Assyriology - Knowledge

1003:

Mesopotamia (Iraq) and related cultures that also used cuneiform, like northeastern Syria, southeastern Turkey, and western Iran. In other words, Assyriology is not merely one discipline, but a group of disciplines related to cuneiform that make frequent references to one another. An Assyriologist might be a specialist in the language, or archaeology, or history of the cuneiform world, but by no means is everyone who has worked on cuneiform materials an Assyriologist. Sir Max Mallowan might be better known as an archaeologist of ancient Near Eastern civilizations than an Assyriologist, to give one example. A hallmark that distinguishes Assyriologists from other related specialists is training in ancient Mesopotamian languages, mainly Sumerian and Akkadian. Apart from Sumerology, Assyriology also embraces disciplines including Elamitology, Hittitology, Ugaritic, Urartian, and old Persian studies. However, experts in these fields are not always comfortable being known as Assyriologists. In the preface of A Manual of Ugaritic, André Caquot asserts that "Ugaritology deserves to be considered an independent historical discipline, one to be mastered by itself and for itself, as distinct a field as Assyriology or Egyptology, even if it appears easier because of the profound affinities shown by Ugaritic with other long known Semitic languages." This might well also be acknowledged by specialists in Elamite, Hittite, and Urartian studies, unsettled by the obsessive attention given to Assyriology. For the purposes of this paper, however, I subsume all the aforementioned disciplines and sub-disciplines within the category of Assyriology, or rather "cuneiform studies," with more focus on philological studies in Akkadian, Sumerian, and Elamite.

1120:

royal inscriptions, which for some ten years monopolized the public interest… But when the celebrated Clay Tablets of Assurbanipal's (or Sardanapalus') library were discovered and closely examined, it became more and more clear that the literary treasures it contained belonged to an epoch far earlier than that of the Assyrian monarchy, namely, to that which is now known as the early Babylonian period… Babylonia is the cradle of the earliest civilization, and could look back to a history covering several thousands of years at a time (about 1900 B.C.) when the history of Assyria was in its infancy; it is for this reason that the Assyrian civilization (its language, script, and religion) is, in the main, merely an offshoot of the Babylonian. It is absurd, therefore, to speak of an independent Assyrian literature; unless, of course, we are prepared to regard the inscriptions of the Assyrian kings as a separate school of literature by itself. The material which Sardanapalus placed in his library consisted, however, with unimportant exceptions, of mere copies of earlier Babylonian texts. As I have already pointed out, the study of the cuneiform inscriptions first began with the investigation of Assyrian monuments, and for this reason received the not altogether appropriate name of Assyriology. If, however, we go back to the first beginnings of the deciphering, we find ourselves again face to face with Babylonia, though, it is true, at a very late stage of its development; for it was a Babylonian translation of the early Persian Achaemenid texts—the inscriptions of Cyrus, Darius, and Xerxes—which first led to the unravelling of the tangled web of Semitic cuneiform writing.

1179:

decipherment of the cuneiform tablets. To the historian the science deals with the history of Mesopotamia and Persia. The archeologist is quick to say that it is the archeology of these areas. Each is right, but only partially… The first cuneiform tablets discovered in any quantity were in Assyria. Later discoveries revealed that the people referred to their language as Akkadian. The northern dialect came to be known as Assyrian, and the southern one as Babylonian. In scholarly circles Akkadian has replaced the term Assyrian when speaking of the language, but the science remains Assyriology… Gradually Assyriology began to embrace the study of the majority of the peoples of the ancient Near East who wrote in cuneiform. This included the Hittites until recently. Today most authorities tend to regard Hittitology as a separate field, now that more is known about them. One wonders if Sumerology will break away (some schools have chairs of Sumerology), but this is doubtful, as the Sumerians furnished the foundation for the culture of the Assyrians, Akkadians, and Babylonians. Persian studies may make the break when the knowledge of the field is enriched enough to do so. For the purpose of this essay Assyriology is defined as the study of the history, literature, and antiquities of ancient Mesopotamia, Persia, and the littoral regions. This includes all facets of their civilization from philology to architecture. Major groups of peoples coming under study are the Sumerians, Akkadians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Kassites, Elamites, and Persians.

1354:

documents then available had been recovered from sites situated in what was once ancient Assyria. With the recovery of Babylonian sites in the following years, many more tablets came to light, showing not only that the two dialects used in Assyria and Babylonia, respectively, were closely related, but also that their users called their language neither "Assyrian" nor "Babylonian," but "Akkadian," after the Akkadians who had established the first great Semitic empire in the middle of the third millennium B.C. under their renowned leader, Sargon of Akkad. As some of these facts became known, the term "Akkadian" ("Accadian") began to crowd out the term "Assyrian" in good Assyriological usage. However, the term "Assyrian" for the Assyro-Babylonian language continues to be used —though on a much more limited and mainly popular basis—in parallel to such firmly established terms as "Assyriology" and "Assyriologist." The aversion toward the term "Akkadian" ("Accadian") in the popular American circles may be partially conditioned by the existence of the name "Acadian" ("Cajun") for the French Canadians of Nova Scotia (and later, Louisiana).

1291:

1314:

l'écriture cunéiforme avait servi pour une langue-sœur, le babylonien : babylonien et assyrien avaient divergé vers 2000 avant notre ère à partir de leur ancêtre, une langue sémitique que leurs locuteurs eux-mêmes désignaient comme « akkadien ». Par ailleurs, à partir de 1877, les fouilles de Tello montrèrent que, avant l'akkadien, le cunéiforme avait servi à écrire une langue complètement différente, le sumérien. La sumérologie devint donc peu à peu une branche particulière de l'assyriologie au sens large. Et la suite des recherches montra qu'au cours du Il millénaire avant notre ere, l'écriture cunéiforme avait aussi été employée pour noter d'autres langues, comme le hourrite, le hittite ou l'élamite. Dès lors, le terme assyriologue est devenu ambigu : dans son acception large, il désigne toute personne qui étudie des textes notés dans l'écriture cunéiforme. Mais ces textes, écrits dans des langues très différentes, relèvent de civilisations distinctes, même si elles ont été en contact suffisamment étroit pour partager une même écriture.

1251:

213: 1054:

Iran. As understood by Eastern European scholars, the term ancient Near Eastern includes all ancient advanced civilizations between the Mediterranean and the China Sea. Originally, and to some degree even today, the discipline has borne the traditional name Assyriology, since it was inscriptions from ancient Assyria that marked the beginning of research on the culture of ancient Mesopotamia. In comparison with that term the designation Ancient Near Eastern Studies proved to be increasingly appropriate the more ancient Near Eastern civilizations became known. The enormous increase in inscriptions and archaeological material over the years led to the development of two sub-disciplines: Ancient Near Eastern Philology and Near Eastern archaeology, which, however, remain linked by a shared goal – which is to reconstruct an ancient advanced civilization on the basis of written and material evidence.

306: 1096:

permission d'employer ce mot, nécessaire pour éviterde longues périphrases et que l'analogie du mot égyptologue semble autoriser." Le terme fut ensuite employé communément, sans que personne apparemment se souvienne de son origine, tant cette désignation semblait logique. Cependant, Renan ne fut pas réellement une bonne fée au ber-ceau de l'assyriologie… C'est que les données exhumées de plus en plusabondamment du sol de la Mésopotamie à partir de 1843 ne s'accordaient guère avec le système qu'il avait mis au point dans sa jeunesse et auquelil est peu ou prou resté fidèle toute sa vie.

55: 862: 20: 797:, p. 23), it is calculated that the debris underneath the pavement, 30 feet thick, must represent a period of about 3000 years, more especially as older constructions had to be leveled before the pavement was laid. In the deepest part of the excavations, inscribed clay tablets and fragments of stone vases are still found, though the cuneiform characters upon them are of a very archaic type, and sometimes even retain their primitive pictorial forms. 2275: 349:, comparing the previously deciphered Persian with the Assyrian cuneiform where used in parallel scripts. Usage of the term began to expand after it was noticed that, in addition to Old Persian and Assyrian, the cuneiform script had been used for a sister language, Babylonian. Babylonian and Assyrian had diverged around 2000 BCE from their ancestor, an older Semitic language that their speakers referred to as "Akkadian". 1228:

predecessors, and mostly half-believed stories from the Old Testament and Herodotus to indicate that Babylon had existed, Westerners coined the term "Assyriology," still to be found in university catalogues. Before Assyriology could go beyond its first misstep in the nineteenth century, however, some tangible remains of Akkadia were needed.

1313:

Au contraire de l'égyptologue, l'assyriologue n'était donc pas, ipso facto, un archéologue. L'assyriologue s'occupait de déchiffrer les textes en langue assyrienne découverts en quantité dans le nord de l'Irak actuel, l'ancienne Assyrie, à partir de 1843. On s'aperçut peu après que, outre l'assyrien,

1250:

555:

From 1850 onwards, there was a growing suspicion that the Semite inhabitants of Babylon and Assyria were not the inventors of cuneiform system of writing, and that they had instead borrowed it from some other language and culture. In 1850, Edward Hincks published a paper suggesting that cuneiform was

1119:

It is necessary here to remark, that the application of the term "Assyriology," as it is now generally used, to the study of the cuneiform inscriptions, is not quite correct; indeed it is actually misleading. It is true that the study of these inscriptions first began in connection with the Assyrian

1353:

A few words are necessary to justify the use of the term "Assyrian" in the title of the project and of the published Dictionary. In the early years of Assyriology the term "Assyrian" was commonly used for the main Semitic language of Mesopotamia, for the well-known reason that most of the cuneiform

1290:

1147:

In our association, the old-fashioned term "Assyriology" covers all scholarly fields related to the study of the ancient Near East in the time of the cuneiform cultures, from the fourth millennium BCE to the first century CE in the historical regions of Mesopotamia, Syria, and the Levant, Iran, and

284:

are useful for comparative purposes, and the knowledge of writing systems that use several hundred core signs. There now exist many important grammatical studies and lexical aids. Although scholars can draw from a large corpus of literature, some tablets are broken, or in the case of literary texts

1053:

The term 'ancient Near Eastern', in the context of Western European and American scholarship, refers to the geographical area of the Near East and its pre-Christian or pre-Islamic civilizations in the territory of present-day Turkey, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, Iraq, the Arabian peninsula and

1002:

The term "Assyriology" is itself problematic because it covers a broad range of topics. Assyriology literally means the study of Assyria, yet the field is by no means restricted to Assyria… What Assyriology actually means, though, is the archaeological, historical, and linguistic study of ancient

480:

in Baghdad, began examining and mapping the ruins of Babylon and Nineveh, and collecting numerous inscribed bricks, tablets, boundary stones, and cylinders, including the famous Nebuchadnezzar Cylinder and Sennacherib Cylinder, a collection which formed the nucleus of the Mesopotamian antiquities

1178:

The term Assyriology is derived from these people, but it is very misleading. In fact the Assyrians make up only a part of the science of Assyriology... Ask ten Assyriologists to define Assyriology and, in all probability, you will get ten different answers… A philologist maintains it is the

1095:

Il faut pourtant d'emblée soulignerun fait qui semble ignoré : c'est Renan qui a donné aux spécialistes desécritures cunéiformes le nom d'assyriologues, qu'ils portent toujours. Dans le Journal des savants de 1859, il se réfère à «MM. les assyriologues» etajoute en note: "Je demande la

1227:

Through the accident of the better preservation of the Persian ruins, visited by Europeans as early as the seventeenth century, the first Akkadian texts studied in the West came from this source. With little understanding of the Persians as supplanters, no knowledge yet of the Sumerians as

556:

instead invented by some non-Semitic people who had preceded the Semites in Babylon. In 1853, Rawlinson came to similar conclusions, texts written in this more ancient language were identified. At first, this language was called "Akkadian" or "Scythian" but it is now known to be

481:

collection at the British Museum. Before his untimely death at the age of 34, Claudius Rich wrote two memoirs on the ruins of Babylon and the inscriptions found therein, two works which may be said to "mark the birth of Assyriology and the related cuneiform studies."

547:

published a paper showing that the Class II was not alphabetical, but was in fact both syllabic and ideographic, which led to its translation between 1850 and 1859. The language was at first called Babylonian and/or Assyrian, but has now come to be known as

720:. The subsequent excavations of de Sarzec in Telloh and its neighbourhood carried the history of the city back to at least 4000 BC. A collection of more than 30,000 tablets has been found, which were arranged on shelves in the time of Gudea ( 489:

One of the largest obstacles scholars had to overcome during the early days of Assyriology was the decipherment of curious triangular markings on many of the artifacts and ruins found at Mesopotamian sites. These markings, which were termed

509:. Niebuhr showed that the inscriptions were written from left to right, and that each of the three inscriptions contained three different types of cuneiform writing, which he labelled Class I, Class II, and Class III (now known to be 817:

of the subject, computer-based methods are being developed jointly with computer science, the roots of which can be found in the late 1960s in the work of Gerhard Sperl. In 2023, an open data set was published an used to train an

734:

explored the cemetery of El Hiba (immediately to the south of Telloh), and for the first time made us acquainted with the burial customs of ancient Babylonia. Another German expedition, on a large scale, was despatched by the

380:, which became subsumed under the increasingly ambiguous term Assyriology. Today the term designates the study of texts written in cuneiform script, irrespective of whether the script is from Egypt, Sumer, or Assyria. 328:

The term is widely considered ambiguous, being defined in different ways by different scholars in the field. Today, alternate terms such as "cuneiform studies" or "study of the Ancient Near East" are also used.

332:

Originally Assyriology referred primarily to the study of the texts in the Assyrian language discovered in quantity in the north of modern-day Iraq, ancient Assyria, following their initial discovery at

457:, a French botanist and explorer, who sold the French Bibliothèque Nationale de Paris an inscribed boundary stone found near Baghdad. The first known archeological excavation in Mesopotamia was led by 674:(Calah) were also excavated, and hundreds of enamelled tiles were disinterred. Two years later (1880–1881) Rassam was sent to Babylonia, where he discovered the site of the temple of the sun-god of 469:." Abbé Beauchamp's memoirs of his travels, published in 1790, sparked a sensation in the scholarly world, generating a number of archeological and academic expeditions to the Middle East. 1411: 1513:

Stötzner, Ernst; Homburg, Timo; Mara, Hubert (2023), "CNN based Cuneiform Sign Detection Learned from Annotated 3D Renderings and Mapped Photographs with Illumination Augmentation",

690:, on the south side of a canal, which may once have represented the main stream of the Euphrates, Sippara of the goddess Anunit, now Dir, being on its opposite bank. 498:

in 1700, were long considered to be merely decorations and ornaments. It was not until late in the 18th century that they came to be considered some sort of writing.

2055: 1555: 212: 2648: 624:

on behalf of the French government. But it was only in the last quarter of the 19th century that anything like systematic exploration was attempted.

643:, to continue his work at Nineveh and its neighbourhood. Excavations in the mounds of Balaw~t, called Imgur-Bel by the Assyrians, 15 miles east of 1068:"Expédition Scientifique en Mésopotamie, par M. Oppert. Tome II, contenant les principes de l'interprétation de l'écriture cunéiforme assyrienne." 831: 839: 401:

writings. From the Middle Ages onward, there were scattered reports of ancient Mesopotamian ruins. As early as the 12th century, the ruins of

1415: 205:

cultures provide an extremely large resource for the study of the period. The region's, and the world's first cities and city-states like

2643: 2817: 2699: 2048: 425:. Pietro gave "remarkable descriptions" of the site, and brought back to Europe inscribed bricks that he had found at Nineveh and 2260: 1548: 325:

described the term as misleading, and today the International Association for Assyriology itself calls the term "old-fashioned".

743:

and the great processional road were laid bare, and W. Andrae subsequently conducted excavations at Qal'at Sherqat, the site of

285:

where there may be many copies the language and grammar are often arcane. Scholars must be able to read and understand modern

1171: 789:

and his son, Naram-Sin (2300 BC). As the debris above them is 34 feet thick, the topmost stratum being not later than the

2390: 2041: 1482: 940: 885: 560:. This was the first indication to modern scholarship that this older culture and people, the Sumerians, existed at all. 394: 1021:(2006-10-01). "Ancient Near Eastern philology and history (Assyriology)". In Cancik, Hubert; Schneider, Helmuth (eds.). 778:

between 1889 and 1900, where Mr JH Haynes has systematically and patiently uncovered the remains of the great temple of

305: 1541: 1467:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 13–15

2117: 1338: 1275: 1040: 987: 844: 36: 1453:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 11

1383:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p. 7

2781: 1435:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963 p. 8

1401:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963 p. 8

1392:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963. p 8

1374:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963 p. 7

1365:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character, by Samule Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p 7

537: 1444:

The Sumerians: Their History, Culture and Character, by Samuel Noah Kramer, University of Chicago Press, 1963, p.8

2822: 2694: 2678: 1022: 360:. "Sumerology" therefore gradually became a branch of Assyriology. Subsequent research showed that during the 2720: 346: 58: 663:(858 BC). From the latter came the bronze gates with hammered reliefs, which are now in the British Museum. 2730: 2465: 1987: 740: 628: 229: 612:

had already done useful topographical work. Layard's excavations in this latter country were continued by

417:

and the ruins of Assyria during his travels throughout the Middle East. The identification of the city of

2786: 2668: 2663: 2598: 2274: 659:

of rectangular shape, as well as of a palace which had been destroyed by the Babylonians but restored by

505:, the Danish mathematician, published accurate copies of three trilingual inscriptions from the ruins at 678:

at Abu-Habba, and so fixed the position of the two Sipparas or Sepharvaim. Abu-Habba lies south-west of

2791: 2400: 969: 771: 458: 2475: 2290: 1477:

Bogacz, Bartosz; Mara, Hubert (2022), "Digital Assyriology — Advances in Visual Cuneiform Analysis",

766:

lies outside the limits of Babylonia. Not so, the American excavations (1903–1904) under EJ Banks at

529: 342: 115:, is the archaeological, anthropological, historical, and linguistic study of the cultures that used 194:

of the 7th century AD, so the topic is significantly wider than that implied by the root "Assyria".

2827: 2430: 2072: 1671: 782:, removing layer after layer of debris and cutting sections in the ruins down to the virgin soil. 2740: 2673: 2567: 2420: 2338: 2333: 1921: 1846: 819: 2771: 2623: 2382: 1836: 1821: 1594: 875: 750:

Even the Turkish government has not held aloof from the work of exploration, and the Museum at

356:

showed that before Akkadian, cuneiform had been used to write a completely different language,

321:, in a discussion of the translation of Assyrian terms from other cuneiform languages. By 1897 191: 1067: 2440: 1112: 338: 1161: 701:, ancient Girsu, and bringing to light monuments of the pre-Semitic age; these included the 524:

Class I was determined to be alphabetic and consisting of 44 characters, and was written in

393:

For many centuries, European knowledge of Mesopotamia was largely confined to often dubious

54: 2812: 2658: 2618: 2097: 1886: 713: 277: 8: 2745: 2653: 2628: 2435: 2410: 1851: 1691: 577: 473: 281: 44: 569: 297:, as important references, dictionaries, and journals are published in those languages. 2735: 2704: 2603: 2450: 2367: 2022: 1826: 1806: 1746: 1706: 1651: 1641: 1518: 1496: 1212: 1018: 993: 810: 593: 477: 422: 406: 236:

Scholars of Assyriology develop proficiency in the two main languages of Mesopotamia:

2725: 2582: 2577: 2562: 2497: 2415: 2372: 2092: 2087: 2012: 1941: 1841: 1766: 1726: 1626: 1500: 1344: 1334: 1281: 1271: 1204: 1167: 1036: 997: 983: 880: 759: 712:, the stone of which, according to the inscriptions upon them, had been brought from 568:

Systematic excavation of Mesopotamian antiquities was begun in earnest in 1842, with

557: 549: 518: 514: 365: 361: 357: 241: 237: 202: 183: 139: 2638: 2633: 2537: 2532: 2527: 2517: 2512: 2502: 2318: 2175: 2160: 2144: 2139: 2134: 2112: 2002: 1982: 1951: 1891: 1856: 1831: 1796: 1761: 1751: 1731: 1701: 1661: 1621: 1589: 1565: 1486: 1032: 1028: 975: 935: 705: 694: 648: 533: 377: 373: 369: 286: 269: 257: 253: 249: 143: 454: 2572: 2547: 2542: 2522: 2470: 2460: 2455: 2445: 2425: 2395: 2347: 2343: 2313: 1901: 1896: 1881: 1871: 1861: 1791: 1781: 1716: 1676: 1616: 1579: 925: 900: 861: 786: 731: 717: 660: 502: 466: 438: 294: 290: 273: 245: 198: 155: 131: 124: 69: 647:, resulted in the discovery of a small temple dedicated to the god of dreams by 2552: 1992: 1956: 1931: 1926: 1916: 1911: 1876: 1866: 1811: 1801: 1741: 1666: 1656: 1646: 1604: 930: 640: 636: 261: 979: 596:

system of writing opened up a new world. Layard's discovery of the library of

2806: 2352: 2200: 2107: 2017: 1946: 1786: 1681: 1631: 1599: 1208: 621: 608:

into the hands of scholars. He was the first to excavate in Babylonia, where

544: 225: 83: 1533: 1348: 1285: 1133:"The International Association for Assyriology – Welcome to the IAA website" 785:

Midway in the mound is a platform of large bricks stamped with the names of

19: 2357: 2170: 2102: 1977: 1972: 1816: 1736: 1611: 1108: 814: 667: 597: 589: 322: 314: 822:

enabling the recognition of cuneiform signs in photographs and 3D-models.

2776: 2557: 2362: 2250: 2064: 1326: 1304: 1263: 1241: 867: 739:

in 1899 with the object of exploring the ruins of Babylon; the palace of

613: 525: 510: 495: 209:

are archaeologically invaluable for studying the growth of urbanization.

65: 24: 1216: 453:

as well as sketches and drawing of Nineveh, and was shortly followed by

2308: 2303: 1721: 1711: 1584: 1192: 920: 573: 506: 446: 318: 159: 127: 2033: 2613: 2298: 2185: 2122: 2007: 1997: 1936: 1771: 1696: 1515:

Proceedings of the International Conference on Computer Vision (ICCV)

905: 835: 755: 683: 656: 609: 600:

put the materials for reconstructing the ancient life and history of

491: 334: 309:

First use of the word Assyriology (Assyriologues), 1859, Ernest Renan

187: 151: 116: 62: 1491: 1086: 2750: 2405: 2328: 2323: 2230: 2215: 2210: 2165: 1906: 1776: 1756: 1686: 1523: 1333:. Chicago: University of Chicago. Oriental Institute. p. vii. 1270:. Chicago: University of Chicago. Oriental Institute. p. vii. 968:

Daneshmand, Parsa (2020-07-31). "Chapter 14 Assyriology in Iran?".

751: 398: 364:, cuneiform writing had also been used for other languages such as 175: 171: 167: 1193:"Cities Without Vistas: A Reconnoitering of Akkadian Civilization" 2507: 2235: 2225: 2190: 2180: 1148:

Anatolia, including periods and regions of influence and contact.

910: 890: 790: 767: 702: 679: 675: 605: 601: 585: 462: 442: 418: 402: 221: 217: 179: 163: 147: 28: 388: 32: 2255: 2205: 2127: 915: 775: 709: 687: 671: 652: 632: 581: 450: 190:

pre-Dynastic cultures dating to as far back as 8000 BC, to the

73: 197:

The large number of cuneiform clay tablets preserved by these

2608: 2245: 2240: 2220: 1117:. Society for promoting christian knowledge. pp. 29–31. 895: 779: 744: 698: 644: 414: 410: 353: 120: 103: 96: 86: 40: 1132: 1114:

The Ancient Hebrew Tradition as Illustrated by the Monuments

2195: 971:

Perspectives on the History of Ancient Near Eastern Studies

763: 617: 135: 162:

foreign dynasties of southern Mesopotamia, including the

945: 445:

mathematician, made copies of cuneiform inscriptions at

465:, excavating the sculpture now generally known as the " 426: 206: 543:

Class II proved more difficult to translate. In 1850,

946:

Open Digital Ancient Near Eastern Studies (OpenDANES)

857: 119:

writing. The field covers Pre Dynastic Mesopotamia,

1512: 1087:"Renan, un sémitisant au berceau de l'assyriologie" 244:. Familiarity with neighbouring languages such as 1463: 1461: 1459: 572:, the French consul at Mosul. The excavations of 31:with his thunderbolts pursues the divine monster 2804: 1163:Road to Babylon: Development of U.S. Assyriology 1456: 341:had taken place prior, much of the subsequent 2049: 1563: 1549: 832:Keilschrifttexte aus Assur religiösen Inhalts 809:(DANES). Analogous to the development of the 693:Meanwhile, from 1877–1881, the French consul 655:or ark in which were two inscribed tables of 389:From classical antiquity to modern excavation 974:. Penn State University Press. p. 266. 963: 961: 484: 2644:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 2056: 2042: 1556: 1542: 1479:Journal on Computing and Cultural Heritage 1476: 1305:"Comment peut-on être assyriologue ?" 1242:"Comment peut-on être assyriologue ?" 967: 1522: 1490: 958: 825: 754:is filled with the tablets discovered by 432: 409:, also known as Benjamin Son of Jonah, a 1013: 1011: 563: 304: 211: 53: 18: 2063: 1470: 1302: 1239: 1084: 730:In 1886–1887 a German expedition under 635:in 1876, an expedition was sent by the 476:, an Englishman and a resident for the 345:was carried out using the multilingual 186:. Assyriology can be included to cover 2805: 1506: 1107: 1017: 800: 413:from Navarre, who visited the Jews of 337:in 1843. Although the decipherment of 2037: 1537: 1190: 1159: 1065: 1008: 1325: 1262: 1203:(1). University of Virginia: 43–57. 1024:Brill's New Pauly, Antiquity volumes 807:Digital Ancient Near Eastern Studies 1483:Association for Computing Machinery 1074:(in French). Librairie Klincksieck. 941:Mesopotamia in Classical literature 886:Chronology of the ancient Near East 834:(1919), a two-volume compendium of 762:'s exceptionally important work at 240:(including its major dialects) and 13: 639:(1877–1879), under the conduct of 317:in 1859 as a parallel to the term 14: 2839: 1303:Charpin, Dominique (2018-11-06). 1240:Charpin, Dominique (2018-11-06). 1085:Charpin, Dominique (2013-01-01). 2782:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 2273: 860: 758:in 1897 on the site of Sippara. 2818:Area studies by ancient history 1447: 1438: 1429: 1404: 1395: 1386: 1377: 1368: 1359: 1319: 1296: 1256: 2339:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 2334:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 1233: 1184: 1153: 1125: 1101: 1078: 1059: 1033:10.1163/1574-9347_bnp_e1301250 616:, who also opened trenches at 300: 1: 2721:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 2118:Tigris–Euphrates river system 1197:The Virginia Quarterly Review 951: 721: 651:(883 BC), containing a stone 528:. It was first deciphered by 405:were correctly identified by 347:Achaemenid royal inscriptions 16:Archaeological sub-discipline 1481:, vol. 15, no. 2, 1160:Meade, Carroll Wade (1974). 588:, as well as the successful 230:Oriental Institute (Chicago) 7: 2787:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 2669:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 2664:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 853: 666:The remains of a palace of 313:The term was first used by 10: 2844: 2792:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 772:University of Pennsylvania 770:(Ijdab), and those of the 383: 352:From 1877, excavations at 97: 87: 2759: 2713: 2687: 2591: 2488: 2381: 2289: 2282: 2271: 2153: 2080: 2071: 1965: 1572: 1329:(2006) . "introduction". 1266:(2006) . "introduction". 980:10.1515/9781646020898-015 795:The Babylonian Expedition 538:Henry Creswicke Rawlinson 530:Georg Friedrich Grotefend 485:Decipherment of cuneiform 461:, papal vicar general at 343:decipherment of cuneiform 113:Ancient Near East studies 1331:The Assyrian Dictionary 1268:The Assyrian Dictionary 1166:. Brill. pp. 1–2. 820:artificial intelligence 697:had been excavating at 540:between 1802 and 1848. 437:Between 1761 and 1767, 2823:Middle Eastern studies 2624:Babylonian mathematics 1485:(ACM), pp. 1–22, 1191:Erwin, Robert (1966). 1066:Renan, Ernest (1859). 876:List of Assyriologists 826:Important publications 433:18th century and birth 310: 233: 76: 51: 813:and accompanying the 682:, midway between the 564:Systematic excavation 339:Old Persian cuneiform 308: 215: 57: 22: 2619:Babylonian astronomy 2098:Mesopotamian Marshes 1412:"The British Museum" 421:was made in 1616 by 48:Monuments of Nineveh 2700:Destruction by ISIL 2654:Sumerian literature 2629:Akkadian literature 2065:Ancient Mesopotamia 1988:Culture by location 1072:Journal des savants 801:Digital Assyriology 793:era (HV Hilprecht, 627:After the death of 474:Claudius James Rich 146:speaking states of 45:Austen Henry Layard 37:Tablet of Destinies 2736:Mesopotamian myths 2023:Vernacular culture 1747:Germanic languages 811:digital humanities 737:Orientgesellschaft 532:(based on work of 478:East India Company 423:Pietro Della Valle 407:Benjamin of Tudela 311: 234: 77: 52: 50:, 2nd Series, 1853 2800: 2799: 2751:Ziggurat (Temple) 2726:Sumerian religion 2484: 2483: 2431:Middle Babylonian 2373:Kish civilization 2269: 2268: 2093:Lower Mesopotamia 2088:Upper Mesopotamia 2031: 2030: 2013:Political culture 1517:, Paris, France, 1309:OpenEdition Books 1246:OpenEdition Books 1173:978-90-04-03858-5 1137:iaassyriology.com 881:Ancient Near East 760:Jacques de Morgan 576:at Khorsabad and 395:classical sources 362:2nd millennium BC 203:Assyro-Babylonian 109:Cuneiform studies 107:), also known as 2835: 2649:Sumerian cuisine 2639:Warfare in Sumer 2634:Economy of Sumer 2287: 2286: 2277: 2161:Fertile Crescent 2145:Sinjar Mountains 2140:Hamrin Mountains 2135:Zagros Mountains 2113:Taurus Mountains 2078: 2077: 2058: 2051: 2044: 2035: 2034: 2003:Official culture 1983:Cultural studies 1672:Central European 1566:cultural studies 1558: 1551: 1544: 1535: 1534: 1528: 1527: 1526: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1494: 1474: 1468: 1465: 1454: 1451: 1445: 1442: 1436: 1433: 1427: 1426: 1424: 1423: 1414:. Archived from 1408: 1402: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1384: 1381: 1375: 1372: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1323: 1317: 1316: 1300: 1294: 1293: 1260: 1254: 1253: 1237: 1231: 1230: 1224: 1223: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1157: 1151: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1129: 1123: 1122: 1105: 1099: 1098: 1082: 1076: 1075: 1063: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1019:Renger, Johannes 1015: 1006: 1005: 965: 936:Mandaean studies 870: 865: 864: 848: 838:inscriptions by 726: 723: 706:statues of Gudea 695:Ernest de Sarzec 649:Ashurnasirpal II 620:, as well as by 578:Austen H. Layard 570:Paul-Émile Botta 534:Friedrich Munter 270:Imperial Aramaic 192:Islamic Conquest 144:Imperial Aramaic 100: 99: 90: 89: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2828:Semitic studies 2803: 2802: 2801: 2796: 2755: 2709: 2683: 2592:Culture/society 2587: 2480: 2476:Muslim conquest 2446:Fall of Babylon 2377: 2278: 2265: 2149: 2067: 2062: 2032: 2027: 1961: 1922:Southeast Asian 1847:Native American 1568: 1562: 1532: 1531: 1511: 1507: 1492:10.1145/3491239 1475: 1471: 1466: 1457: 1452: 1448: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1430: 1421: 1419: 1410: 1409: 1405: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1382: 1378: 1373: 1369: 1364: 1360: 1341: 1327:Gelb, Ignace J. 1324: 1320: 1301: 1297: 1278: 1264:Gelb, Ignace J. 1261: 1257: 1238: 1234: 1221: 1219: 1189: 1185: 1174: 1158: 1154: 1141: 1139: 1131: 1130: 1126: 1106: 1102: 1083: 1079: 1064: 1060: 1047: 1045: 1043: 1027:. p. 126. 1016: 1009: 990: 966: 959: 954: 926:Iranian studies 901:Akkadian Empire 866: 859: 856: 842: 828: 803: 787:Sargon of Akkad 732:Robert Koldewey 724: 718:Sinai peninsula 661:Shalmaneser III 580:(from 1845) at 566: 503:Carsten Niebuhr 487: 467:Lion of Babylon 439:Carsten Niebuhr 435: 391: 386: 303: 274:Eastern Aramaic 246:Biblical Hebrew 199:Sumero-Akkadian 156:Sealand Dynasty 132:Akkadian Empire 125:Sumero-Akkadian 70:Pergamon Museum 17: 12: 11: 5: 2841: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2820: 2815: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2772:Assyriologists 2769: 2763: 2761: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2748: 2743: 2738: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2717: 2715: 2711: 2710: 2708: 2707: 2702: 2697: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2682: 2681: 2679:List of rulers 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2568:Proto-Armenian 2565: 2560: 2555: 2553:Middle Persian 2550: 2545: 2540: 2535: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2510: 2505: 2500: 2494: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2482: 2481: 2479: 2478: 2473: 2468: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2448: 2443: 2441:Neo-Babylonian 2438: 2433: 2428: 2423: 2421:Old Babylonian 2418: 2413: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2393: 2391:Early Dynastic 2387: 2385: 2379: 2378: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2355: 2350: 2341: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2301: 2295: 2293: 2284: 2280: 2279: 2272: 2270: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2258: 2253: 2248: 2243: 2238: 2233: 2228: 2223: 2218: 2213: 2208: 2203: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2157: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2148: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2131: 2130: 2125: 2115: 2110: 2105: 2100: 2095: 2090: 2084: 2082: 2075: 2069: 2068: 2061: 2060: 2053: 2046: 2038: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1993:Ethnic studies 1990: 1985: 1980: 1975: 1969: 1967: 1963: 1962: 1960: 1959: 1954: 1949: 1944: 1939: 1934: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1899: 1894: 1889: 1884: 1879: 1874: 1869: 1864: 1859: 1854: 1849: 1844: 1839: 1837:Middle Eastern 1834: 1829: 1824: 1822:Latin American 1819: 1814: 1809: 1804: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1689: 1684: 1679: 1674: 1669: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1649: 1644: 1639: 1634: 1629: 1624: 1619: 1614: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1595:Asian American 1587: 1582: 1576: 1574: 1570: 1569: 1561: 1560: 1553: 1546: 1538: 1530: 1529: 1505: 1469: 1455: 1446: 1437: 1428: 1403: 1394: 1385: 1376: 1367: 1358: 1339: 1318: 1295: 1276: 1255: 1232: 1183: 1172: 1152: 1124: 1100: 1077: 1058: 1041: 1007: 988: 956: 955: 953: 950: 949: 948: 943: 938: 933: 931:Syriac studies 928: 923: 918: 913: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 883: 878: 872: 871: 855: 852: 851: 850: 827: 824: 805:also known as 802: 799: 741:Nebuchadrezzar 725: 2100 BC 641:Hormuzd Rassam 637:British Museum 565: 562: 486: 483: 459:Abbé Beauchamp 434: 431: 390: 387: 385: 382: 302: 299: 262:Indo-Anatolian 59:Reconstruction 43:'s sanctuary, 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 2840: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2764: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2749: 2747: 2744: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2722: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2703: 2701: 2698: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2677: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2596: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2544: 2541: 2539: 2536: 2534: 2531: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2495: 2493: 2491: 2487: 2477: 2474: 2472: 2469: 2467: 2464: 2462: 2459: 2457: 2454: 2452: 2449: 2447: 2444: 2442: 2439: 2437: 2434: 2432: 2429: 2427: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2407: 2404: 2402: 2399: 2397: 2394: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2364: 2361: 2359: 2356: 2354: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2300: 2297: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2276: 2262: 2259: 2257: 2254: 2252: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2237: 2234: 2232: 2229: 2227: 2224: 2222: 2219: 2217: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2199: 2197: 2194: 2192: 2189: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2158: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2141: 2138: 2136: 2133: 2129: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2108:Syrian Desert 2106: 2104: 2101: 2099: 2096: 2094: 2091: 2089: 2086: 2085: 2083: 2079: 2076: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2059: 2054: 2052: 2047: 2045: 2040: 2039: 2036: 2024: 2021: 2019: 2018:Super culture 2016: 2014: 2011: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1958: 1955: 1953: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1908: 1905: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1895: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1875: 1873: 1870: 1868: 1865: 1863: 1860: 1858: 1855: 1853: 1850: 1848: 1845: 1843: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1833: 1830: 1828: 1825: 1823: 1820: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1808: 1805: 1803: 1800: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1693: 1690: 1688: 1685: 1683: 1680: 1678: 1675: 1673: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1655: 1653: 1650: 1648: 1645: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1628: 1625: 1623: 1620: 1618: 1615: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1596: 1593: 1592: 1591: 1588: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1577: 1575: 1571: 1567: 1559: 1554: 1552: 1547: 1545: 1540: 1539: 1536: 1525: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1502: 1498: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1473: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1450: 1441: 1432: 1418:on 2015-10-17 1417: 1413: 1407: 1398: 1389: 1380: 1371: 1362: 1355: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1340:0-918986-05-2 1336: 1332: 1328: 1322: 1315: 1310: 1306: 1299: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277:0-918986-05-2 1273: 1269: 1265: 1259: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1236: 1229: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1187: 1180: 1175: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1156: 1149: 1138: 1134: 1128: 1121: 1116: 1115: 1110: 1109:Hommel, Fritz 1104: 1097: 1092: 1088: 1081: 1073: 1069: 1062: 1055: 1044: 1042:9789004122598 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1025: 1020: 1014: 1012: 1004: 999: 995: 991: 989:9781646020898 985: 981: 977: 973: 972: 964: 962: 957: 947: 944: 942: 939: 937: 934: 932: 929: 927: 924: 922: 919: 917: 914: 912: 909: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 873: 869: 863: 858: 846: 841: 840:Erich Ebeling 837: 833: 830: 829: 823: 821: 816: 812: 808: 798: 796: 792: 788: 783: 781: 777: 773: 769: 765: 761: 757: 753: 748: 746: 742: 738: 733: 728: 719: 715: 711: 707: 704: 700: 696: 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 669: 664: 662: 658: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 634: 630: 625: 623: 622:Julius Oppert 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 595: 591: 587: 583: 579: 575: 571: 561: 559: 553: 551: 546: 545:Edward Hincks 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 504: 499: 497: 493: 482: 479: 475: 470: 468: 464: 460: 456: 455:André Michaux 452: 448: 444: 440: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 397:, as well as 396: 381: 379: 375: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 350: 348: 344: 340: 336: 330: 326: 324: 320: 316: 307: 298: 296: 292: 288: 283: 279: 275: 271: 267: 264:(also called 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 231: 227: 226:Dur-Sharrukin 223: 219: 214: 210: 208: 204: 200: 195: 193: 189: 185: 181: 177: 173: 169: 165: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 126: 122: 118: 114: 110: 106: 105: 94: 85: 81: 75: 71: 67: 64: 60: 56: 49: 46: 42: 38: 35:stealing the 34: 30: 26: 21: 2766: 2674:Royal titles 2599:Architecture 2489: 2436:Neo-Assyrian 2283:(Pre)history 2103:Persian Gulf 1978:Area studies 1973:Anthropology 1887:Scandinavian 1817:Kremlinology 1737:Filipinology 1636: 1514: 1508: 1478: 1472: 1449: 1440: 1431: 1420:. Retrieved 1416:the original 1406: 1397: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1361: 1352: 1330: 1321: 1312: 1308: 1298: 1289: 1267: 1258: 1249: 1245: 1235: 1226: 1220:. Retrieved 1200: 1196: 1186: 1177: 1162: 1155: 1146: 1140:. Retrieved 1136: 1127: 1118: 1113: 1103: 1094: 1091:Ernest Renan 1090: 1080: 1071: 1061: 1052: 1046:. Retrieved 1023: 1001: 970: 815:digitization 806: 804: 794: 784: 749: 736: 729: 692: 668:Ashurbanipal 665: 629:George Smith 626: 598:Ashurbanipal 590:decipherment 567: 554: 542: 523: 500: 488: 471: 436: 392: 351: 331: 327: 323:Fritz Hommel 315:Ernest Renan 312: 266:Indo-Hittite 265: 235: 196: 123:, the early 112: 108: 102: 92: 79: 78: 47: 25:Mesopotamian 2813:Assyriology 2777:Hittitology 2767:Assyriology 2688:Archaeology 2558:Old Persian 2368:Jemdet Nasr 1852:New Zealand 1692:Circumpolar 1637:Assyriology 868:Asia portal 843: [ 708:now in the 614:W.K. Loftus 526:Old Persian 511:Old Persian 496:Thomas Hyde 301:Terminology 278:Old Persian 128:city-states 80:Assyriology 66:Ishtar Gate 2807:Categories 2741:Divination 2451:Achaemenid 2416:Isin-Larsa 2309:Trialetian 2304:Mousterian 2291:Prehistory 1827:Macedonian 1807:Kartvelian 1722:Eskimology 1712:Egyptology 1707:East Asian 1652:Belarusian 1642:Australian 1585:Albanology 1524:2308.11277 1422:2016-07-22 1222:2023-03-25 1142:2023-03-26 1048:2023-03-26 952:References 921:Egyptology 574:P.E. Botta 507:Persepolis 447:Persepolis 319:Egyptology 276:dialects, 63:Babylonian 2614:Cuneiform 2490:Languages 2299:Acheulean 2186:Babylonia 2123:Euphrates 2073:Geography 2008:Philology 1998:Ethnology 1942:Ukrainian 1937:Turkology 1842:Mongolian 1772:Hispanism 1767:Hungarian 1727:Ethiopian 1697:Coptology 1627:Aromanian 1564:Regional 1501:248843112 1209:0042-675X 998:236813488 906:Babylonia 836:cuneiform 756:V. Scheil 684:Euphrates 657:alabaster 610:C.J. Rich 606:Babylonia 594:cuneiform 492:cuneiform 472:In 1811, 335:Khorsabad 282:Canaanite 220:from the 188:Neolithic 184:Chaldeans 152:Babylonia 117:cuneiform 2760:Academia 2714:Religion 2583:Urartian 2578:Sumerian 2563:Parthian 2498:Akkadian 2471:Sasanian 2461:Parthian 2456:Seleucid 2406:Simurrum 2396:Akkadian 2329:Khiamian 2319:Natufian 2231:Simurrum 2216:Kassites 2211:Hittites 2166:Adiabene 1952:Yugoslav 1907:Sinology 1892:Scottish 1857:Oriental 1832:Mandaean 1797:Japanese 1777:Indology 1762:Hellenic 1752:Hawaiian 1732:European 1702:Croatian 1662:Canadian 1622:Armenian 1590:American 1349:12555337 1286:12555337 1217:26442914 1111:(1897). 854:See also 791:Parthian 752:Istanbul 558:Sumerian 550:Akkadian 515:Akkadian 501:In 1778 399:biblical 366:Ugaritic 358:Sumerian 242:Sumerian 238:Akkadian 224:city of 222:Assyrian 176:Arameans 172:Kassites 168:Amorites 154:and the 140:Akkadian 2746:Prayers 2731:Deities 2695:Looting 2538:Kassite 2533:Hurrian 2528:Hittite 2518:Elamite 2513:Eblaite 2508:Aramaic 2503:Amorite 2426:Kassite 2401:Gutians 2383:History 2348:Samarra 2344:Hassuna 2314:Zarzian 2236:Subartu 2226:Mitanni 2191:Chaldea 2181:Assyria 2154:Ancient 1966:Related 1902:Serbian 1897:Semitic 1882:Russian 1872:Romance 1862:Pacific 1792:Italian 1782:Iranian 1757:Hebraic 1717:English 1687:Chinese 1677:Chicano 1617:Aramaic 1580:African 911:Chaldea 891:Assyria 768:Bismaya 716:in the 703:diorite 680:Baghdad 676:Sippara 602:Assyria 592:of the 586:Nineveh 519:Elamite 463:Baghdad 419:Babylon 403:Nineveh 384:History 378:Elamite 374:Hittite 370:Hurrian 287:English 258:Hurrian 254:Elamite 250:Hittite 218:Lamassu 180:Suteans 164:Gutians 160:migrant 148:Assyria 93:Assyriā 88:Ἀσσυρίᾱ 68:in the 61:of the 29:Ninurta 2573:Sutean 2548:Median 2543:Luwian 2523:Gutian 2411:Ur III 2324:Nemrik 2261:Cities 2256:Urartu 2206:Hamazi 2201:Gutium 2176:Armani 2128:Tigris 2081:Modern 1957:Zhuang 1932:Taiwan 1927:Syriac 1917:Somali 1912:Slavic 1877:Romani 1867:Polish 1812:Korean 1802:Jewish 1742:German 1667:Celtic 1657:Bengal 1647:Balkan 1605:Latino 1499: 1347: 1337: 1284: 1274: 1215: 1207: 1170: 1039: 996: 986: 916:Aramea 780:El-lil 776:Nippur 710:Louvre 699:Telloh 688:Tigris 672:Nimrud 653:coffer 633:Aleppo 582:Nimrud 536:) and 517:, and 451:Persia 443:Danish 295:German 293:, and 291:French 280:, and 158:, the 138:, the 130:, the 104:-logia 98:-λογία 95:; and 82:(from 74:Berlin 2659:Music 2609:Akitu 2466:Roman 2358:Ubaid 2353:Halaf 2251:Tukri 2246:Sumer 2241:Suhum 2221:Media 2171:Akkad 1947:Welsh 1787:Irish 1682:Czech 1632:Asian 1600:Black 1573:Local 1519:arXiv 1497:S2CID 1213:JSTOR 994:S2CID 896:Sumer 847:] 745:Assur 714:Magan 645:Mosul 494:" by 415:Mosul 411:rabbi 354:Girsu 121:Sumer 84:Greek 41:Enlil 39:from 2705:Tell 2363:Uruk 2196:Elam 1612:Arab 1345:OCLC 1335:ISBN 1282:OCLC 1272:ISBN 1205:ISSN 1168:ISBN 1037:ISBN 984:ISBN 764:Susa 686:and 618:Susa 604:and 584:and 441:, a 201:and 182:and 142:and 136:Ebla 33:Anzû 27:god 23:The 2604:Art 1487:doi 1029:doi 976:doi 774:at 727:). 670:at 631:at 521:). 449:in 376:or 268:), 111:or 72:in 2809:: 1495:, 1458:^ 1351:. 1343:. 1311:. 1307:. 1288:. 1280:. 1248:. 1244:. 1225:. 1211:. 1201:42 1199:. 1195:. 1176:. 1145:. 1135:. 1093:. 1089:. 1070:. 1051:. 1035:. 1010:^ 1000:. 992:. 982:. 960:^ 845:de 747:. 722:c. 552:. 513:, 429:. 427:Ur 372:, 368:, 289:, 272:, 260:, 256:, 252:, 248:, 216:A 207:Ur 178:, 174:, 170:, 166:, 150:, 134:, 101:, 91:, 2346:/ 2057:e 2050:t 2043:v 1557:e 1550:t 1543:v 1521:: 1489:: 1425:. 1031:: 978:: 849:. 490:" 232:) 228:(

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index