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often use lasts that are specifically designed to the proportions of individual customers' feet. Made from wood or from various modern materials, they don't need to withstand the pressures of mass production machinery, but they must be able to handle constant tacking and pinning and the wet
104:, and high-density plastics—to withstand contact with wetted leather and the strong forces involved in reshaping it. Since the early 19th century, lasts typically come in pairs to match the separate shapes of the right and left feet. The development of an automated lasting machine by the
313:. Though a last is typically made to approximate the shape of a human foot, the precise shape is tailored to the kind of footwear being made. For example, boot lasts typically hug the instep for a close fit. Modern last shapes are now usually designed with dedicated
328:, and high-density plastics to maintain their shape even after prolonged use in contact with materials like wetted leather and under the mechanical stresses necessary to stretch and shape the material for shoes. Factory lasts must be able to hold the
237:, a single last was used to make shoes for either foot, with the expectation that use would gradually reshape the shoe as needed. The use of such "straights" was particularly important after the rise of both
336:(HMW-HDPE), which can be easily, cheaply, and precisely shaped; which withstand more damage from the tacks before requiring repair or replacement; and which can be
80:. Lasts come in many styles and sizes, depending on the exact job they are designed for. Common variations include simple one-size lasts used for repairing
332:
that position the parts of the shoe and then handle the force of the pullover machines used to bottom the shoe and add the sole. The usual material now is
248:
in the early 19th century that lasts were again generally made and used in matching pairs. Generic one-size lasts are now only used for basic shoe repair.
425:
306:
413:
301:. Lasts come in many styles and sizes, depending on the exact job they are designed for. Common variations include simple uniform lasts for
260:
641:
241:
225:—have been found to have shaped some footwear separately for the right and left foot, this distinction was mostly lost following the
17:
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289:
in 1883. This instantly centralized production, increased production by as much as 14 times, improved quality, and halved prices.
636:
340:
once they finally do wear out entirely. Wooden lasts are now used only for repair work and bespoke shoemaking, particularly in
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arranged around central workshops but each step of production still required skilled labor. Attempts at mechanization in
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475:
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made shoemaking more complicated than previously. It was not until the beginning of industrial production and
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Matzeliger's lasting machine, complex enough the patent office had to send an agent to
116:
783:"Mechanization and Work in the American Shoe Industry: Lynn, Massachusetts, 1852–1883"
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to suit it for work in leather took until 1850 and the major breakthrough was the
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717:
329:
268:
172:
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112:
89:
669:"History of Shoemaking in Britain—Napoleonic Wars and the Industrial Revolution"
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were partial and proved uneconomical after demobilization. Improvements to the
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230:
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environment associated with stretching and shaping materials such as leather.
115:, immediately improving quality, halving prices, and eliminating the previous
876:
632:
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286:
675:, Shugborough: Staffordshire County Museum, 9 December 2010, archived from
658:, Shugborough: Staffordshire County Museum, 9 December 2010, archived from
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255:, shoe production was optimized by elaborate division of labor in
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341:
719:
Dictionnaire
Etymologique des Anglicismes et des Américanismes
377:
546:
77:
673:
656:
724:
Etymological
Dictionary of Anglicisms and Americanisms
558:
524:
522:
233:. Upon the return of commercial shoemaking during the
652:"History of Shoemaking in Britain—Tudors and Stuarts"
631:
588:
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88:, custom-purpose mechanized lasts used in modern
874:
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149:and intending a track, a trace, or a footprint.
534:
507:
92:, and custom-made lasts used in the making of
703:Cutter, William Richard; et al. (2021),
157:
645:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
175:
166:
762:Handbook of Footwear Design and Manufacture
684:
564:
822:From Proto-Indo-European to Proto-Germanic
297:A last is a mechanical form shaped like a
49:Wooden lasts in a shoemaker's workshop in
780:
759:Luximon, Ameersing; et al. (2013).
741:
576:
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355:
198:
187:
111:in the 1880s was a major development in
44:
36:
27:Mechanical form shaped like a human foot
781:Mulligan, William H. Jr. (March 1981).
693:, Adscape International, archived from
14:
875:
305:, custom-purpose mechanized lasts for
818:
797:: Cambridge University Press: 59–63.
715:
497:
481:
685:Chamberlain, Gaius (23 March 2012),
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650:
540:
513:
825:. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
96:. Lasts are made of firm materials—
64:is a mechanical form shaped like a
24:
25:
894:
842:
334:high-density polyethylene plastic
76:in the manufacture and repair of
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624:
436:
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400:
119:surrounding shoemaking centers.
787:The Journal of Economic History
616:
431:Replaceable metal last on stand
351:
320:Lasts are typically made from
285:'s automated lasting machine,
13:
1:
869:(shoemakingcoursesonline.com)
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691:Black Inventor Online Museum
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309:, and custom-made lasts for
137:is thought to derive from a
7:
452:
10:
899:
390:
183:
29:
819:Ringe, Donald A. (2017).
803:10.1017/S0022050700042753
744:"No. 522: Jan Matzeliger"
742:Lienhard, Jan H. (2000),
716:Kurtz, Jean-Paul (2014).
292:
18:Automatic lasting machine
748:Engines of Our Ingenuity
726:]. Books on Demand.
604:Luximon & al. (2013)
642:Encyclopædia Britannica
553:Cutter & al. (2021)
124:
41:A pair of wooden lasts.
863:(lastmakingschool.com)
407:A pair of wooden lasts
380:
360:The personal lasts of
208:
207:to see it in operation
196:
176:
167:
158:
57:
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861:History of lastmaking
856:at Wikimedia Commons
752:University of Houston
705:"John Brooks Nichols"
419:Tripartite metal last
359:
253:Industrial Revolution
239:male and female heels
202:
191:
48:
40:
32:Last (disambiguation)
867:What is a shoe last?
765:. Elsevier Science.
445:Marikina Shoe Museum
283:Jan Ernst Matzeliger
265:Marc Isambard Brunel
193:Jan Ernst Matzeliger
109:Jan Ernst Matzeliger
30:For other uses, see
257:putting-out systems
242:in the 17th century
227:barbarian invasions
117:putting-out systems
106:Surinamese-American
565:Chamberlain (2012)
381:
209:
197:
58:
43:
852:Media related to
832:978-0-19-879258-1
772:978-0-85709-879-5
592:, 11th ed. (1911)
16:(Redirected from
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68:. It is used by
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617:Bibliography
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498:Kurtz (2014)
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482:Ringe (2017)
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352:Custom lasts
319:
315:CAD software
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750:, Houston:
541:SCM (2010b)
514:SCM (2010a)
384:Cordwainers
366:Ava Gardner
303:shoe repair
267:during the
216:cordwainers
74:cordwainers
883:Shoemaking
709:Fiddlebase
606:, p.
590:Enc. Brit.
500:, p.
484:, p.
465:References
299:human foot
277:Surinamese
223:shoemakers
70:shoemakers
66:human foot
795:Cambridge
470:Citations
459:Shoe size
326:cast iron
322:hardwoods
280:immigrant
211:Although
102:cast iron
98:hardwoods
877:Category
453:See also
374:Florence
338:recycled
287:patented
153:include
151:Cognates
811:2120894
391:Gallery
368:at the
261:Britain
220:bespoke
195:in 1885
184:History
177:Leisten
155:Swedish
147:laistaz
131:English
55:Germany
51:Hamburg
829:
809:
769:
730:
629:
342:Europe
293:Design
173:German
171:, and
164:Danish
854:Lasts
807:JSTOR
793:(1).
722:[
396:Lasts
378:Italy
213:Roman
168:læste
141:term
133:word
86:heels
82:soles
78:shoes
827:ISBN
767:ISBN
728:ISBN
637:Last
502:1168
364:and
344:and
205:Lynn
159:läst
145:as *
135:last
129:The
125:Name
84:and
72:and
62:last
799:doi
639:".
608:177
486:284
372:in
263:by
229:in
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791:41
789:.
785:.
746:,
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521:^
376:,
348:.
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317:.
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162:,
100:,
60:A
53:,
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531:.
516:.
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447:)
218:—
34:.
20:)
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