194:
278:. These changes include oxy-fuel combustion, new burner technology, and 3D reactor geometries. However, as is common within mature technologies these changes only led to marginal gains in energy efficiency. To drastically curb the greenhouse gas emission of steam cracking, electrification does offer a solution as renewable electricity can be directly transformed into heat by, for example, resistive and inductive heating. As a result, several petrochemical companies joined forces resulting in the development of several joint agreements in which they combine R&D efforts to investigate how naphtha or gas steam crackers could be operated using renewable electricity instead of fossil fuel combustion.
20:
185:, on the reactor walls. This degrades the efficiency of the reactor, so reaction conditions are designed to minimize this. Nonetheless, a steam cracking furnace can usually only run for a few months at a time between de-cokings. Decokes require the furnace to be isolated from the process and then a flow of steam or a steam/air mixture is passed through the furnace coils. This converts the hard solid carbon layer to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. Once this reaction is complete, the furnace can be returned to service.
266:
compressing cracked gas, the propylene refrigeration compressor, and the ethylene refrigeration compressor. An ethylene plant, once running, does not need to import steam to drive its steam turbines. A typical world scale ethylene plant (about 1.5 billion pounds (680 KTA) of ethylene per year) uses a 45,000 horsepower (34,000 kW) cracked gas compressor, a 30,000 hp (22,000 kW) propylene compressor, and a 15,000 hp (11,000 kW) ethylene compressor.
98:
260:
The bottom stream from the depropanizer tower is fed to the debutanizer tower. The overhead stream from the debutanizer is all of the C4's that were in the cracked gas stream. The bottom stream from the debutanizer (light pyrolysis gasoline) consists of everything in the cracked gas stream that is C5
82:
is thermally cracked through the use of steam in steam cracking furnaces to produce lighter hydrocarbons. The propane dehydrogenation process may be accomplished through different commercial technologies. The main differences between each of them concerns the catalyst employed, design of the reactor
240:
the bottom stream from the demethanizer tower goes to the deethanizer tower. The overhead stream from the deethanizer tower consists of all the C2's that were in the cracked gas stream. The C2 stream contains acetylene, which is explosive above 200 kPa (29 psi). If the partial pressure of acetylene
236:
all of the cold cracked gas stream goes to the demethanizer tower. The overhead stream from the demethanizer tower consists of all the hydrogen and methane that was in the cracked gas stream. Cryogenically (â250 °F (â157 °C)) treating this overhead stream separates hydrogen from methane.
273:
of ethylene, 1–1.6 tonne of carbon dioxide (depending on the feedstock) is being produced. Resulting in a staggering amount of more than 300 million tonnes of carbon dioxide that is annually emitted into the atmosphere of which 70–90% is directly attributed to the combustion of fossil
265:
Since ethylene production is energy intensive, much effort has been dedicated to recovering heat from the gas leaving the furnaces. Most of the energy recovered from the cracked gas is used to make high pressure (1200 psig (8300 kPa)) steam. This steam is in turn used to drive the turbines for
241:
is expected to exceed these values, the C2 stream is partially hydrogenated. The C2's then proceed to a C2 splitter. The product ethylene is taken from the overhead of the tower and the ethane coming from the bottom of the splitter is recycled to the furnaces to be cracked again;
244:
the bottom stream from the de-ethanizer tower goes to the depropanizer tower. The overhead stream from the depropanizer tower consists of all the C3's that were in the cracked gas stream. Before feeding the C3's to the C3 splitter, the stream is hydrogenated to convert the
122:
is diluted with steam and briefly heated in a furnace in the absence of oxygen. Typically, the reaction temperature is very high, at around 850 °C. The reaction occurs rapidly: the residence time is on the order of milliseconds. Flow rates approach the
501:
286:
Several proprietary designs are available under a license that must be purchased from the design developer by any petroleum refining company desiring to construct and operate a Steam
Cracking unit of a given design.
257:) mix. This stream is then sent to the C3 splitter. The overhead stream from the C3 splitter is product propylene and the bottom stream is propane which is sent back to the furnaces for cracking or used as fuel.
134:
The products produced in the reaction depend on the composition of the feed, the hydrocarbon-to-steam ratio, and on the cracking temperature and furnace residence time. Light hydrocarbon feeds such as
585:
89:
are useful precursors to myriad products. Steam cracking is the core technology that supports the largest scale chemical processes, i.e. ethylene and propylene.
1384:
966:
905:
1374:
1369:
890:
146:. Heavier hydrocarbon (full range and heavy naphthas as well as other refinery products) feeds give some of these same products, but also those rich in
1356:
877:
948:
381:
537:
519:
1396:
917:
269:
Even though the thorough energy integration within a steam cracking plant, this process produces an unsurmountable amount of carbon dioxide. Per
1442:
1457:
1452:
1437:
1022:
1526:
1495:
1274:
1264:
1149:
1531:
1510:
1505:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1269:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1144:
810:
355:
193:
2372:
609:
651:
477:
38:
are broken down into smaller, often unsaturated, hydrocarbons. It is the principal industrial method for producing the lighter
398:
127:. After the cracking temperature has been reached, the gas is quickly quenched to stop the reaction in a transfer line
2357:
2118:
274:
fuel. In the last few decades, several advances in steam cracking technology have been implemented to increase its
2402:
1576:
2554:
2332:
425:
324:
502:"BASF, SABIC and Linde join forces to realize the world's first electrically heated steam cracker furnace"
2337:
275:
644:
408:
2528:
19:
2508:
2468:
1036:
115:
67:
2463:
2342:
1986:
800:
221:
2387:
2111:
2047:
1981:
637:
2397:
2377:
2314:
1565:
1364:
334:
147:
520:"Petrochemical companies form Cracker of the Future Consortium and sign R&D agreement"
177:, C4-hydrocarbons and liquid products. The process also results in the slow deposition of
8:
2367:
2347:
2318:
2305:
1893:
2458:
2432:
2362:
2080:
2037:
895:
885:
2498:
2422:
2412:
2382:
2323:
1971:
1943:
1786:
1546:
1541:
1379:
900:
394:
439:
Amghizar, Ismaël; Vandewalle, Laurien A.; Van Geem, Kevin M.; Marin, Guy B. (2017).
2549:
2478:
2407:
2392:
2104:
1935:
561:
452:
386:
297:
217:
390:
2518:
2488:
2417:
2085:
2042:
1951:
1825:
790:
780:
246:
2513:
2503:
2016:
2011:
1976:
1927:
1833:
805:
795:
128:
124:
16:
Petrochemical process to break down saturated hydrocarbons in smaller molecules
457:
440:
237:
Methane recovery is critical to the economical operation of an ethylene plant.
2543:
2473:
2448:
2352:
1693:
1500:
1490:
986:
307:
31:
2523:
2453:
2427:
1799:
1763:
1659:
1432:
1422:
1331:
1321:
1311:
852:
842:
832:
211:
a dilution steam recycle system between the furnaces and the quench system;
2483:
1847:
1804:
1777:
1711:
1674:
1593:
1447:
1427:
1414:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1326:
1316:
1303:
1134:
867:
862:
857:
847:
837:
824:
660:
329:
178:
162:
35:
2493:
2309:
1906:
1794:
1598:
1485:
1475:
1404:
1139:
961:
956:
931:
785:
775:
250:
97:
478:"Dream or Reality? Electrification of the Chemical Process Industries"
1911:
1649:
1618:
1608:
1603:
1480:
1208:
996:
991:
770:
356:"Technology Economics: Propylene via Propane Dehydrogenation, Part 3"
319:
302:
290:
These are the major steam cracking furnaces designers and licensors:
143:
59:
2141:
2075:
2070:
1880:
1872:
1864:
1744:
1736:
1728:
1679:
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1654:
1644:
1639:
1613:
1536:
1248:
1228:
1078:
1006:
1001:
981:
155:
151:
62:). Steam cracker units are facilities in which a feedstock such as
51:
2226:
2192:
2158:
2032:
2006:
1856:
1701:
1634:
1233:
1223:
1213:
1103:
1093:
1083:
971:
937:
925:
739:
729:
719:
709:
214:
primary compression of the cracked gas (3 stages of compression);
174:
170:
139:
111:
86:
75:
63:
55:
142:
give mainly lighter alkenes, including ethylene, propylene, and
2327:
2277:
2260:
2243:
2209:
2175:
2127:
1901:
1820:
1720:
1669:
1243:
1238:
1218:
1178:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1098:
1088:
1049:
976:
754:
749:
744:
734:
724:
714:
679:
629:
438:
254:
182:
166:
135:
119:
79:
71:
47:
43:
39:
1585:
1551:
1467:
270:
110:
In steam cracking, a gaseous or liquid hydrocarbon feed like
2096:
165:(also referred to as severity) favors the production of
23:
281:
173:, whereas lower severity produces higher amounts of
83:and strategies to achieve higher conversion rates.
2541:
353:
208:primary and secondary heat recovery with quench;
678:
378:
131:or inside a quenching header using quench oil.
538:"Pyrolysis/Steam Cracking | Lummus Technology"
382:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2112:
645:
150:and hydrocarbons suitable for inclusion in
2119:
2105:
652:
638:
456:
379:Zimmermann, Heinz; Walzl, Roland (2009).
374:
372:
432:
192:
96:
18:
340:
2542:
369:
227:secondary compression (1 or 2 stages);
92:
2100:
633:
472:
470:
468:
201:The areas of an ethylene plant are:
13:
610:"Petrochemical Technologies | KBR"
197:Ludwigshafen steamcracker at night
188:
14:
2566:
562:"Ethylene - Technip Energies plc"
465:
441:"New Trends in Olefin Production"
282:Steam cracking furnaces licensors
2373:HornerâWadsworthâEmmons reaction
659:
602:
354:Giovanni Maggini (2013-04-17).
578:
554:
530:
512:
494:
347:
1:
2358:CoreyâWinter olefin synthesis
586:"Cracking furnace technology"
391:10.1002/14356007.a10_045.pub3
101:Steam cracker process diagram
325:Petroleum refining processes
7:
2126:
313:
34:process in which saturated
10:
2571:
230:drying of the cracked gas;
105:
2529:Friedel-Crafts Alkylation
2441:
2403:RambergâBĂ€cklund reaction
2298:
2134:
2063:
2025:
1999:
1964:
1920:
1892:
1855:
1846:
1813:
1785:
1776:
1756:
1719:
1710:
1692:
1627:
1584:
1575:
1564:
1519:
1466:
1413:
1395:
1355:
1302:
1257:
1201:
1177:
1127:
1071:
1048:
1035:
1015:
947:
916:
876:
823:
763:
702:
667:
458:10.1016/J.ENG.2017.02.006
2333:BamfordâStevens reaction
542:www.lummustechnology.com
205:steam cracking furnaces:
2469:Oxymercuration reaction
2338:BartonâKellogg reaction
566:www.technipenergies.com
385:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
68:liquefied petroleum gas
2464:Electrophilic addition
2343:Boord olefin synthesis
1987:1,3,5-Triheptylbenzene
524:www.borealisgroup.com/
222:carbon dioxide removal
198:
102:
24:
2388:Kauffmann olefination
1982:1,3,5-Triethylbenzene
196:
148:aromatic hydrocarbons
100:
22:
2555:Petroleum production
2509:DielsâAlder reaction
2398:Peterson olefination
2378:Hydrazone iodination
2315:Dehydration reaction
1385:Isopropylcyclohexene
967:Perhydrophenanthrene
906:Isopropylcyclohexane
341:Notes and references
335:Cracking (chemistry)
233:cryogenic treatment;
2368:Hofmann elimination
2348:Chugaev elimination
2306:Dehydrohalogenation
2081:Alicyclic compounds
1894:Tetramethylbenzenes
224:(acid gas removal);
93:Process description
2433:Cope rearrangement
2363:Grieco elimination
2038:Cyclopropenylidene
1375:Methylcyclopentene
1365:Methylcyclopropene
896:Methylcyclopentane
886:Methylcyclopropane
416:Unknown parameter
199:
161:A higher cracking
103:
25:
2537:
2536:
2499:Hydrohalogenation
2423:Olefin metathesis
2413:Takai olefination
2383:Julia olefination
2324:Semihydrogenation
2094:
2093:
2059:
2058:
1995:
1994:
1972:Hexamethylbenzene
1960:
1959:
1842:
1841:
1787:Trimethylbenzenes
1772:
1771:
1688:
1687:
1560:
1559:
1547:Cyclododecatriene
1542:Cyclooctatetraene
1380:Methylcyclohexene
1370:Methylcyclobutene
1357:Alkylcycloalkenes
1298:
1297:
1173:
1172:
1031:
1030:
901:Methylcyclohexane
891:Methylcyclobutane
878:Alkylcycloalkanes
819:
818:
590:Linde Engineering
482:www.aiche-cep.com
409:cite encyclopedia
294:Lummus Technology
276:energy efficiency
138:, LPGs, or light
2562:
2479:Cyclopropanation
2408:Shapiro reaction
2393:McMurry reaction
2290:
2273:
2256:
2239:
2222:
2205:
2188:
2171:
2154:
2121:
2114:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2051:-Propenylbenzene
1853:
1852:
1783:
1782:
1717:
1716:
1708:
1707:
1582:
1581:
1573:
1572:
1258:Branched alkynes
1199:
1198:
1128:Branched alkenes
1069:
1068:
1046:
1045:
949:Polycycloalkanes
934:(bicycloheptane)
928:(bicyclopentane)
764:Branched alkanes
700:
699:
676:
675:
654:
647:
640:
631:
630:
624:
623:
621:
620:
606:
600:
599:
597:
596:
582:
576:
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572:
558:
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510:
509:
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491:
489:
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419:
414:
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404:
376:
367:
366:
364:
363:
358:. Slideshare.net
351:
298:Technip Energies
218:hydrogen sulfide
2570:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2560:
2559:
2540:
2539:
2538:
2533:
2519:Dehydrogenation
2489:Dihydroxylation
2437:
2418:Wittig reaction
2294:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2130:
2125:
2095:
2090:
2086:Petroleum jelly
2055:
2043:Phenylacetylene
2021:
1991:
1956:
1952:Isobutylbenzene
1916:
1888:
1838:
1809:
1768:
1752:
1706:
1684:
1623:
1567:
1556:
1515:
1462:
1409:
1391:
1351:
1294:
1253:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1169:
1123:
1065:
1058:
1052:
1041:
1039:
1027:
1011:
943:
940:(bicyclodecane)
912:
872:
815:
781:3-Methylpentane
759:
696:
688:
682:
671:
669:
663:
658:
628:
627:
618:
616:
608:
607:
603:
594:
592:
584:
583:
579:
570:
568:
560:
559:
555:
546:
544:
536:
535:
531:
518:
517:
513:
500:
499:
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486:
484:
476:
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466:
437:
433:
421:
417:
415:
406:
405:
401:
377:
370:
361:
359:
352:
348:
343:
316:
284:
247:methylacetylene
191:
189:Process details
108:
95:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2568:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2516:
2514:Wacker process
2511:
2506:
2504:Polymerization
2501:
2496:
2491:
2486:
2481:
2476:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2445:
2443:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2435:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2292:
2287:
2283:
2275:
2270:
2266:
2258:
2253:
2249:
2241:
2236:
2232:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2190:
2185:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2164:
2156:
2151:
2147:
2138:
2136:
2132:
2131:
2124:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2101:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2054:
2053:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2029:
2027:
2023:
2022:
2020:
2019:
2017:4-Vinyltoluene
2014:
2012:Divinylbenzene
2009:
2003:
2001:
1997:
1996:
1993:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1979:
1977:2-Phenylhexane
1974:
1968:
1966:
1962:
1961:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
1949:
1941:
1933:
1924:
1922:
1918:
1917:
1915:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1870:
1861:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1834:4-Ethyltoluene
1831:
1829:-Propylbenzene
1823:
1817:
1815:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1791:
1789:
1780:
1774:
1773:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1760:
1758:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1742:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1704:
1698:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1686:
1685:
1683:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1652:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1624:
1622:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1590:
1588:
1579:
1570:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1523:
1521:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1478:
1472:
1470:
1464:
1463:
1461:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1425:
1419:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1408:
1407:
1401:
1399:
1397:Bicycloalkenes
1393:
1392:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1382:
1377:
1372:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1350:
1349:
1344:
1339:
1334:
1329:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1296:
1295:
1293:
1292:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1261:
1259:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1202:Linear alkynes
1196:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1168:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1075:
1073:
1072:Linear alkenes
1066:
1060:
1054:
1043:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1009:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
974:
969:
964:
959:
953:
951:
945:
944:
942:
941:
935:
929:
922:
920:
918:Bicycloalkanes
914:
913:
911:
910:
908:
903:
898:
893:
888:
882:
880:
874:
873:
871:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
829:
827:
821:
820:
817:
816:
814:
813:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
778:
773:
767:
765:
761:
760:
758:
757:
752:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
712:
706:
704:
703:Linear alkanes
697:
690:
684:
673:
665:
664:
657:
656:
649:
642:
634:
626:
625:
601:
577:
553:
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464:
451:(2): 171â178.
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400:978-3527306732
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129:heat exchanger
125:speed of sound
107:
104:
94:
91:
28:Steam cracking
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2567:
2556:
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2548:
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2545:
2530:
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2507:
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2500:
2497:
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2487:
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2480:
2477:
2475:
2474:Hydroboration
2472:
2470:
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2462:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2449:Hydrogenation
2447:
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2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2424:
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2416:
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2399:
2396:
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2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2353:Cope reaction
2351:
2349:
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2341:
2339:
2336:
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2331:
2329:
2325:
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2320:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2307:
2304:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2279:
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2262:
2259:
2245:
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2228:
2225:
2211:
2208:
2194:
2191:
2177:
2174:
2160:
2157:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2117:
2115:
2110:
2108:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
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2062:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2044:
2041:
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2036:
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2031:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:Vinylbenzenes
1998:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:-Butylbenzene
1946:
1942:
1940:
1939:-Butylbenzene
1938:
1934:
1932:
1931:-Butylbenzene
1930:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
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1900:
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1694:Alkylbenzenes
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1021:
1020:
1018:
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1008:
1005:
1003:
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998:
995:
993:
990:
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987:Dodecahedrane
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
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952:
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946:
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927:
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769:
768:
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751:
748:
746:
743:
741:
738:
736:
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728:
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723:
721:
718:
716:
713:
711:
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694:
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677:
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648:
643:
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636:
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632:
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557:
543:
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507:
506:www.basf.com/
503:
497:
483:
479:
473:
471:
469:
459:
454:
450:
446:
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435:
427:
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402:
396:
392:
388:
384:
383:
375:
373:
357:
350:
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336:
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331:
328:
326:
323:
321:
318:
317:
309:
306:
304:
301:
299:
296:
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292:
291:
288:
279:
277:
272:
267:
259:
256:
252:
248:
243:
239:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
204:
203:
202:
195:
186:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
159:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
137:
132:
130:
126:
121:
117:
113:
99:
90:
88:
84:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
46:), including
45:
42:(or commonly
41:
37:
33:
32:petrochemical
29:
21:
2524:Ene reaction
2454:Halogenation
2428:Ene reaction
2299:Preparations
2048:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1881:
1873:
1865:
1826:
1800:Pseudocumene
1764:Ethylbenzene
1745:
1737:
1729:
1660:Phenanthrene
1568:hydrocarbons
1443:Cycloheptyne
1433:Cyclopentyne
1423:Cyclopropyne
1415:Cycloalkynes
1332:Cycloheptene
1322:Cyclopentene
1312:Cyclopropene
1304:Cycloalkenes
1191:
1184:
1062:
1055:
1042:hydrocarbons
1023:Spiroalkanes
853:Cycloheptane
843:Cyclopentane
833:Cyclopropane
825:Cycloalkanes
692:
685:
672:hydrocarbons
661:Hydrocarbons
617:. Retrieved
613:
604:
593:. Retrieved
589:
580:
569:. Retrieved
565:
556:
545:. Retrieved
541:
532:
523:
514:
505:
496:
485:. Retrieved
481:
448:
444:
434:
424:suggested) (
422:|title=
380:
360:. Retrieved
349:
289:
285:
268:
264:
200:
181:, a form of
160:
133:
109:
85:
36:hydrocarbons
27:
26:
2484:Epoxidation
1848:C4-Benzenes
1805:Hemellitene
1778:C3-Benzenes
1712:C2-Benzenes
1675:Corannulene
1594:Naphthalene
1458:Cyclodecyne
1453:Cyclononyne
1448:Cyclooctyne
1438:Cyclohexyne
1428:Cyclobutyne
1347:Cyclodecene
1342:Cyclononene
1337:Cyclooctene
1327:Cyclohexene
1317:Cyclobutene
1037:Unsaturated
868:Cyclodecane
863:Cyclononane
858:Cyclooctane
848:Cyclohexane
838:Cyclobutane
614:www.kbr.com
445:Engineering
418:|tile=
330:Natural gas
261:or heavier.
163:temperature
2544:Categories
2494:Ozonolysis
2310:haloalkane
1907:Prehnitene
1795:Mesitylene
1650:Circulenes
1599:Anthracene
1527:Alkatriene
1496:Heptadiene
1486:Pentadiene
1476:Propadiene
1405:Norbornene
1275:Isoheptyne
1265:Isopentyne
1150:Isoheptene
1140:Isopentene
962:Diamondoid
957:Adamantane
932:Norbornane
796:Isoheptane
786:Neopentane
776:Isopentane
619:2020-01-27
595:2020-01-13
571:2021-10-27
547:2020-07-16
487:2021-07-05
362:2013-11-12
251:propadiene
2459:Hydration
2442:Reactions
2076:Annulynes
2071:Annulenes
1912:Isodurene
1645:Helicenes
1619:Heptacene
1609:Pentacene
1604:Tetracene
1532:Alkadiyne
1511:Decadiene
1506:Nonadiene
1501:Octadiene
1491:Hexadiene
1481:Butadiene
1290:Isodecyne
1285:Isononyne
1280:Isooctyne
1270:Isohexyne
1165:Isodecene
1160:Isononene
1155:Isooctene
1145:Isohexene
1135:Isobutene
1040:aliphatic
997:Churchane
992:Basketane
811:Isodecane
806:Isononane
801:Isooctane
791:Isohexane
771:Isobutane
670:aliphatic
668:Saturated
420:ignored (
320:Petroleum
144:butadiene
60:propylene
1680:Kekulene
1665:Chrysene
1655:Butalene
1640:Fluorene
1614:Hexacene
1566:Aromatic
1537:Cumulene
1007:Twistane
1002:Pagodane
982:Prismane
314:See also
156:fuel oil
152:gasoline
52:ethylene
2550:Alkenes
2319:alcohol
2227:Heptene
2193:Pentene
2159:Propene
2135:Alkenes
2128:Alkenes
2033:Benzene
2007:Styrene
1884:-Cymene
1876:-Cymene
1868:-Cymene
1857:Cymenes
1748:-Xylene
1740:-Xylene
1732:-Xylene
1721:Xylenes
1702:Toluene
1635:Azulene
1234:Heptyne
1224:Pentyne
1214:Propyne
1179:Alkynes
1104:Heptene
1094:Pentene
1084:Propene
1050:Alkenes
972:Sterane
938:Decalin
926:Housane
740:Heptane
730:Pentane
720:Propane
710:Methane
680:Alkanes
175:propene
171:benzene
140:naphtha
112:naphtha
106:General
87:Olefins
76:propane
70:(LPG),
64:naphtha
56:propene
44:olefins
40:alkenes
2328:alkyne
2278:Decene
2261:Nonene
2244:Octene
2210:Hexene
2176:Butene
2142:Ethene
1902:Durene
1821:Cumene
1670:Pyrene
1586:Acenes
1468:Dienes
1249:Decyne
1244:Nonyne
1239:Octyne
1229:Hexyne
1219:Butyne
1209:Ethyne
1119:Decene
1114:Nonene
1109:Octene
1099:Hexene
1089:Butene
1079:Ethene
977:Cubane
755:Decane
750:Nonane
745:Octane
735:Hexane
725:Butane
715:Ethane
397:
255:allene
183:carbon
167:ethene
136:ethane
120:ethane
80:butane
72:ethane
54:) and
48:ethene
2326:from
2317:from
2308:from
2064:Other
2049:trans
2026:Other
1965:Other
1921:Other
1814:Other
1757:Other
1628:Other
1552:Enyne
1520:Other
1016:Other
303:Linde
271:tonne
118:, or
30:is a
1945:tert
1577:PAHs
426:help
395:ISBN
249:and
220:and
179:coke
169:and
58:(or
50:(or
1937:sec
1194:â 2
695:+ 2
453:doi
387:doi
308:KBR
154:or
116:LPG
78:or
2546::
2288:20
2284:10
2271:18
2254:16
2237:14
2220:12
2203:10
612:.
588:.
564:.
540:.
522:.
504:.
480:.
467:^
447:.
443:.
413::
411:}}
407:{{
393:.
371:^
158:.
114:,
74:,
66:,
2291:)
2286:H
2282:C
2280:(
2274:)
2269:H
2267:9
2265:C
2263:(
2257:)
2252:H
2250:8
2248:C
2246:(
2240:)
2235:H
2233:7
2231:C
2229:(
2223:)
2218:H
2216:6
2214:C
2212:(
2206:)
2201:H
2199:5
2197:C
2195:(
2189:)
2186:8
2184:H
2182:4
2180:C
2178:(
2172:)
2169:6
2167:H
2165:3
2163:C
2161:(
2155:)
2152:4
2150:H
2148:2
2146:C
2144:(
2120:e
2113:t
2106:v
1929:n
1882:p
1874:m
1866:o
1827:n
1746:p
1738:m
1730:o
1192:n
1190:2
1188:H
1185:n
1182:C
1063:n
1061:2
1059:H
1056:n
1053:C
693:n
691:2
689:H
686:n
683:C
653:e
646:t
639:v
622:.
598:.
574:.
550:.
526:.
508:.
490:.
461:.
455::
449:3
428:)
403:.
389::
365:.
253:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
