1224:
1232:
1392:
1100:
1353:, an Azawadi separatist group, helped retake several main towns in the North, but stayed neutral in fighting between the Islamists and the Malian army. The MNLA co-operated with the French troops, providing guides and logistical services and renting space in their military bases. However, no Malian army presence was allowed by MNLA authorities, due to accusations of Malian crimes against the Tuareg people. Despite this, the Islamists targeted MNLA checkpoints and other military installations with suicide bombers in retaliation. In-fighting also occurred when Chadian intervention forces were accused of firing upon Tuareg civilians.
99:
1929:
1645:
1661:
1669:
1677:
1653:
413:
1492:
83:
363:
338:
4361:
962:
383:
1791:
1584:
Africa expert, Mali was not to be considered "definitively partitioned". The peoples who constitute a major share of the population of northern Mali, such as
Songhai and Fulani, considered themselves to be Malian and had no interest in a separate Tuareg-dominated state. On the day of the declaration
635:
crises. Disorganised and unaware of moderate militias, some joined jihadi groups but left when acquainted with better options; they aimed to join movements that were "good" in nature and organised for humanitarian causes for the betterment of Azawad. When asked about the speculated alliance between
1310:
and Ansar Dine took control of Gao, driving out the MNLA. The following day, Ansar Dine announced that it was in control of
Timbuktu and Kidal, the three biggest cities of northern Mali. Ansar Dine continued its offensive against MNLA positions and overran all remaining MNLA held towns by 12 July
867:
The sacking of Gao marked the effective end of the
Songhai as a regional power and its economic and intellectual decline. The increasing trans-Atlantic trade, which transported African slaves, including leaders and scholars of Timbuktu, marginalised Gao and Timbuktu's roles as trade and scholarly
1361:
A peace deal was reached in June 2013 between the MNLA and the Malian government. It gave the military lease over Tuareg rebel-held land and provided Tuareg with greater autonomy which was requested after the MNLA revoked their
Independence claim. This allowed the northern part of the country to
1074:
required France to hold power in those areas assigned, e.g. by signing agreements with local chiefs, setting up a government, and making use of the area economically, before the claim would be definitive. On 15 December 1893, Timbuktu, by then long past its prime, was annexed by a small group of
561:, the secretary-general of the movement, signed the Azawadi declaration of independence, which also declared the MNLA as the interim administrators of Azawad until a "national authority" could be formed. The proclamation was never recognised by any foreign entity, and the MNLA's claim to have
1560:(AQIM). The MNLA did not establish a formal government, though it pledged to draft a constitution establishing Azawad as a democracy. The main government building is called the Palace of Azawad by the MNLA. It is a heavily guarded building in central Gao that served as the office of the
697:). On 26 May, the MNLA and its former co-belligerent Ansar Dine announced a pact in which they would merge to form an Islamist state; according to the media the new long name of Azawad was used in this pact. But this new name is not clear – sources list several variants of it: the
639:
On 14 February 2013, the MNLA renounced its claim of independence for Azawad and asked the Malian government to start negotiations on its future status. The MNLA ended the ceasefire in
September of the same year after government forces reportedly opened fire on unarmed protesters.
803:
for both the
Songhay Empire and Timbuktu through an efficient central and regional administration that allowed sufficient leeway for the city's commercial centers to flourish. With Gao as the capital of the empire, Timbuktu enjoyed a relatively autonomous position. Merchants from
1370:
In
February 2014, a massacre of a Malian general's family who were ethnic Tuareg led to an ethnic conflict between Fulani Islamists and Tuareg MNLA separatists. A massacre deliberately targeting Tuareg majority civilians was carried out by Islamists killing over 30 unarmed men.
1475:
spread out over an area of 180 by 130 kilometres. The most important of these paleochannels is the Wadi el-Ahmar, which is 1 200 metres wide at its southern end, at the Niger bend, and winds 70 to 100 kilometres northward. These long interdunal indentations that are framed by
1287:, but it called for negotiations between the two entities to address "the demands of the northern Tuareg population are old and for too long had not received adequate and necessary responses". The United States also rejected the declaration of independence.
1208:
on 1 April, the MNLA gained effective control of most of the territory they claim for an independent Azawad. In a statement released on the occasion, the MNLA invited all
Tuaregs abroad to return home and join in constructing institutions in the new state.
1261:
Mali is an anarchic state. Therefore, we have gathered a national liberation movement to put in an army capable of securing our land and an executive office capable of forming democratic institutions. We declare the independence of Azawad from this day
1585:
of independence, about 200 Malian northerners staged a rally in Bamako, declaring their rejection of the partition and their willingness to fight to drive out the rebels. A day later, 2,000 protesters joined a new rally against separatism.
1909:, described the Islamists as "intent on imposing an Islam of lash and gun on Malian Muslims." The Islamists in Timbuktu have destroyed about a half-dozen historic above-ground tombs of revered holy men, proclaiming the tombs contrary to
2682:
1294:
declared Azawad "null and void", and said that Mali is "one and indivisible entity". ECOWAS said that it would use force, if necessary, to put down the rebellion. The French government indicated it could provide logistical support.
1596:'s peace and security commissioner, the African Union has discussed sending a military force to reunify Mali. He said that negotiations with terrorists had been ruled out, but negotiations with other armed factions were still open.
2544:
717:. Azawad authorities did not officially confirm any change of name. Later reports indicated the MNLA had decided to withdraw from the pact with Ansar Dine. In a new statement, dated on 9 June, the MNLA used the name
1275:
In the same interview, Assarid promised that they would respect the colonial frontiers that separate the region from its neighbours; he insisted that Azawad's declaration of independence had international legality.
1247:
that they named Azawad on 6 April 2012 and pledged to draft a constitution establishing it as a democracy. Their statement acknowledged the United
Nations charter and said the new state would uphold its principles.
1340:
sent troops in support of the Malian army. The whole
Northern region was captured within a month prior to the Islamists offensive against the South. The rebels' main presence centered around their headquarters in
3979:
3796:
3354:
2603:
1079:(Soudan Français), a colony of France. The colony was reorganised and the name changed several times during the French colonial period. In 1899 the French Sudan was subdivided and the Azawad became part of
3743:
3615:
1167:
in Northern Mali against central government, declaring that it "will continue so long as Bamako does not recognise this territory as a separate entity". After the first attack took place in the town of
859:
in a village just north of Gao, Pasha and his forces captured Gao on 30 May 1591. Pasha was born into a family of Spanish Muslims in Morocco, who were banished by the Spanish Crown following the failed
1418:
wrote of the terrain: "Much of the land is the Sahara desert at its most inhospitable: rock, sand dunes and dust scored by shifting tracks." Some definitions of Azawad also include parts of northern
1149:
In the early twenty-first century, the region became notorious for banditry and drug smuggling. The area has been reported to contain great potential mineral wealth, including petroleum and uranium.
612:
in particular, had been in the region of Azawad for 10 years before the circumstances which led to the Azawadi declaration of independence. Locals had heard of their extremist views in respect to
878:
lost their grip on Timbuktu. By 1630, the colony was independent and the leadership had become indigenised through intermarriage and local alliances. Songhay never regained control and smaller
4305:
1349:
mountains until the French and African coalition launched an offensive to eliminate the Islamist leadership and recover foreign hostages being held by them. Tuareg nomadic groups such as the
780:
waning in the first half of the 15th century, the area around Timbuktu became relatively autonomous, although the Maghsharan Tuareg had a dominant position. Thirty years later, the rising
627:
from Mali and Niger to such a degree that it was described as "disastrous." The Tuareg rebels allegedly went into a "survival mode" for five years after his death which were fraught with
573:, which refused to recognise Azawad and called the declaration of its independence "null and void", warned it could send troops into the disputed region in support of the Malian claim.
3869:
1196:, killing around 160 Malian soldiers and capturing dozens of heavy weapons and military vehicles. In March 2012, the MNLA and Ansar Dine took control of the regional capitals of
1851:
branch of Sunni Islam. They strongly object to praying around the graves of Malikite 'holymen', and burned down an ancient Sufi shrine in Timbuktu, which had been listed as a
1692:, taken before Azawadi independence was proclaimed. Since the start of the Tuareg rebellion in January 2012, an estimated 250,000 former inhabitants have fled the territory.
2510:
2554:
3446:
2607:
1577:
law over all of Mali. At a conference, the Azawadis voiced their disapproval of radical Islamic groups, and asked all foreign fighters to disarm and leave the country.
1463:. The area of today's Timbuktu was probably permanently flooded. In the deeper parts of Azawad, there were large lakes, partly recharged by rainfall, partly by exposed
3358:
3024:
98:
673:
On 6 April 2012, in a statement posted to its website, the MNLA declared the independence of Azawad from Mali. In this Azawad Declaration of Independence, the name
6090:
4755:
636:
the MNLA and the Ansar Dine, Ag Acharatoumane said he "personally did not know of the alliance" and referred back to the distance Azawadi locals kept from them.
3751:
3623:
1684:
Northern Mali has a population density of 1.5 people per square kilometre. The Malian regions claimed by Azawad are listed hereafter (apart from the portion of
6762:
3804:
2629:
2204:
1302:
state. Later reports indicated the MNLA withdrew from the pact, distancing itself from Ansar Dine. MNLA and Ansar Dine continued to clash, culminating in the
6742:
3076:
2125:
4689:
4619:
6737:
3246:
1267:
4316:
1362:
participate in the Malian presidential elections the same month. The ceasefire didn't last long before Malian troops clashed with rebels in skirmishes.
3524:
2375:
1782:). The ethnic composition of the regions in 1950 (at that time, Kidal Region was a part of Gao Region) and in 2009 is shown in the adjacent diagrams.
3602:
557:
On 6 April 2012, in a statement posted to its website, the MNLA declared "irrevocably" the independence of Azawad from Mali. In Gao on the same day,
1624:; until 1991, when the new Kidal Region was created, it formed the northern portion of Gao Region. As such, it includes the three biggest cities of
1223:
816:, and North African cloth and horses. The Askia dynasty held leadership of the empire until 1591, when internal fights weakened the dynasty's grip.
3297:
1426:, adjacent areas to the south and the north though in its declaration of independence, the MNLA did not advance territorial claims on those areas.
1840:
branch of Sunnism, in which traditional opinions and analogical reasoning by later Muslim scholars are often used instead of a strict reliance on
1820:. French, though not spoken natively, is widely used as a lingua franca, as well as negotiations with the government of Mali and foreign affairs.
1188:. Contradictory reports on military gains and losses from Malian military, were strongly denied by the Malian government. On 24 January, the MNLA
4441:
2284:
1875:
1571:
The military wing of Ansar Dine rejected the MNLA's declaration of independence hours after it was issued. Ansar Dine vowed to establish Islamic
649:
4659:
2686:
2550:
2514:
1350:
1318:
In December 2012, the MNLA agreed on Mali's national unity and territorial integrity in talks with both the central government and Ansar Dine.
1240:
1115:
488:
417:
2475:
4581:
4459:
2324:
1977:
1553:
1307:
4831:
2405:
2179:
4079:
3213:
4482:
1379:
There was a referendum scheduled for 2017 on gaining autonomy and renaming the northern regions into "Azawad". However, Mali's President
1037:
4239:
Kaba, Lansine (1981). "Archers, Musketeers, and Mosquitoes: The Moroccan Invasion of the Sudan and the Songhay Resistance (1591–1612)".
4032:
3476:
1283:, who declared it "null and no value whatsoever". The French Foreign Ministry said it would not recognise the unilateral partition of
4137:
2099:
1291:
666:, referring to a dry river basin that covers western Niger, northeastern Mali, and southern Algeria. The name translates to "land of
570:
275:
4778:
4707:
3897:
1383:
shelved the plans for the referendum on constitutional reforms that were met with opposition and ignited regular street protests.
6732:
5503:
4604:
4532:
3773:
3711:
2518:
3694:
1231:
6757:
4594:
3667:
1852:
112:
6722:
6336:
6306:
5408:
4294:
4200:
3380:
2910:
2656:
1962:
4285:
Kirkby, Coel; Murray, Christina (2010). "Elusive Autonomy in Sub-Saharan Africa". In Weller, Marc; Nobbs, Katherine (eds.).
3190:
1515:
The MNLA in its declaration of independence announced the first political institutions of the state of Azawad. It included:
6752:
6331:
6256:
5048:
5012:
4773:
4515:
3050:
1540:
Although the MNLA claimed responsibility for managing the country "until the appointment of a national authority" in their
1130:
in 1958, and Mali became independent from France in 1960. Four major Tuareg rebellions took place against Malian rule: the
581:
396:
4050:
4002:
3645:
784:
expanded in Gao, absorbing Timbuktu in 1468 or 1469 and much of the surrounding area. The city was led, consecutively, by
4434:
3843:
2604:"Proclamation de la République Islamique de l'Azawad : La vraie face de l'irrédentisme et de l'intégrisme s'affiche"
2230:
1957:
1244:
1218:
484:
400:
1332:
In January 2013, a minor insurgency began when Islamist fundamentalist groups attempted to take control of all of Mali.
6497:
1541:
872:. While initially controlling the Morocco – Timbuktu trade routes, Morocco soon cut its ties with the Arma. Subsequent
288:
6033:
4735:
4715:
4677:
4343:
4228:
4212:
4177:
3934:
4390:
4824:
4627:
4609:
4549:
4539:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1139:
1135:
1001:
996:
991:
3528:
2757:
6582:
6437:
5686:
5493:
4750:
3080:
2383:
1557:
1391:
1030:
4167:
3169:
6286:
6241:
5498:
5319:
4745:
4649:
4427:
3729:
1099:
1071:
6687:
are listed above. This does not imply that all nationalists with a given ethnicity subscribe to that form of
6376:
6371:
6301:
6261:
6246:
6028:
5983:
5603:
5251:
4725:
4697:
4554:
4522:
4510:
3975:
3924:
3553:
3102:
1164:
565:
control of the Azawad region was disputed by both the Malian government and Islamist insurgent groups in the
6542:
6487:
6457:
6366:
6341:
6326:
6251:
6231:
5329:
5241:
5017:
4505:
2450:
1942:
6361:
1862:
who formerly lived in Timbuktu have fled to the South since the rebels captured the town on 2 April 2012.
6727:
5998:
5221:
5171:
4817:
4637:
301:
4193:
Timbuktu and the Songhay Empire: Al-Sadi's Tarikh al-Sudan down to 1613 and other contemporary documents
3305:
604:
segment, about hostile events that occurred between the MNLA and other separatist groups against jihadi
6356:
6236:
5267:
3459:
3421:
1967:
1303:
1023:
944:
2751:
2077:
5530:
5226:
4720:
6316:
6038:
1380:
6633:
6291:
6095:
5007:
4672:
4644:
1055:
916:. Sources conflict on who was in control when the French colonizers arrived: a 1924 article in the
889:
temporarily took control in 1737. During the remainder of the 18th century, various Tuareg tribes,
653:
1298:
On 26 May, the MNLA and its former co-belligerent Ansar Dine announced a pact to merge to form an
725:). The MNLA produced a list of the 28 members of the Transitional Council of the State of Azawad (
247:
6747:
6075:
5547:
5451:
5362:
5277:
5156:
4783:
4365:
3825:
3498:
2350:
2263:
1997:
1952:
1883:
1565:
1158:
1143:
1119:
1088:
1006:
577:
492:
6653:
5608:
3272:
3221:
538:
to the east and southeast, with undisputed Mali to its southwest. It straddles a portion of the
6023:
5913:
5691:
5655:
5537:
5382:
5231:
4667:
4495:
3950:
2156:
1972:
1327:
1131:
464:
194:
901:, who by then had mixed with the Songhay through intermarriage, never completely disappeared.
6346:
6311:
6296:
6175:
6003:
5993:
5958:
5953:
5938:
5918:
5882:
5665:
5635:
5625:
5615:
5510:
5289:
5246:
5216:
5194:
5141:
5064:
4975:
4760:
4381:
3885:
2746:
82:
3484:
1279:
No foreign entity recognised Azawad. The MNLA's declaration was immediately rejected by the
1107:
6552:
6351:
6200:
6160:
6135:
5978:
5948:
5933:
5923:
5892:
5887:
5877:
5851:
5812:
5706:
5583:
5578:
5557:
5520:
5488:
5456:
5446:
5425:
5352:
5236:
5151:
5111:
4938:
4885:
4740:
4599:
4589:
4559:
1445:
1084:
1059:
981:
869:
758:. In the ninth century AD, it was considered to be the most powerful West African kingdom.
554:
is the second-largest city, and was intended to be the capital by the independence forces.
4096:
Nossiter, Adam (18 July 2012). "Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali".
3671:
2995:
2103:
1091:(Haut-Sénégal et Niger). This name was used until 1920 when it became French Sudan again.
8:
6602:
6482:
6276:
6215:
6180:
6085:
5988:
5943:
5908:
5872:
5867:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5776:
5722:
5670:
5660:
5593:
5562:
5515:
5420:
5336:
5309:
5272:
5199:
5166:
5146:
5116:
5002:
4902:
4571:
4544:
2818:
2325:"Strange bedfellows: The MNLA's on-again, off-again marriage with Ansar Dine - France 24"
1204:
along with their military bases. On 1 April, Timbuktu was captured. After the seizure of
1051:
813:
761:
In the early 14th century, the southern part of the region came under the control of the
628:
496:
4151:
4122:
6688:
6638:
6391:
6271:
6145:
6120:
5928:
5846:
5817:
5766:
5756:
5701:
5696:
5630:
5620:
5598:
5552:
5430:
5398:
5314:
5299:
5294:
5161:
5069:
5027:
4933:
4923:
4918:
4897:
4880:
4840:
4730:
4632:
4527:
4500:
4490:
4272:
4256:
4133:
3901:
2962:
1644:
1189:
908:
took control of Timbuktu in 1826, holding it until 1865, when they were driven away by
429:
6281:
3298:"Azawad independence: ECOWAS calls declaration of Azawad independence 'null and void'"
1836:
orientations. Most popular in the Tuareg movement and northern Mali as a whole is the
1688:
claimed and occupied by the MNLA). The population figures are from the 2009 census of
6663:
6648:
6442:
6130:
5822:
5771:
5727:
5588:
5525:
5357:
5324:
5129:
5121:
5022:
4959:
4564:
4472:
4339:
4290:
4264:
4224:
4208:
4196:
4173:
4147:
4010:
3930:
2906:
2278:
1813:
1735:
1520:
1449:
1411:
1400:
1346:
913:
909:
856:
833:
605:
507:
176:
46:
4276:
931:
wrote in 2003 that several states competed for power 'in a shadowy way' until 1893.
812:, and numerous other cities of North Africa gathered there to trade gold and slaves
796:(1493–1528). Sunni Ali Ber was in severe conflict with Timbuktu after its conquest.
6577:
6386:
6266:
5781:
5761:
5377:
5372:
5304:
5284:
5178:
5106:
5074:
4954:
4870:
4248:
3402:
3327:
3142:
3116:
2881:
2814:
2678:
2576:
2540:
2506:
2427:
2051:
2007:
1887:
1805:
1533:
1460:
1127:
793:
734:
558:
444:
218:
184:
168:
4033:"Azawad: The Tuaregs' Nonexistent State in a Desolate, Poverty-Stricken Wasteland"
1652:
1544:, it has acknowledged the presence of rival armed groups in the region, including
769:
peacefully annexed Timbuktu in 1324, as he returned from his famous pilgrimage to
6717:
6712:
6557:
6527:
6052:
5461:
5367:
5204:
4114:
1613:
1605:
1589:
1442:
1181:
925:
921:
726:
682:
657:
620:
585:
503:
456:
152:
61:
6607:
4159:
3054:
897:
briefly occupied or besieged the city. During this period, the influence of the
6512:
6492:
6060:
5209:
4384:, a three-part documentary series about the Tuareg people of the Sahara desert.
4058:
3079:. Mouvement National de libération de l'Azawad. 17 January 2012. Archived from
2376:"Ansa.it - Ansalatina - Tuaregs de Mali renuncian a crear Estado independiente"
2231:"Ecowas To Send 3,000 Troops To Mali, Guinea-Bissau To Reinstate Civilian Rule"
1755:
976:
905:
890:
861:
809:
781:
632:
89:
4336:
Social History of Timbuktu: The Role of Muslim Scholars and Notables 1400–1900
4252:
3850:
2257:
6706:
6155:
6150:
6105:
6100:
6080:
5403:
5079:
4405:
4392:
1934:
1914:
1771:
1759:
1660:
1593:
1581:
1472:
1280:
1103:
1075:
French soldiers, led by Lieutenant Gaston Boiteux. The region became part of
886:
825:
785:
421:
160:
1874:
and Sahelo-Saharan areas of Mali are the country's poorest, according to an
1668:
1471:. The annual Niger flood was diffused throughout the Azawad by a network of
6684:
6572:
6422:
6185:
6170:
6140:
6110:
6070:
4268:
4188:
1859:
1722:
1685:
1621:
1617:
1508:
1500:
1172:, further fighting was reported in different parts of the north, including
1080:
1076:
986:
928:
766:
667:
523:
519:
511:
259:
2886:
2869:
1676:
522:, encompassing about 60 percent of Mali's total land area. Azawad borders
6643:
6612:
6592:
6472:
6427:
6381:
6210:
6195:
6190:
6125:
6065:
5542:
5415:
4788:
4083:
3849:. République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique. Archived from
1898:. Starvation has prompted about 200,000 inhabitants to leave the region.
1895:
1879:
1767:
1477:
1468:
1464:
852:
848:
837:
777:
762:
103:
Azawad, as claimed by the MNLA, in green, with southern Mali in dark grey
4419:
2953:
Maugham, R.C.F. (1924). "Native Land Tenure in the Timbuktu Districts".
1185:
6658:
6502:
6432:
4928:
4890:
4798:
3193:(in French). Mouvement National de libération de l'Azawad. 1 April 2012
1947:
1906:
1709:
1609:
1561:
1549:
1496:
1067:
971:
841:
800:
789:
751:
609:
527:
515:
4260:
3603:"Le mali dans la tourmente : AQMi brouille les cartes à l’Azawad"
2966:
2452:
Annotations to The history and description of Africa, by Leo Africanus
920:
mentions the Tuareg, the historian Elias N. Saad in 1983 suggests the
6562:
6547:
6537:
6532:
6477:
6462:
5751:
4875:
4809:
4793:
4450:
3447:"Al Qaeda-linked Islamists drive Mali's Tuaregs from last stronghold"
2903:
Cities of The Middle East and North Africa: A Historical Encyclopedia
1480:
1430:
1253:
19:
For the geographical region spanning several Sahelian countries, see
3053:. Les Journées Minières et Pétrolières du Mali. 2011. Archived from
1169:
412:
6522:
6447:
6321:
6205:
4289:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 97–120.
1817:
1809:
1797:
1625:
1545:
1504:
1491:
1299:
1205:
1193:
1177:
1173:
1111:
844:
805:
593:
551:
404:
390:
122:
6587:
2683:"Mis en place un Conseil Transitoire de l'Etat de l'AZAWAD (CTEA)"
868:
centers. The Moroccan expedition resulted in the formation of the
475:
name for all Tuareg Berber areas, especially the northern half of
6597:
6567:
6517:
6507:
6412:
6165:
6115:
5134:
5043:
3870:"Triumphant Tuareg rebels fall out over al-Qaeda's jihad in Mali"
2476:"Rebelles touaregs : "Pourquoi nous reprenons les armes...""
2157:"Tuareg rebels declare the independence of Azawad, north of Mali"
1910:
1434:
1423:
1415:
1312:
840:
into the area. Searching for gold, he led an expedition of 4,000
829:
662:
531:
425:
20:
2900:
6467:
6452:
6407:
4360:
3419:
3051:"Le secteur minier du Mali, un potentiel riche mais inexploité"
2002:
1891:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1573:
1407:
1396:
1333:
894:
613:
566:
550:
is its largest city and served as the temporary capital, while
539:
472:
3976:"Rebels burn Timbuktu tomb listed as U.N. World Heritage site"
1070:
to Baroua. Although the Azawad region was French in name, the
569:. At this time, a rift was developing with the Islamists. The
6617:
3929:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co. KG. pp. 4–5.
2685:[Declaration of Independence of Azawad] (in French).
2549:[Declaration of Independence of Azawad] (in Arabic).
2513:[Declaration of Independence of Azawad] (in French).
2180:"Rift Appears Between Islamists and Main Rebel Group in Mali"
1902:
1871:
1833:
1829:
1763:
1633:
1456:
1438:
1419:
1342:
1197:
1087:(Sénégambie et Niger), and in 1904 this was changed again to
879:
874:
770:
624:
543:
535:
480:
1126:
French Sudan became the autonomous state of Mali within the
961:
1689:
1337:
1284:
1063:
733:, CTEA) serving as a provisional government with President
476:
356:
343:
264:
4287:
Asymmetric Autonomy and the Settlement of Ethnic Conflicts
2924:
2922:
2026:
1495:
The MNLA declared that Azawad consisted of the regions of
1433:
north of Timbuktu. In geological terms, it is a mosaic of
1058:, the French assumed control of the land between the 14th
4003:"Christians in north of Mali flee Tuareg rebels' control"
3797:"Jihadists' Fierce Justice Drives Thousands to Flee Mali"
3025:"Une zone immense et incontrôlable aux confins du Sahara"
3005:
2577:"Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels agree on Islamist state"
2298:
1629:
1257:, an MNLA spokesman declared the independence of Azawad:
1212:
1201:
1083:(Haut-Sénégal et Moyen Niger). In 1902 it was renamed as
755:
616:
then subsequently distanced themselves from the jihadis.
547:
142:
129:
2805:
Bovill, EW (1927). "The Moorish Invasion of The Sudan".
2657:"Mali rebel groups join forces, vowing an Islamic state"
1790:
1526:
A revolutionary council, directed by Abdelkrim Ag Tahar.
1467:. Seasonal lakes and creeks were fed by overflow of the
3328:"Mali Tuareg and Islamist rebels agree on Sharia state"
2934:
2919:
2700:
2259:
MALI : Moussa ag achara Toumane invité de TV5MONDE
1529:
A consultative council, directed by Mahamed Ag Tahadou.
1163:
On 17 January 2012, the MNLA announced the start of an
4374:
4156:, Paris: Société des études coloniales & maritimes
3355:"Nord Mali: le MNLA refuse de se mettre "en sardine"!"
2973:
2849:
2825:
1917:, Pakistanis and Nigerians among the invading forces.
1532:
The general staff of the Liberation Army, directed by
592:), was interviewed by the French language news outlet
3730:"AU, US reject Mali rebels' independence declaration"
3273:"AU, US reject Mali rebels' independence declaration"
2771:
2717:
2715:
1455:
About 6500 BC, Azawad was a 90,000-square kilometres
1290:
The MNLA was estimated to have up to 3,000 soldiers.
2052:"Mali Tuareg rebels control Timbuktu as troops flee"
1924:
1890:. The northern part of Mali suffers from a critical
1754:
The area was traditionally inhabited by the settled
851:
and 2,500 auxiliaries, including slaves, dubbed the
691:
619:
Ag Acharatoumane further asserted that the death of
3646:"Confusion in Mali after Tuareg independence claim"
3143:"Mali Tuareg rebels seize key garrison town of Gao"
4115:Azawad: A Parastate Between Nomads and Mujahidins?
3926:A Grammar of Koyra Chiini: the Songhay of Timbuktu
3247:"Tuareg rebels declare independence in north Mali"
3167:
2727:
2712:
2428:"Tuareg separatist group in Mali 'ends ceasefire'"
4172:(2nd ed.). Leiden: Brill. pp. 508–510.
4142:. London: Cambridge University Press. p. 22.
3668:"Qaeda using Mali crisis to expand, France warns"
2205:"ECOWAS calls declaration of Azawad independence
648:According to the Scottish explorer and scientist
6704:
3525:"FACTBOX-'Azawad': self-proclaimed Tuareg state"
3499:"Mali president postpones referendum on reforms"
3477:"Mali president postpones referendum on reforms"
3422:"Islamists declare full control of Mali's north"
3420:Tiemoko Diallo and Adama Diarra (28 June 2012).
3381:"Mali Islamists Reopen Talks With Tuareg Rebels"
2961:(90). Oxford: Oxford University Press: 125–130.
2837:
2677:
2630:"Nord-Mali: la rébellion crée un État islamique"
2601:
2539:
2505:
2351:"The MNLA's Fight for a Secular State of Azawad"
2177:
1913:. One refugee in the camp spoke of encountering
1604:Azawad, as proclaimed by the MNLA, includes the
745:
608:in 2012. He claimed that jihadi groups, and the
3460:"Mali rebels agree to respect 'national unity'"
2473:
2102:. The Muslim News. 8 April 2012. Archived from
1876:International Fund for Agricultural Development
3778:] as Malians reject independence of North"
3170:"Mali coup leader reinstates old constitution"
3117:"Mali coup: Rebels seize desert town of Kidal"
2687:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
2654:
2551:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
2515:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
2027:"Mouvement National de Liberation de l'Azawad"
1901:Refugees in the 92,000-person refugee camp at
1870:The people living in the central and northern
1241:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
1227:Tuareg separatist rebels in Mali, January 2012
1066:, bounded in the south by a line running from
502:Azawad, as claimed by the MNLA, comprised the
489:National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
38:
6763:States and territories disestablished in 2013
4825:
4435:
4139:An Introduction to the History of West Africa
4121:Dubois, Felix; White, Diana (trans.) (1896).
3744:"Malians protest against Azawad independence"
3616:"Malians protest against Azawad independence"
1978:Popular Movement for the Liberation of Azawad
1554:Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
1308:Movement for Oneness and Jihad in West Africa
1031:
6743:Rebel groups that actively control territory
4315:, HSRC Press, pp. 31–43, archived from
4306:"Before Timbuktu: cities of the Elder World"
4284:
3241:
3239:
2448:
2031:Mouvement National de Liberation de l'Azawad
53:
16:Tuareg name for a territory in northern Mali
4120:
3692:
3373:
3214:"Mali rebels declare independence in north"
2999:
2283:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
2126:"Mali rebels declare independence in north"
1599:
1345:. Islamists began slowly regrouping in the
1245:declared Northern Mali an independent state
814:in exchange for the Saharan salt of Taghaza
731:Conseil de transition de l'État de l'Azawad
6738:States and territories established in 2012
6683:: Forms of nationalism based primarily on
6327:Muslim Independence Movement (Philippines)
4832:
4818:
4442:
4428:
3548:
3546:
3211:
2792:Exploradores españoles olvidados de África
2739:
1429:Traditionally, Azawad has referred to the
1038:
1024:
424:majority. The west is mainly inhabited by
97:
4449:
3266:
3264:
3236:
3077:"The Renewal of Armed Struggle in Azawad"
2901:Michael Dumper, Bruce E. Stanley (2007).
2885:
1865:
1656:Gao (which includes Kidal) census in 1950
1321:
1306:on 27 June, in which the Islamist groups
824:Morocco attacked the region in 1591. The
623:destabilised the political landscape for
571:Economic Community of West African States
420:. Dark grey dots indicate regions with a
4303:
4218:
4146:
4113:Baldaro, E., & Raineri, L. (2020). "
4095:
3794:
3011:
2991:
2870:"Timbuktu: A Lesson in Underdevelopment"
2511:"Déclaration d'indépendence de l'Azawad"
2255:
2078:"Tuaregs claim 'independence' from Mali"
1789:
1675:
1667:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1507:, as well as the north-east half of the
1490:
1390:
1230:
1222:
1098:
467:lasting between 2012 and 2013. Azawagh (
411:
4187:
4165:
4117:" Nationalities Papers, 48(1), 100–115.
4086:, South-Eastern Mauritania (8 Dec 2015)
4048:
3543:
2979:
2952:
2867:
2861:
2855:
2831:
2813:(XXVII). Royal African Society: 47–56.
2794:. Madrid: Sociedad Geográfica Española.
2706:
1886:on dry land with poor and increasingly
1804:The languages of Northern Mali include
1365:
401:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
6705:
6287:Galician independence movement (Spain)
4839:
4089:
4000:
3320:
3261:
2804:
2789:
2501:
2499:
2497:
2406:"Mali's Tuareg fighters end ceasefire"
1483:, characterise the present landscape.
1213:Unilateral declaration of independence
819:
6337:Patani United Liberation Organisation
6307:Inner Mongolian independence movement
4813:
4423:
4030:
3922:
3916:
3844:"Resultats provisoires R.G.P.H. 2009"
3727:
3352:
3270:
2606:(in French). MaliActu. Archived from
2299:"Mouvement pour le Salut de l'Azawad"
2266:from the original on 12 December 2021
2151:
2149:
2147:
1050:After European powers formalized the
6332:National Liberation Front of Corsica
6257:East Turkestan independence movement
4333:
4238:
4132:
3403:"Mali rebel groups 'clash in Kidal'"
2955:Journal of the Royal African Society
2940:
2928:
2843:
2819:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a100485
2777:
2733:
2721:
1519:An executive committee, directed by
1094:
934:
918:Journal of the Royal African Society
582:Movement for the Salvation of Azawad
4166:Hunwick, J. O. (2000). "Timbuktu".
4049:Nkrumah, Gamal (12–18 April 2012).
4024:
4001:Davies, Madeleine (13 April 2012),
3867:
3346:
3168:Rukmini Callimachi (1 April 2012).
2494:
1958:Azawadi declaration of independence
1219:Azawadi declaration of independence
1152:
737:to manage the new State of Azawad.
686:
485:Azawadi declaration of independence
460:
54:
13:
4756:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
4031:Ghosh, Palash R. (12 April 2012),
3712:"Rebels declare independent state"
2144:
2070:
1963:Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin
590:Movement pour le Salut de l'Azawad
14:
6774:
4354:
3982:from the original on 13 July 2012
3191:"Declaration du Bureau Politique"
3103:"A timeline of northern conflict"
2874:Journal of World-Systems Research
2178:J. David Goodman (6 April 2012).
1452:have proven the most imprinting.
1235:Azawad separatists, December 2012
487:was declared unilaterally by the
416:Map of Azawad, as claimed by the
4359:
4169:Encyclopaedia of Islam. Volume X
3900:. Ethnologue.com. Archived from
3483:. 19 August 2017. Archived from
2602:Allimam Mahamane (31 May 2012).
2474:Germain B. Nama (1 March 2012).
1927:
1749:
960:
703:République islamique de l'Azawad
534:to the north and northeast, and
381:
361:
336:
81:
6438:Basque Country (greater region)
6297:Guangdong Independence Movement
4779:Historical separatist movements
4219:Imperato, Pascal James (1989).
4107:
4073:
4042:
3994:
3968:
3943:
3890:
3879:
3861:
3835:
3819:
3795:Nossiter, Adam (18 July 2012).
3788:
3766:
3736:
3721:
3705:
3686:
3660:
3638:
3608:
3601:Salima Tlemçani (7 April 2012)
3595:
3586:
3577:
3568:
3517:
3491:
3469:
3453:
3439:
3413:
3395:
3383:. Voice of America. 2 June 2012
3290:
3205:
3183:
3161:
3135:
3109:
3095:
3069:
3043:
3017:
2985:
2946:
2905:. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO.
2894:
2798:
2783:
2671:
2648:
2622:
2595:
2569:
2533:
2467:
2442:
2420:
2398:
2368:
2343:
2317:
2291:
2249:
1844:as a basis for legal judgment.
1639:
1558:Al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb
6733:Disputed territories in Africa
6242:Assyrian independence movement
4338:. Cambridge University Press.
4304:McIntosh, Roderick J. (2008),
4223:. Boulder CO: Westview Press.
3750:. 7 April 2012. Archived from
3670:. 4 April 2012. Archived from
3622:. 6 April 2012. Archived from
3527:. 6 April 2012. Archived from
3304:. 7 April 2012. Archived from
3031:(in French). 20 September 2010
2655:Katarina Höije (27 May 2012).
2223:
2197:
2171:
2118:
2092:
2044:
2019:
1270:, MLNA spokesman, 6 April 2012
1081:Upper Senegal and Middle Niger
862:Alpujarras uprising of 1568–71
1:
6758:Former unrecognized countries
6377:Vojvodina Autonomist Movement
6372:Tibetan independence movement
6302:Hawaiian sovereignty movement
6262:Faroese independence movement
6247:Catalan independence movement
4207:. First published in 1999 as
3774:"Protests in Bamoko [
3695:"Azawad rejects armed groups"
3693:Jemal Oumar (30 April 2012).
2758:Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.
2211:. Panapress.com. 6 April 2012
2013:
1356:
754:owes its name to the town of
746:Gao, Mali and Songhay empires
6723:Territorial disputes of Mali
6458:Chechen Republic of Ichkeria
6367:Taiwan independence movement
6342:Ryukyu independence movement
6252:Champa independence movement
6232:Alsace independence movement
4221:Mali: A Search for Direction
4037:International Business Times
3728:Felix, Bate (6 April 2012).
3271:Felix, Bate (6 April 2012).
2235:International Business Times
2100:"Mali: A scramble for power"
1993:Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)
1988:Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
1983:Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)
1943:Arab Islamic Front of Azawad
1785:
1620:, and the northeast half of
1386:
1002:Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)
997:Tuareg rebellion (1990–1995)
992:Tuareg rebellion (1962–1964)
953:
693:Dawlat Azawād al-Mustaqillah
679:État indépendant de l'Azawad
7:
6753:2012 establishments in Mali
6322:Mapuche separatist movement
4774:Active separatist movements
3830:Encyclopedia of the Nations
3357:(in French). Archived from
3353:Biiga, Bark (3 June 2012).
3212:Bate Felix (6 April 2012).
1920:
1823:
1775:
1542:declaration of independence
1486:
1012:Independent State of Azawad
836:, sent the Morisco General
799:Askia Mohammad I created a
692:
675:Independent State of Azawad
530:to the west and northwest,
302:Battles of Gao and Timbuktu
289:Declaration of independence
10:
6779:
6357:Silesian Autonomy Movement
6237:Assam separatist movements
5392:Northern & Middle Asia
4241:Journal of African History
3868:Meo, Nick (7 April 2012),
3556:. Al Jazeera. 14 July 2008
2868:Pelizzo, Riccardo (2001).
2256:TV5MONDE (25 April 2018),
2159:. Al Arabiya. 6 April 2012
2080:. Al Jazeera. 6 April 2012
1968:Niger Movement for Justice
1853:UNESCO World Heritage Site
1325:
1304:Battle of Gao and Timbuktu
1216:
1156:
740:
711:État islamique de l'Azawad
699:Islamic Republic of Azawad
39:
18:
6674:
6626:
6400:
6362:Székely autonomy movement
6224:
6051:
6016:
5971:
5901:
5860:
5842:
5835:
5790:
5747:
5740:
5715:
5679:
5651:
5644:
5571:
5481:
5474:
5439:
5391:
5345:
5260:
5187:
5099:
5092:
5057:
5036:
4995:
4988:
4968:
4947:
4911:
4863:
4856:
4847:
4769:
4706:
4688:
4658:
4618:
4580:
4481:
4458:
4253:10.1017/S0021853700019861
4153:Monographie de Tombouctou
3249:. France 24. 6 April 2012
1564:'s governor prior to the
479:and northern and western
315:
311:
298:
285:
281:
271:
258:
254:
240:
236:
228:
224:
212:
208:
200:
190:
148:
138:
118:
108:
96:
78:
73:
30:
6292:Greenlandic independence
4313:The Meanings of Timbuktu
4124:Timbuctoo the mysterious
3832:, Retrieved 2 April 2012
2636:(in French). 27 May 2012
2545:
1600:Administrative divisions
1072:principle of effectivity
4784:Independence referendum
4334:Saad, Elias N. (1983).
3955:Encyclopædia Britannica
3923:Heath, Jeffrey (1999).
3000:Dubois & White 1896
2752:Encyclopædia Britannica
1998:Tuareg rebellion (2012)
1953:Arab Movement of Azawad
1884:subsistence agriculture
1882:and farmers practicing
1847:Ansar Dine follows the
1664:Timbuktu census in 2009
1648:Timbuktu census in 1950
1374:
1159:Tuareg rebellion (2012)
1122:later in the same month
1089:Upper Senegal and Niger
1062:and Miltou, South-West
1007:Tuareg rebellion (2012)
882:kingdoms were created.
707:Islamic State of Azawad
643:
578:Moussa Ag Acharatoumane
576:Tuareg military leader
518:, as well as a part of
6317:Māori protest movement
4595:Bosnia and Herzegovina
4158:. Also available from
4055:Al-Ahram Weekly Online
3466:, Retrieved 2012-12-05
2480:Courrier International
1973:Northern Mali conflict
1866:Humanitarian situation
1801:
1794:Bilingual traffic sign
1779:
1681:
1673:
1665:
1657:
1649:
1512:
1403:
1381:Ibrahim Boubacar Keita
1328:Northern Mali conflict
1322:Northern Mali conflict
1273:
1236:
1228:
1140:rebellion of 2007–2009
1136:rebellion of 1990–1995
1132:First Tuareg Rebellion
1123:
776:With the power of the
722:
710:
702:
678:
652:, Azawad is an Arabic
589:
580:, affiliated with the
491:(MNLA) in 2012, after
433:
389:This article contains
276:Northern Mali conflict
195:Provisional government
6347:Scottish independence
6312:Kashubian Association
6034:Indigenous Australian
4382:Orphans of the Sahara
4368:at Wikimedia Commons
4127:. New York: Longmans.
3886:File:Statistiques.JPG
3592:McIntosh, 2008, p. 35
3583:McIntosh, 2008, p. 34
3574:McIntosh, 2008, p. 33
3554:"Who are the Tuareg?"
2887:10.5195/jwsr.2001.166
2790:Prieto, José (2001).
2455:. The Hakluyt Society
2449:Robert Brown (1896).
1793:
1679:
1671:
1663:
1655:
1647:
1494:
1406:The local climate is
1394:
1326:Further information:
1259:
1251:In an interview with
1234:
1226:
1102:
463:), was a short-lived
415:
248:Mahamadou Djeri Maïga
149:Common languages
6553:Marathi Abhimaangeet
6352:Siberian regionalism
4322:on 27 September 2020
3531:on 14 September 2012
1680:Kidal census in 2009
1366:Continued insurgency
1106:at the January 2012
1085:Senegambia and Niger
982:Pashalik of Timbuktu
870:Pashalik of Timbuktu
598:"Le journal Afrique"
6644:American Indigenous
6277:Free Papua Movement
5687:Balkar and Karachay
5482:Southeastern Europe
5013:Indigenous Canadian
4731:Indian subcontinent
4645:Denmark (Greenland)
4402: /
4051:"Saharan quicksand"
3978:. CNN. 5 May 2012.
3898:"Languages of Mali"
3874:The Daily Telegraph
3057:on 31 December 2012
1052:scramble for Africa
820:Moroccan expedition
687:دولة أزواد المستقلة
497:Malian Armed Forces
428:, and the south by
6728:Separatism in Mali
6689:ethnic nationalism
6392:Welsh independence
6272:Free Aceh Movement
5504:in North Macedonia
5346:South-eastern Asia
4841:Ethnic nationalism
4746:Republic of Venice
4716:All-Russian Empire
4148:Hacquard, Augustin
4098:The New York Times
4080:Mbera Refugee Camp
3801:The New York Times
3748:The New York Times
3674:on 13 January 2013
3487:on 19 August 2017.
3083:on 25 January 2012
2943:, p. 206-209.
2931:, p. 206-214.
2546:بيان استقلال أزواد
2521:on 18 October 2012
2430:. 29 November 2013
2408:. 30 November 2013
2184:The New York Times
2130:The Times of India
1802:
1758:, and the nomadic
1682:
1674:
1672:Gao census in 2009
1666:
1658:
1650:
1513:
1481:longitudinal dunes
1404:
1237:
1229:
1124:
1114:, just before the
1108:Festival au Désert
715:Republic of Azawad
677:was used (French:
493:a Tuareg rebellion
465:unrecognised state
434:
113:Unrecognized state
6700:
6699:
6443:Catalan Countries
6047:
6046:
6012:
6011:
5967:
5966:
5831:
5830:
5736:
5735:
5470:
5469:
5088:
5087:
4984:
4983:
4807:
4806:
4678:Western Australia
4364:Media related to
4296:978-0-8122-4230-0
4202:978-90-04-12822-4
4195:. Leiden: Brill.
3826:Mali – Population
3014:, pp. 48–49.
2912:978-1-57607-919-5
2780:, pp. 27–29.
1878:report. Most are
1747:
1746:
1521:Mahmoud Ag Aghaly
1450:aeolian processes
1401:Adrar des Ifoghas
1347:Adrar des Ifoghas
1311:with the fall of
1268:Moussa Ag Assarid
1120:Azawadi rebellion
1095:Under Malian rule
1056:Berlin Conference
1048:
1047:
954:History of Azawad
935:Under French rule
914:Toucouleur Empire
910:El Hadj Umar Tall
857:Battle of Tondibi
834:Ahmad I al-Mansur
602:"African Journal"
499:from the region.
471:) is the generic
397:rendering support
377:
376:
373:
372:
369:
368:
349:
348:
6770:
6693:
6578:Republika Srpska
6387:Walloon Movement
6267:Flemish Movement
5840:
5839:
5745:
5744:
5649:
5648:
5479:
5478:
5097:
5096:
4993:
4992:
4861:
4860:
4854:
4853:
4834:
4827:
4820:
4811:
4810:
4444:
4437:
4430:
4421:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4407:
4406:16.267°N 0.050°W
4403:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4395:
4378:
4377:
4375:Official website
4363:
4349:
4330:
4329:
4327:
4321:
4310:
4300:
4280:
4234:
4206:
4189:Hunwick, John O.
4183:
4157:
4143:
4128:
4102:
4101:
4093:
4087:
4077:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4061:on 12 April 2012
4057:. Archived from
4046:
4040:
4039:
4028:
4022:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4013:on 1 August 2012
4009:, archived from
3998:
3992:
3991:
3989:
3987:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3947:
3941:
3940:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3904:on 29 April 2012
3894:
3888:
3883:
3877:
3876:
3865:
3859:
3857:
3856:on 22 July 2011.
3855:
3848:
3839:
3833:
3823:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3812:
3803:. Archived from
3792:
3786:
3785:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3759:
3740:
3734:
3733:
3725:
3719:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3690:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3679:
3664:
3658:
3657:
3655:
3653:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3633:
3631:
3612:
3606:
3599:
3593:
3590:
3584:
3581:
3575:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3563:
3561:
3550:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3505:. 19 August 2017
3495:
3489:
3488:
3473:
3467:
3457:
3451:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3432:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3390:
3388:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3341:
3339:
3324:
3318:
3317:
3315:
3313:
3302:Afrique en Ligue
3294:
3288:
3287:
3285:
3283:
3268:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3243:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3229:
3220:. Archived from
3209:
3203:
3202:
3200:
3198:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3176:
3165:
3159:
3158:
3156:
3154:
3139:
3133:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3113:
3107:
3106:
3099:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2971:
2970:
2950:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2898:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2865:
2859:
2853:
2847:
2841:
2835:
2829:
2823:
2822:
2802:
2796:
2795:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2764:
2743:
2737:
2731:
2725:
2719:
2710:
2709:, pp. 9–10.
2704:
2698:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2679:Bilal Ag Acherif
2675:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2599:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2553:. Archived from
2543:(6 April 2012).
2541:Bilal Ag Acherif
2537:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2517:. Archived from
2509:(6 April 2012).
2507:Bilal Ag Acherif
2503:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2446:
2440:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2424:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2413:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2386:on 13 April 2013
2382:. Archived from
2372:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2361:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2336:
2321:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2295:
2289:
2288:
2282:
2274:
2273:
2271:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2244:
2242:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2201:
2195:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2175:
2169:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2153:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2096:
2090:
2089:
2087:
2085:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2048:
2042:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2023:
2008:State of Katanga
1937:
1932:
1931:
1930:
1892:shortage of food
1858:Most of the 300
1806:Hassaniya Arabic
1695:
1694:
1534:Mohamed Ag Najem
1271:
1153:Independence War
1128:French Community
1040:
1033:
1026:
964:
939:
938:
855:. Following the
794:Askia Mohammad I
792:(1492–1493) and
735:Bilal Ag Acherif
723:État de l'Azawad
695:
688:
559:Bilal Ag Acherif
462:
405:Tifinagh letters
403: instead of
385:
384:
365:
364:
353:
352:
340:
339:
333:
332:
317:
316:
267:
250:
219:Bilal Ag Acherif
169:Hassaniya Arabic
134:
127:
101:
85:
65:
57:
56:
50:
42:
41:
28:
27:
6778:
6777:
6773:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6768:
6767:
6703:
6702:
6701:
6696:
6678:
6670:
6622:
6558:Northern Epirus
6528:Ketuanan Melayu
6396:
6282:Future of Åland
6220:
6156:Native American
6053:Pan-nationalism
6043:
6008:
5972:Northern Europe
5963:
5897:
5856:
5836:Southern Europe
5827:
5786:
5732:
5711:
5675:
5640:
5567:
5466:
5435:
5387:
5341:
5256:
5183:
5084:
5053:
5032:
5023:Native American
4980:
4969:Southern Africa
4964:
4943:
4907:
4849:
4843:
4838:
4808:
4803:
4765:
4702:
4684:
4654:
4614:
4576:
4477:
4454:
4448:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4401:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4389:
4388:
4373:
4372:
4357:
4346:
4325:
4323:
4319:
4308:
4297:
4231:
4203:
4180:
4110:
4105:
4094:
4090:
4078:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4047:
4043:
4029:
4025:
4016:
4014:
3999:
3995:
3985:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3937:
3921:
3917:
3907:
3905:
3896:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3880:
3866:
3862:
3853:
3846:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3824:
3820:
3810:
3808:
3807:on 18 July 2012
3793:
3789:
3772:
3771:
3767:
3757:
3755:
3754:on 6 April 2012
3742:
3741:
3737:
3726:
3722:
3718:, 7 April 2012.
3710:
3706:
3691:
3687:
3677:
3675:
3666:
3665:
3661:
3651:
3649:
3644:
3643:
3639:
3629:
3627:
3626:on 6 April 2012
3614:
3613:
3609:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3582:
3578:
3573:
3569:
3559:
3557:
3552:
3551:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3523:
3522:
3518:
3508:
3506:
3497:
3496:
3492:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3458:
3454:
3449:. 12 July 2012.
3445:
3444:
3440:
3430:
3428:
3418:
3414:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3386:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3374:
3364:
3362:
3351:
3347:
3337:
3335:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3311:
3309:
3308:on 9 April 2012
3296:
3295:
3291:
3281:
3279:
3269:
3262:
3252:
3250:
3245:
3244:
3237:
3227:
3225:
3224:on 25 July 2012
3210:
3206:
3196:
3194:
3189:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3172:
3166:
3162:
3152:
3150:
3149:. 31 March 2012
3141:
3140:
3136:
3126:
3124:
3123:. 30 March 2012
3115:
3114:
3110:
3105:. 5 April 2012.
3101:
3100:
3096:
3086:
3084:
3075:
3074:
3070:
3060:
3058:
3049:
3048:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3023:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2990:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2951:
2947:
2939:
2935:
2927:
2920:
2913:
2899:
2895:
2866:
2862:
2854:
2850:
2842:
2838:
2830:
2826:
2807:African Affairs
2803:
2799:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2760:
2745:
2744:
2740:
2732:
2728:
2720:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2691:
2689:
2681:(9 June 2012).
2676:
2672:
2662:
2660:
2653:
2649:
2639:
2637:
2628:
2627:
2623:
2613:
2611:
2610:on 13 July 2012
2600:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2575:
2574:
2570:
2560:
2558:
2547:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2522:
2504:
2495:
2485:
2483:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2447:
2443:
2433:
2431:
2426:
2425:
2421:
2411:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2374:
2373:
2369:
2359:
2357:
2349:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2332:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2306:
2297:
2296:
2292:
2276:
2275:
2269:
2267:
2254:
2250:
2240:
2238:
2237:. 27 April 2012
2229:
2228:
2224:
2214:
2212:
2203:
2202:
2198:
2188:
2186:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2160:
2155:
2154:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2075:
2071:
2061:
2059:
2050:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2033:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2016:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1923:
1868:
1826:
1795:
1788:
1752:
1642:
1602:
1590:Ramtane Lamamra
1580:According to a
1548:fighters under
1489:
1389:
1377:
1368:
1359:
1330:
1324:
1272:
1266:
1221:
1215:
1192:of the town of
1161:
1155:
1134:(1962–64), the
1097:
1044:
948:
937:
922:Soninke Wangara
822:
748:
743:
719:State of Azawad
646:
629:socio-political
621:Muammar Gaddafi
410:
409:
408:
395:Without proper
386:
382:
362:
337:
307:26–28 June 2013
304:
291:
262:
246:
243:
215:
132:
128:
125:
104:
92:
87:
86:
69:
68:
59:
44:
40:ⴰⵣⴰⵓⴰⴷ / Azawad
33:
32:State of Azawad
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6776:
6766:
6765:
6760:
6755:
6750:
6748:Islamic states
6745:
6740:
6735:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6715:
6698:
6697:
6695:
6694:
6675:
6672:
6671:
6669:
6668:
6667:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6636:
6630:
6628:
6624:
6623:
6621:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
6590:
6585:
6580:
6575:
6570:
6565:
6560:
6555:
6550:
6545:
6540:
6535:
6530:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6513:Karakalpakstan
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6493:East Turkestan
6490:
6485:
6480:
6475:
6470:
6465:
6460:
6455:
6450:
6445:
6440:
6435:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6398:
6397:
6395:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6324:
6319:
6314:
6309:
6304:
6299:
6294:
6289:
6284:
6279:
6274:
6269:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6228:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6178:
6173:
6168:
6163:
6158:
6153:
6148:
6143:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6103:
6098:
6093:
6088:
6083:
6078:
6073:
6068:
6063:
6057:
6055:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6036:
6031:
6026:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6013:
6010:
6009:
6007:
6006:
6001:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5968:
5965:
5964:
5962:
5961:
5956:
5951:
5946:
5941:
5936:
5931:
5926:
5921:
5916:
5911:
5905:
5903:
5899:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5885:
5880:
5875:
5870:
5864:
5862:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5854:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5833:
5832:
5829:
5828:
5826:
5825:
5820:
5815:
5810:
5805:
5800:
5794:
5792:
5791:United Kingdom
5788:
5787:
5785:
5784:
5779:
5774:
5769:
5764:
5759:
5754:
5748:
5742:
5741:Western Europe
5738:
5737:
5734:
5733:
5731:
5730:
5725:
5719:
5717:
5713:
5712:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5680:North Caucasus
5677:
5676:
5674:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5646:
5645:Eastern Europe
5642:
5641:
5639:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5612:
5611:
5606:
5596:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5575:
5573:
5572:Central Europe
5569:
5568:
5566:
5565:
5560:
5555:
5553:Romani (Gypsy)
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5534:
5533:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5507:
5506:
5501:
5496:
5485:
5483:
5476:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5464:
5459:
5454:
5449:
5443:
5441:
5440:South Caucasus
5437:
5436:
5434:
5433:
5428:
5423:
5418:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5409:South Mongolia
5401:
5395:
5393:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5340:
5339:
5334:
5333:
5332:
5322:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5287:
5282:
5281:
5280:
5270:
5264:
5262:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5234:
5229:
5224:
5219:
5214:
5213:
5212:
5202:
5197:
5191:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5164:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5103:
5101:
5094:
5090:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5054:
5052:
5051:
5046:
5040:
5038:
5034:
5033:
5031:
5030:
5025:
5020:
5015:
5010:
5005:
4999:
4997:
4990:
4986:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4979:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4951:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4915:
4913:
4909:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4893:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4867:
4865:
4858:
4851:
4845:
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4776:
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4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4758:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4738:
4736:Ottoman Empire
4733:
4728:
4726:Czechoslovakia
4723:
4718:
4712:
4710:
4704:
4703:
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4700:
4694:
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4610:United Kingdom
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4439:
4432:
4424:
4411:16.267; -0.050
4386:
4385:
4379:
4356:
4355:External links
4353:
4352:
4351:
4344:
4331:
4301:
4295:
4282:
4247:(4): 457–475.
4236:
4229:
4216:
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4163:
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4130:
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4109:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4088:
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3993:
3967:
3942:
3935:
3915:
3889:
3878:
3860:
3834:
3818:
3787:
3784:, 8 April 2012
3765:
3735:
3720:
3704:
3685:
3659:
3648:. 6 April 2012
3637:
3607:
3594:
3585:
3576:
3567:
3542:
3516:
3490:
3468:
3452:
3438:
3412:
3409:. 8 June 2012.
3394:
3372:
3361:on 8 June 2012
3345:
3319:
3289:
3260:
3235:
3204:
3182:
3160:
3134:
3108:
3094:
3068:
3042:
3016:
3004:
2984:
2982:, p. xvi.
2972:
2945:
2933:
2918:
2911:
2893:
2880:(2): 265–283.
2860:
2858:, p. 508.
2848:
2836:
2834:, p. 192.
2824:
2797:
2782:
2770:
2738:
2736:, pp. 27.
2726:
2711:
2699:
2670:
2647:
2621:
2594:
2568:
2557:on 12 May 2012
2532:
2493:
2466:
2441:
2419:
2397:
2367:
2342:
2316:
2303:msa-azawad.com
2290:
2248:
2222:
2196:
2170:
2143:
2132:. 6 April 2012
2117:
2106:on 26 May 2012
2091:
2069:
2058:. 1 April 2012
2043:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1938:
1922:
1919:
1888:degraded soils
1867:
1864:
1825:
1822:
1796:(left side in
1787:
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1751:
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1473:palaeochannels
1388:
1385:
1376:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1358:
1355:
1323:
1320:
1264:
1217:Main article:
1214:
1211:
1157:Main article:
1154:
1151:
1144:2012 rebellion
1096:
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1028:
1020:
1017:
1016:
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977:Songhai Empire
974:
966:
965:
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950:
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942:
936:
933:
906:Massina Empire
821:
818:
782:Songhay Empire
747:
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742:
739:
645:
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526:to the south,
504:Malian regions
399:, you may see
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272:Historical era
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229:Vice President
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6685:ethnic groups
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5308:
5306:
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5298:
5296:
5293:
5291:
5288:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5278:in Bangladesh
5276:
5275:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:Southern Asia
5259:
5253:
5250:
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5228:
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5078:
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5073:
5071:
5068:
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5063:
5062:
5060:
5058:South America
5056:
5050:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5026:
5024:
5021:
5019:
5016:
5014:
5011:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4996:North America
4994:
4991:
4987:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4958:
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4953:
4952:
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4777:
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4752:
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4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4691:
4690:South America
4687:
4679:
4676:
4674:
4671:
4670:
4669:
4666:
4665:
4663:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4650:United States
4648:
4646:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4630:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4621:
4620:North America
4617:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4601:
4598:
4596:
4593:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
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4514:
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4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
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4489:
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4465:
4463:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4440:
4438:
4433:
4431:
4426:
4425:
4422:
4418:
4415:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4371:
4370:
4369:
4367:
4362:
4347:
4345:0-521-24603-2
4341:
4337:
4332:
4318:
4314:
4307:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4250:
4246:
4242:
4237:
4232:
4230:1-85521-049-5
4226:
4222:
4217:
4214:
4213:90-04-11207-3
4210:
4204:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4179:90-04-11211-1
4175:
4171:
4170:
4164:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4131:
4126:
4125:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4111:
4099:
4092:
4085:
4081:
4076:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4034:
4027:
4012:
4008:
4004:
3997:
3981:
3977:
3971:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3936:9783110162851
3932:
3928:
3927:
3919:
3903:
3899:
3893:
3887:
3882:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3852:
3845:
3841:(In French.)
3838:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3777:
3769:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3739:
3731:
3724:
3717:
3713:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3689:
3673:
3669:
3663:
3647:
3641:
3625:
3621:
3620:The Telegraph
3617:
3611:
3604:
3598:
3589:
3580:
3571:
3555:
3549:
3547:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3504:
3500:
3494:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3472:
3465:
3461:
3456:
3448:
3442:
3427:
3423:
3416:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3382:
3376:
3360:
3356:
3349:
3334:. 26 May 2012
3333:
3329:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3278:
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3208:
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3104:
3098:
3082:
3078:
3072:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3030:
3026:
3020:
3013:
3012:Imperato 1989
3008:
3002:, p. 358
3001:
2997:
2993:
2992:Hacquard 1900
2988:
2981:
2976:
2968:
2964:
2960:
2956:
2949:
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2828:
2820:
2816:
2812:
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2801:
2793:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2748:
2742:
2735:
2730:
2724:, p. 11.
2723:
2718:
2716:
2708:
2703:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2674:
2658:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2625:
2609:
2605:
2598:
2583:. 27 May 2012
2582:
2578:
2572:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2520:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2454:
2453:
2445:
2429:
2423:
2407:
2401:
2385:
2381:
2377:
2371:
2356:
2352:
2346:
2331:. 5 June 2012
2330:
2326:
2320:
2304:
2300:
2294:
2286:
2280:
2265:
2261:
2260:
2252:
2236:
2232:
2226:
2210:
2208:
2207:null and void
2200:
2185:
2181:
2174:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2131:
2127:
2121:
2105:
2101:
2095:
2079:
2073:
2057:
2053:
2047:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2018:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
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1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1956:
1954:
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1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
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1935:Africa portal
1925:
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1811:
1807:
1799:
1792:
1783:
1781:
1777:
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1769:
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1761:
1757:
1750:Ethnic groups
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1729:
1726:
1724:
1721:
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1716:
1713:
1711:
1708:
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1697:
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1654:
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1637:
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1631:
1627:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1595:
1594:African Union
1591:
1588:According to
1586:
1583:
1582:Chatham House
1578:
1576:
1575:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
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1528:
1525:
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1510:
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1498:
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1479:
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1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1451:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1427:
1425:
1422:and southern
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1363:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1286:
1282:
1281:African Union
1277:
1269:
1263:
1258:
1256:
1255:
1249:
1246:
1242:
1233:
1225:
1220:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1118:launched the
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1092:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1073:
1069:
1065:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1041:
1036:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
973:
970:
969:
968:
967:
963:
959:
958:
955:
952:
951:
946:
941:
940:
932:
930:
927:
923:
919:
915:
911:
907:
902:
900:
896:
892:
888:
883:
881:
877:
876:
871:
865:
863:
858:
854:
850:
846:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
817:
815:
811:
807:
802:
797:
795:
791:
788:(1468–1492),
787:
786:Sunni Ali Ber
783:
779:
774:
772:
768:
764:
759:
757:
753:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
694:
684:
680:
676:
671:
669:
665:
664:
659:
655:
651:
641:
637:
634:
633:socioeconomic
630:
626:
622:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
596:, during its
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
549:
545:
544:Sahelian zone
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
474:
473:Tuareg Berber
470:
466:
458:
454:
450:
446:
442:
438:
431:
427:
423:
419:
414:
406:
402:
398:
394:
392:
391:Tifinagh text
360:
358:
355:
354:
351:
345:
342:
335:
334:
331:
330:
327:
324:
322:
319:
318:
314:
310:
306:
303:
297:
293:
290:
284:
280:
277:
274:
270:
266:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
239:
235:
231:
227:
223:
220:
217:
211:
207:
203:
199:
196:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
141:
137:
133:(provisional)
131:
124:
121:
117:
114:
111:
107:
100:
95:
91:
84:
77:
72:
63:
52:
48:
37:
36:
29:
26:
22:
6680:
6679:
6608:Székely Land
6573:Pashtunistan
6423:Balawaristan
6417:
6196:South Slavic
6186:Scandinavian
5716:Volga Region
5330:in Sri Lanka
5188:Eastern Asia
5049:Puerto Rican
4864:North Africa
4848:Nationalisms
4751:Soviet Union
4473:South Africa
4467:
4387:
4358:
4335:
4324:, retrieved
4317:the original
4312:
4286:
4244:
4240:
4220:
4192:
4168:
4152:
4138:
4123:
4108:Bibliography
4097:
4091:
4075:
4063:. Retrieved
4059:the original
4054:
4044:
4036:
4026:
4015:, retrieved
4011:the original
4007:Church Times
4006:
3996:
3984:. Retrieved
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3954:
3951:"Mālikiyyah"
3945:
3925:
3918:
3906:. Retrieved
3902:the original
3892:
3881:
3873:
3863:
3851:the original
3837:
3829:
3821:
3809:. Retrieved
3805:the original
3800:
3790:
3781:
3775:
3768:
3756:. Retrieved
3752:the original
3747:
3738:
3723:
3715:
3707:
3698:
3688:
3676:. Retrieved
3672:the original
3662:
3650:. Retrieved
3640:
3628:. Retrieved
3624:the original
3619:
3610:
3597:
3588:
3579:
3570:
3558:. Retrieved
3533:. Retrieved
3529:the original
3519:
3507:. Retrieved
3502:
3493:
3485:the original
3480:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3441:
3429:. Retrieved
3425:
3415:
3406:
3397:
3385:. Retrieved
3375:
3363:. Retrieved
3359:the original
3348:
3336:. Retrieved
3331:
3322:
3310:. Retrieved
3306:the original
3301:
3292:
3280:. Retrieved
3276:
3251:. Retrieved
3226:. Retrieved
3222:the original
3217:
3207:
3195:. Retrieved
3185:
3173:. Retrieved
3163:
3151:. Retrieved
3146:
3137:
3125:. Retrieved
3120:
3111:
3097:
3085:. Retrieved
3081:the original
3071:
3059:. Retrieved
3055:the original
3045:
3033:. Retrieved
3028:
3019:
3007:
2987:
2980:Hunwick 2003
2975:
2958:
2954:
2948:
2936:
2902:
2896:
2877:
2873:
2863:
2856:Hunwick 2000
2851:
2839:
2832:Hunwick 2003
2827:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2791:
2785:
2773:
2750:
2741:
2729:
2707:Hunwick 2003
2702:
2690:. Retrieved
2673:
2661:. Retrieved
2650:
2638:. Retrieved
2633:
2624:
2612:. Retrieved
2608:the original
2597:
2585:. Retrieved
2580:
2571:
2559:. Retrieved
2555:the original
2535:
2523:. Retrieved
2519:the original
2484:. Retrieved
2479:
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2451:
2444:
2432:. Retrieved
2422:
2410:. Retrieved
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:the original
2379:
2370:
2358:. Retrieved
2354:
2345:
2333:. Retrieved
2328:
2319:
2307:. Retrieved
2302:
2293:
2268:, retrieved
2258:
2251:
2239:. Retrieved
2234:
2225:
2213:. Retrieved
2206:
2199:
2187:. Retrieved
2183:
2173:
2161:. Retrieved
2134:. Retrieved
2129:
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2104:the original
2094:
2082:. Retrieved
2072:
2060:. Retrieved
2055:
2046:
2034:. Retrieved
2030:
2021:
1900:
1894:and lack of
1880:pastoralists
1869:
1857:
1846:
1827:
1803:
1753:
1686:Mopti Region
1683:
1640:Demographics
1603:
1587:
1579:
1572:
1570:
1539:
1514:
1509:Mopti Region
1454:
1441:, lake, and
1428:
1405:
1378:
1369:
1360:
1331:
1317:
1297:
1289:
1278:
1274:
1260:
1252:
1250:
1238:
1165:insurrection
1162:
1148:
1125:
1077:French Sudan
1049:
1011:
987:French Sudan
929:John Hunwick
924:, while the
917:
903:
898:
884:
873:
866:
823:
798:
775:
760:
749:
730:
718:
714:
706:
698:
690:
674:
672:
668:transhumance
661:
650:Robert Brown
647:
638:
618:
601:
597:
575:
562:
556:
524:Burkina Faso
520:Mopti Region
501:
468:
452:
448:
440:
436:
435:
388:
326:Succeeded by
325:
320:
294:6 April 2012
260:Independence
242:• 2012
214:• 2012
180:
172:
164:
156:
139:Largest city
126:(proclaimed)
25:
6613:Tamil Eelam
6593:Saraikistan
6473:Hatay State
6428:Balochistan
6382:Wallmapuwen
6076:Bangladeshi
5548:Montenegrin
5452:Azerbaijani
5416:Pan-Turkism
5157:Palestinian
5100:Middle East
5008:Greenlandic
4912:East Africa
4789:Irredentism
4555:Philippines
4409: /
4134:Fage, J. D.
4084:Bassikounou
3605:, El Watan.
3509:12 December
2482:(in French)
2434:28 December
2412:28 December
2380:www.ansa.it
2305:(in French)
1896:health care
1704:Population
1698:Region name
1478:Pleistocene
1469:Niger River
1465:groundwater
1412:semi-desert
1190:won control
849:mercenaries
838:Judar Pasha
778:Mali Empire
767:King Musa I
763:Mali Empire
430:sub-Saharan
321:Preceded by
6707:Categories
6659:Indigenous
6603:Sindhudesh
6583:Santa Cruz
6503:Hutu Power
6433:Bangsamoro
6024:Australian
5999:Lithuanian
5914:Andalusian
5692:Circassian
5656:Belarusian
5604:in Austria
5538:Macedonian
5494:in Albania
5383:Vietnamese
5217:Hongkonger
5210:chauvinist
4891:Pharaonism
4799:Separatism
4761:Yugoslavia
4721:Bangladesh
4708:Historical
4453:by country
4451:Secessions
3732:. Reuters.
3716:Herald Sun
3699:Magharebia
2994:, p.
2763:5 November
2761:Retrieved
2747:"Timbuktu"
2390:26 January
2036:10 January
2014:References
1948:Ansar Dine
1907:Mauritania
1860:Christians
1778:; French:
1562:Gao Region
1550:Ansar Dine
1461:lake basin
1443:wind-borne
1431:sandplains
1357:Peace deal
1068:Say, Niger
972:Gao Empire
926:Africanist
842:Andalusian
801:golden age
790:Sunni Baru
752:Gao Empire
654:corruption
610:Ansar Dine
606:extremists
528:Mauritania
495:drove the
191:Government
55:دولة أزواد
6563:Occitania
6548:Manchukuo
6538:Lezgistan
6533:Kurdistan
6478:Hazarajat
6463:Circassia
6225:Movements
6176:Pakistani
6151:Mongolian
6091:Congolese
6004:Norwegian
5994:Icelandic
5959:Valencian
5954:Navarrese
5939:Castilian
5919:Aragonese
5883:Sardinian
5666:Ukrainian
5636:Slovenian
5616:Hungarian
5531:in Cyprus
5511:Aromanian
5499:in Kosovo
5404:Mongolian
5320:Sinhalese
5290:Dravidian
5247:Taiwanese
5195:Cantonese
5172:in Cyprus
5142:Jordanian
5065:Argentine
5037:Caribbean
5028:Québécois
4976:Afrikaner
4794:Secession
4668:Australia
4540:Indonesia
4528:Khalistan
4496:Hong Kong
3811:12 August
3464:Aljazeera
2941:Saad 1983
2929:Saad 1983
2844:Kaba 1981
2778:Fage 1956
2734:Fage 1956
2722:Saad 1983
2634:Le Figaro
2329:France 24
1832:, of the
1828:Most are
1786:Languages
1701:Area (km)
1566:rebellion
1387:Geography
1254:France 24
828:ruler of
721:(French:
709:(French:
701:(French:
625:Sahelians
201:President
74:2012–2013
6523:Katarism
6448:Chameria
6401:Projects
6206:Turanian
6201:Tunisian
6171:Oceanian
6161:Nigerian
6111:Hispanic
6106:Germanic
6096:European
6029:Hawaiian
5979:Estonian
5949:Galician
5934:Canarian
5924:Asturian
5893:Venetian
5888:Sicilian
5878:Padanian
5852:Corsican
5813:Scottish
5707:Ossetian
5626:Silesian
5609:Völkisch
5584:Bavarian
5579:Austrian
5558:Romanian
5543:Moldovan
5521:Croatian
5489:Albanian
5457:Georgian
5447:Armenian
5426:Siberian
5353:Filipino
5268:Assamese
5237:Okinawan
5222:Japanese
5152:Lebanese
5130:Diaspora
5112:Assyrian
5080:Peruvian
4989:Americas
4939:Tigrayan
4886:Egyptian
4673:Tasmania
4550:Pakistan
4516:Xinjiang
4277:41500711
4269:11632225
4191:(2003).
4150:(1900),
4136:(1956).
4065:13 April
3980:Archived
3782:Euronews
3407:BBC News
3332:BBC News
3175:31 March
3147:BBC News
3127:30 March
3121:BBC News
3029:La Croix
2581:BBC News
2561:28 April
2360:26 April
2335:26 April
2309:26 April
2279:citation
2270:26 April
2264:archived
2056:BBC News
1921:See also
1872:Sahelian
1824:Religion
1818:Tamashek
1810:Fulfulde
1800:: "kdl")
1798:Tifinagh
1743:681,691
1736:Timbuktu
1717:544,120
1626:Timbuktu
1614:Timbuktu
1546:Islamist
1505:Timbuktu
1487:Politics
1448:, while
1446:deposits
1300:Islamist
1265:—
1206:Timbuktu
1194:Aguelhok
1186:Niafunké
1178:Tessalit
1174:Aguelhok
1142:, and a
1112:Timbuktu
1060:meridian
945:a series
943:Part of
845:Moriscos
806:Ghadames
594:TV5Monde
563:de facto
552:Timbuktu
542:and the
508:Timbuktu
432:peoples.
185:Tamashek
123:Timbuktu
47:Tamashek
6598:Silesia
6568:Ossetia
6543:Luhansk
6518:Karelia
6508:Ilirida
6488:Donetsk
6413:Assyria
6216:Ugandan
6181:Russian
6126:Iranian
6116:Iberian
6086:Chinese
6061:African
6017:Oceania
5989:Finnish
5984:Faroese
5944:Catalan
5909:Spanish
5873:Lombard
5868:Italian
5808:English
5803:Cornish
5798:British
5782:Walloon
5777:Occitan
5762:Flemish
5752:Arpitan
5723:Chuvash
5671:Yiddish
5661:Russian
5594:Frisian
5563:Serbian
5516:Bosniak
5421:Pashtun
5337:Tripuri
5310:Punjabi
5273:Bengali
5252:Tibetan
5200:Chinese
5167:Turkish
5147:Kurdish
5135:Zionism
5126:Jewish
5117:Iranian
5075:Mapuche
5070:Criollo
5044:Haitian
5003:Chicano
4948:Nigeria
4903:Sahrawi
4741:Prussia
4660:Oceania
4633:Alberta
4590:Belgium
4565:Siberia
4394:16°16′N
4326:9 April
4160:Gallica
4017:16 June
3986:16 July
3960:16 July
3908:6 April
3758:7 April
3678:6 April
3652:6 April
3630:6 April
3560:3 April
3535:6 April
3503:Reuters
3481:Reuters
3431:29 June
3426:Reuters
3312:8 April
3282:7 April
3277:Reuters
3253:6 April
3228:6 April
3218:Reuters
3197:2 April
3153:1 April
3087:2 April
3061:3 April
2692:11 June
2525:6 April
2486:5 April
2459:3 April
2189:7 April
2163:6 April
2136:6 April
2110:8 April
2084:6 April
2062:3 April
1915:Afghans
1911:Shariah
1830:Muslims
1814:Songhay
1756:Songhay
1740:497,926
1730:67,638
1727:151,430
1714:170,572
1606:regions
1424:Algeria
1416:Reuters
1313:Ansongo
1243:(MNLA)
1104:Tuaregs
1054:in the
891:Bambara
830:Morocco
810:Awjilah
741:History
713:), the
705:), the
663:Azawagh
656:of the
532:Algeria
441:Azawagh
300:•
287:•
177:Songhay
119:Capital
21:Azawagh
6718:Tuareg
6713:Azawad
6654:German
6639:Racial
6483:Danzig
6468:Crimea
6453:Champa
6418:Azawad
6408:Arakan
6211:Turkic
6191:Slavic
6166:Nordic
6146:Libyan
6136:Korean
6121:Indian
6101:Finnic
6081:Celtic
5929:Basque
5847:Basque
5818:Ulster
5767:French
5757:Breton
5702:Lezgin
5697:Ingush
5631:Slovak
5621:Polish
5599:German
5475:Europe
5431:Uyghur
5399:Baloch
5315:Sindhi
5300:Meitei
5295:Hazara
5242:Ryukyu
5232:Manchu
5227:Korean
5162:Syrian
5018:Lakota
4934:Somali
4924:Amhara
4919:Acholi
4898:Kabyle
4881:Coptic
4876:Berber
4857:Africa
4698:Brazil
4638:Quebec
4628:Canada
4600:Russia
4582:Europe
4572:Turkey
4560:Russia
4533:Sikkim
4506:Taiwan
4460:Africa
4397:0°03′W
4366:Azawad
4342:
4293:
4275:
4267:
4261:181298
4259:
4227:
4211:
4199:
4176:
3933:
3387:2 June
3365:3 June
3338:27 May
3035:9 June
2967:715389
2965:
2909:
2754:Online
2663:31 May
2640:31 May
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