1388:
1464:
786:
supplementation during the early stages of pregnancy, specifically the first trimester, is suggested to decrease the adverse effects of iron-deficiency anemia throughout pregnancy and to decrease the negative impact that iron deficiency has on fetal growth. Iron supplements may lead to a risk for gestational diabetes, so pregnant women with adequate hemoglobin levels are recommended not to take iron supplements. Iron deficiency can lead to premature labor and to problems with neural functioning, including delays in language and motor development in the infant.
1204:
367:
686:
896:. About 70% of the iron found in the body is bound to hemoglobin. Iron is primarily absorbed in the small intestine, in particular the duodenum and jejunum. Certain factors increase or decrease absorption of iron. For example, taking Vitamin C with a source of iron is known to increase absorption. Some medications such as tetracyclines and antacids can decrease absorption of iron. After being absorbed in the
707:
for women ages 15–18, 18.0 for 19–50, and 8.0 thereafter; for men, 8.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. (Recommended
Dietary Allowances are higher than Estimated Average Requirements so as to cover people with higher than average requirements.) The RDA for pregnancy is 27 mg/day, and during lactation, 9 mg/day. For children ages 1–3 years it is 7 mg/day, 10 for ages 4–8 and 8 for ages 9–13. The
937:
1373:, were also 224.84 μg/L higher in those receiving IV-iron. However there was also low-certainty evidence that allergic reactions were more likely following IV-iron therapy. It was unclear whether type of iron therapy administration affects the risk of death from any cause, including cardiovascular, nor whether it may alter the number of people who may require a blood transfusion or dialysis.
712:
premenopausal, and 11 mg/day postmenopausal; for pregnancy and lactation, 16 mg/day. For men the
Population Reference Intake is 11 mg/day ages 15 and older. For children ages 1 to 14 the Population Reference Intake increases from 7 to 11 mg/day. The Population Reference Intakes are higher than the US RDAs, with the exception of pregnancy.
882:, which is responsible for exporting iron from cells and mobilizing it to the bloodstream. Conditions such as high levels of erythropoesis, iron deficiency and tissue hypoxia inhibit hepcidin expression. Whereas systemic infection or inflammation (especially involving the cytokine IL-6) or increased circulating iron levels stimulate hepcidin expression.
1145:
protoporphyrin, providing an indirect measurement of the zinc-protoporphyrin complex. The level of free erythrocyte protoporphyrin is expressed in either μg/dl of whole blood or μg/dl of red blood cells. An iron insufficiency in the bone marrow can be detected very early by a rise in free erythrocyte protoporphyrin.
765:, which is commonly performed for weight management and diabetes control, the stomach is made into a small pouch and this is connected directly to the small intestines further downstream (bypassing the duodenum as a site of digestion). About 17–45% of people develop iron deficiency after a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
1144:
Another finding that can be used is the level of red blood cell distribution width. During haemoglobin synthesis, trace amounts of zinc will be incorporated into protoporphyrin in the place of iron which is lacking. Protoporphyrin can be separated from its zinc moiety and measured as free erythrocyte
1554:
A moderate degree of iron-deficiency anemia affects approximately 610 million people worldwide or 8.8% of the population. It is slightly more common in females (9.9%) than males (7.8%). Up to 15% of children ages 1–3 years have iron deficiency anemia. Mild iron deficiency anemia affects another
1211:
Treatment should take into account the cause and severity of the condition. If the iron-deficiency anemia is a result of blood loss or another underlying cause, treatment is geared toward addressing the underlying cause. Most cases of iron deficiency anemia are treated with oral iron supplements. In
1090:(variation in size). With more severe iron-deficiency anemia, the peripheral blood smear may show hypochromic, pencil-shaped cells and, occasionally, small numbers of nucleated red blood cells. The platelet count may be slightly above the high limit of normal in iron-deficiency anemia (termed a mild
706:
updated
Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) and Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) in 2001. The current EAR for iron for women ages 14–18 is 7.9 mg/day, 8.1 for ages 19–50, and 5.0 thereafter (post menopause). For men the EAR is 6.0 mg/day for ages 19 and up. The RDA is 15.0 mg/day
1280:
As iron-deficiency anemia becomes more severe, if the anemia does not respond to oral treatments, or if the treated person does not tolerate oral iron supplementation, then other measures may become necessary. Two options are intravenous iron injections and blood transfusion. Intravenous can be for
971:
A thorough medical history is important to the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia. The history can help to differentiate common causes of the condition such as a menstruation in woman or the presence of blood in the stool. A travel history to areas in which hookworms and whipworms are endemic may
798:
Babies are at increased risk of developing iron deficiency anemia due to their rapid growth. Their need for iron is greater than they are getting in their diet. Babies are born with iron stores; however, these iron stores typically run out by 4–6 months of age. In addition, infants who are given
319:
Iron-deficiency anemia affected about 1.48 billion people in 2015. A lack of dietary iron is estimated to cause approximately half of all anemia cases globally. Women and young children are most commonly affected. In 2015, anemia due to iron deficiency resulted in about 54,000 deaths – down from
481:
A diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia requires further investigation into its cause. It can be caused by increased iron demand, increased iron loss, or decreased iron intake. Increased iron demand often occurs during periods of growth, such as in children and pregnant women. For example, during
559:
contain iron, so blood loss also leads to a loss of iron. There are several causes of blood loss, including menstrual bleeding, gastrointestinal bleeding, stomach ulcers, and bleeding disorders. The bleeding may occur quickly or slowly. Slow, chronic blood loss within the body – such as from a
698:
and iron-fortified foods. For proper growth and development, infants and children need dietary iron. For children, a high intake of cow's milk is associated with an increased risk of iron-deficiency anemia. Other risk factors include low meat intake and low intake of iron-fortified products.
1558:
The prevalence of iron deficiency as a cause of anemia varies among countries; in the groups in which anemia is most common, including young children and a subset of non-pregnant women, iron deficiency accounts for a fraction of anemia cases in these groups (25% and 37%, respectively). Iron
711:
refers to the collective set of information as
Dietary Reference Values, with Population Reference Intakes instead of RDAs, and Average Requirements instead of EARs. For women the Population Reference Intake is 13 mg/day ages 15–17 years, 16 mg/day for women ages 18 and up who are
785:
Iron deficiency affects maternal well-being by increasing risks for infections and complications during pregnancy. Some of these complications include pre-eclampsia, bleeding problems, and perinatal infections. Iron deficiency can lead to improper development of fetal tissues. Oral iron
1349:
is available in oral and IV preparations. When used as a treatment for IBD-related anemia, very low certainty evidence suggests a marked benefit with oral ferric maltol compared with placebo. However it was unclear whether the IV preparation was more effective than oral ferric maltol.
1043:
value is also characteristic of anemia. Further studies will be undertaken to determine the anemia's cause. If the anemia is due to iron deficiency, one of the first abnormal values to be noted on a complete blood count, as the body's iron stores begin to be depleted, will be a high
773:
Without iron supplementation, iron-deficiency anemia occurs in many pregnant women because their iron stores need to serve their own increased blood volume and be a source of hemoglobin for the growing baby and placental development. Other less common causes are intravascular
588:(heavy menstrual periods) are at risk of iron-deficiency anemia because they are at higher-than-normal risk of losing more iron during menstruation than is replaced in their diet. Most women lose about 40 mL of blood per cycle. Some birth control methods, such as pills and
1311:
have decreased the likelihood of this adverse effect. In certain cases intravenous iron is both safer and more effective than the oral route. For patients with severe anemia such as from blood loss, or who have severe symptoms such as cardiovascular instability, a
592:, may decrease the amount of blood and therefore iron lost during a menstrual cycle. Intermittent iron supplementation may be as effective a treatment in these cases as daily supplements and reduce some of the adverse effects of long term daily supplements.
1136:
index or percent) can be measured by dividing the level of serum iron by total iron binding capacity and is a value that can help to confirm the diagnosis of iron-deficiency anemia; however, other conditions must also be considered, including other types of
328:
Iron-deficiency anemia may be present without a person experiencing symptoms. It tends to develop slowly; therefore the body has time to adapt, and the disease often goes unrecognized for some time. If symptoms present, patients may present with the sign of
482:
stages of rapid growth, babies and adolescents may outpace their dietary intake of iron which can result in deficiency in the absence of disease or a grossly abnormal diet. Iron loss is typically from blood loss. One example of blood loss is by chronic
877:
is a peptide hormone produced in the liver that is responsible for regulating iron levels in the body. Hepcidin decreases the amount of iron available for erythropoesis (red blood cell production). Hepcidin binds to and induces the degradation of
303:
Iron deficiency anemia can be prevented by eating a diet containing sufficient amounts of iron or by iron supplementation. Foods high in iron include meat, nuts, and foods made with iron-fortified flour. Treatment may include dietary changes,
1327:, with fewer people needing to stop treatment early due to adverse effects. The type of iron preparation may be an important determinant of clinical benefit. Moderate-certainty evidence suggests response to treatment may be higher when IV
1565:
A map provides a country-by-country listing of what nutrients are fortified into specified foods. Some of the Sub-Saharan countries shown in the deaths from iron-deficiency anemia map from 2012 are as of 2018 fortifying foods with iron.
972:
also be helpful in guiding certain stool tests for parasites or their eggs. Although symptoms can play a role in identifying iron-deficiency anemia, they are often vague, which may limit their contribution to determining the diagnosis.
668:
is donated, approximately 200 mg of iron is lost from the body. The blood bank screens people for anemia before drawing blood for donation. If the patient has anemia, blood is not drawn. Less iron is lost if the person is donating
1257:, nausea, vomiting, metallic taste to the oral iron and dark colored stools. Constipation is reported by 15–20% of patients taking oral iron therapy. Preparations of iron therapy that take longer to be absorbed by the small intestine (
693:
The body normally gets the iron it requires from food. If a person consumes too little iron, or iron that is poorly absorbed (non-heme iron), they can become iron deficient over time. Examples of iron-rich foods include meat, eggs,
460:
Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with poor neurological development, including decreased learning ability and altered motor functions. This is because iron deficiency impacts the development of the cells of the brain called
1264:
It can take six months to one year to get blood levels of iron up to a normal range and provide the body with iron stores. Oral iron replacement may not be effective in cases of iron deficiency due to malabsorption, such as
3980:
1168:
It is unclear if screening pregnant women for iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy improves outcomes in the United States. The same holds true for screening children who are 6 to 24 months old. Even so, screening is a
3839:
Siu AL (October 2015). "Screening for Iron
Deficiency Anemia and Iron Supplementation in Pregnant Women to Improve Maternal Health and Birth Outcomes: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement".
4538:
4523:
4508:
789:
Some studies show that women pregnant during their teenage years can be at greater risk of iron-deficiency anemia due to an already increased need for iron and other nutrients during adolescent growth spurts.
494:
can be a source of blood loss causing iron-deficiency anemia. People who do not consume much iron in their diet, such as vegans or vegetarians, are also at increased risk of developing iron deficiency anemia.
1246:. The dosing of oral iron replacement therapy is as much as 100–200 mg per day in adults and 3–6 mg per kilogram in children. This is generally spread out as 3–4 pills taken throughout the day.
923:
continues normally. However, as these stores continue to be used, iron is eventually depleted to the point that red blood cell formation is abnormal. Ultimately, anemia ensues, which by definition is a
1837:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
345:, poor physical exertion, headaches, decreased ability to concentrate, cold hands and feet, cold sensitivity, increased thirst and confusion. None of these symptoms (or any of the others below) are
1785:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
3320:
Primack BA, Mahaniah KJ. Anemia. In: South-Paul JE, Matheny SC, Lewis EL. eds. CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Family
Medicine, 4e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill; . Accessed November 30, 2018.
2034:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
1120:. A low serum ferritin is most commonly found. However, serum ferritin can be elevated by any type of chronic inflammation and thus is not consistently decreased in iron-deficiency anemia.
1219:
For less severe cases, treatment of iron-deficiency anemia includes dietary changes to incorporate iron-rich foods into regular oral intake and oral iron supplementation. Foods rich in
728:
is a less common cause of iron-deficiency anemia, but many gastrointestinal disorders can reduce the body's ability to absorb iron. There are different mechanisms that may be present.
956:
therapy. Once iron deficiency anemia is confirmed, gastrointestinal blood loss is presumed to be the cause until proven otherwise since it can be caused by an otherwise asymptomatic
3988:
60:
3699:
Ivanova T, Klabukov I, Krikunova L, Poluektova MV, Sychenkova N, Khorokhorina V, Vorobyev N, Gaas M, Baranovskii D, Goryainova O, Sachko A, Shegay P, Kaprin A, Tillib S (2022).
3759:
3560:"Evidence that stainable bone marrow iron following parenteral iron therapy does not correlate with serum iron studies and may not represent readily available storage iron"
948:, with the marrow stained for iron. However, with the availability of reliable blood tests that can be more readily collected for iron-deficiency anemia diagnosis, a
739:
can also lead to malabsorption by altering the acidic environment needed for iron to be converted into its absorbable form. If there is insufficient production of
3701:"Prognostic Value of Serum Transferrin Analysis in Patients with Ovarian Cancer and Cancer-Related Functional Iron Deficiency: A Retrospective Case-Control Study"
4354:"The Proportion of Anemia Associated with Iron Deficiency in Low, Medium, and High Human Development Index Countries: A Systematic Analysis of National Surveys"
4305:"Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"
1562:
Within the United States, iron-deficiency anemia affects about 2% of adult males, 10.5% of White women, and 20% of
African-American and Mexican-American women.
1335:
preparation is used, despite very-low certainty evidence of increased adverse effects, including bleeding, in those receiving ferric carboxymaltose treatment.
1242:
than other preparations. Oral iron supplements are best taken up by the body on an empty stomach because food can decrease the amount of iron absorbed from the
2800:
Dietary
Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Iron
445:(darkening of the skin around the eyes), the cause is unknown and assumed to be related to the iron-deficiency induced worse blood oxygenation and vitamin B12
1059:
also appears during the course of body iron depletion. It indicates a high number of abnormally small red blood cells. A low mean corpuscular volume, a low
233:. Children with iron deficiency anemia may have problems with growth and development. There may be additional symptoms depending on the underlying cause.
1783:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury
Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
2792:
1281:
people who do not tolerate oral iron, who are unlikely to respond to oral iron, or who require iron on a long-term basis. For example, people receiving
3761:
Technical consultation on the assessment of iron status at the population level. Assessing the iron status of populations: including literature reviews
843:
are early indicators of iron deficiency. Hepcidin concentrations are also connected to the complex relationship between malaria and iron deficiency.
648:, which typically occurs in older individuals, is another potential cause of gastrointestinal bleeding. In addition, some bleeding disorders, such as
4284:
4643:
1958:
4303:
Vos T, Flaxman AD, Naghavi M, Lozano R, Michaud C, Ezzati M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death
Collaborators) (December 2012).
1758:
1711:
1227:
enhances iron absorption. Oral iron supplements are available in multiple forms. Some are in the form of pills and some are drops for children.
1835:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
3934:
Adamson JW (2014). Iron Deficiency and Other Hypoproliferative Anemias. In: Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson J, Loscalzo J. eds.
2283:
Rangarajan S, D'Souza GA (April 2007). "Restless legs syndrome in Indian patients having iron deficiency anemia in a tertiary care hospital".
1895:
2723:
1627:
1369:
levels. Overall, hemoglobin was 0.71g/dl higher than those treated with oral iron supplements. Iron stores in the liver, estimated by serum
4819:
1174:
2032:
Naghavi M, Wang H, Lozano R, Davis A, Liang X, Zhou M, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).
5024:
4618:
5175:
4677:
3228:"Hemoglobin concentration and iron supplement during pregnancy were associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus"
2846:"Overview on Dietary Reference Values for the EU population as derived by the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies"
1678:
855:. When the body has sufficient iron to meet its needs (functional iron), the remainder is stored for later use in cells, mostly in the
3775:
1277:
infection; these cases would require treatment of the underlying disease to increase oral absorption or intravenous iron replacement.
5127:
4949:
1064:
5019:
2589:"Intermittent iron supplementation for reducing anaemia and its associated impairments in adolescent and adult menstruating women"
4959:
4638:
2521:
473:
of the brain. Exact causation has not been established, but there is a possible long-term impact from these neurological issues.
4247:
3467:
952:
is usually not obtained. Furthermore, a study published April 2009 questions the value of stainable bone marrow iron following
915:
When the amount of iron needed by the body exceeds the amount of iron that is readily available, the body can use iron stores (
815:
Breastfed infants who have not received iron supplementation after age 6 months, or those receiving non-iron-fortified formulas
17:
308:, and dealing with underlying causes, for example medical treatment for parasites or surgery for ulcers. Supplementation with
3964:
3823:
3798:
3769:
3683:
3643:
3542:
3290:
2949:
2921:
2875:
2807:
2571:
2501:
2397:
2355:
2327:
2216:
2184:
2129:
2016:
617:
4836:
2644:
4991:
4475:
1928:
4649:
1212:
severe acute cases, treatment measures are taken for immediate management in the interim, such as blood transfusions or
1387:
1365:, found low-certainty evidence that people receiving IV-iron treatment were 1.71 times as likely to reach their target
871:(and other animals) iron metabolism systems. Men store about 3.5 g of iron in their body, and women store about 2.5 g.
2845:
604:
women is gastrointestinal bleeding. There are many sources of gastrointestinal tract bleeding, including the stomach,
5000:
4971:
1045:
1027:
1592:
Janz TG, Johnson RL, Rubenstein SD (November 2013). "Anemia in the emergency department: evaluation and treatment".
5031:
4903:
1290:
222:
1124:
levels may be measured, but serum iron concentration is not as reliable as the measurement of both serum iron and
221:, or having decreased ability to exercise. Anemia that comes on quickly often has more severe symptoms, including
4217:
4273:
4964:
4670:
708:
515:); specifically, hookworms. The hookworms most commonly responsible for causing iron-deficiency anemia include
4985:
4893:
4627:
5205:
5058:
5010:
2821:
1467:
1379:(Monoferric) was approved in the United States in January 2020, for the treatment of iron deficiency anemia.
442:
5210:
4915:
4223:
818:
Children between the ages of 1 and 5 years old who receive more than 24 ounces (700 mL) of cow milk per day
782:. Iron deficiency in pregnancy appears to cause long-term and irreversible cognitive problems in the baby.
703:
3438:"Usefulness of the serum ferritin concentration in the detection of iron deficiency in a general hospital"
762:
5067:
4941:
4805:
4760:
1152:. It is very important not to treat people with thalassemia with an iron supplement, as this can lead to
1125:
1117:
1060:
1019:
1009:
944:
Conventionally, a definitive diagnosis requires a demonstration of depleted body iron stores obtained by
584:
Menstrual bleeding is a common cause of iron deficiency anemia in women of child-bearing age. Women with
436:
346:
1177:
in pregnant women without symptoms and in infants considered high risk. Screening is done with either a
548:, and through their means of feeding and degradation, they can ultimately cause iron-deficiency anemia.
5005:
4831:
1950:
1308:
1270:
1157:
1148:
Further testing may be necessary to differentiate iron-deficiency anemia from other disorders, such as
961:
569:
269:
1750:
1703:
761:
is associated with an increased risk of iron deficiency anemia due to malabsorption of iron. During a
4932:
4922:
4910:
4663:
4352:
Petry N, Olofin I, Hurrell RF, Boy E, Wirth JP, Moursi M, Donahue Angel M, Rohner F (November 2016).
4110:
Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Iqbal T, Allen P, Hoque S, Engineer J, Akobeng AK (2021).
4061:
Gordon M, Sinopoulou V, Iheozor-Ejiofor Z, Iqbal T, Allen P, Hoque S, Engineer J, Akobeng AK (2021).
2533:
World Health Organization Fact Sheet No. 366, Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections, updated June 2013
1922:
1463:
1354:
1320:
538:
534:
483:
3757:
3129:
5200:
4898:
4553:
2719:
1887:
735:, abnormal changes in the structure of the duodenum can decrease iron absorption. Abnormalities or
3227:
1619:
541:
worldwide. Parasitic worms cause both inflammation and chronic blood loss by binding to a human's
5103:
4954:
1056:
1005:
949:
106:
3599:
Brady PG (October 2007). "Iron deficiency anemia: a call for aggressive diagnostic evaluation".
5094:
3636:
Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, Updated Edition
2913:
1362:
1170:
1133:
1068:
945:
695:
649:
523:
448:
4639:
https://ashpublications.org/hematology/article/2012/1/183/83845/How-to-approach-chronic-anemia
4593:
4517:
2473:
2006:
5074:
4841:
2148:
1670:
1328:
868:
752:
517:
2562:. In Kaushansky K, Lichtman MA, Prchal JT, Levi MM, Press OW, Burns LJ, Caligiuri M (eds.).
268:. Poor absorption of iron from food may occur as a result of an intestinal disorder such as
5084:
5079:
4887:
4773:
4412:
3392:
1376:
1160:
provides useful evidence for distinguishing these two conditions, along with iron studies.
665:
3876:
8:
5133:
4878:
4686:
4542:
4170:"Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease"
3877:"Screening for Iron Deficiency Anemia in Young Children: USPSTF Recommendation Statement"
2690:
748:
720:
Iron from food is absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine, primarily in the
589:
4416:
3396:
3381:"Anemia epidemiology, pathophysiology, and etiology in low- and middle-income countries"
1203:
229:
or increased thirst. Anemia is typically significant before a person becomes noticeably
5165:
5138:
4743:
4436:
4424:
4380:
4353:
4329:
4304:
4194:
4169:
4136:
4111:
4087:
4062:
4035:
4010:
3735:
3700:
3507:
3482:
3454:
3413:
3380:
3356:
3331:
3263:
3203:
3178:
3154:
3099:
3056:
3007:
2773:
2621:
2588:
2517:
2442:
2417:
2260:
2233:
2058:
2033:
1861:
1836:
1809:
1784:
1079:
529:
423:
313:
86:
4320:
3559:
3226:
Si S, Shen Y, Xin X, Mo M, Shao B, Wang S, Luo W, Chen Z, Liu H, Chen D, Yu Y (2021).
2049:
1852:
1800:
616:). Gastrointestinal bleeding can result from regular use of some medications, such as
5170:
5160:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5050:
4882:
4871:
4861:
4795:
4778:
4769:
4751:
4713:
4564:
4467:
4428:
4385:
4334:
4199:
4141:
4092:
4040:
3960:
3898:
3857:
3819:
3794:
3765:
3740:
3722:
3679:
3639:
3616:
3581:
3538:
3512:
3498:
3459:
3418:
3361:
3296:
3286:
3267:
3255:
3247:
3208:
3159:
3130:"The impact of maternal iron deficiency and iron deficiency anemia on child's health"
3091:
3048:
3027:"Review article: the nutritional and pharmacological consequences of obesity surgery"
2999:
2945:
2917:
2906:
2871:
2813:
2803:
2765:
2670:
2626:
2608:
2567:
2497:
2447:
2393:
2351:
2323:
2300:
2265:
2212:
2180:
2125:
2063:
2012:
1866:
1814:
1601:
1313:
1149:
1072:
758:
740:
653:
645:
640:; however, these are required in some patients, especially those with states causing
504:
411:
366:
334:
214:
166:
133:
91:
74:
4547:
3437:
3103:
3060:
3011:
2777:
2668:
Adamson JW, Jameson J, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J (2005).
1234:; however, there are certain preparations of iron supplements that are designed for
4866:
4851:
4790:
4604:
4440:
4420:
4375:
4365:
4324:
4316:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4131:
4127:
4123:
4082:
4078:
4074:
4030:
4026:
4022:
3888:
3849:
3730:
3712:
3608:
3571:
3502:
3494:
3449:
3408:
3400:
3351:
3343:
3239:
3198:
3190:
3149:
3141:
3083:
3038:
2991:
2757:
2616:
2604:
2600:
2437:
2429:
2292:
2255:
2245:
2053:
2045:
1980:
1856:
1848:
1804:
1796:
1300:
1258:
1235:
1213:
1095:
755:
therapy), inhibiting the conversion of ferric iron to the absorbable ferrous iron.
674:
664:
Frequent blood donors are also at risk for developing iron deficiency anemia. When
281:
158:
115:
4112:"Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease"
4063:"Interventions for treating iron deficiency anaemia in inflammatory bowel disease"
2790:
912:. When red blood cells are degraded, the iron is recycled by the body and stored.
5045:
4631:
4558:
3612:
2433:
1555:
375 million. Iron deficiency affects up to 52% of pregnant women worldwide.
1358:
1282:
1250:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1198:
1194:
1153:
1129:
1067:, and the corresponding appearance of red blood cells on visual examination of a
953:
897:
852:
613:
609:
601:
545:
542:
353:
342:
305:
253:
198:
126:
48:
3483:"Detecting iron deficiency in anemic patients with concomitant medical problems"
3194:
2748:
Decsi T, Lohner S (2014). "Gaps in meeting nutrient needs in healthy toddlers".
2296:
5062:
4690:
4165:
3758:
World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2007).
3087:
1917:
1294:
1286:
1266:
1091:
1083:
920:
909:
889:
779:
732:
565:
556:
466:
432:
393:
285:
277:
273:
257:
202:
67:
4655:
4569:
4455:
3145:
2234:"Study of Causative Factors and Clinical Patterns of Periorbital Pigmentation"
1249:
The various forms of treatment are not without possible adverse side effects.
5194:
3726:
3576:
3300:
3251:
2612:
2250:
1338:
1224:
1220:
725:
641:
633:
508:
241:
111:
4532:
3955:
Kasper D, Fauci A, Hauser S, Longo D, Jameson JL, Loscalzo J (2015). "126".
3347:
3243:
799:
cow's milk too early can develop anemia due to gastrointestinal blood loss.
4705:
4471:
4432:
4389:
4338:
4203:
4145:
4096:
4044:
3902:
3893:
3861:
3744:
3620:
3585:
3422:
3365:
3259:
3212:
3163:
3095:
3052:
3003:
2817:
2769:
2630:
2451:
2304:
2269:
2067:
1870:
1818:
1605:
1332:
1254:
1102:
1087:
1049:
957:
744:
625:
573:
561:
387:
376:
261:
245:
3516:
2995:
1082:(pale, relatively colorless) and small red blood cells, and may also show
4856:
4814:
4650:
NPS News 70: Iron deficiency anaemia: NPS – Better choices, Better health
4588:
4274:"Mortality and Burden of Disease Estimates for WHO Member States in 2002"
3463:
1304:
1113:
1023:
965:
905:
901:
879:
856:
736:
629:
585:
491:
417:
360:, has been suggested to be the most specific for iron deficiency anemia.
297:
138:
3981:"KDIGO clinical practice guideline for anemia in chronic kidney disease"
3717:
4825:
3404:
3285:(2nd ed.). Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.
2474:
M. Tarek Elghetany, Katherine I. Schexneider and Katalin Banki (2017).
1366:
1319:
Low-certainty evidence suggests that IBD-related anemia treatment with
1182:
1178:
1121:
1109:
1040:
1036:
1001:
925:
893:
357:
296:
increase the risk of iron deficiency anemia. Diagnosis is confirmed by
249:
237:
226:
206:
153:
79:
4500:
4370:
3043:
3026:
2761:
2559:
1253:
by mouth commonly causes negative gastrointestinal effects, including
1035:
Anemia is often discovered by routine blood tests. A sufficiently low
940:
Blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia at 40X enhancement
4599:
3853:
1324:
1274:
1230:
Most forms of oral iron replacement therapy are absorbed well by the
775:
605:
512:
428:
405:
363:
Other possible symptoms and signs of iron-deficiency anemia include:
309:
265:
162:
4624:
4109:
4060:
3074:
Lozoff B (December 2007). "Iron deficiency and child development".
1391:
Deaths due to iron-deficiency anaemia per million persons in 2012:
1370:
1105:
1078:
The blood smear of a person with iron-deficiency anemia shows many
997:
916:
874:
864:
840:
721:
670:
637:
399:
293:
4011:"Single-dose intravenous iron for iron deficiency: a new paradigm"
3698:
968:
to evaluate for cancer or bleeding of the gastrointestinal tract.
537:
estimates that approximately two billion people are infected with
27:
Reduced ability of the blood to carry oxygen due to a lack of iron
3332:"Role of hepcidin in the pathophysiology and diagnosis of anemia"
685:
621:
338:
289:
218:
95:
2982:
Longo DL, Camaschella C (7 May 2015). "Iron-Deficiency Anemia".
1470:
for iron-deficiency anemia per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004:
59:
4734:
4527:
4512:
4168:, Craig JC (2019). Cochrane Kidney and Transplant Group (ed.).
4163:
2476:
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
2209:
Henry's Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods
2124:. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 1052–1059, 1068–1073, 2159–2164.
1293:
are given parenteral iron, which helps the body respond to the
1138:
487:
470:
462:
381:
330:
230:
194:
99:
936:
4015:
Hematology. American Society of Hematology. Education Program
860:
802:
Children who are at risk for iron-deficiency anemia include:
210:
2942:
Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease
1620:"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Iron-Deficiency Anemia?"
2791:
Institute of Medicine (US) Panel on Micronutrients (2001).
2317:
885:
600:
The most common cause of iron deficiency anemia in men and
503:
The leading cause of iron-deficiency anemia worldwide is a
244:
of iron from food. Sources of blood loss can include heavy
3436:
Mazza J, Barr RM, McDonald JW, Valberg LS (October 1978).
2231:
1303:
can induce an allergic response that can be as serious as
1101:
Iron-deficiency anemia is confirmed by tests that include
3283:
American Academy of Pediatrics textbook of pediatric care
2667:
2586:
4403:
Sifakis S, Pharmakides G (2000). "Anemia in pregnancy".
3676:
Lanzkowsky's Manual of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology
3435:
390:(feeling that the heart is skipping beats or fluttering)
356:
may also develop; of which consumption of ice, known as
4302:
1039:
by definition makes the diagnosis of anemia, and a low
213:. When onset is slow, symptoms are often vague such as
3954:
3179:"Iron deficiency anemia: a common and curable disease"
2031:
1834:
1261:
iron therapy) are less likely to cause constipation.
689:
In many countries, wheat flour is fortified with iron.
469:
get priority on iron, and it is shifted away from the
4453:
4351:
3025:
Stein J, Stier C, Raab H, Weiner R (September 2014).
2939:
2903:
2587:
Fernández-Gaxiola AC, De-Regil LM (31 January 2019).
2282:
2232:
Mendiratta V, Rana S, Jassi R, Chander R (Jun 2019).
1591:
1048:, reflecting an increased variability in the size of
892:
in the body, particularly as a critical component of
312:
may be recommended. Severe cases may be treated with
4490:
4240:
3673:
3024:
2691:"Map: Count of Nutrients In Fortification Standards"
2415:
2494:
Murray and Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine
2492:Broaddus VC, Mason R, Ernst J, et al. (2016).
1782:
888:is a mineral that is important in the formation of
201:. Anemia is defined as a decrease in the number of
4402:
4008:
3633:
2905:
2669:
2491:
2318:Kliegman R, Stanton B, St Geme J, Schor N (2016).
812:Infants fed with cow's milk under 12 months of age
572:, a colon polyp or gastrointestinal cancer (e.g.,
337:in skin or mucous membranes), and the symptoms of
1353:A Cochrane review of controlled trials comparing
5192:
4454:Killip S, Bennett JM, Chambers MD (March 2007).
4298:
4296:
4294:
2981:
2322:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2323–2326.
352:In severe cases, shortness of breath can occur.
4685:
3658:
3557:
3378:
2206:
981:Change in lab values in iron deficiency anemia
3816:Stoelting's Anesthesia and Co-existing Disease
3813:
3793:. Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier. pp. 23–31.
3791:Instant Work-ups: A Clinical Guide to Medicine
2977:
2975:
2973:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2387:
2119:
1951:"How Can Iron-Deficiency Anemia Be Prevented?"
1671:"What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia? – NHLBI, NIH"
420:(spoon-shaped nails) or nails that are brittle
4671:
4291:
4218:"Drug Approval Package: Monoferric Injection"
4164:O'Lone EL, Hodson EM, Nistor I, Bolignano D,
3788:
3532:
2868:Shackelford's Surgery of the Alimentary Tract
2714:
2712:
2091:
1698:
1696:
1665:
414:(inflammatory lesions at the mouth's corners)
4820:Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
3329:
2802:. National Academy Press. pp. 290–393.
2553:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2539:
2416:Baird-Gunning J, Bromley J (December 2016).
2276:
1778:
1776:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1657:
1655:
1653:
1651:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1075:(literally, a small red blood cell anemia).
595:
511:caused by infestation with parasitic worms (
431:(difficulty swallowing) due to formation of
4704:
4248:"Monoferric- ferric derisomaltose solution"
3225:
3183:Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine
2958:
2747:
2676:(20th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
2593:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2566:(9th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.
2345:
2096:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 403–405.
1882:
1880:
1830:
1828:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1729:
5176:Hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin
4678:
4664:
4405:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
4009:Auerbach M, Deloughery T (December 2016).
3985:Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality
3957:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3936:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
3385:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
3127:
3031:Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2743:
2741:
2709:
2672:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
2411:
2409:
1704:"How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Diagnosed?"
1693:
1223:(vitamin C) can also be beneficial, since
58:
5128:Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
4950:Warm antibody autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4646:– From the National Anemia Action Council
4379:
4369:
4328:
4193:
4135:
4086:
4034:
3892:
3734:
3716:
3638:. Elsevier/Saunders. pp. 3196–3198.
3575:
3506:
3480:
3453:
3412:
3355:
3202:
3153:
3042:
2620:
2536:
2441:
2259:
2249:
2057:
1860:
1808:
1773:
1642:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1065:mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration
408:(inflammation or infection of the tongue)
3280:
2940:Feldman M, Friedman L, Brandt L (2016).
2904:Porwit A, McCullough J, Erber W (2011).
1877:
1825:
1751:"How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Treated?"
1726:
1559:deficiency is common in pregnant women.
1462:
1386:
1202:
935:
684:
365:
4652:– From the National Prescribing Service
4625:Interactive material on Iron Metabolism
4174:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4116:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4067:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3674:Lanzkowsky P, Lipton J, Fish J (2016).
3661:Current Medical Diagnosis and Treatment
3379:Chaparro CM, Suchdev PS (August 2019).
2944:. Elsevier Saunders. pp. 297–335.
2738:
2496:. Elsevier Saunders. pp. 682–698.
2406:
2390:Haematology: An Illustrated Colour Text
900:, iron travels through blood, bound to
824:Children with special health care needs
656:, can cause gastrointestinal bleeding.
14:
5193:
4159:
4157:
4155:
4056:
4054:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3924:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3914:
3912:
3564:American Journal of Clinical Pathology
3558:Thomason RW, Almiski MS (April 2009).
3316:
3314:
3312:
3310:
3176:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3117:
3115:
3113:
3073:
2726:from the original on November 27, 2012
2685:
2683:
2518:"Soil-transmitted helminth infections"
2469:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2211:. Elsevier. pp. 84–101, 559–605.
2179:. Elsevier. pp. 87–88, e1–e3713.
2143:
2141:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2077:
1576:
821:Children with low socioeconomic status
576:) – can cause iron-deficiency anemia.
486:, which could be linked to a possible
4733:
4659:
3950:
3948:
3946:
3944:
3634:Bennett J, Dolin R, Blaser M (2015).
3598:
3528:
3526:
2935:
2933:
2899:
2897:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2487:
2485:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2377:
2375:
2373:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2341:
2339:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2174:
2170:
2168:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2107:
2105:
2103:
2004:
1888:"What Causes Iron-Deficiency Anemia?"
1094:), but severe cases can present with
715:
618:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
579:
323:
227:feeling like one is going to pass out
148:Dietary changes, medications, surgery
4837:triosephosphate isomerase deficiency
3678:. Elsevier Science. pp. 69–83.
3487:Journal of General Internal Medicine
3442:Canadian Medical Association Journal
3128:Abu-Ouf NM, Jan MM (February 2015).
2750:Annals of Nutrition & Metabolism
2645:"Colon cancer – Symptoms and causes"
2557:
839:Decreased levels of serum and urine
498:
465:. When the body is low on iron, the
455:
236:Iron-deficiency anemia is caused by
4992:paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
4960:Donath–Landsteiner hemolytic anemia
4940:
4478:from the original on 11 March 2016.
4152:
4103:
4051:
3909:
3874:
3838:
3307:
3110:
2865:
2680:
2458:
2138:
2074:
1297:agents to produce red blood cells.
1175:US Preventative Services Task Force
851:Anemia can result from significant
24:
4637:Approach to chronic anemia :
4425:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2000.tb06223.x
3941:
3523:
2930:
2912:. Churchill Livingstone. pp.
2884:
2482:
2364:
2336:
2193:
2165:
2100:
960:. Initial evaluation must include
240:, insufficient dietary intake, or
25:
5222:
5001:Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia
4972:Mixed autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4486:
2149:"What Is Iron Deficiency Anemia?"
1961:from the original on 28 July 2017
1931:from the original on 13 July 2017
1898:from the original on 14 July 2017
1761:from the original on 28 July 2017
1714:from the original on 15 July 2017
1681:from the original on 16 July 2017
1126:serum iron-binding protein levels
1046:red blood cell distribution width
1028:red blood cell distribution width
768:
659:
5032:Hemolytic disease of the newborn
4287:from the original on 2013-01-16.
3938:, 19e New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
3659:McPhee SJ, Papadakis MA (2009).
3499:10.1046/j.1525-1497.1998.00134.x
3470:from the original on 8 May 2009.
1630:from the original on 5 July 2017
1291:erythropoiesis-stimulating agent
904:, and eventually ends up in the
747:can occur (often due to chronic
743:in the stomach, hypochlorhydria/
490:. In women of childbearing age,
370:Koilonychia (spoon-shaped nails)
4644:Handout: Iron Deficiency Anemia
4447:
4396:
4345:
4266:
4210:
4002:
3973:
3868:
3832:
3807:
3782:
3751:
3692:
3667:
3652:
3627:
3592:
3551:
3474:
3429:
3372:
3323:
3274:
3219:
3170:
3067:
3018:
2984:New England Journal of Medicine
2908:Blood and Bone Marrow Pathology
2859:
2838:
2784:
2661:
2637:
2580:
2524:from the original on 2014-02-21
2510:
2311:
2225:
2025:
2011:. Academic Press. p. 477.
1998:
1973:
1943:
1382:
1285:treatment who are also getting
928:lab value below normal limits.
737:surgical removal of the stomach
4965:Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
4186:10.1002/14651858.CD007857.pub3
4128:10.1002/14651858.CD013529.pub2
4079:10.1002/14651858.CD013529.pub2
4027:10.1182/asheducation-2016.1.57
3818:. Elsevier. pp. 477–506.
3537:. Elsevier. pp. 403–405.
3481:Kis AM, Carnes M (July 1998).
2853:European Food Safety Authority
2722:. Mayo Clinic. March 4, 2011.
2605:10.1002/14651858.CD009218.pub3
2560:"Iron Deficiency and Overload"
2350:. Elsevier. pp. 296–340.
2207:McPherson R, Pincus M (2017).
2092:Bope ET, Kellerman RD (2018).
1910:
1612:
1321:Intravenous (IV) iron infusion
975:
867:complexes and are part of the
827:Children of Hispanic ethnicity
709:European Food Safety Authority
642:a tendency to form blood clots
13:
1:
4321:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61729-2
3987:. August 2012. Archived from
3814:Hines R, Marschall K (2018).
2695:Food Fortification Initiative
2478:. Elsevier. pp. 559–605.
2388:Howard M, Hamilton P (2013).
2320:Nelson Textbook of Pediatrics
2177:Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2018
2120:Goldman L, Schafer A (2016).
2050:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
1985:Office of Dietary Supplements
1853:10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1
1801:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
1569:
1468:Disability-adjusted life year
1355:intravenous (IV) iron therapy
551:
443:Periorbital hyperpigmentation
4916:Southeast Asian ovalocytosis
4904:Minkowski–Chauffard syndrome
4224:Food and Drug Administration
3705:Journal of Clinical Medicine
3613:10.1097/SMJ.0b013e3181520699
3533:Kellerman R, Bope E (2018).
2434:10.18773/austprescr.2016.069
2418:"Correcting iron deficiency"
2392:. Elsevier. pp. 24–25.
1918:"Micronutrient deficiencies"
1188:
1163:
931:
919:) for a period of time, and
846:
704:National Academy of Medicine
7:
3842:Annals of Internal Medicine
3535:Conn's Current Therapy 2018
3195:10.1101/cshperspect.a011866
3076:Food and Nutrition Bulletin
2297:10.1016/j.sleep.2006.10.004
1594:Emergency Medicine Practice
1361:supplements in people with
1323:may be more effective than
1118:total iron binding capacity
1061:mean corpuscular hemoglobin
1020:total iron-binding capacity
1010:mean corpuscular hemoglobin
834:
830:Children who are overweight
793:
612:, and the large intestine (
484:gastrointestinal blood loss
10:
5227:
5025:Drug-induced nonautoimmune
5006:Thrombotic microangiopathy
4832:pyruvate kinase deficiency
3088:10.1177/15648265070284S409
2346:Polin R, Ditmar M (2016).
1271:inflammatory bowel disease
1192:
1158:hemoglobin electrophoresis
962:esophagogastroduodenoscopy
908:, where it is involved in
863:. These stores are called
570:inflammatory bowel disease
539:soil-transmitted helminths
270:inflammatory bowel disease
5153:
5093:
5044:
5011:Hemolytic–uremic syndrome
4931:
4923:Hereditary stomatocytosis
4911:Hereditary elliptocytosis
4804:
4789:
4742:
4726:
4697:
4579:
4494:
4460:American Family Physician
4281:World Health Organization
3330:D'Angelo G (March 2013).
3146:10.15537/smj.2015.2.10289
1923:World Health Organization
1086:(variation in shape) and
1071:narrows the problem to a
596:Gastrointestinal bleeding
535:World Health Organization
180:
172:
152:
144:
132:
122:
105:
85:
73:
66:
57:
46:Iron-deficiency anaemia,
42:
37:
4899:Hereditary spherocytosis
4456:"Iron deficiency anemia"
3601:Southern Medical Journal
3577:10.1309/AJCPBAY9KRZF8NUC
2720:"Iron deficiency anemia"
2251:10.4103/idoj.IDOJ_158_18
2238:Indian Dermatol Online J
921:red blood cell formation
910:red blood cell formation
809:Low birth weight infants
751:infections or long-term
476:
320:213,000 deaths in 1990.
5104:Mean corpuscular volume
5068:Diamond–Blackfan anemia
5020:Drug-induced autoimmune
4955:Cold agglutinin disease
4761:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
3875:Siu AL (October 2015).
3348:10.5045/br.2013.48.1.10
3244:10.1111/1753-0407.13101
3177:Miller JL (July 2013).
1600:(11): 1–15, quiz 15–6.
1057:mean corpuscular volume
1006:mean corpuscular volume
680:
492:heavy menstrual periods
437:Plummer–Vinson syndrome
402:, or burning sensations
276:, or surgery such as a
4756:Iron-deficiency anemia
4621:– From IronTherapy.Org
4619:The Importance of Iron
3894:10.1542/peds.2015-2567
2122:Goldman-Cecil Medicine
2094:Conn's Current Therapy
1551:
1460:
1363:chronic kidney disease
1208:
1171:Level B recommendation
1134:transferrin saturation
1098:(low platelet count).
1069:peripheral blood smear
950:bone marrow aspiration
946:bone marrow aspiration
941:
696:leafy green vegetables
690:
650:von Willebrand disease
524:Ancylostoma ceylanicum
449:Restless legs syndrome
371:
266:urinary tract bleeding
191:Iron-deficiency anemia
38:Iron-deficiency anemia
18:Iron deficiency anemia
5075:Pure red cell aplasia
4842:hexokinase deficiency
3134:Saudi Medical Journal
2996:10.1056/NEJMra1401038
2422:Australian Prescriber
1466:
1390:
1329:ferric carboxymaltose
1307:, although different
1206:
939:
763:Roux-en-Y anastamosis
753:proton-pump inhibitor
688:
518:Ancylostoma duodenale
369:
347:sensitive or specific
118:, frequent infections
5206:Mineral deficiencies
5080:Sideroblastic anemia
4888:Hemoglobin C disease
4774:Megaloblastic anemia
4634:– From IronAtlas.com
3789:O'Connell T (2017).
3281:McInerny TK (2017).
3082:(4 Suppl): S560-71.
2870:. pp. 821–838.
1847:(10053): 1459–1544.
1795:(10053): 1545–1602.
1548: More than 1000
1377:Ferric derisomaltose
1251:Iron supplementation
1128:. The percentage of
5211:Nutritional anemias
4879:Sickle cell disease
4417:2000NYASA.900..125S
3764:(second ed.).
3718:10.3390/jcm11247377
3397:2019NYASA1450...15C
3232:Journal of Diabetes
2564:Williams Hematology
1316:may be considered.
982:
341:, weak, dizziness,
316:or iron infusions.
176:1.48 billion (2015)
96:shortness of breath
5166:Sulfhemoglobinemia
4630:2016-05-29 at the
4580:External resources
3778:on March 19, 2014.
3405:10.1111/nyas.14092
1552:
1482: Less than 50
1461:
1209:
980:
942:
716:Iron malabsorption
691:
580:Menstrual bleeding
530:Necator americanus
372:
324:Signs and symptoms
314:blood transfusions
167:blood transfusions
53:Sideropenic Anemia
5188:
5187:
5184:
5183:
5171:Reticulocytopenia
5161:Methemoglobinemia
5149:
5148:
5040:
5039:
4980:
4979:
4779:Pernicious anemia
4722:
4721:
4714:Polycythemia vera
4614:
4613:
4371:10.3390/nu8110693
4315:(9859): 2163–96.
4254:. 24 January 2020
3966:978-0-07-180215-4
3959:(19th ed.).
3825:978-0-323-40137-1
3800:978-0-323-37641-9
3771:978-92-4-159610-7
3685:978-0-12-801368-7
3645:978-0-323-40161-6
3544:978-0-323-52769-9
3292:978-1-61002-047-3
3044:10.1111/apt.12872
2990:(19): 1832–1843.
2951:978-1-4557-4692-7
2923:978-0-7020-3147-2
2877:978-1-4377-2206-2
2809:978-0-309-07279-3
2762:10.1159/000365795
2697:. 29 October 2018
2573:978-0-07-183301-1
2503:978-1-4557-3383-5
2399:978-0-7020-5139-5
2357:978-0-323-31030-7
2348:Pediatric Secrets
2329:978-1-4557-7566-8
2218:978-0-323-29568-0
2186:978-0-323-28049-5
2131:978-1-4557-5017-7
2018:978-0-12-381980-2
2005:Combs GF (2012).
1957:. 26 March 2014.
1894:. 26 March 2014.
1757:. 26 March 2014.
1710:. 26 March 2014.
1677:. 26 March 2014.
1675:www.nhlbi.nih.gov
1626:. 26 March 2014.
1331:, rather than IV
1325:oral iron therapy
1314:blood transfusion
1173:suggested by the
1150:thalassemia minor
1073:microcytic anemia
1033:
1032:
759:Bariatric surgery
741:hydrochloric acid
675:white blood cells
654:polycythemia vera
505:parasitic disease
499:Parasitic disease
456:Child development
412:Angular cheilitis
205:or the amount of
188:
187:
134:Diagnostic method
32:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
5218:
4938:
4937:
4852:hemoglobinopathy
4802:
4801:
4740:
4739:
4731:
4730:
4702:
4701:
4680:
4673:
4666:
4657:
4656:
4492:
4491:
4480:
4479:
4451:
4445:
4444:
4400:
4394:
4393:
4383:
4373:
4349:
4343:
4342:
4332:
4300:
4289:
4288:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4259:
4244:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4214:
4208:
4207:
4197:
4161:
4150:
4149:
4139:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4090:
4058:
4049:
4048:
4038:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3952:
3939:
3932:
3907:
3906:
3896:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3854:10.7326/m15-1707
3836:
3830:
3829:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3786:
3780:
3779:
3774:. Archived from
3755:
3749:
3748:
3738:
3720:
3696:
3690:
3689:
3671:
3665:
3664:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3631:
3625:
3624:
3596:
3590:
3589:
3579:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3530:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3457:
3433:
3427:
3426:
3416:
3376:
3370:
3369:
3359:
3327:
3321:
3318:
3305:
3304:
3278:
3272:
3271:
3223:
3217:
3216:
3206:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3157:
3125:
3108:
3107:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3046:
3022:
3016:
3015:
2979:
2956:
2955:
2937:
2928:
2927:
2911:
2901:
2882:
2881:
2863:
2857:
2856:
2850:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2832:
2826:
2820:. Archived from
2797:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2745:
2736:
2735:
2733:
2731:
2716:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2702:
2687:
2678:
2677:
2675:
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2641:
2635:
2634:
2624:
2584:
2578:
2577:
2555:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2529:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2471:
2456:
2455:
2445:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2385:
2362:
2361:
2343:
2334:
2333:
2315:
2309:
2308:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2253:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2204:
2191:
2190:
2175:Ferri F (2018).
2172:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2145:
2136:
2135:
2117:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2072:
2071:
2061:
2044:(9963): 117–71.
2029:
2023:
2022:
2002:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1991:
1977:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1966:
1947:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1884:
1875:
1874:
1864:
1832:
1823:
1822:
1812:
1780:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1747:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1700:
1691:
1690:
1688:
1686:
1667:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1589:
1547:
1541:
1535:
1529:
1523:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1493:
1487:
1481:
1475:
1456:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1301:Intravenous iron
1259:extended release
1214:intravenous iron
1096:thrombocytopenia
983:
979:
543:small-intestinal
306:iron supplements
282:developing world
254:uterine fibroids
159:Iron supplements
62:
35:
34:
21:
5226:
5225:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5215:
5201:Iron metabolism
5191:
5190:
5189:
5180:
5145:
5089:
5048:
5036:
4976:
4927:
4793:
4785:
4718:
4693:
4691:red blood cells
4684:
4632:Wayback Machine
4615:
4610:
4609:
4575:
4574:
4503:
4489:
4484:
4483:
4452:
4448:
4401:
4397:
4350:
4346:
4301:
4292:
4276:
4272:
4271:
4267:
4257:
4255:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4216:
4215:
4211:
4180:(2): CD007857.
4162:
4153:
4122:(1): CD013529.
4108:
4104:
4073:(1): CD013529.
4059:
4052:
4007:
4003:
3994:
3992:
3979:
3978:
3974:
3967:
3953:
3942:
3933:
3910:
3873:
3869:
3837:
3833:
3826:
3812:
3808:
3801:
3787:
3783:
3772:
3756:
3752:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3672:
3668:
3657:
3653:
3646:
3632:
3628:
3597:
3593:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3531:
3524:
3479:
3475:
3434:
3430:
3377:
3373:
3328:
3324:
3319:
3308:
3293:
3279:
3275:
3224:
3220:
3175:
3171:
3126:
3111:
3072:
3068:
3023:
3019:
2980:
2959:
2952:
2938:
2931:
2924:
2902:
2885:
2878:
2864:
2860:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2830:
2828:
2824:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2785:
2746:
2739:
2729:
2727:
2718:
2717:
2710:
2700:
2698:
2689:
2688:
2681:
2666:
2662:
2653:
2651:
2643:
2642:
2638:
2599:(5): CD009218.
2585:
2581:
2574:
2558:Ganz T (2016).
2556:
2537:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2504:
2490:
2483:
2472:
2459:
2414:
2407:
2400:
2386:
2365:
2358:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2316:
2312:
2281:
2277:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2205:
2194:
2187:
2173:
2166:
2157:
2155:
2147:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2118:
2101:
2090:
2075:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2003:
1999:
1989:
1987:
1979:
1978:
1974:
1964:
1962:
1949:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1916:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1886:
1885:
1878:
1833:
1826:
1781:
1774:
1764:
1762:
1749:
1748:
1727:
1717:
1715:
1702:
1701:
1694:
1684:
1682:
1669:
1668:
1643:
1633:
1631:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1590:
1577:
1572:
1550:
1549:
1545:
1543:
1539:
1537:
1533:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1515:
1513:
1509:
1507:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1495:
1491:
1489:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1477:
1473:
1459:
1458:
1454:
1452:
1448:
1446:
1442:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1244:small intestine
1240:small intestine
1232:small intestine
1201:
1199:Lucky iron fish
1195:Iron deficiency
1191:
1166:
1154:hemochromatosis
1130:iron saturation
1050:red blood cells
978:
954:parenteral iron
934:
898:small intestine
890:red blood cells
853:iron deficiency
849:
837:
806:Preterm infants
796:
771:
718:
683:
662:
610:small intestine
602:post-menopausal
598:
582:
557:Red blood cells
554:
501:
479:
467:red blood cells
458:
453:
433:esophageal webs
343:lightheadedness
326:
286:parasitic worms
242:poor absorption
219:short of breath
203:red blood cells
127:Iron deficiency
68:Red blood cells
33:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5224:
5214:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5186:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5179:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5157:
5155:
5151:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5142:
5141:
5136:
5124:
5123:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5099:
5097:
5091:
5090:
5088:
5087:
5082:
5077:
5070:
5065:
5063:Fanconi anemia
5056:
5054:
5042:
5041:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5013:
5003:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4994:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4968:
4967:
4957:
4952:
4946:
4944:
4935:
4929:
4928:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4890:
4885:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4847:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4839:
4834:
4822:
4810:
4808:
4799:
4787:
4786:
4784:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4763:
4748:
4746:
4737:
4728:
4724:
4723:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4699:
4695:
4694:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4647:
4641:
4635:
4622:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4596:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4572:
4561:
4550:
4535:
4520:
4504:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:Classification
4488:
4487:External links
4485:
4482:
4481:
4446:
4395:
4344:
4290:
4265:
4239:
4209:
4151:
4102:
4050:
4001:
3972:
3965:
3940:
3908:
3867:
3831:
3824:
3806:
3799:
3781:
3770:
3750:
3691:
3684:
3666:
3663:. p. 428.
3651:
3644:
3626:
3591:
3550:
3543:
3522:
3473:
3428:
3371:
3336:Blood Research
3322:
3306:
3291:
3273:
3238:(3): 211–221.
3218:
3189:(7): a011866.
3169:
3109:
3066:
3037:(6): 582–609.
3017:
2957:
2950:
2929:
2922:
2883:
2876:
2866:Yeo C (2013).
2858:
2837:
2808:
2783:
2737:
2708:
2679:
2660:
2636:
2579:
2572:
2535:
2509:
2502:
2481:
2457:
2428:(6): 193–199.
2405:
2398:
2363:
2356:
2335:
2328:
2310:
2285:Sleep Medicine
2275:
2244:(3): 293–295.
2224:
2217:
2192:
2185:
2164:
2137:
2130:
2099:
2073:
2024:
2017:
1997:
1972:
1942:
1909:
1876:
1824:
1772:
1725:
1692:
1641:
1611:
1574:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1544:
1542: 500–1000
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1453:
1447:
1441:
1435:
1429:
1423:
1417:
1411:
1405:
1399:
1393:
1392:
1384:
1381:
1341:, marketed as
1295:erythropoietin
1287:erythropoietin
1267:celiac disease
1236:longer release
1190:
1187:
1165:
1162:
1092:thrombocytosis
1084:poikilocytosis
1031:
1030:
1017:
1013:
1012:
995:
991:
990:
987:
977:
974:
933:
930:
848:
845:
836:
833:
832:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
795:
792:
780:hemoglobinuria
770:
769:Pregnant women
767:
733:celiac disease
717:
714:
682:
679:
661:
660:Blood donation
658:
634:anticoagulants
624:), as well as
597:
594:
581:
578:
566:angiodysplasia
553:
550:
500:
497:
478:
475:
457:
454:
452:
451:
446:
440:
426:
421:
415:
409:
403:
396:
394:Breathlessness
391:
385:
379:
373:
325:
322:
278:gastric bypass
274:celiac disease
258:stomach ulcers
186:
185:
182:
178:
177:
174:
170:
169:
156:
150:
149:
146:
142:
141:
136:
130:
129:
124:
120:
119:
109:
103:
102:
89:
83:
82:
77:
71:
70:
64:
63:
55:
54:
44:
40:
39:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5223:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5198:
5196:
5177:
5174:
5172:
5169:
5167:
5164:
5162:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5152:
5140:
5137:
5135:
5132:
5131:
5130:
5129:
5125:
5121:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5101:
5100:
5098:
5096:
5092:
5086:
5085:Myelophthisic
5083:
5081:
5078:
5076:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5052:
5047:
5043:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5004:
5002:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4990:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4983:
4982:
4973:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4958:
4956:
4953:
4951:
4948:
4947:
4945:
4943:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4930:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4914:
4913:
4912:
4909:
4905:
4902:
4901:
4900:
4897:
4895:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4880:
4877:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4859:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4840:
4838:
4835:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4828:
4827:
4823:
4821:
4818:
4816:
4812:
4811:
4809:
4807:
4803:
4800:
4797:
4792:
4788:
4780:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4762:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4745:
4741:
4738:
4736:
4732:
4729:
4725:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4707:
4703:
4700:
4696:
4692:
4688:
4681:
4676:
4674:
4669:
4667:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4651:
4648:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4636:
4633:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4620:
4617:
4616:
4606:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4591:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4571:
4567:
4566:
4562:
4560:
4556:
4555:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4502:
4497:
4493:
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4434:
4430:
4426:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4411:(1): 125–36.
4410:
4406:
4399:
4391:
4387:
4382:
4377:
4372:
4367:
4363:
4359:
4355:
4348:
4340:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4322:
4318:
4314:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4297:
4295:
4286:
4282:
4275:
4269:
4253:
4249:
4243:
4227:
4225:
4219:
4213:
4205:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4160:
4158:
4156:
4147:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4129:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4064:
4057:
4055:
4046:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4016:
4012:
4005:
3991:on 2017-12-07
3990:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3968:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3949:
3947:
3945:
3937:
3931:
3929:
3927:
3925:
3923:
3921:
3919:
3917:
3915:
3913:
3904:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3887:(4): 746–52.
3886:
3882:
3878:
3871:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3848:(7): 529–36.
3847:
3843:
3835:
3827:
3821:
3817:
3810:
3802:
3796:
3792:
3785:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3746:
3742:
3737:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3710:
3706:
3702:
3695:
3687:
3681:
3677:
3670:
3662:
3655:
3647:
3641:
3637:
3630:
3622:
3618:
3614:
3610:
3607:(10): 966–7.
3606:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3561:
3554:
3546:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3493:(7): 455–61.
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3432:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3375:
3367:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3326:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3311:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3288:
3284:
3277:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3222:
3214:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3173:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3070:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3021:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2976:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2953:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2934:
2925:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2879:
2873:
2869:
2862:
2854:
2847:
2841:
2827:on 2017-09-09
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2805:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2744:
2742:
2725:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2696:
2692:
2686:
2684:
2674:
2673:
2664:
2650:
2646:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2583:
2575:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2542:
2540:
2523:
2519:
2513:
2505:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2410:
2401:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2372:
2370:
2368:
2359:
2353:
2349:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2325:
2321:
2314:
2306:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2291:(3): 247–51.
2290:
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2252:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2201:
2199:
2197:
2188:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2169:
2154:
2150:
2144:
2142:
2133:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2104:
2095:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2082:
2080:
2078:
2069:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2020:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2001:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1930:
1926:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1779:
1777:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1736:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1699:
1697:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1660:
1658:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1560:
1556:
1536: 450–500
1530: 400–450
1524: 350–400
1518: 300–350
1512: 250–300
1506: 200–250
1500: 150–200
1494: 100–150
1476: No data
1469:
1465:
1397: No data
1389:
1380:
1378:
1374:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1339:Ferric maltol
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1317:
1315:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1278:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1226:
1225:ascorbic acid
1222:
1221:ascorbic acid
1217:
1215:
1207:Ascorbic acid
1205:
1200:
1196:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:level, serum
1111:
1107:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
996:
993:
992:
988:
985:
984:
973:
969:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
938:
929:
927:
922:
918:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
881:
876:
872:
870:
866:
862:
858:
854:
844:
842:
829:
826:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
804:
803:
800:
791:
787:
783:
781:
777:
766:
764:
760:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
729:
727:
726:malabsorption
723:
713:
710:
705:
700:
697:
687:
678:
676:
672:
667:
657:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
626:antiplatelets
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
593:
591:
587:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
549:
547:
544:
540:
536:
532:
531:
526:
525:
520:
519:
514:
510:
509:helminthiasis
506:
496:
493:
489:
485:
474:
472:
468:
464:
450:
447:
444:
441:
438:
434:
430:
427:
425:
424:Poor appetite
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
397:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
378:
375:
374:
368:
364:
361:
359:
355:
350:
348:
344:
340:
339:feeling tired
336:
335:oxyhemoglobin
332:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
301:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:feeling tired
212:
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
184:54,200 (2015)
183:
179:
175:
171:
168:
164:
160:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
140:
137:
135:
131:
128:
125:
121:
117:
113:
112:Heart failure
110:
108:
107:Complications
104:
101:
98:, confusion,
97:
93:
92:Feeling tired
90:
88:
84:
81:
78:
76:
72:
69:
65:
61:
56:
52:
50:
45:
41:
36:
30:
19:
5134:normochromic
5126:
5102:
4984:
4892:
4850:
4824:
4813:
4755:
4706:Polycythemia
4598:
4587:
4563:
4552:
4537:
4522:
4507:
4466:(5): 671–8.
4463:
4459:
4449:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4361:
4357:
4347:
4312:
4308:
4280:
4268:
4256:. Retrieved
4251:
4242:
4230:. Retrieved
4228:. 7 May 2020
4221:
4212:
4177:
4173:
4119:
4115:
4105:
4070:
4066:
4021:(1): 57–66.
4018:
4014:
4004:
3993:. Retrieved
3989:the original
3984:
3975:
3956:
3935:
3884:
3880:
3870:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3815:
3809:
3790:
3784:
3776:the original
3760:
3753:
3711:(24): 7377.
3708:
3704:
3694:
3675:
3669:
3660:
3654:
3635:
3629:
3604:
3600:
3594:
3570:(4): 580–5.
3567:
3563:
3553:
3534:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3448:(8): 884–6.
3445:
3441:
3431:
3391:(1): 15–31.
3388:
3384:
3374:
3339:
3335:
3325:
3282:
3276:
3235:
3231:
3221:
3186:
3182:
3172:
3140:(2): 146–9.
3137:
3133:
3079:
3075:
3069:
3034:
3030:
3020:
2987:
2983:
2941:
2907:
2867:
2861:
2852:
2840:
2829:. Retrieved
2822:the original
2799:
2786:
2753:
2749:
2730:December 11,
2728:. Retrieved
2699:. Retrieved
2694:
2671:
2663:
2652:. Retrieved
2648:
2639:
2596:
2592:
2582:
2563:
2526:. Retrieved
2512:
2493:
2475:
2425:
2421:
2389:
2347:
2319:
2313:
2288:
2284:
2278:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2208:
2176:
2156:. Retrieved
2152:
2121:
2093:
2041:
2037:
2027:
2008:The Vitamins
2007:
2000:
1988:. Retrieved
1984:
1975:
1963:. Retrieved
1954:
1945:
1933:. Retrieved
1921:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1891:
1844:
1840:
1792:
1788:
1763:. Retrieved
1754:
1716:. Retrieved
1707:
1683:. Retrieved
1674:
1632:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1597:
1593:
1564:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1488: 50–100
1457: 75-381
1383:Epidemiology
1375:
1352:
1346:
1342:
1337:
1333:iron sucrose
1318:
1309:formulations
1299:
1279:
1263:
1255:constipation
1248:
1229:
1218:
1210:
1167:
1147:
1143:
1100:
1088:anisocytosis
1077:
1054:
1034:
970:
958:colon cancer
943:
914:
884:
873:
850:
838:
801:
797:
788:
784:
772:
757:
745:achlorhydria
730:
719:
701:
692:
663:
646:Colon cancer
599:
583:
574:colon cancer
562:peptic ulcer
555:
528:
522:
516:
502:
480:
459:
388:Palpitations
384:(chest pain)
377:Irritability
362:
351:
327:
318:
302:
262:colon cancer
235:
199:lack of iron
197:caused by a
190:
189:
94:, weakness,
47:
29:
5139:hypochromic
5095:Blood tests
4857:Thalassemia
4815:enzymopathy
4744:Nutritional
4589:MedlinePlus
4364:(11): 693.
4258:16 February
3342:(1): 10–5.
2756:(1): 22–8.
2701:12 December
2649:Mayo Clinic
1990:11 December
1451: 31–74
1445: 20–30
1439: 13–19
1305:anaphylaxis
1289:or another
1114:transferrin
1080:hypochromic
1024:transferrin
976:Blood tests
966:colonoscopy
906:bone marrow
902:transferrin
880:ferroportin
857:bone marrow
666:whole blood
630:clopidogrel
586:menorrhagia
507:known as a
418:Koilonychia
298:blood tests
139:Blood tests
116:arrhythmias
43:Other names
5195:Categories
5120:macrocytic
5115:microcytic
5110:normocytic
5073:Acquired:
5059:Hereditary
4826:glycolysis
4806:Hereditary
4565:DiseasesDB
4166:Webster AC
3995:2017-12-06
3881:Pediatrics
2831:2018-12-07
2654:2018-12-13
2528:2014-03-05
2158:2021-12-02
1570:References
1433: 9–12
1367:hemoglobin
1193:See also:
1185:lab test.
1183:hematocrit
1179:hemoglobin
1122:Serum iron
1110:serum iron
1041:hematocrit
1037:hemoglobin
1002:hemoglobin
989:Parameter
926:hemoglobin
894:hemoglobin
552:Blood loss
398:Tingling,
358:pagophagia
250:childbirth
238:blood loss
207:hemoglobin
154:Medication
80:Hematology
4791:Hemolytic
4600:eMedicine
4358:Nutrients
4232:13 August
3727:2077-0383
3301:952123506
3268:220976197
3252:1753-0407
2613:1469-493X
1427: 6–8
1421: 4–5
1415: 2–3
1359:oral iron
1347:Ferracru,
1275:H. pylori
1189:Treatment
1164:Screening
932:Diagnosis
847:Mechanism
776:hemolysis
749:H. pylori
671:platelets
606:esophagus
513:helminths
429:Dysphagia
406:Glossitis
333:(reduced
310:vitamin C
280:. In the
223:confusion
173:Frequency
163:vitamin C
145:Treatment
75:Specialty
5049:(mostly
5046:Aplastic
4986:membrane
4933:Acquired
4894:membrane
4794:(mostly
4687:Diseases
4628:Archived
4605:med/1188
4476:Archived
4472:17375513
4433:10818399
4390:27827838
4339:23245607
4285:Archived
4283:. 2002.
4252:DailyMed
4204:30790278
4146:33471939
4097:33471939
4045:27913463
3903:26347426
3862:26344176
3745:36555993
3621:17943034
3586:19289594
3468:Archived
3423:31008520
3366:23589789
3260:32755052
3213:23613366
3164:25719576
3104:31142805
3096:18297894
3061:41444849
3053:25078533
3012:17628280
3004:25946282
2818:25057538
2778:23683533
2770:25227596
2724:Archived
2631:30699468
2522:Archived
2452:27990046
2305:17368978
2270:31149574
2068:25530442
1959:Archived
1929:Archived
1896:Archived
1871:27733281
1819:27733282
1759:Archived
1712:Archived
1679:Archived
1628:Archived
1606:24716235
1371:ferritin
1343:Accrufer
1283:dialysis
1106:ferritin
998:ferritin
917:ferritin
875:Hepcidin
865:ferritin
841:hepcidin
835:Hepcidin
794:Children
722:duodenum
638:warfarin
636:such as
628:such as
400:numbness
294:HIV/AIDS
217:, weak,
87:Symptoms
4559:D018798
4441:6740558
4413:Bibcode
4381:5133080
4330:6350784
4195:6384096
4137:8092475
4088:8092475
4036:6142502
3736:9786287
3517:9686711
3508:1496985
3455:1819106
3414:6697587
3393:Bibcode
3357:3624997
3204:3685880
3155:4375689
2855:. 2017.
2622:6360921
2443:5155066
2261:6536080
2059:4340604
1965:17 July
1935:17 July
1902:17 July
1862:5388903
1810:5055577
1765:17 July
1718:17 July
1685:17 July
1634:17 July
1409: 1
1403: 0
1238:in the
986:Change
724:. Iron
622:aspirin
471:neurons
463:neurons
290:malaria
246:periods
209:in the
5051:normo-
4796:normo-
4770:Macro-
4752:Micro-
4735:Anemia
4594:000584
4470:
4439:
4431:
4388:
4378:
4337:
4327:
4309:Lancet
4202:
4192:
4144:
4134:
4095:
4085:
4043:
4033:
3963:
3901:
3860:
3822:
3797:
3768:
3743:
3733:
3725:
3682:
3642:
3619:
3584:
3541:
3515:
3505:
3464:737638
3462:
3452:
3421:
3411:
3364:
3354:
3299:
3289:
3266:
3258:
3250:
3211:
3201:
3162:
3152:
3102:
3094:
3059:
3051:
3010:
3002:
2948:
2920:
2916:–195.
2874:
2816:
2806:
2793:"Iron"
2776:
2768:
2629:
2619:
2611:
2570:
2500:
2450:
2440:
2396:
2354:
2326:
2303:
2268:
2258:
2215:
2183:
2128:
2066:
2056:
2038:Lancet
2015:
1981:"Iron"
1869:
1859:
1841:Lancet
1817:
1807:
1789:Lancet
1604:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1522:
1516:
1510:
1504:
1498:
1492:
1486:
1480:
1474:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1139:anemia
1116:, and
1055:A low
620:(e.g.
546:mucosa
533:. The
527:, and
488:cancer
382:Angina
331:pallor
292:, and
264:, and
195:anemia
181:Deaths
123:Causes
100:pallor
5154:Other
4883:trait
4872:delta
4862:alpha
4437:S2CID
4277:(xls)
4226:(FDA)
4222:U.S.
3264:S2CID
3100:S2CID
3057:S2CID
3008:S2CID
2849:(PDF)
2825:(PDF)
2796:(PDF)
2774:S2CID
2153:WebMD
1955:NHLBI
1925:(WHO)
1892:NHLBI
1755:NHLBI
1708:NHLBI
1624:NHLBI
1357:with
1273:, or
1103:serum
869:human
861:liver
614:colon
477:Cause
211:blood
4942:AIHA
4867:beta
4570:6947
4554:MeSH
4543:9-CM
4518:3A00
4468:PMID
4429:PMID
4386:PMID
4335:PMID
4260:2020
4234:2020
4200:PMID
4178:2019
4142:PMID
4093:PMID
4041:PMID
4019:2016
3961:ISBN
3899:PMID
3858:PMID
3820:ISBN
3795:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3741:PMID
3723:ISSN
3680:ISBN
3640:ISBN
3617:PMID
3582:PMID
3539:ISBN
3513:PMID
3460:PMID
3419:PMID
3389:1450
3362:PMID
3297:OCLC
3287:ISBN
3256:PMID
3248:ISSN
3209:PMID
3160:PMID
3092:PMID
3049:PMID
3000:PMID
2946:ISBN
2918:ISBN
2872:ISBN
2814:PMID
2804:ISBN
2766:PMID
2732:2012
2703:2018
2627:PMID
2609:ISSN
2568:ISBN
2498:ISBN
2448:PMID
2394:ISBN
2352:ISBN
2324:ISBN
2301:PMID
2266:PMID
2213:ISBN
2181:ISBN
2126:ISBN
2064:PMID
2013:ISBN
1992:2018
1967:2017
1937:2017
1904:2017
1867:PMID
1815:PMID
1767:2017
1720:2017
1687:2017
1636:2017
1602:PMID
1345:and
1197:and
1156:. A
1132:(or
964:and
886:Iron
859:and
778:and
702:The
681:Diet
652:and
632:and
590:IUDs
354:Pica
231:pale
51:DA,
4689:of
4548:280
4539:ICD
4533:D50
4524:ICD
4509:ICD
4421:doi
4409:900
4376:PMC
4366:doi
4325:PMC
4317:doi
4313:380
4190:PMC
4182:doi
4132:PMC
4124:doi
4083:PMC
4075:doi
4031:PMC
4023:doi
3889:doi
3885:136
3850:doi
3846:163
3731:PMC
3713:doi
3609:doi
3605:100
3572:doi
3568:131
3503:PMC
3495:doi
3450:PMC
3446:119
3409:PMC
3401:doi
3352:PMC
3344:doi
3240:doi
3199:PMC
3191:doi
3150:PMC
3142:doi
3084:doi
3039:doi
2992:doi
2988:372
2914:173
2758:doi
2617:PMC
2601:doi
2438:PMC
2430:doi
2293:doi
2256:PMC
2246:doi
2054:PMC
2046:doi
2042:385
1857:PMC
1849:doi
1845:388
1805:PMC
1797:doi
1793:388
1181:or
1063:or
731:In
673:or
349:.
272:or
193:is
5197::
5061::
4772::
4754::
4603::
4592::
4568::
4557::
4546::
4531::
4528:10
4516::
4513:11
4474:.
4464:75
4462:.
4458:.
4435:.
4427:.
4419:.
4407:.
4384:.
4374:.
4360:.
4356:.
4333:.
4323:.
4311:.
4307:.
4293:^
4279:.
4250:.
4220:.
4198:.
4188:.
4176:.
4172:.
4154:^
4140:.
4130:.
4118:.
4114:.
4091:.
4081:.
4069:.
4065:.
4053:^
4039:.
4029:.
4017:.
4013:.
3983:.
3943:^
3911:^
3897:.
3883:.
3879:.
3856:.
3844:.
3739:.
3729:.
3721:.
3709:11
3707:.
3703:.
3615:.
3603:.
3580:.
3566:.
3562:.
3525:^
3511:.
3501:.
3491:13
3489:.
3485:.
3466:.
3458:.
3444:.
3440:.
3417:.
3407:.
3399:.
3387:.
3383:.
3360:.
3350:.
3340:48
3338:.
3334:.
3309:^
3295:.
3262:.
3254:.
3246:.
3236:13
3234:.
3230:.
3207:.
3197:.
3185:.
3181:.
3158:.
3148:.
3138:36
3136:.
3132:.
3112:^
3098:.
3090:.
3080:28
3078:.
3055:.
3047:.
3035:40
3033:.
3029:.
3006:.
2998:.
2986:.
2960:^
2932:^
2886:^
2851:.
2812:.
2798:.
2772:.
2764:.
2754:65
2752:.
2740:^
2711:^
2693:.
2682:^
2647:.
2625:.
2615:.
2607:.
2595:.
2591:.
2538:^
2520:.
2484:^
2460:^
2446:.
2436:.
2426:39
2424:.
2420:.
2408:^
2366:^
2338:^
2299:.
2287:.
2264:.
2254:.
2242:10
2240:.
2236:.
2195:^
2167:^
2151:.
2140:^
2102:^
2076:^
2062:.
2052:.
2040:.
2036:.
1983:.
1953:.
1927:.
1920:.
1890:.
1879:^
1865:.
1855:.
1843:.
1839:.
1827:^
1813:.
1803:.
1791:.
1787:.
1775:^
1753:.
1728:^
1706:.
1695:^
1673:.
1644:^
1622:.
1598:15
1596:.
1578:^
1269:,
1216:.
1141:.
1108:,
1052:.
1026:,
1022:,
1016:↑
1008:,
1004:,
1000:,
994:↓
677:.
644:.
608:,
568:,
564:,
521:,
300:.
288:,
284:,
260:,
256:,
252:,
248:,
225:,
165:,
161:,
114:,
49:Fe
5053:)
4896::
4881:/
4854::
4817::
4798:)
4727:↓
4698:↑
4679:e
4672:t
4665:v
4541:-
4526:-
4511:-
4501:D
4443:.
4423::
4415::
4392:.
4368::
4362:8
4341:.
4319::
4262:.
4236:.
4206:.
4184::
4148:.
4126::
4120:1
4099:.
4077::
4071:1
4047:.
4025::
3998:.
3969:.
3905:.
3891::
3864:.
3852::
3828:.
3803:.
3747:.
3715::
3688:.
3648:.
3623:.
3611::
3588:.
3574::
3547:.
3519:.
3497::
3425:.
3403::
3395::
3368:.
3346::
3303:.
3270:.
3242::
3215:.
3193::
3187:3
3166:.
3144::
3106:.
3086::
3063:.
3041::
3014:.
2994::
2954:.
2926:.
2880:.
2834:.
2780:.
2760::
2734:.
2705:.
2657:.
2633:.
2603::
2597:1
2576:.
2531:.
2506:.
2454:.
2432::
2402:.
2360:.
2332:.
2307:.
2295::
2289:8
2272:.
2248::
2221:.
2189:.
2161:.
2134:.
2070:.
2048::
2021:.
1994:.
1969:.
1939:.
1906:.
1873:.
1851::
1821:.
1799::
1769:.
1722:.
1689:.
1638:.
1608:.
439:)
435:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.