532:
750:, collaborated on plans to manufacture block-making machinery. By 1805, the dockyard had been fully updated with the revolutionary, purpose-built machinery at a time when products were still built individually with different components. A total of 45 machines were required to perform 22 processes on the blocks, which could be made into one of three possible sizes. The machines were almost entirely made of metal thus improving their accuracy and durability. The machines would make markings and indentations on the blocks to ensure alignment throughout the process. One of the many advantages of this new method was the increase in labour
1345:, the craftsman must bustle about a shop, getting parts and assembling them. He must locate and use many tools many times for varying tasks. In mass production, each worker repeats one or a few related tasks that use the same tool to perform identical or near-identical operations on a stream of products. The exact tool and parts are always at hand, having been moved down the assembly line consecutively. The worker spends little or no time retrieving and/or preparing materials and tools, and so the time taken to manufacture a product using mass production is shorter than when using traditional methods.
36:
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1329:, the major oil company in the 19th century, was vertically integrated partly because there was no demand for unrefined crude oil, but kerosene and some other products were in great demand. The other reason was that Standard Oil monopolized the oil industry. The major oil companies were, and many still are, vertically integrated, from production to refining and with their own retail stations, although some sold off their retail operations. Some oil companies also have chemical divisions.
1278:
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1168:, for it eventually became possible to provide each tool with its own electric motor. This may seem only a detail of minor importance. In fact, modern industry could not be carried out with the belt and line shaft for a number of reasons. The motor enabled machinery to be arranged in the order of the work, and that alone has probably doubled the efficiency of industry, for it has cut out a tremendous amount of useless handling and hauling. The belt and
548:
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1433:, which was a contributing factor to economic growth and the decline in work week hours, alongside other factors such as transportation infrastructures (canals, railroads and highways) and agricultural mechanization. These factors caused the typical work week to decline from 70 hours in the early 19th century to 60 hours late in the century, then to 50 hours in the early 20th century and finally to 40 hours in the mid-1930s.
1505:
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1149:, U.S., around 1900. The new automated process used glass-blowing machines to replace 210 craftsman glass blowers and helpers. A small electric truck was used to handle 150 dozen bottles at a time where previously a hand truck would carry six dozen. Electric mixers replaced men with shovels handling sand and other ingredients that were fed into the glass furnace. An electric overhead crane replaced 36
115:
726:
1235:, married prefabrication and mass production in a way that suited the needs of the military. The simple structures, which cost little and could be erected in just a couple of hours, were highly successful: over 100,000 Nissen huts were produced during World War I alone, and they would go on to serve in other conflicts and inspire a number of similar designs.
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were also tremendously wasteful – so wasteful indeed that no factory could be really large, for even the longest line shaft was small according to modern requirements. Also high speed tools were impossible under the old conditions – neither the pulleys nor the belts could stand modern speeds. Without
843:
downplayed the role of
Taylorism in the development of mass production at his company. However, Ford management performed time studies and experiments to mechanize their factory processes, focusing on minimizing worker movements. The difference is that while Taylor focused mostly on efficiency of the
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is implemented. Also, all products produced on one production line will be identical or very similar, and introducing variety to satisfy individual tastes is not easy. However, some variety can be achieved by applying different finishes and decorations at the end of the production line if necessary.
435:
Mass production involves making many copies of products, very quickly, using assembly line techniques to send partially complete products to workers who each work on an individual step, rather than having a worker work on a whole product from start to finish. The emergence of mass production allowed
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and variation is also reduced, as tasks are predominantly carried out by machinery; error in operating such machinery has more far-reaching consequences. A reduction in labour costs, as well as an increased rate of production, enables a company to produce a larger quantity of one product at a lower
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Electrification enabled modern mass production, as with Thomas Edison's iron ore processing plant (about 1893) that could process 20,000 tons of ore per day with two shifts, each of five men. At that time it was still common to handle bulk materials with shovels, wheelbarrows and small narrow-gauge
737:
to be manufactured a year. Bentham had already achieved remarkable efficiency at the docks by introducing power-driven machinery and reorganising the dockyard system. Brunel, a pioneering engineer, and
Maudslay, a pioneer of machine tool technology who had developed the first industrially practical
766:
By 1808, annual production from the 45 machines had reached 130,000 blocks and some of the equipment was still in operation as late as the mid-twentieth century. Mass production techniques were also used to rather limited extent to make clocks and watches, and to make small arms, though parts were
1322:
Upstream vertical integration, such as to raw materials, is away from leading technology toward mature, low-return industries. Most companies chose to focus on their core business rather than vertical integration. This included buying parts from outside suppliers, who could often produce them as
1296:
In a factory for a complex product, rather than one assembly line, there may be many auxiliary assembly lines feeding sub-assemblies (i.e. car engines or seats) to a backbone "main" assembly line. A diagram of a typical mass-production factory looks more like the skeleton of a fish than a single
1268:
Mass production has significantly impacted the fashion industry, particularly in the realm of fibers and materials. The advent of synthetic fibers, such as polyester and nylon, revolutionized textile manufacturing by providing cost-effective alternatives to natural fibers. This shift enabled the
514:), jigs were obviated, but it remained true that the skill (or knowledge) was built into the tool (or process, or documentation) rather than residing in the worker's head. This is the specialized capital required for mass production; each workbench and set of tools (or each CNC cell, or each
685:
introduced the standardization of cannon design in the late 18th century. He streamlined production and management of cannonballs and cannons by limiting them to only three calibers, and he improved their effectiveness by requiring more spherical ammunition. Redesigning these weapons to use
509:
ready at hand to ensure that the part was made to fit this set-up. It had already been checked that the finished part would be to specifications to fit all the other finished parts—and it would be made more quickly, with no time spent on finishing the parts to fit one another. Later, once
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rapid production of inexpensive clothing, contributing to the rise of fast fashion. This reliance on mass production has raised concerns about environmental sustainability and labor conditions, spurring the need for greater ethical and sustainable practices within the fashion industry.
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In the age of mass production, this caused shipping and trade problems in that shipping systems were unable to transport huge volumes of finished automobiles (in Henry Ford's case) without causing damage, and also government policies imposed trade barriers on finished units.
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for workers. This is partly due to the need for workers to operate heavy machinery while also working close together with many other workers. Preventative safety measures, such as fire drills, as well as special training is therefore necessary to minimise the occurrence of
775:
of
Greenwich are recorded as the first instance of the application of mass production techniques (though not necessarily the assembly-line method) to marine engineering. In filling an Admiralty order for 90 sets to his high-pressure and high-revolution horizontal
500:
One of the descriptions of mass production is that "the skill is built into the tool", which means that the worker using the tool may not need the skill. For example, in the 19th or early 20th century, this could be expressed as "the craftsmanship is in the
1201:
that could simultaneously machine 15 engine blocks held on a single fixture. All of these machine tools were arranged systematically in the production flow and some had special carriages for rolling heavy items into machining position. Production of the
912:, which spread throughout New England aided by skilled mechanics from the armories who were instrumental in transferring the technology to the sewing machines manufacturers and other industries such as machine tools, harvesting machines and bicycles.
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and belts had high friction losses. Electric motors also allowed more flexibility in manufacturing and required less maintenance than line shafts and belts. Many factories saw a 30% increase in output simply from changing over to electric motors.
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which favor the expenditures of large sums on articles of mere luxury... impact to the productions of
American industry a character distinct from that of other countries' industries. articles suited to the wants of the whole people".
1332:
Lumber and paper companies at one time owned most of their timber lands and sold some finished products such as corrugated boxes. The tendency has been to divest of timber lands to raise cash and to avoid property taxes.
1436:
Mass production permitted great increases in total production. Using a
European crafts system into the late 19th century it was difficult to meet demand for products such as sewing machines and animal powered mechanical
1214:
The process of prefabrication, wherein parts are created separately from the finished product, is at the core of all mass-produced construction. Early examples include movable structures reportedly utilized by
1193:, which introduced electric motors to the then-well-known technique of chain or sequential production. Ford also bought or designed and built special purpose machine tools and fixtures such as multiple spindle
555:
from 1568 shows the left printer removing a page from the press while the one at the right inks the text blocks. Such a duo could reach 14,000 hand movements per working day, printing around 3,600 pages in the
1118:
and others. Electrification of factories was fastest between 1900 and 1930, aided by the establishment of electric utilities with central stations and the lowering of electricity prices from 1914 to 1917.
455:(augers) to transfer raw materials or partially complete products between vessels. Fluid flow processes such as oil refining and bulk materials such as wood chips and pulp are automated using a system of
505:
itself" (not the training of the worker). Rather than having a skilled worker measure every dimension of each part of the product against the plans or the other parts as it is being formed, there were
1025:) involve planting a very large amount of trees. In order to speed up such efforts, fast propagation of trees may be useful. Some automated machines have been produced to allow for fast (vegetative)
2156:
722:. The first unmistakable examples of manufacturing operations carefully designed to reduce production costs by specialized labour and the use of machines appeared in the 18th century in England.
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1415:
identified one of the key characteristics of
America that would later make it so amenable to the development of mass production: the homogeneous consumer base. De Tocqueville wrote in his
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at the facilities. The Porter
Contract was the first contract which called for mass production of clock movements in history. In 1815, Terry began mass-producing the first shelf clock.
1441:. By the late 1920s many previously scarce goods were in good supply. One economist has argued that this constituted "overproduction" and contributed to high unemployment during the
890:, Virginia (now West Virginia) in the early decades of the 19th century, finally achieving reliable interchangeability by about 1850. This period coincided with the development of
851:
was hired to produce 4,000 wooden movement clocks in the Porter
Contract. At this time, the annual yield for wooden clocks did not exceed a few dozen on average. Terry developed a
1475:, often leaving the consumer with lower quality garments for a lower cost. Most fast-fashion clothing is mass-produced, which means it is typically made of cheap fabrics, such as
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with the idea of making the company's own iron and steel in the same large factory site where parts and car assembly took place. River Rouge also generated its own electricity.
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From old price tables it can be deduced that the capacity of a printing press around 1600, assuming a fifteen-hour workday, was between 3,200 and 3,600 impressions per day.
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unified China at least in part by equipping large armies with these weapons, which were fitted with a sophisticated trigger mechanism made of interchangeable parts. The
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Electric motors were several times more efficient than small steam engines because central station generation were more efficient than small steam engines and because
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Mass production benefited from the development of materials such as inexpensive steel, high strength steel and plastics. Machining of metals was greatly enhanced with
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So that ten men, by the aid of this machinery, can accomplish with uniformity, celerity and ease, what formerly required the uncertain labour of one hundred and ten.
1913:
894:, with the armories designing and building many of their own. Some of the methods employed were a system of gauges for checking dimensions of the various parts and
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670:, introduced movable type to Europe. Through this introduction, mass production in the European publishing industry was made commonplace, leading to a
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supplement. The article was written based on correspondence with Ford Motor
Company and is sometimes credited as the first use of the term.
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474:. Materials on pallets are handled with forklifts. Also used for handling heavy items like reels of paper, steel or machinery are electric
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while total expenditure per unit of product is decreased. However, the machinery that is needed to set up a mass production line (such as
1811:
916:, at one time the largest sewing machine manufacturer, did not achieve interchangeable parts until the late 1880s, around the same time
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The economies of mass production come from several sources. The primary cause is a reduction of non-productive effort of all types. In
994:, many wind turbine components and solar panels are being mass-produced. Wind turbines and solar panels are being used in respectively
291:
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The starter cost for the machinery can be expensive so the producer must be sure it sells or the producers will lose a lot of money.
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Womack, Jones, Roos; The
Machine That Changed The World, Rawson & Associates, New York. Published by Simon & Schuster, 1990.
1254:, as well as the specialization of construction tasks in a process akin to an assembly line. This era also saw the invention of the
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875:, an apprentice of Eli Terry mass-produced up to 20,000 brass clocks annually in 1840 when he invented the cheap 30-hour OG clock.
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due to the less labour-intensive requirements of managing the machinery. Richard Beamish, assistant to Brunel's son and engineer,
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1308:
is a business practice that involves gaining complete control over a product's production, from raw materials to final assembly.
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and techniques to produce interchangeable parts were developed in the mid-19th century that modern mass production was possible.
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1679:
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An influential article that helped to frame and popularize the 20th century's definition of mass production appeared in a 1926
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Standardized parts and sizes and factory production techniques were developed in pre-industrial times; before the invention of
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With each passing decade, engineers have found ways to increase the flexibility of mass production systems, driving down the
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which uses various instruments to measure variables such as temperature, pressure, volumetric and level, providing feedback.
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From the American System to Mass Production, 1800–1932: The Development of Manufacturing Technology in the United States
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1479:, and constructed poorly in order to keep short turnaround times to meet the demands of consumers and shifting trends.
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In the modern industrialization of construction, mass production is often used for prefabrication of house components.
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high speed tools and the finer steels which they brought about, there could be nothing of what we call modern industry.
859:. In 1807, Terry developed a spindle cutting machine, which could produce multiple parts at the same time. Terry hired
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and energy-intensive, for it uses a high proportion of machinery and energy in relation to workers. It is also usually
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2002:
1907:
79:
57:
1784:"Mass-Produced Pre-Han Chinese Bronze Crossbow Triggers: Unparalleled Manufacturing Technology in the Ancient World"
497:) is so expensive that in order to attain profits there must be some assurance that the product will be successful.
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were mass-produced on a large scale at a moderate cost, allowing them to efficiently maintain their control of the
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Roberts, Kenneth D., and Snowden Taylor. Eli Terry and the Connecticut Shelf Clock. Ken Roberts Publishing, 1994.
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for guiding the machine tools and properly holding and aligning the work pieces. This system came to be known as
879:
2492:"From Shafts to Wires: Historical Perspective on Electrification, Journal of Economic History, Vol. 43, Issue 2"
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rail cars, and for comparison, a canal digger in previous decades typically handled five tons per 12-hour day.
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A pulley block for rigging on a sailing ship. By 1808, annual production in Portsmouth reached 130,000 blocks.
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Sometimes production in series has obvious benefits, as is the case with this 5-sickle casting mould from the
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The provision of a whole new system of electric generation emancipated industry from the leather belt and
444:. Mass production ties into the idea of overconsumption and the idea that we as humans consume too much.
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Bulk materials such as coal, ores, grains and wood chips are handled by belt, chain, slat, pneumatic or
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Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression: The Macroeconomics of Electrification
1994:
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781:
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2729:"Prefabrication and Industrialized Construction Could be the Solution to the Future of Infrastructure"
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Some of the organizational management concepts needed to create 20th-century mass production, such as
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3202:
2160:
1072:, resulting in very low cost manufacture of consumer products, plastic piping, containers and parts.
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worker, Ford also substituted for labor by using machines, thoughtfully arranged, wherever possible.
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produced tremendous affordable output but was not very good at responding to demand for variety,
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that could drill every hole on one side of an engine block in one operation and a multiple head
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The biggest impact of early mass production was in manufacturing everyday items, such as at the
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and for this reason classical economists deny that it had any role in the Great Depression.
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Creating the Twentieth Century: Technical Innovations of 1867-1914 and Their Lasting Impact
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is one of the well-known ones), whose work would later be synthesized into fields such as
8:
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and stamped steel parts, both which appeared in industry in about 1890. Plastics such as
820:
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149:
2282:"Can Mass Production of Components Slash the Cost of Offshore Wind Turbine Foundations?"
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sponsored the development of interchangeable parts for guns produced at the arsenals at
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the manufacture of precision parts, especially metal ones, was highly labour-intensive.
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on new product development and allowing greater customization and variety of products.
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for cutting edges. Fabrication using steel components was aided by the development of
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of factories began very gradually in the 1890s after the introduction of a practical
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used the term in the title of an article that appeared before the publication of the
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Mass production systems for items made of numerous parts are usually organized into
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is also believed to have been created through the use of standardized molds on an
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interchangeable wheels, screws, and axles simplified mass production and repair.
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Bi Sheng... who first devised, about 1045, the art of printing with movable type
1384:, who introduced annual model changes, more accessories and a choice of colors.
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1937:
A Concise Economic History of the World: From Paleolithic Times to the Present
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1258:, a small prefabricated house that can be transported cheaply on a truck bed.
19:
This article is about large-scale production. For the creation of matter, see
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1421:(1835) that "The absence in the United States of those vast accumulations of
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produced nearly one ship every day in what was effectively the world's first
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2113:"The Gribeauval system, or the issue of standardization in the 18th century"
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in 56 different locations around the country. These communities were dubbed
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Mass production was popularized in the late 1910s and 1920s by Henry Ford's
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to be mass produced. The first movable type system was invented in China by
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1289:. The assemblies pass by on a conveyor, or if they are heavy, hung from an
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The assembly plant of the Bell Aircraft Corporation in 1944. Note parts of
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in 1908 for creating interchangeable mass-produced precision engine parts,
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threads throughout. Prerequisites for the wide use of mass production were
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However, mass production is inflexible because it is difficult to alter a
807:, had been pioneered by other engineers (most of whom are not famous, but
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Freedom's Forge: How American Business Produced Victory in World War II
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Compared with other production methods, mass production can create new
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478:, sometimes called bridge cranes because they span large factory bays.
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The idea of mass production is applied to many kinds of products: from
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Timeline of clothing and textiles technology
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2595:. New York: Cosmopolitan Book Company. p. 15 (on line edition).
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usually non-interchangeable. Though produced on a very small scale,
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2086:"Jean-Baptiste Vaquette de Gribeauval: French officer and engineer"
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in many markets, forcing companies to seek new ways to become more
401:
1953:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
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Ford assembly line, 1913. The magneto assembly line was the first.
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sizes for the first time which in turn allowed the application of
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Francis Egerton, 3rd Duke of Bridgewater
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2759:"Style that's sustainable: A new fast-fashion formula | McKinsey"
2182:"Portsmouth Royal Dockyard Historical Trust: History 1690 - 1840"
1544:
1033:), techniques have been developed to help speed up the process .
675:
674:, increased literacy and education, and the beginnings of modern
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by many centuries; however, it was not until the introduction of
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Mass Production, the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression
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National Geographic Channel "War factories" documentary episodes
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1790:. Vol. 5, no. 2. pp. 142-153(12). Archived from
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Mass production of fluid matter typically involves piping with
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1029:.Also, for some plants that help to sequester carbon (such as
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History of the British canal system
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Nissen of the Huts: A biography of Lt Col. Peter Nissen, DSO
3015:
2985:
2908:
2360:"Example of automated vegetative plant propagation machine"
2334:"Record-breaking solar cells get ready for mass production"
733:
The Navy was in a state of expansion that required 100,000
633:
390:
386:
3574:
List of United Kingdom-related topics
2569:
Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology
2201:
Osborn, G.A. (1965). "The Crimean War gunboats, part 1".
511:
409:
404:), to clothing, textiles, parts and assemblies of parts (
366:
supplement that was written based on correspondence with
341:
products in a constant flow, including and especially on
939:
Plant No. 4, near Fort Worth, Texas, during World War II
780:
design, Penn produced them all in 90 days. He also used
3498:
History of the cooperative Movement
2479:. National Bureau of Economic Research. p. xxviii.
1991:
The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China, Volume 4
3924:
History of science and technology in the United States
2821:. New York / Lincoln / Shanghai: Authors Choice Press.
2803:. New York / Lincoln / Shanghai: Authors Choice Press.
1411:
In the 1830s, French political thinker and historian
1021:, etc) has been proposed. Some projects (such as the
698:, simple mass production techniques were used at the
2308:"Mass-produced European solar panels on the horizon"
1486:
2111:Berkowitz, Heloise; Dumez, Herve (September 2016).
2702:Orange Coast Magazine: Customizing your tract home
2545:
644:, where it was used to, among other things, issue
353:, it is one of the three main production methods.
2622:
1617:: identical components are easier to mass-produce
1353:cost than using traditional, non-linear methods.
920:adopted modern manufacturing practices in making
3910:
2829:, Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis, IN, 1945.
702:in England to make ships' pulley blocks for the
3589:Timeline of materials technology
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1697:
1695:
1689:, BBC GCSE Bitesize, retrieved 26 October 2012.
1336:
16:High volume production of standardized products
3374:Stockton and Darlington Railway
2416:"Technological Transformations and Long Waves"
2110:
2104:
1754:
1238:Following World War II, in the United States,
625:, which at its height employed 16,000 people.
613:would follow Carthage in producing ships with
510:computerized control came about (for example,
337:, is the production of substantial amounts of
3857:
3652:
2894:
285:
2640:Irfan Habib (1992), "Akbar and Technology",
2585:
1692:
1272:
2468:
1934:
1153:for moving heavy loads across the factory.
3864:
3850:
3659:
3645:
2901:
2887:
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
1856:The First Emperor: China's Terracotta Army
1082:
1060:(PVC) can be easily formed into shapes by
771:gunboat engines designed and assembled by
292:
278:
3871:
3666:
2816:
2798:
2628:
2617:
1950:Hanson, Victor Davis (18 December 2007).
1895:
1713:
518:) is different (fine-tuned to its task).
415:Some mass production techniques, such as
360:was popularized by a 1926 article in the
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
3208:John Kay (spinning frame)
3203:John Kay (flying shuttle)
3138:Thomas and George Cranege
2689:. Bourne End: B D Publishing. p. 82-108.
1781:
1406:
1276:
1176:
926:
724:
648:. The oldest extant book produced using
570:made with bronze parts were produced in
546:
530:
419:sizes and production lines, predate the
303:
43:This article includes a list of general
2436:Fig. 12, Machining speed for steel axle
2138:
1988:
1939:. Oxford University Press. p. 161.
1471:Mass production has been linked to the
1300:
1242:pioneered the building of standardized
949:mass-produced many vehicles and weapons
470:and mobile equipment such as front-end
3911:
3594:Timeline of steam power
2698:
2659:Barbados: Just Beyond Your Imagination
2489:
2474:
2200:
2154:"The Portsmouth blockmaking machinery"
1949:
1852:
1040:and later very hard materials such as
3845:
3640:
3309:Abbeydale Industrial Hamlet
2882:
2705:. Emmis Communications. p. 160.
2410:
2392:from the original on 19 February 2020
658:, printed in Korea in the year 1377.
3619:
2836:, Random House, New York, NY, 2012.
2709:from the original on 16 October 2023
2543:
2366:from the original on 3 February 2021
2340:from the original on 22 January 2021
2314:from the original on 30 January 2021
2288:from the original on 28 January 2021
2078:
2045:, unesco.org, accessed December 2021
1970:from the original on 16 October 2023
1956:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
1935:Cameron, Rondo; Neal, Larry (2003).
1916:from the original on 16 October 2023
1877:from the original on 16 October 2023
1760:
29:
2656:
2566:
1231:, first used by the British during
13:
2810:
2066:from the original on 14 April 2008
1814:from the original on 29 March 2023
1636:Cost-of-production theory of value
1626:Outline of industrial organization
1449:denies the possibility of general
632:has allowed for documents such as
385:and particulates handled in bulk (
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3955:
3806:History of electrical engineering
3123:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
2848:
2769:from the original on 20 June 2023
2599:from the original on 17 July 2014
2428:from the original on 1 March 2012
1896:Trawinski, Allan (25 June 2017).
526:
3618:
3607:
3606:
3359:Portsmouth Block Mills
3084:
2866:
2854:
2739:from the original on 2 June 2021
1782:Williams, David (October 2008).
1503:
1489:
1185:at both sides of photo near top.
1011:large-scale carbon sequestration
909:American system of manufacturing
113:
34:
25:Mass Production (disambiguation)
3584:Timeline of invention
3559:History of technology
3422:Newcomen steam engine
3198:Joseph Marie Jacquard
2792:
2781:
2751:
2721:
2692:
2679:
2650:
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2048:
2029:
2014:
1982:
1223:built by emancipated slaves on
880:United States Department of War
855:in 1795, in which he perfected
662:, through his invention of the
617:parts on an assembly line: the
541:museum in Yekaterinburg, Russia
3679:History of technology cultures
3344:Derwent Valley Mills
3213:Francis Cabot Lowell
2817:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996).
2799:Beaudreau, Bernard C. (1996).
2490:Devine, Warren D. Jr. (1983).
2215:10.1080/00253359.1965.10657815
2020:
1943:
1928:
1889:
1846:
1798:
1775:
1723:Johns Hopkins University Press
1673:
1:
3826:History of nuclear technology
3801:History of computing hardware
3779:History of technology domains
1667:
1511:Business and economics portal
827:. Although after leaving the
710:. It was achieved in 1803 by
689:
214:Information and communication
3811:History of materials science
2699:Custer, Jack (August 1988).
1651:Second Industrial Revolution
1615:Modular construction systems
1456:Mass production allowed the
1337:Advantages and disadvantages
1209:
1005:In addition, in the ongoing
796:, especially in the form of
718:under the management of Sir
672:democratization of knowledge
609:. Many centuries later, the
7:
3569:Industrial archaeology
3472:Watt steam engine
3158:Abraham Darby III
2589:; Crowther, Samuel (1930).
1763:Geschichte der Druckpressen
1482:
1206:used 32,000 machine tools.
1139:Glass Manufacturing Company
985:M1919 Browning machine guns
965:Consolidated B-24 Liberator
961:North American P-51 Mustang
933:Consolidated B-32 Dominator
742:in 1800 which standardized
683:Jean-Baptiste de Gribeauval
430:
10:
3960:
3437:Reverberatory furnace
3364:Quarry Bank Mill
3153:Abraham Darby II
3066:Economies of agglomeration
2827:Masters of Mass Production
2733:interestingengineering.com
2571:. Cambridge, MA / London:
2552:. Oxford / New York City:
2163:. makingthemodernworld.org
1995:Cambridge University Press
1899:The Clash of Civilizations
1761:Wolf, Hans Jürgen (1974).
1661:Technological unemployment
1540:Fast-moving consumer goods
1116:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
1098:and accelerated after the
884:Springfield, Massachusetts
835:and later was awarded the
681:French artillery engineer
640:, during the reign of the
521:
18:
3880:
3774:
3674:
3602:
3551:
3480:
3382:
3301:
3148:Abraham Darby I
3093:
3082:
2978:
2921:
2477:Mechanization in Industry
2191:. portsmouthdockyard.org.
2161:UK Government Web Archive
1429:Mass production improved
1273:The use of assembly lines
1007:climate change mitigation
969:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
817:manufacturing engineering
3897:Assemble-to-order system
3791:History of communication
3786:History of biotechnology
3462:Stephenson's Rocket
2187:26 February 2020 at the
1989:Needham, Joseph (1994).
1861:Harvard University Press
1807:The Terra Cotta Warriors
1656:Technological revolution
1317:Ford River Rouge Complex
1141:, which electrified its
914:Singer Manufacturing Co.
809:Frederick Winslow Taylor
3278:Richard Trevithick
2554:Oxford University Press
2460:CS1 maint: postscript (
2090:Encyclopedia Britannica
1902:. Page Publishing Inc.
1721:, Baltimore, Maryland:
1083:Factory electrification
1077:Encyclopædia Britannica
1019:blue carbon restoration
975:), trucks, tanks (i.e.
831:which was rebranded as
756:Isambard Kingdom Brunel
363:Encyclopædia Britannica
158:Industrial technologies
64:more precise citations.
3816:History of measurement
3686:Prehistoric technology
3533:Rochdale Pioneers
3518:Industrial unrest
3324:Bridgewater Canal
3268:Robert Stephenson
3263:George Stephenson
3238:William Radcliffe
3193:Benjamin Huntsman
3168:William Fairbairn
3128:Edmund Cartwright
3103:Richard Arkwright
3006:Industry/Manufacturing
2859:Quotations related to
2567:Nye, David E. (1990).
2525:Cite journal requires
2475:Jerome, Harry (1934).
2449:Cite journal requires
2120:Gérer & Comprendre
1772:
1560:Industrial engineering
1282:
1265:Fabrics and Materials
1186:
1175:
1023:Trillion Tree Campaign
951:, such as ships (i.e.
940:
825:management consultancy
813:industrial engineering
764:
730:
700:Portsmouth Block Mills
666:and production of the
557:
544:
315:
23:. For other uses, see
3761:Industrial Revolution
3668:History of technology
3503:Cottage industry
3188:Eaton Hodgkinson
3173:James Hargreaves
3108:Thomas Boulsover
2544:Smil, Vaclav (2005).
2497:: 355. Archived from
2386:"Restoration Methods"
2060:Catholic Encyclopedia
1853:Portal, Jane (2007).
1768:
1646:Scientific management
1621:Operations management
1575:Instant manufacturing
1570:Industrial Revolution
1530:Continuous production
1473:Fast Fashion Industry
1413:Alexis de Tocqueville
1407:Socioeconomic impacts
1280:
1180:
1162:
937:Consolidated Aircraft
930:
857:Interchangeable parts
805:scientific management
786:interchangeable parts
760:
748:interchangeable parts
728:
696:Industrial Revolution
576:Warring States period
550:
534:
421:Industrial Revolution
335:continuous production
307:
122:Manufacturing methods
3944:Economic development
3929:Industrial processes
3831:History of transport
3796:History of computing
3442:Sheffield plate
3243:Richard Roberts
3223:Thomas Newcomen
3143:Samuel Crompton
3113:Matthew Boulton
3071:Economies of density
2875:at Wikimedia Commons
2661:. Hansib Caribbean.
2592:Edison as I Know Him
2203:The Mariner's Mirror
2159:5 April 2017 at the
2041:19 July 2017 at the
1794:on 11 December 2013.
1685:14 July 2017 at the
1468:of many goods used.
1418:Democracy in America
1401:industrial accidents
1396:occupational hazards
1323:cheaply or cheaper.
1306:Vertical integration
1301:Vertical integration
947:, The United States
714:in cooperation with
712:Marc Isambard Brunel
516:fractionating column
406:household appliances
3939:Types of production
3821:History of medicine
3452:Spinning jenny
3447:Spinning frame
3417:Flying shuttle
3407:Crucible steel
3288:John Wilkinson
3273:Thomas Telford
3118:James Brindley
2685:McCosh, F. (1997).
2036:Memory of the World
1715:Hounshell, David A.
1595:Licensed production
1348:The probability of
931:Mass production of
922:harvesting machines
821:operations research
740:screw-cutting lathe
481:Mass production is
436:supply to outstrip
150:Agile manufacturing
3934:Business economics
3543:Industrial warfare
3392:Blast furnace
3253:Samuel Slater
3248:Thomas Savery
3218:Lunar Society
3076:Economies of scale
2657:Ali, Arif (1996).
2575:. pp. 14, 15.
2231:. 24 January 1887.
2056:"Johann Gutenberg"
1680:Production Methods
1641:Ready-made garment
1590:Lean manufacturing
1283:
1252:economies of scale
1191:Ford Motor Company
1187:
1058:polyvinyl chloride
959:), aircraft (i.e.
941:
829:Henry Ford Company
782:Whitworth Standard
731:
660:Johannes Gutenberg
611:Republic of Venice
588:the Emperor's tomb
558:
545:
372:The New York Times
368:Ford Motor Company
331:series manufacture
316:
145:Lean manufacturing
3906:
3905:
3839:
3838:
3634:
3633:
3508:Factory Acts
3493:Child labour
3457:Steam engine
3369:Soho Foundry
3258:John Smeaton
3183:Thomas Highs
3178:Hawks family
2871:Media related to
2842:978-1-4000-6964-4
2244:Missing or empty
2025:. pp. 41–54.
1963:978-0-307-42518-8
1870:978-0-674-02697-1
1788:Arms & Armour
1732:978-0-8018-2975-8
1565:Industrialisation
1102:was developed by
1070:injection molding
1027:plant propagation
992:energy transition
628:The invention of
483:capital-intensive
449:centrifugal pumps
327:series production
302:
301:
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3513:Great Divergence
3467:Water frame
3402:Cotton mill
3228:Robert Owen
3088:
3056:Water power
3036:Steam power
2991:Coal mining
2969:Potential future
2903:
2896:
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2879:
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2832:Herman, Arthur.
2825:Borth, Christy.
2822:
2805:
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2779:
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2776:
2774:
2763:www.mckinsey.com
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1497:Companies portal
1494:
1493:
1492:
1464:by lowering the
1443:Great Depression
1364:process after a
1343:craft production
1104:Galileo Ferraris
1096:Frank J. Sprague
1046:electric welding
1042:tungsten carbide
1038:high-speed steel
990:For the ongoing
619:Venetian Arsenal
599:ancient Carthage
468:bucket elevators
351:batch production
345:. Together with
321:, also known as
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130:Batch production
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107:Machine industry
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3133:Henry Cort
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1217:Akbar the Great
1212:
1199:milling machine
1147:Muncie, Indiana
1088:Electrification
1085:
971:), jeeps (i.e.
918:Cyrus McCormick
904:armory practice
873:Chauncey Jerome
853:milling machine
708:Napoleonic Wars
692:
668:Gutenberg Bible
584:Terracotta Army
529:
524:
495:machine presses
476:overhead cranes
457:process control
453:screw conveyors
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358:mass production
323:flow production
319:Mass production
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248:Process control
140:Flow production
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2863:at Wikiquote
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2771:. Retrieved
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2601:. Retrieved
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2547:
2539:
2518:cite journal
2506:. Retrieved
2499:the original
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2476:
2470:
2442:cite journal
2430:. Retrieved
2406:
2394:. Retrieved
2380:
2368:. Retrieved
2354:
2342:. Retrieved
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2316:. Retrieved
2302:
2290:. Retrieved
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2258:
2246:|title=
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2177:
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2128:. Retrieved
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2068:. Retrieved
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2016:
2008:
1990:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
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1918:. Retrieved
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1879:. Retrieved
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1792:the original
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1585:Just-in-time
1550:Ford Model T
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1327:Standard Oil
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1112:Westinghouse
1108:Nikola Tesla
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1050:polyethylene
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989:
945:World War II
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907:
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867:to work the
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837:Dewar Trophy
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778:trunk engine
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752:productivity
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70:January 2021
67:
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3746:Renaissance
3528:Proletariat
3488:Bourgeoisie
2587:Ford, Henry
2172:Brumcarrier
2023:中國金屬活字印刷技術史
1836:|work=
1631:Pilot plant
1605:Mass market
1462:consumerism
1350:human error
1256:mobile home
1233:World War I
1124:line shafts
1054:polystyrene
1000:solar farms
981:M2 Browning
865:Seth Thomas
798:electricity
769:Crimean War
646:paper money
580:Qin Emperor
574:during the
466:conveyors,
442:competitive
410:automobiles
62:introducing
3913:Categories
3875:approaches
3873:Production
3385:technology
3383:Invention/
3349:Ironbridge
3046:Technology
3026:Metallurgy
2916:revolution
2910:Industrial
2713:7 December
2396:29 January
2370:29 January
2344:22 January
2318:22 January
2292:22 January
1974:7 December
1920:7 December
1881:7 December
1818:7 December
1749:1104810110
1668:References
1439:harvesters
1389:lead times
1362:production
1248:Levittowns
1229:Nissen hut
1219:, and the
1170:line shaft
1166:line shaft
1158:Henry Ford
996:wind farms
977:M4 Sherman
841:Henry Ford
704:Royal Navy
690:Industrial
650:metal type
537:Bronze Age
376:Britannica
310:automobile
45:references
3731:Byzantine
3691:Neolithic
3552:Reference
3319:Bethlehem
3314:Allentown
3061:Workforce
3031:Sociology
3021:Machinery
3011:Invention
2573:MIT Press
2432:18 August
2237:cite news
2229:The Times
1838:ignored (
1828:cite book
1477:polyester
1466:unit cost
1458:evolution
1447:Say's law
1210:Buildings
1145:plant in
1143:mason jar
1062:extrusion
1013:(through
973:Willys MB
849:Eli Terry
847:In 1807,
773:John Penn
758:, wrote:
586:guarding
568:Crossbows
503:workbench
487:automated
395:chemicals
378:article.
356:The term
308:A modern
237:IEC 62264
196:Six Sigma
3613:Category
3339:Cromford
3329:Broseley
3051:Textiles
2767:Archived
2737:Archived
2707:Archived
2597:Archived
2423:Archived
2414:(1989).
2390:Archived
2364:Archived
2338:Archived
2312:Archived
2286:Archived
2185:Archived
2157:Archived
2070:14 April
2064:Archived
2062:. 1912.
2039:Archived
1968:Archived
1914:Archived
1875:Archived
1812:Archived
1741:83016269
1717:(1984),
1683:Archived
1483:See also
1225:Barbados
1100:AC motor
1092:DC motor
1031:seagrass
900:fixtures
833:Cadillac
638:Bi Sheng
556:process.
431:Overview
402:minerals
99:a series
97:Part of
3751:Ottoman
3721:Chinese
3625:Commons
3523:Luddite
3432:Railway
3412:Factory
3094:People/
2773:18 June
2130:23 June
2096:23 June
2021:吉星, 潘.
1545:Fordism
943:During
906:or the
706:in the
694:In the
676:science
623:factory
553:woodcut
522:History
472:loaders
58:improve
3766:Modern
3726:Indian
3302:Places
3096:groups
3001:Cotton
2979:Themes
2955:Fourth
2941:Second
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2603:7 June
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383:fluids
227:ISA-95
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3887:(MTO)
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2962:Fifth
2948:Third
2934:First
2927:Proto
2502:(PDF)
2495:(PDF)
2426:(PDF)
2419:(PDF)
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2116:(PDF)
794:power
655:Jikji
634:books
572:China
551:This
464:screw
399:mined
333:, or
266:SCADA
241:B2MML
3706:Inca
3016:Iron
2996:Coke
2986:Coal
2912:and
2838:ISBN
2775:2023
2745:2021
2715:2021
2667:ISBN
2605:2014
2531:help
2510:2011
2462:link
2455:help
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2072:2021
1999:ISBN
1976:2021
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1904:ISBN
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1745:OCLC
1737:LCCN
1727:ISBN
1372:The
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