 213: 209: 206: 204: 200: 197: 194: 190: 186: 182: 179: 175: 171: 167: 166:malabsorption 163: 160: 158: 154: 151: 148: 146: 142: 139: 135: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 114: 110: 106: 103: 101: 100:Complications 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 78: 76: 72: 69: 66: 64: 60: 56: 51: 47: 42: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 19546: 19533: 19504: 19331:Right to sit 19321:Potty parity 18914:Tennis elbow 18909:Surfer's ear 18854:Mesothelioma 18824:Hearing loss 18559:Food quality 18466:Institutions 18300: 18266: 18257: 18248: 18132:Nitrosamines 17895:Benzoic acid 17857:Chlorpyrifos 17836: 17830: 17821: 17804: 17787: 17779: 17771: 17764: 17757: 17750: 17728:Trichuriasis 17713:Toxocariasis 17683:Enterobiasis 17568: 17559:Formaldehyde 17369: 17163:Poikiloderma 17087:Lentiginosis 16538: 16394:Deficiencies 16381: 16373: 16365: 16357: 16349: 16341: 16196: 16184: 16172: 15967:Latrodectism 15958:spider venom 15781:Haff disease 15702:Dipyridamole 15644:Barbiturates 15554: 15333: 15316:Toxic metals 15208: 15197: 15186: 15175: 15151: 15140: 15125: 15110: 15082:. Retrieved 15078: 15062:. Retrieved 15058: 15043:. Retrieved 15036:the original 15031: 15013:the original 15008: 14995: 14980:. Retrieved 14976:the original 14971: 14958: 14932:cite journal 14920:. Retrieved 14869: 14831: 14828:Psychiatriki 14827: 14800: 14796: 14767: 14763: 14728: 14709: 14705: 14690:. Retrieved 14686:the original 14681: 14649: 14630: 14611: 14592: 14573: 14554: 14535: 14510: 14491: 14472: 14453: 14434: 14415: 14396: 14377: 14358: 14339: 14320: 14295: 14276: 14267: 14266: 14254:. Retrieved 14250:the original 14240: 14195: 14191: 14151: 14147: 14129: 14097:(3): 823–7. 14094: 14090: 14080: 14053: 14049: 14039: 14032:Grant (2009) 14027: 14002: 13998: 13992: 13980:. Retrieved 13976: 13966: 13929: 13925: 13915: 13907: 13901:. Retrieved 13896: 13871:. Retrieved 13864:the original 13850: 13838:. Retrieved 13831:the original 13826: 13813: 13801:. Retrieved 13792: 13783: 13747:(3): 330–7. 13744: 13740: 13727: 13702: 13694: 13669: 13661: 13648: 13638: 13631:Grant (2009) 13626: 13583: 13579: 13569: 13545: 13538: 13526: 13517: 13513: 13507: 13500:Grant (2009) 13495: 13486: 13480: 13471: 13467: 13461: 13452: 13446: 13432: 13420:. Retrieved 13416:the original 13411: 13402: 13391:. Retrieved 13374: 13364: 13356:the original 13351: 13341: 13324: 13320: 13303:the original 13298: 13289: 13270: 13261: 13242: 13236: 13225:the original 13220: 13216: 13203: 13195:the original 13191:The Guardian 13190: 13180: 13147: 13143: 13137: 13102: 13098: 13056: 13052: 13035:the original 13030: 13020: 13012:the original 13008:The Guardian 13007: 12998: 12953: 12949: 12939: 12914: 12910: 12904: 12879: 12875: 12869: 12860: 12854: 12842: 12817: 12813: 12807: 12788: 12782: 12760:(4): 235–8. 12757: 12753: 12747: 12706: 12702: 12648: 12644: 12634: 12609: 12605: 12595: 12587: 12580:. Retrieved 12550: 12546: 12536: 12496:(1): 91–97. 12493: 12489: 12479: 12467: 12455: 12444:. Retrieved 12430: 12419:. Retrieved 12410: 12401: 12390:. Retrieved 12386:the original 12376: 12335: 12331: 12321: 12286: 12282: 12272: 12239: 12235: 12229: 12218:. Retrieved 12216:. 2016-05-23 12213: 12204: 12171: 12167: 12160: 12118: 12111: 12100:. Retrieved 12096: 12087: 12057: 12051: 12026: 11991: 11987: 11977: 11965: 11932: 11928: 11922: 11885: 11881: 11835: 11831: 11810: 11785: 11781: 11754: 11746: 11738: 11730: 11722: 11710: 11698: 11691:Olson (2007) 11671: 11659: 11647: 11610: 11606: 11596: 11561: 11557: 11547: 11535:. Retrieved 11530: 11521: 11513:the original 11506: 11496: 11484:. Retrieved 11469: 11460: 11452:the original 11441: 11398: 11394: 11384: 11375: 11361: 11333:. Retrieved 11319: 11287:(3): 253–4. 11284: 11280: 11236: 11230: 11214: 11202: 11190:. Retrieved 11185: 11176: 11164:. Retrieved 11152: 11140: 11132: 11127: 11092: 11088: 11078: 11026: 11022: 11012: 11005:Grant (2009) 11000: 10981: 10975: 10966: 10960: 10943: 10939: 10933: 10921:. Retrieved 10919:. Connexions 10910: 10884:. Retrieved 10875: 10866: 10834:(1): 15–45. 10831: 10827: 10817: 10790: 10786: 10776: 10739: 10735: 10714: 10707:. Retrieved 10695: 10685: 10648: 10644: 10634: 10599: 10595: 10585: 10561: 10554: 10546: 10541: 10534: 10480:(2): 53–64. 10477: 10473: 10463: 10451:. Retrieved 10447:the original 10442: 10432: 10400:(1): 35–41. 10397: 10393: 10383: 10348: 10344: 10334: 10312:(4): 553–6. 10309: 10305: 10299: 10270: 10253: 10249: 10188: 10184: 10130: 10126: 10116: 10104:. Retrieved 10084: 10080: 10070: 10058:. Retrieved 10048: 10036: 10029:Grant (2009) 10024: 10004: 9997: 9954: 9950: 9940: 9907: 9903: 9897: 9886:. Retrieved 9881: 9857:. Retrieved 9850:the original 9845: 9832: 9802:(8): 952–9. 9799: 9795: 9788: 9776:. Retrieved 9770: 9760: 9748:. Retrieved 9728: 9717:the original 9712: 9700: 9689:. Retrieved 9677: 9665: 9653:. Retrieved 9642: 9632: 9620:. Retrieved 9616:the original 9605: 9595: 9583:. Retrieved 9568: 9558: 9546:. Retrieved 9531: 9521: 9509:. Retrieved 9494: 9485: 9473:. Retrieved 9459: 9440: 9423: 9419: 9413: 9391:(2): 165–9. 9388: 9384: 9378: 9351: 9347: 9337: 9295:(4): e5330. 9292: 9288: 9264:. Retrieved 9260:the original 9255: 9245: 9213: 9209: 9203: 9170: 9166: 9160: 9138:(6): 745–6. 9135: 9131: 9125: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9081: 9075: 9066: 9054:. Retrieved 9040: 9029: 9018: 8993:. Retrieved 8985: 8975: 8966: 8940: 8930: 8919: 8909: 8900: 8894: 8883:. Retrieved 8879:the original 8865: 8830: 8826: 8801: 8789: 8754: 8750: 8740: 8713:. Retrieved 8702: 8692: 8681:. Retrieved 8679:. 2020-02-28 8676: 8667: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8606:The Guardian 8605: 8595: 8486: 8482: 8434: 8430: 8400:. Retrieved 8398:. 2021-07-13 8395: 8386: 8350: 8341: 8327: 8292: 8288: 8278: 8267: 8258: 8247: 8236:. Retrieved 8231: 8222: 8210:. Retrieved 8206: 8197: 8154: 8150: 8140: 8131: 8121: 8111:25 September 8109:. Retrieved 8105: 8096: 8086:25 September 8084:. Retrieved 8080: 8016: 8012: 8002: 7953: 7949: 7939: 7915: 7908: 7897:. Retrieved 7893:the original 7884: 7875: 7830: 7826: 7816: 7790:. Retrieved 7786: 7776: 7744:(1): 59–63. 7741: 7737: 7695: 7686: 7676: 7633: 7629: 7619: 7600: 7588:Mother Jones 7587: 7577: 7564: 7554: 7546:the original 7535: 7502: 7498: 7492: 7465: 7461: 7433:. Retrieved 7402: 7375: 7371: 7361: 7347: 7312: 7289: 7272: 7259: 7247:. Retrieved 7236: 7190: 7186: 7173: 7132: 7128: 7115: 7104:the original 7091: 7056: 7052: 7002: 6998: 6988: 6947: 6943: 6937: 6925: 6883: 6879: 6869: 6839:(2): 172–7. 6836: 6832: 6790: 6786: 6734: 6730: 6688: 6684: 6674: 6649: 6645: 6644:it can do". 6622:Grant (2009) 6617: 6582: 6579:Epidemiology 6578: 6568: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6478:(4): 705–9. 6475: 6471: 6465: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6403: 6399: 6389: 6365:Grant (2009) 6344: 6334: 6309: 6305: 6295: 6260: 6256: 6246: 6203: 6199: 6189: 6162: 6158: 6148: 6105: 6101: 6091: 6058: 6054: 6048: 6018:(3): 430–7. 6015: 6011: 6005: 5972: 5968: 5913:(7): 894–9. 5910: 5906: 5857: 5853: 5831:. Retrieved 5827: 5815: 5803:. Retrieved 5798: 5789: 5769: 5762: 5754:the original 5749: 5740: 5715: 5711: 5689:. Retrieved 5685: 5676: 5644:(7): 721–8. 5641: 5637: 5627: 5603: 5596: 5577: 5565: 5531:(4): 361–3. 5528: 5524: 5514: 5495: 5489: 5397: 5393: 5366: 5359:. 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Retrieved 4083: 4006:Grand Canyon 3992: 3980: 3970: 3952: 3944: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3913: 3899: 3888: 3877: 3865: 3829: 3816: 3804: 3793:occupational 3785: 3781:hearing loss 3742: 3719: 3712:The painter 3711: 3682: 3665: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3620: 3603: 3567: 3548: 3529: 3489: 3458: 3445: 3436: 3423: 3411: 3399: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3342:Global North 3334:North Africa 3323: 3311: 3308:Epidemiology 3302: 3289: 3257: 3234: 3187: 3111: 3091: 3069: 3061: 3057: 3030: 3022: 3018: 2997:constipation 2985:encephalitis 2981:appendicitis 2966: 2962: 2931: 2920: 2900:microcytosis 2886: 2860: 2820: 2812:ion channels 2784:calcium ions 2777: 2713: 2701:coordination 2694: 2678: 2636:inflammatory 2589: 2576: 2557: 2551: 2528: 2517: 2514: 2498: 2494: 2453: 2436:Future Group 2417: 2413: 2382: 2365: 2355: 2346: 2342: 2327: 2308: 2290:water supply 2275: 2230:tire weights 2227: 2223: 2170:oil painting 2167: 2159: 2151: 2139: 2131: 2111: 2108: 2096: 2092: 2047:firing range 2036: 1995: 1865:Point source 1810:Heavy metals 1772:Urban runoff 1757:Sulfur water 1732:Septic tanks 1588:Agent Orange 1498:Space debris 1352:Agricultural 1217:Volcanic ash 1077:Particulates 957: 953: 938: 918:intelligence 907: 887:motor nerves 885:(especially 880: 840: 833:birth weight 819:, and their 810: 779: 769: 739: 722:Hearing loss 707: 690: 678: 674: 649:hyperkinetic 624:neurological 613: 564:constipation 545: 506:, involving 484: 469: 454: 422: 390: 378: 371:of lead per 365: 356: 347: 332: 308: 284: 252:constipation 239: 235: 231: 230: 132:Risk factors 122:Exposure to 84:constipation 18: 19367:Drug policy 19304:Legislation 19010:Professions 18834:Indium lung 18729:Brucellosis 18724:Berylliosis 18639:WikiProject 18476:(Hong Kong) 18213: [ 18175:Devon colic 18049:Breast milk 18021:Nonylphenol 17996:Bisphenol A 17933:controversy 17800:Hepatitis E 17795:Hepatitis A 17773:Enterovirus 17766:Cronobacter 17723:Trichinosis 17693:Fasciolosis 17663:Anisakiasis 17634:controversy 17527:Adulterants 17391:Carotenosis 17018:Reticulated 16749:development 16695:melanocytes 16485:Berylliosis 16198:WikiProject 16011:Fish toxins 15972:Loxoscelism 15885:Snake venom 15857:Physalaemin 15829:vertebrates 15669:Paracetamol 15177:MedlinePlus 15032:Fact Sheets 15009:Fact Sheets 14797:Metallomics 14682:ERIC Digest 14531:"Poisoning" 13733:Needleman H 13422:23 February 13025:Tarlach G. 12289:(1): 1–12. 12097:www.who.int 11994:(1): 13–9. 11186:www.cdc.gov 10709:28 February 10696:GeneReviews 10651:: 9050713. 9750:10 December 9426:(2): 63–7. 7135:(1): 1–22. 6886:(2): 83–8. 6737:(5): e112. 5860:(1): 1–27. 5686:www.who.int 5361:13 December 5331:(1): 2–22. 5092:(1): 54–9. 4985:(7): 40–5. 4702:17 November 3872:subclinical 3693:Middle Ages 3582:earthenware 3563:Dioscorides 3516:Dioscorides 3461:Death rates 3404:in central 3330:Middle East 3272:dimercaprol 3100:(ACOG) and 2977:renal colic 2934:body burden 2896:blood cells 2881:blood cells 2768:hippocampus 2663:ALAD enzyme 2313:discovered 2294:Chloramines 2286:corrosivity 2067:solid waste 2002:demolishing 1835:Area source 1677:Groundwater 1430:Green waste 1410:Brown waste 1394:Solid waste 1152:Information 1047:Exhaust gas 949:confounding 899:nerve cells 829:prematurity 825:miscarriage 813:sperm count 754:nephrotoxic 742:nephropathy 726:tooth decay 645:Burton line 576:weight loss 556:astringency 496:motor nerve 472:muscle pain 461:memory loss 360:subclinical 320:dimercaprol 314:, known as 282:may occur. 256:infertility 208:Dimercaprol 136:Young age, 55:metaphyseal 37:Devon colic 32:Other names 19553:Categories 19467:Toxic tort 19417:Job strain 19387:Ergonomics 19362:Break room 18884:Radium jaw 18874:Phossy jaw 18749:Chalicosis 18719:Barotrauma 18709:Asbestosis 18390:Regulation 18373:death toll 18142:Shortening 18107:Acrylamide 18036:Food fraud 18016:Mycotoxins 17849:Pesticides 17823:Salmonella 17698:Giardiasis 17658:Amoebiasis 17602:Flavorings 17443:Skin color 17414:Dyschromia 17360:Chrysiasis 17096:Liver spot 16915:Leukoderma 16823:Melanosome 16756:Piebaldism 16747:Melanocyte 16671:Dyschromia 16432:Molybdenum 16146:including 16103:Antibiotic 16031:Strychnine 16001:Cinchonism 15963:Latrotoxin 15912:Arthropods 15900:Batroxobin 15811:Neurotoxic 15806:Diarrhetic 15756:Biological 15499:Pesticides 15491:Phosphorus 15427:Metalloids 15199:Patient UK 15153:DiseasesDB 15045:2016-06-11 14982:2009-09-28 14692:2004-06-23 14268:References 14256:2009-07-28 13903:2017-11-19 13393:2024-06-15 12847:Hodge 1992 12446:2010-10-05 12421:2009-10-20 12392:2009-10-20 12338:: 112294. 12236:Pediatrics 12220:2023-01-15 12168:Toxicology 12138:1102765674 12102:2023-01-15 11486:August 25, 11335:2021-02-12 11192:31 October 10923:August 25, 10886:2007-08-14 10453:30 October 10106:3 February 10060:3 February 9888:2017-11-19 9778:9 February 9691:2016-07-11 9266:2011-12-03 8995:2023-01-15 8899:"HONORS". 8885:2007-11-07 8683:2022-01-26 8677:Toxic News 8575:pp. 221–22 8402:2021-12-01 8238:2023-01-28 8157:: 116328. 7899:2017-06-07 7885:www.sbu.se 7792:2022-04-04 7435:2017-02-21 6306:Pediatrics 5691:2020-11-28 5394:Pediatrics 5355:AMA Ed Hub 4537:14 October 4428:2021-12-01 4333:14 October 4288:: 209–22. 4163:14 October 4094:14 October 4002:scavengers 3948:neuropathy 3836:combustion 3736:issued an 3714:Caravaggio 3586:white lead 3484:See also: 3466:carcinogen 3321:globally. 3206:cathartics 3140:Education, 3132:Treatment 3127:Blood lead 3048:See also: 3036:Prevention 2950:metaphysis 2946:radiodense 2888:Blood film 2724:hemoglobin 2580:remodeling 2560:inhalation 2440:Big Bazaar 2246:Montevideo 2234:pesticides 2186:Caravaggio 2174:Lead white 2071:gun ranges 1998:renovation 1922:By country 1914:Categories 1805:Pollutants 1782:Wastewater 1752:Stagnation 1697:Monitoring 1672:Freshwater 1538:Air travel 1425:Food waste 1367:Defecation 1177:Ecological 1110:Biological 1042:Combustion 982:Part of a 968:Rick Nevin 889:) and the 875:See also: 821:morphology 697:Pure Earth 680:permanent 562:, such as 512:wrist drop 369:micrograms 358:including 349:exposure. 288:lead paint 246:caused by 203:Medication 184:Prevention 68:Toxicology 19188:Checklist 19156:ISO 45001 19144:Standards 18894:Silicosis 18704:Acrodynia 18436:ISO 22000 18398:watchdogs 18394:standards 18368:outbreaks 18269:outbreaks 18147:Trans fat 18059:Olive oil 17981:Aflatoxin 17955:Sucralose 17940:Saccharin 17928:Aspartame 17872:Malathion 17817:Rotavirus 17812:Norovirus 17215:ungrouped 17005:Melanosis 16945:Ungrouped 16813:in humans 16786:amelanism 16726:Syndromic 16427:Manganese 16422:Potassium 16376:hosphorus 16123:Pollution 16063:Cnidocyte 16016:Lathyrism 15929:Bee venom 15925:Bee sting 15869:Coturnism 15852:Bufotenin 15837:Amphibian 15816:Paralytic 15791:Scombroid 15776:Ciguatera 15734:Vitamin E 15729:Vitamin D 15724:Vitamin A 15445:Nonmetals 15392:Manganese 15324:Beryllium 15298:Inorganic 15260:Poisoning 15188:eMedicine 14917:264640267 13982:March 29, 13873:21 August 13840:28 August 13803:8 October 13618:232222146 13602:2542-5196 13383:0362-4331 13267:Brands HW 12731:0160-4120 12709:: 48–55. 12665:0031-9384 12626:0037-7732 12582:March 13, 12510:1546-170X 12368:234495451 12146:cite book 11635:205099056 11588:116860513 11415:1469-493X 11166:5 January 10275:Yu (2005) 9971:2398-7308 9932:221017132 9837:Iqbal S. 9644:FirstPost 9577:, India. 9575:New Delhi 9540:, India. 9538:New Delhi 9501:New Delhi 8794:Yu (2005) 8781:239680091 8773:2567-3173 8733:Yu (2005) 8181:0013-9351 8033:0091-6765 7978:0944-1344 7833:(1): 34. 7781:Turns A. 7630:GeoHealth 7394:226353498 6108:: 101–5. 5969:EcoHealth 4752:CiteSeerX 4640:0027-8424 4509:226951902 3987:waterfowl 3983:lead shot 3786:With the 3773:Beethoven 3685:antiquity 3578:Vitruvius 3559:paralysis 3455:Long-term 3428:Prognosis 3210:endoscopy 3117:Treatment 3108:Education 3088:Screening 3005:neoplasms 2857:Diagnosis 2833:(LTD) on 2697:lone pair 2685:cofactors 2616:vitamin D 2564:ingestion 2428:New Delhi 2397:Ayurvedic 2242:foundries 2134:marijuana 2043:recyclers 1850:Garbology 1767:Turbidity 1717:Oil spill 1667:Firewater 1652:Biosolids 1558:Vandalism 1317:Poisoning 1312:Plutonium 1287:Actinides 1280:Radiation 1022:Acid rain 993:Pollution 730:cataracts 588:Hemolysis 516:foot drop 508:paroxysms 397:inorganic 373:deciliter 240:saturnism 192:Treatment 63:Specialty 19517:Journals 19506:Category 19432:Overwork 19350:See also 19103:(Canada) 19094:National 19057:Agencies 18919:Tinnitus 18789:Erethism 18696:injuries 18691:diseases 18629:Cookbook 18609:Category 18411:E number 18303:outbreak 18260:outbreak 18251:outbreak 18001:Dieldrin 17950:Sorbitol 17806:Listeria 17746:Botulism 17574:Melamine 17544:Aldicarb 17436:See also 17272:pigments 17074:Diffuse/ 17010:Melanism 16826:transfer 16795:Albinism 16779:Loss of 16704:Vitiligo 16457:Toxicity 16442:Selenium 16402:Chromium 16250:Elements 16174:Category 16026:Mushroom 16006:Ergotism 15991: / 15965: / 15939:Melittin 15927: / 15883: / 15847:Bombesin 15766: / 15743:syndrome 15572:Methanol 15534:Nicotine 15521:Nitrogen 15468:Fluoride 15463:Chlorine 15458:Selenium 15372:Chromium 15349:Thallium 15270:Overdose 15265:Toxicity 15210:Orphanet 15023:(2008). 14848:27837574 14819:26745006 14784:24074621 14755:28731308 14232:19107211 14192:PLOS ONE 14168:18406388 14113:19617495 14019:18406387 13958:24555074 13797:Archived 13775:Archived 13771:16134577 13653:Archived 13610:33713615 13387:Archived 13333:17214130 13269:(2000). 13172:35548035 13164:15706170 13073:10940962 13031:Discover 12990:24753588 12834:17079773 12774:19344860 12739:22484219 12673:19758571 12577:85530942 12569:30916713 12528:31932788 12440:Archived 12415:Archived 12360:33984660 12313:27759109 12305:18987427 12264:29464201 12256:19254973 12196:14580791 12076:Archived 12040:Archived 11957:29615354 11949:19852620 11914:20717537 11860:18436472 11802:18406386 11639:Archived 11627:30990534 11580:30990556 11480:Archived 11433:33022752 11311:18663205 11219:Archived 11157:Archived 11119:15626656 11053:18567711 10880:Archived 10858:19476290 10809:12477693 10768:19374778 10704:23236641 10677:28630774 10626:25653942 10577:Archived 10496:12498316 10424:17366816 10375:38826214 10367:11032836 10326:17152108 10262:19106443 10215:17431499 10133:: 33–7. 9989:35051994 9924:32757528 9859:March 2, 9824:19747676 9741:Archived 9682:Archived 9649:Archived 9579:Archived 9542:Archived 9505:Archived 9469:Archived 9451:Archived 9370:18813727 9329:19390698 9289:PLOS ONE 9222:16572103 9117:16625019 9050:Archived 9004:cite web 8945:Archived 8857:16134575 8709:Archived 8610:Archived 8521:12361941 8461:16889836 8352:CBS News 8319:19623274 8269:ABC News 8212:15 April 8189:37286126 8106:phys.org 7986:29322395 7931:Archived 7867:28376827 7768:17200393 7706:Archived 7668:32158988 7611:Archived 7592:Archived 7569:Archived 7527:28603179 7519:19757511 7484:12041847 7339:18418955 7243:Archived 7215:17451672 7165:18983793 7157:10845777 7083:17431500 7029:17431502 6980:39425465 6972:27009351 6861:22985838 6853:18332714 6815:12971691 6763:18507499 6707:15880700 6666:18827541 6609:18091001 6560:17431501 6511:10914856 6422:17063179 6349:Archived 6326:15060208 6287:12361944 6238:11102303 6181:10386553 6083:37185511 6032:13332147 5997:21280606 5989:19165554 5937:16002379 5882:17904601 5732:17448360 5668:12117650 5619:Archived 5588:Archived 5557:20101339 5414:15060194 5337:16597190 5276:41427430 5268:17179719 5116:18690981 5007:41456653 4999:19697571 4959:16330345 4901:18787644 4774:17448358 4658:35254913 4589:18 April 4531:Archived 4501:35819457 4449:Archived 4379:17189579 4327:Archived 4302:14746518 4242:25037135 4157:Archived 4088:Archived 4012:See also 3958:Wildlife 3889:In 2002 3821:toxicity 3730:litharge 3646:Defrutum 3628:defrutum 3611:aqueduct 3551:Nicander 3544:Anatolia 3480:Violence 3276:succimer 3250:EDTA, a 3230:mannitol 3224:include 3214:synovial 2675:) 2628:collagen 2596:radicals 2474:tungsten 2457:birdshot 2352:Gasoline 2298:chlorine 2182:titanium 2142:cannabis 2128:Cannabis 2103:turmeric 1906:Treaties 1886:Diseases 1742:Shipping 1707:Nutrient 1657:Diseases 1222:Wildfire 841:in utero 837:placenta 817:motility 786:coronary 641:lividity 568:diarrhea 536:headache 532:seizures 438:delirium 434:insomnia 425:symptoms 383:and the 328:succimer 272:seizures 260:tingling 236:plumbism 216:succimer 109:seizures 92:tingling 75:Symptoms 19535:Commons 19115:(Spain) 19109:(Italy) 18936:hygiene 18734:Burnout 18619:Commons 18492:(Spain) 18301:E. coli 18267:E. coli 18258:E. coli 18249:E. coli 18069:Seafood 17969:poisons 17867:Lindane 17831:E. coli 17790:O157:H7 17782:O104:H4 17584:Sudan I 17554:Cyanide 17470:removal 17458:Sunless 17453:Tanning 17355:Argyria 17227:Freckle 17143:Melasma 17083:Lentigo 17000:Melanin 16781:melanin 16692:Loss of 16684:leucism 16593:Related 16368:itrogen 16352:ydrogen 16186:Commons 16142:argyria 16051:Stinger 16021:Locoism 15801:Amnesic 15768:Seafood 15697:Digoxin 15664:Opioids 15659:Lithium 15654:Cocaine 15639:Aspirin 15629:Alcohol 15621:Nervous 15589:Toluene 15562:Ethanol 15556:alcohol 15529:Cyanide 15482:Organic 15435:Arsenic 15339:Mercury 15329:Cadmium 15288:History 15147:D007855 14922:May 11, 14872:. U.S. 14223:2603582 14200:Bibcode 14121:9693691 14072:1107364 13949:3829390 13932:: 156. 13762:1497712 13129:6750289 13120:1139187 12981:4020092 12958:Bibcode 12931:6389691 12896:6338384 12711:Bibcode 12681:5706643 12519:6980739 12411:Reuters 12340:Bibcode 12176:Bibcode 12018:7697134 12009:1128144 11905:2922724 11840:Bibcode 11693:p. 1658 11666:p. 1321 11537:14 June 11424:8094406 11302:2474873 11110:1253718 11044:2519216 10952:6999974 10905:p. 1316 10849:2858639 10759:2674876 10668:5467293 10617:4316248 10415:1797830 10206:1849918 10157:2040248 10148:1519353 10101:8277545 9980:8930439 9804:Bibcode 9622:June 4, 9432:2926538 9405:6859004 9320:2669501 9297:Bibcode 9195:1834967 9187:2869380 9152:3190952 8848:1497727 8659:1208289 8650:2496115 8541:p. 1423 8512:1241046 8503:3455813 8452:2212280 8381:p. 1310 8310:2696942 8159:Bibcode 8059:9539015 8050:1533263 8041:3433922 7994:3938066 7958:Bibcode 7858:5379568 7835:Bibcode 7811:p. 1424 7759:1764574 7659:7007106 7638:Bibcode 7609:. BBC. 7195:Bibcode 7137:Bibcode 7074:1849937 7020:1849945 6952:Bibcode 6902:2294437 6795:Bibcode 6754:2689675 6600:2671065 6551:1849948 6484:8035397 6457:6434739 6430:2043132 6302:"Teeth" 6278:1241049 6229:1240169 6220:3434965 6140:2088735 6131:1567784 6122:3430905 6040:5453470 5928:1257652 5862:Bibcode 5833:30 July 5805:30 July 5799:UN News 5659:1240919 5548:2807714 5484:p. 1131 5449:p. 1314 5188:p. 1426 5107:2538609 4950:1314903 4892:2533151 4649:8931364 4618:Bibcode 4492:8095058 3910:ConAgra 3840:exhaust 3769:presses 3707:potters 3677:fistulæ 3632:carenum 3536:smelted 3507:History 3260:chelate 3194:calcium 3177:>69 2912:vitamin 2894:of red 2869:(BLL). 2835:neurons 2800:synapse 2758:Neurons 2705:ligands 2689:enzymes 2654:Enzymes 2612:enzymes 2519:Bismuth 2486:bismuth 2450:Bullets 2444:Easyday 2432:Gujarat 2402:azarcon 2250:La Teja 2122:cadmium 2051:welding 1800:History 1682:Hypoxia 1511:Thermal 1465:Plastic 1327:Uranium 1201:Natural 1146:Digital 1122:Genetic 945:mercury 905:coats. 736:Kidneys 653:scotoma 639:and/or 476:malaise 379:The US 19218:Hazard 19181:Safety 18714:Asthma 18074:Shrimp 18011:Dioxin 17965:Toxins 17539:3-MCPD 17465:Tattoo 17348:metals 17213:Other/ 17187:Linear 16991:Hyper- 16437:Sodium 16417:Iodine 16407:Copper 16332:CHONPS 16152:toxins 16148:venoms 16138:Silver 15989:Plants 15934:Apamin 15895:Ancrod 15881:Snakes 15876:Mammal 15827:Other 15584:Oxygen 15413:Silver 15382:Copper 15377:Cobalt 15344:Nickel 15307:Metals 15283:Poison 15215:330015 15182:002473 15084:13 Mar 15064:13 Mar 14992:"Lead" 14961:. 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