6128:
483:
594:
627:
5565:
4705:
3337:
4300:
7792:
84:
4009:
7422:
5958:
3972:
3397:
336:
4551:
8144:
6185:
287:
1502:
4879:
3747:
8134:
3372:
492:
5150:
3957:
7006:
55:
6897:
3580:
710:
5219:
1516:
6213:
70:
2227:
1530:
7239:
4231:
5327:
4144:
3967:
5322:
4874:
4546:
4139:
3952:
5439:
4401:
3384:
583:, the fisherman, caught a fish at the edge of the sea for an offering. That fish should not be offered to another god until it had been offered to Marduk, but the Gutians took the boiled fish from his hand before it was offered, so by his august command, Marduk removed the Gutian force from the rule of his land and gave it to Utu-hengal.
642:
Gutium, the fanged snake of the mountain ranges, a people who acted violently against the gods, people who the kingship of Sumer to the mountains took away, who Sumer with wickedness filled, who from one with a wife his wife took away from him, who from one with a child his child took away from him,
521:
During the
Akkadian Empire period the Gutians slowly grew in strength and then established a capital at the Early Dynastic city of Adab. The Gutians eventually overran Akkad, and as the King List tells us, their army also subdued
302:, apart from some proper names, its similarities to other languages are impossible to verify. The names of Gutian kings suggest that the language was not closely related to any languages of the region, including
1632:
Oppenheim, A. Leo, "VIII. Assyrian and
Babylonian Historical Texts", The Ancient Near East: An Anthology of Texts and Pictures, edited by James B. Pritchard, Princeton: Princeton University Press, pp. 246-286,
6127:
1841:
M. Molina, "The palace of Adab during the
Sargonic period", D. Wicke (ed.), Der Palast im antiken und islamischen Orient, Colloquien der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft 9, Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz 2019, pp.
8348:
8343:
294:
Little is known of the origins, material culture or language of the Guti, as contemporary sources provide few details and no artifacts have been positively identified. As the
665:
also mentions "Year Gutium was destroyed". However, according to a
Sumerian epic, Ur-Nammu died in battle with the Gutians, after having been abandoned by his own army.
3213:
1485:
577:
against him. Marduk gave his kingship to the Gutian force. The
Gutians were unhappy people unaware how to revere the gods, ignorant of the right cultic practices.
482:
4660:
1556:
1606:
1581:
1867:
2007:
4789:
4665:
2600:
593:
1644:
2776:
5082:
7421:
4704:
4520:
5460:
5181:
5092:
4781:
4496:
4438:
4434:
3206:
1478:
526:
for hegemony of Sumer, in about 2147โ2050 BC. However, it seems that autonomous rulers soon arose again in a number of city-states, notably
4738:
4734:
4442:
1959:
Ansky, S.. "The
Cursing of Akkade". The Harps that Once..., edited by David G. Roskies, New Haven: Yale University Press, pp. 359-374, 1992
8147:
5185:
4992:
4563:
4526:
4492:
4067:
4063:
3396:
2595:
843:
7791:
4350:
4194:
4059:
4055:
3336:
5078:
5074:
4988:
4785:
3542:
5189:
4446:
3199:
2651:
2000:
1471:
668:
A Babylonian text from the early 2nd millennium refers to the Guti as having a "human face, dogsโ cunning, monkey's build". Some
2212:
1623:
Parpola, S., "Neo-Assyrian
Toponyms", (AOAT 6). Kevelaer and Neukirchen-Vluyn: Butzon & Bercker and Neukirchener Verlag, 1970
626:
219:
has been linked to the collapse of the empire, towards the end of the 3rd millennium BC. The Guti subsequently overran southern
4592:
4346:
4326:
4299:
4008:
8301:
8254:
8224:
2769:
1756:
1694:
1807:
6548:
4043:
3895:
3752:
2832:
2342:
1993:
1839:
7218:
4897:
1889:
290:
The
Gutians capturing a Babylonian city, as Akkadians are making a stand outside their city. 19th century illustration.
2069:
1787:
1725:
1654:
5564:
8358:
2762:
2733:
1821:
7212:
1172:
7285:
6832:
6756:
2646:
2630:
923:
2968:
553:, an inscription imitates his Akkadian predecessors, styling him "King of Gutium, King of the Four Quarters".
8137:
8117:
7399:
7306:
7291:
7129:
6999:
6800:
6499:
6184:
3568:
2672:
943:
612:, Prince of the Sumerian city of Uruk is similarly credited on the King List with defeating the Gutian ruler
698:
The historical Guti have been regarded by several scholars as having contributed to the ethnogenesis of the
8353:
7938:
7747:
7723:
7123:
6103:
3166:
2682:
2417:
254:. Various tribes and places to the east and northeast, regardless of ethnicity, were often referred to as
633:
victory stele, where he describes the
Gutians he vanquished as "the fanged snake of the mountain ranges".
421:'s army of 360,000 soldiers defeated the Gutian king Gula'an, despite having 90,000 slain by the Gutians.
7360:
6399:
6198:
5745:
5739:
3986:
3342:
2738:
2620:
2615:
2550:
2226:
426:
262:. For example, Assyrian royal annals use the term Gutians in relation to populations known to have been
7987:
7843:
7606:
7297:
7107:
6453:
6115:
6083:
6077:
4284:
2743:
2352:
1907:
Thureau-Dangin, Fr. (1912). "La Fin de la
Domination Gutienne" [The End of Gutian Domination].
1748:
463:
8124:
7732:
7618:
7600:
7450:
7112:
6976:
6677:
6492:
5389:
2427:
2242:
1112:
1103:
617:
83:
8363:
8110:
7755:
7752:
7675:
7645:
7588:
7574:
6980:
5964:
5702:
5119:
4903:
3746:
2382:
2024:
5957:
7770:
7698:
7672:
7648:
7642:
7627:
7539:
7475:
7440:
7384:
7333:
6906:
5383:
5164:
4909:
4217:
3675:
2917:
2692:
2625:
2519:
2372:
2290:
2285:
752:
224:
31:
17:
8338:
7933:
7923:
7713:
7708:
7703:
7663:
7654:
7597:
7577:
7571:
7565:
7562:
7553:
7481:
7478:
7469:
7369:
7348:
6962:
6736:
6668:
6578:
6322:
6316:
5797:
5252:
5111:
4676:
4457:
3997:
3971:
3931:
3574:
3347:
2723:
2575:
2334:
953:
335:
8244:
4550:
3579:
1773:
1742:
1711:
1686:
1679:
8293:
Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History
8214:
8177:
8099:
7976:
7636:
7612:
7568:
7556:
7550:
7547:
7502:
7496:
7472:
7437:
7393:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7363:
7357:
7345:
7339:
7158:
7068:
7065:
7056:
6619:
4696:
3084:
2392:
557:
348:
8291:
8143:
3956:
7544:
7493:
7402:
7396:
7366:
6968:
6921:
6909:
6733:
6674:
6298:
6192:
6015:
5542:
4690:
4211:
3628:
2610:
2570:
2049:
401:(r. circa 2340 โ 2284 BC) also mentions them among his subject lands, listing them between
7005:
383:
as among the nations providing his empire tribute. These inscriptions locate them between
286:
8:
8049:
7904:
7609:
7559:
7484:
7434:
7387:
7372:
7351:
7050:
7036:
6924:
6857:
6680:
6571:
6513:
6277:
5950:
5790:
5509:
5314:
5131:
4944:
4260:
3471:
3120:
3065:
2979:
2886:
2864:
2697:
2605:
2580:
2387:
2362:
1272:
873:
322:. Most scholars reject the attempt to link Gutian king names to Indo-European languages.
8275:
8089:
7966:
7527:
7466:
7460:
6988:
6952:
6865:
6846:
6742:
6739:
6692:
6658:
6655:
6610:
6301:
6286:
6271:
5947:
5944:
5935:
5694:
4869:
4597:
3870:
3723:
3640:
3443:
2828:
2687:
2656:
2555:
2402:
2319:
1924:
1352:
1332:
1085:
742:
467:
443:
418:
228:
6745:
1942:
184:, were a people of the ancient Near East who both appeared and disappeared during the
8297:
8250:
8220:
7513:
7487:
7463:
7445:
7245:
7166:
7074:
6943:
6915:
6730:
6698:
6689:
6631:
6628:
6625:
6613:
6601:
6516:
6437:
6289:
6283:
6250:
6244:
5815:
5688:
5552:
5374:
5100:
4699:
4693:
4501:
4469:
4014:
3223:
3111:
3101:
2677:
2534:
2529:
2514:
2449:
2367:
2324:
2044:
2039:
1916:
1803:
1783:
1752:
1721:
1690:
1650:
1132:
1122:
973:
913:
733:
542:
364:
307:
303:
275:
193:
5677:
8173:
8085:
8031:
7962:
7949:
7928:
7893:
7742:
7530:
7499:
7354:
7330:
7098:
7095:
7089:
7044:
6937:
6918:
6912:
6868:
6851:
6695:
6686:
6683:
6607:
6604:
6442:
6327:
5914:
5004:
4938:
4926:
4619:
4166:
3456:
3161:
2590:
2585:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2469:
2464:
2454:
2270:
2127:
2112:
2096:
2091:
2086:
2064:
1521:
1282:
1232:
1182:
1065:
669:
600:, Prince of the Sumerian city of Uruk, praying for victory against the Gutian king
491:
450:
of Akkad indicate that in one unknown year of his reign, Shar-kali-sharri captured
447:
398:
368:
359:. The Gutians "were close neighbours, hardly to be distinguished" from the Lullubi.
319:
315:
311:
247:
150:
3191:
238:
By the mid 1st millennium BC, usage of the name Gutium, by the peoples of lowland
8094:
8080:
8055:
8008:
7971:
7957:
7781:
7630:
7583:
7490:
7455:
7327:
7322:
7250:
7224:
7080:
6955:
6949:
6934:
6927:
6881:
6871:
6704:
6649:
6643:
6640:
6586:
6534:
6370:
6304:
6292:
6280:
6268:
6253:
6232:
6151:
6055:
6052:
6026:
5941:
5920:
5908:
5875:
5869:
5839:
5761:
5571:
4923:
4878:
4832:
4826:
4816:
4606:
3706:
3684:
3451:
3178:
3147:
3142:
3132:
2842:
2524:
2499:
2494:
2474:
2422:
2412:
2407:
2397:
2377:
2347:
2299:
2295:
2265:
1501:
1392:
1212:
1162:
1152:
1055:
1015:
963:
933:
687:
410:
376:
295:
271:
216:
8133:
3371:
7992:
7536:
7429:
7318:
7271:
7232:
7175:
7077:
7013:
6931:
6890:
6884:
6874:
6862:
6646:
6634:
6622:
6542:
6431:
6385:
6295:
6265:
6229:
6093:
5938:
5917:
5911:
5902:
5854:
5824:
5806:
5781:
5769:
5681:
5538:
5409:
5260:
5122:
5116:
5019:
5011:
4947:
4920:
4884:
4717:
4484:
4481:
4382:
3790:
3555:
3461:
3438:
3330:
3116:
2504:
1674:
1442:
1362:
1322:
1252:
1192:
853:
785:
512:
8332:
8287:
8210:
8195:
8067:
7999:
7879:
7524:
7521:
7274:
7268:
7228:
7184:
7092:
7053:
6887:
6826:
6727:
6724:
6652:
6637:
6598:
6595:
6538:
6477:
6359:
6065:
6058:
6035:
5929:
5923:
5887:
5809:
5765:
5722:
5514:
5412:
5406:
5364:
5263:
5066:
5028:
4801:
4687:
4601:
4411:
4362:
4117:
4101:
3794:
3720:
3681:
3655:
3649:
3610:
3551:
3522:
3247:
3024:
3020:
2304:
2059:
1975:
1920:
1670:
1422:
1412:
1402:
1262:
1222:
1202:
1005:
765:
634:
129:
38:
5149:
8240:
8037:
7915:
7849:
7767:
7758:
7689:
7615:
7518:
7262:
7163:
7086:
6940:
6896:
6776:
6701:
6661:
6592:
6589:
6583:
6522:
6474:
6462:
6376:
6353:
6346:
6262:
6256:
6226:
6038:
6010:
5992:
5983:
5932:
5725:
5719:
5713:
5618:
5588:
5394:
5306:
5203:
5140:
5088:
4917:
4642:
4577:
4567:
4478:
4429:
4314:
4294:
4290:
4075:
3939:
3799:
3779:
3732:
3691:
3478:
3433:
3282:
3267:
3157:
2309:
2122:
2054:
1432:
1372:
1312:
1035:
985:
720:
251:
2944:
2754:
560:(written c. 500 BC), portrays the Gutian kings as uncultured and uncouth:
8052:
8043:
7898:
7852:
7837:
7828:
7822:
7764:
7666:
7624:
7594:
7591:
7533:
7390:
7342:
7253:
7172:
7169:
7152:
7062:
6877:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6789:
6779:
6767:
6616:
6557:
6510:
6486:
6480:
6471:
6465:
6410:
6373:
6356:
6340:
6274:
6259:
6247:
6235:
6206:
6173:
6170:
6032:
6007:
6004:
5998:
5905:
5866:
5863:
5851:
5836:
5833:
5821:
5728:
5716:
5707:
5656:
5650:
5600:
5597:
5585:
5582:
5518:
5495:
5478:
5464:
5455:
5225:
5154:
5144:
4996:
4981:
4975:
4959:
4956:
4859:
4838:
4748:
4711:
4634:
4475:
4265:
4190:
4185:
4178:
4148:
4134:
4097:
3947:
3856:
3771:
3741:
3727:
3496:
3482:
3427:
3362:
3292:
3262:
2986:
2874:
2824:
2786:
2728:
2718:
2509:
2441:
2314:
2202:
2016:
1535:
1507:
1142:
1045:
546:
454:
king of Gutium, while in another year, "the yoke was imposed on Gutium".
414:
380:
299:
239:
220:
99:
61:
54:
5218:
1928:
709:
8061:
8058:
8040:
8017:
8002:
7996:
7876:
7873:
7831:
7819:
7813:
7798:
7669:
7660:
7657:
7651:
7633:
7603:
7411:
7336:
7277:
7143:
7083:
6946:
6840:
6811:
6808:
6805:
6793:
6785:
6773:
6761:
6507:
6483:
6468:
6404:
6366:
6343:
6337:
6241:
5980:
5812:
5710:
5669:
5659:
5653:
5615:
5612:
5609:
5603:
5591:
5579:
5576:
5546:
5492:
5489:
5302:
5281:
5257:
5233:
5062:
4953:
4950:
4941:
4932:
4851:
4742:
4628:
4583:
4571:
4415:
4253:
4249:
4198:
4019:
3927:
3853:
3849:
3593:
3466:
3416:
3410:
2260:
2255:
1717:
1452:
1382:
1292:
1242:
996:
630:
609:
597:
580:
435:
185:
6212:
1985:
8070:
8013:
7870:
7840:
7834:
7825:
7810:
7804:
7786:
7761:
7639:
7621:
7408:
7405:
7265:
7192:
7178:
7149:
7137:
7059:
7030:
6770:
6764:
6529:
6459:
6416:
6413:
6362:
6145:
6062:
6048:
6045:
6001:
5995:
5977:
5899:
5890:
5860:
5857:
5848:
5830:
5827:
5665:
5662:
5526:
5522:
5498:
5446:
5433:
5403:
5298:
5294:
5172:
5032:
4769:
4764:
4760:
4729:
4646:
4623:
4587:
4472:
4395:
4318:
4310:
4277:
4174:
4158:
4130:
4093:
3962:
3920:
3737:
3616:
3502:
3036:
3006:
2565:
2250:
2137:
2074:
1342:
1302:
1025:
903:
501:
352:
340:
116:, buried his foundation deposit regulated the orders. At that time,
8020:
7846:
7807:
7801:
7678:
7259:
7256:
7201:
7198:
7140:
7071:
7021:
6984:
6837:
6379:
6238:
6220:
6203:
6141:
6068:
6042:
5989:
5971:
5881:
5756:
5647:
5638:
5626:
5594:
5558:
5534:
5484:
5452:
5428:
5400:
5370:
5358:
5351:
5337:
5331:
5266:
5176:
5158:
5070:
5048:
5044:
4929:
4855:
4684:
4638:
4615:
4610:
4541:
4536:
4505:
4322:
4246:
4242:
4235:
4113:
4034:
3879:
3711:
3701:
3696:
3687:
3623:
3606:
3377:
3324:
3030:
3015:
3011:
2995:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2912:
2702:
2357:
2280:
2275:
2182:
2167:
2162:
2117:
834:
825:
662:
654:
388:
235:
for several generations following the fall of the Akkadian Empire.
8249:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532โ534 (Chronological Tables).
7238:
8073:
7901:
7882:
7867:
7861:
7855:
7189:
7134:
7027:
7024:
6972:
6823:
6565:
6504:
6425:
6419:
6160:
6154:
5926:
5896:
5751:
5641:
5606:
5397:
5340:
5241:
5210:
4914:
4463:
4406:
4335:
4230:
4222:
4087:
4022:
3829:
3826:
3811:
3807:
3619:
3613:
3597:
3475:
3089:
3054:
3048:
3042:
2932:
2900:
2879:
2459:
2187:
2177:
2142:
2132:
863:
803:
794:
613:
601:
566:
511:). The name is quite damaged, and was initially read "Lasiraab".
451:
439:
406:
402:
384:
344:
5326:
588:
69:
37:
For people from the Gutian County of Ningde, Fujian, China, see
7864:
7858:
7816:
7727:
7195:
7146:
6721:
Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")
6519:
6422:
6407:
6391:
6136:
6121:
5986:
5893:
5884:
5818:
5775:
5644:
5635:
5632:
5629:
5530:
5502:
5443:
5334:
5229:
5056:
4935:
4847:
4835:
4466:
4423:
4388:
4369:
4341:
4238:
4170:
4108:
4051:
4003:
3912:
3883:
3839:
3836:
3786:
3716:
3634:
3587:
3537:
3512:
3507:
3486:
3303:
3277:
3252:
2207:
2157:
2079:
1075:
883:
682:
574:
570:
550:
531:
267:
174:
8349:
States and territories disestablished in the 3rd millennium BC
5321:
4873:
4545:
4143:
4138:
3966:
3951:
1775:
Reallexikon der Assyriologie und vorderasiatischen Archรคologie
457:
8064:
8046:
6561:
6167:
6148:
5214:
5125:
5096:
5023:
4755:
4419:
4306:
4225:
4153:
4030:
4026:
3908:
3846:
3842:
3803:
3590:
3532:
3527:
3517:
3490:
3272:
2895:
2560:
2197:
2192:
2172:
893:
807:
699:
527:
263:
232:
159:
117:
5438:
4400:
8344:
States and territories established in the 3rd millennium BC
7018:
6782:
6709:
6553:
6309:
5420:
5275:
5197:
5038:
4966:
4795:
4681:
4512:
4487:
4375:
4356:
4125:
4083:
4038:
3978:
3916:
3863:
3832:
3761:
3661:
3603:
3600:
3547:
3391:
3383:
3353:
3313:
3297:
3287:
3257:
2891:
2147:
775:
643:
who wickedness and violence produced within the country..."
616:, and removing the Guti from the country in circa 2050 BC (
538:
523:
392:
356:
243:
165:
113:
103:
1741:
Edwards, I. E. S.; Gadd, C. J.; Hammond, N. G. L. (1971).
623:
In his Victory Stele, Utu-hengal wrote about the Gutians:
98:
An inscription dated c. 2130 BC, mentioning the Gutians: "
5015:
690:
23:23, which was probably written in the 6th century BC.
372:
156:
8184:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48โ49.
1780:
Encyclopedia of Assyriology and Near Eastern Archaeology
504:, and its inscription "La-eraab, great King of Gutiim" (
4652:
3308:
661:
ordered the destruction of Gutium. The year 11 of king
658:
8163:
Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.
545:'s reign (c. 2100 BC). On a statue of the Gutian king
505:
205:
197:
121:
5684:
Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-iliลกu
278:(Gobryas) was described as the "governor of Gutium".
4752:
Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter
1497:
162:
3221:
153:
4555:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam)
1740:
1678:
30:"Gutians" redirects here. Not to be confused with
137:Approximate location of original Gutium territory
8330:
1883:
1881:
1663:
1909:Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archรฉologie orientale
446:(c. 2254โ2218 BC). Contemporary year-names for
1906:
541:at around the same time, towards the close of
537:The Gutians seem also to have briefly overrun
242:, had expanded to include all of northwestern
3207:
2770:
2001:
1969:
1878:
1479:
693:
589:Decline from the late 22nd century BC onwards
347:, holding an axe and a bow, trampling a foe.
8198:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS.
8172:
5676:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk
4269:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk
1642:
330:
215:Conflict between people from Gutium and the
8208:
7425:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon
2784:
2596:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire
1970:Douglas, J. D.; Tenney, Merrill C. (2011).
1669:
458:Prominence during the early 22nd century BC
3214:
3200:
2821:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3
2777:
2763:
2008:
1994:
1486:
1472:
8125:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia
4721:"King of the four quarters of the world"
1643:Bryant, Edwin; Patton, Laurie L. (2004).
8296:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5.
1713:Approaching Monumentality in Archaeology
1685:. London: Thames & Hudson. pp.
625:
592:
334:
285:
8141:
2015:
1887:Full transcription and translation in:
1709:
14:
8331:
8270:
8268:
8266:
8006:
7236:
7034:
4814:
4805:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer)
4709:
3633:
1972:Zondervan Illustrated Bible Dictionary
1851:
1771:
417:to the south. According to one stele,
8286:
8131:
8098:
8093:
8084:
8036:
7975:
7970:
7961:
7956:
7947:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7913:
7779:
7751:
7746:
7741:
7731:
7722:
7712:
7707:
7696:
7687:
7581:
7316:
7223:
7121:
7111:
6997:
6845:
6754:
6576:
6569:
6527:
6451:
6429:
6397:
6383:
6352:
6336:
6210:
6182:
6158:
6113:
6074:
6019:
5955:
5788:
5773:
5750:
5737:
5700:
5550:
5507:
5381:
5357:
5349:
5312:
5250:
5239:
5209:
5193:
5162:
5129:
5109:
5087:
5054:
4963:
4895:
4883:
4842:
4754:
4746:
4674:
4455:
4209:
4202:
4164:
4091:
4073:
4042:
3995:
3961:
3946:
3938:
3925:
3906:
3894:
3877:
3861:
3824:
3777:
3751:
3673:
3638:
3566:
3390:
3359:
3352:
3341:
3322:
3195:
3177:
3156:
3146:
3064:
3035:
2967:
2943:
2758:
1989:
8239:
1808:University of California Los Angeles
8263:
367:copies of inscriptions ascribed to
24:
8219:. Getty Publications. p. 14.
8138:Chronology of the Neolithic period
7790:
7420:
7237:
7219:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt
7004:
6895:
6211:
6183:
6126:
5956:
5563:
5217:
3578:
1860:
1782:] (in German). W. de Gruyter.
1703:
708:
565:Naram-Sin destroyed the people of
231:suggests that the Guti ruled over
25:
8375:
7795:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint.
6131:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos
3942:("made the land of Elam submit")
1557:"The Sumerian King List line 308"
672:believe that the Guti may be the
475:La-erabum, "Great King of Gutiim"
8216:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins
8142:
8132:
5437:
5325:
5320:
5148:
4877:
4872:
4703:
4549:
4544:
4399:
4298:
4229:
4142:
4137:
4007:
3970:
3965:
3955:
3950:
3745:
3395:
3382:
3370:
3335:
2734:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary
2225:
1528:
1514:
1500:
490:
481:
149:
82:
68:
53:
8280:
8233:
8202:
8188:
8166:
8157:
7213:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt
1962:
1953:
1935:
1900:
1845:
1833:
1814:
1804:"Year-names for Sharkalisharri"
1796:
1765:
500:Votive macehead of Gutian king
8148:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia
7286:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt
6833:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt
6757:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
5319:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad"
2291:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB)
2286:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA)
1734:
1636:
1626:
1617:
1599:
1574:
1549:
509:la-e-ra-ab da-num lugal gutiim
363:The Guti appear in texts from
274:of Persia, the famous general
188:. Their homeland was known as
120:was king of Gutium." The name
89:Approximate location of Gutium
13:
1:
8118:Muslim conquest of the Levant
7364:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter
7307:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt
7292:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt
7130:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
7000:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt
6801:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt
6500:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt
2673:Ancient Mesopotamian religion
2070:TigrisโEuphrates river system
1744:The Cambridge Ancient History
1542:
757:
173:), also known by the derived
6667:Fourth Babylonian dynasty ("
3401:(Uruk influence or control)
1772:Ebling, Bruno Erich (1928).
1607:"Sumerian king list page 18"
128:appears in the last column.
7:
7361:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
6400:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6199:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5746:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5740:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt
5000:(Vassals of the Akkadians)
3987:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
3388:(Anonymous "King-priests")
3343:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
2739:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary
2621:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations
2616:Indus-Mesopotamia relations
1854:The Pre-Islamic Middle East
686:as enemies of Jerusalem in
648:Victory Stele of Utu-Hengal
427:Cuthean Legend of Naram-Sin
223:and formed the short lived
27:People of ancient west Asia
10:
8380:
8153:
7988:Sasanian conquest of Egypt
7415:
7298:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
7182:
7156:
7108:Assyrian conquest of Egypt
6454:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt
6219:Third Babylonian dynasty (
6116:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt
6078:Second Intermediate Period
4888:(vassal of the Akkadians)
4276:
3421:Early or legendary kings:
2744:Chicago Hittite Dictionary
1868:"The victory of Utu-แธซeฤal"
1749:Cambridge University Press
1710:Osborne, James F. (2014).
1646:The Indo-Aryan Controversy
1080:8th/9th century โ 1238 / 9
924:Ancient kingdom of Armenia
766:Proto-Elamite civilization
694:Modern connection theories
464:Gutian rule in Mesopotamia
461:
434:among the lands raided by
325:
270:. As late as the reign of
36:
29:
8122:
8115:
8108:
8079:
8029:
8026:
7985:
7944:
7910:
7891:
7733:Parthamaspates of Parthia
7719:
7684:
7543:
7511:
7304:
7283:
7210:
7207:
7113:Assyrian conquest of Elam
7106:
6994:
6960:
6894:
6855:
6719:
6708:
6665:
6493:Third Intermediate Period
6308:
6179:
6023:Second Babylonian dynasty
5968:("Old Babylonian Period")
5734:
5686:
5450:
5418:
5390:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt
5362:
5346:
5293:
5290:
5273:
5195:
5180:
5139:
5106:
5052:
5036:
5010:
5002:
4973:
4898:First Intermediate Period
4892:
4868:
4824:
4809:
4793:
4768:
4759:
4733:
4728:
4540:
4519:
4500:
4491:
4452:
4427:
4410:
4386:
4373:
4368:
4354:
4339:
4330:
4282:
4258:
4183:
4123:
4106:
4071:
4050:
4044:Early Dynastic Period III
3992:
3976:
3904:
3902:
3891:
3818:
3769:
3759:
3670:
3647:
3563:
3494:
3425:
3408:
3405:
3346:
3319:
3246:
3230:
3174:
3153:
3141:
3138:
3131:
3128:
3110:
3100:
3083:
3076:
3074:
3040:
3028:
3019:
3010:
3005:
2977:
2960:
2931:
2916:
2911:
2890:
2885:
2873:
2863:
2851:
2841:
2823:
2820:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2793:
2711:
2665:
2639:
2543:
2440:
2333:
2241:
2234:
2223:
2105:
2032:
2023:
331:25th to 23rd centuries BC
281:
8111:Muslim conquest of Egypt
7575:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
7406:Cleopatra VII Philopator
6903:Eight Babylonian Dynasty
5965:First Babylonian dynasty
5703:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt
5207:(vassal of the Gutians)
4904:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt
3896:Early Dynastic Period II
2802:Northwestern Mesopotamia
1943:"Year names of Ur-Nammu"
1829:. p. 119, note 305.
844:BactriaโMargiana Complex
413:to the north; Nikku and
8359:Ancient history of Iran
8196:"Rulers of Mesopotamia"
7939:Province of Mesopotamia
7748:Province of Mesopotamia
7724:Province of Mesopotamia
7699:Roman conquest of Egypt
7540:Antigonus II Mattathias
7334:Ptolemy II Philadelphus
6907:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II
5384:Middle Kingdom of Egypt
4910:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt
4218:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
3753:Early Dynastic Period I
3676:Second Dynasty of Egypt
1852:Sicker, Martin (2000).
1823:The Sumerian Kings List
573:summoned the forces of
506:๐ท๐๐๐ ๐๐ ๐ ๐๐พ๐
225:Gutian dynasty of Sumer
7796:
7578:Philip II Philoromaeus
7572:Antiochus XII Dionysus
7566:Demetrius III Eucaerus
7563:Antiochus XI Epiphanes
7554:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
7426:
7394:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena
7349:Arsinoe III Philopator
7242:
7010:
6900:
6737:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I
6669:Second Dynasty of Isin
6216:
6189:
6132:
5961:
5844:(Non-dynastic usurpers
5568:
5253:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt
5222:
5112:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt
4677:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
4458:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt
4285:Second kingdom of Mari
3998:Third Dynasty of Egypt
3932:Dumuzid, the Fisherman
3584:
3575:First Dynasty of Egypt
2962:Middle Hittite Kingdom
2576:Babylonian mathematics
1582:"The Cursing of Agade"
1373:Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans
954:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom
713:
651:
638:
605:
586:
360:
351:, circa 2300-2000 BC.
291:
8182:The Ancient Near East
8100:Byzantine Mesopotamia
8014:Province of Asoristan
7977:Byzantine Mesopotamia
7794:
7787:Province of Asoristan
7569:Philip I Philadelphus
7557:Seleucus VI Epiphanes
7551:Antiochus VIII Grypus
7548:Seleucus V Philometor
7503:Antiochus VII Sidetes
7497:Antiochus VI Dionysus
7424:
7397:Berenice IV Epiphanea
7358:Ptolemy VI Philometor
7346:Ptolemy IV Philopator
7343:Berenice II Euergetis
7340:Ptolemy III Euergetes
7241:
7159:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7069:Marduk-apla-iddina II
7066:Marduk-zakir-shumi II
7057:Marduk-apla-iddina II
7008:
6963:Humban-Tahrid dynasty
6899:
6620:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur
6310:Middle Elamite period
6215:
6187:
6130:
5960:
5567:
5221:
4976:Third kingdom of Mari
4697:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II
3772:First kingdom of Mari
3582:
3569:Early Dynastic Period
3411:Proto-Dynastic period
3085:Neo-Babylonian Empire
2918:Old Babylonian Empire
2833:Early Dynastic period
858:c. 1500 BCE โ 500 BCE
712:
640:
629:
596:
562:
349:Anubanini rock relief
338:
289:
7545:Alexander II Zabinas
7409:Ptolemy XV Caesarion
7385:Ptolemy XI Alexander
7367:Ptolemy VIII Physcon
6922:Marduk-zakir-shumi I
6910:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina
6734:Eulmash-shakin-shumi
6675:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu
6299:Marduk-apla-iddina I
6193:New Kingdom of Egypt
6016:Early Kassite rulers
5310:(Vassals of Ur III)
5291:(Vassals of UR III)
4691:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I
4661:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II
4212:Old Kingdom of Egypt
2812:Southern Mesopotamia
2807:Northern Mesopotamia
2571:Babylonian astronomy
2050:Mesopotamian Marshes
1383:Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans
1173:Zaydis of Tabaristan
442:during the reign of
8354:Ancient Mesopotamia
8050:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz
7560:Antiochus X Eusebes
7388:Ptolemy XII Auletes
7379:Ptolemy X Alexander
7373:Ptolemy IX Lathyros
7352:Ptolemy V Epiphanes
7037:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6925:Marduk-balassu-iqbi
6858:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6681:Ninurta-nadin-shumi
6572:Syro-Hittite states
6278:Shagarakti-Shuriash
5951:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II
4945:Neferkare Pepiseneb
4844:Akkadian Governors:
3348:Pre-Dynastic period
3066:Neo-Assyrian Empire
2980:Bronze Age Collapse
2913:Old Hittite Kingdom
2887:Old Assyrian period
2865:Third Dynasty of Ur
2652:Destruction by ISIL
2606:Sumerian literature
2581:Akkadian literature
2017:Ancient Mesopotamia
1273:Khwarazmian dynasty
1046:Kabul Shahi kingdom
948:c. 302 BCE โ 580 CE
874:Neo-Assyrian Empire
753:KuraโAraxes culture
608:The Sumerian ruler
8276:Sumerian King List
8090:Palaestina Secunda
7967:Palaestina Secunda
7797:
7528:Alexander Jannaeus
7427:
7417:Hellenistic Period
7243:
7011:
6989:Humban-haltash III
6953:Nabu-shuma-ukin II
6901:
6866:Tukulti-Ninurta II
6847:Kingdom of Samaria
6743:Mar-biti-apla-usur
6740:Shirikti-shuqamuna
6710:Neo-Elamite period
6693:Marduk-shapik-zeri
6678:Itti-Marduk-balatu
6659:Tiglath-Pileser II
6656:Ashur-resh-ishi II
6611:Enlil-kudurri-usur
6302:Zababa-shuma-iddin
6287:Kadashman-Harbe II
6272:Kadashman-Enlil II
6217:
6190:
6133:
5962:
5948:Ashur-rim-nisheshu
5945:Ashur-bel-nisheshu
5936:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I
5695:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak
5569:
5223:
4598:Lugal-kinishe-dudu
3979:Old Elamite period
3871:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher
3724:Sekhemib-Perenmaat
3641:Jemdet Nasr period
3585:
2922:Southern Akkadians
2829:Jemdet Nasr period
2688:Mesopotamian myths
1968:See, for example,
1890:"CDLI-Found Texts"
1353:Jalairid Sultanate
1333:Muzaffarid dynasty
1113:Rashidun Caliphate
1086:Kingdom of Georgia
1036:Hephthalite Empire
714:
639:
606:
468:Sumerian King List
419:Naram-Sin of Akkad
387:in the north, and
361:
292:
229:Sumerian king list
8326:
8325:
8320:
8319:
8316:
8315:
8303:978-1-62564-606-4
8288:Unger, Merrill F.
8256:978-0-14-193825-7
8226:978-1-60606-649-2
7993:Province of Egypt
7924:Province of Egypt
7704:Province of Egypt
7446:Antigonid dynasty
7246:Achaemenid Empire
7167:Nebuchadnezzar II
7075:Ashur-nadin-shumi
6944:Nabu-shuma-ishkun
6916:Nabu-shuma-ukin I
6731:Kashshu-nadin-ahi
6699:Marduk-ahhe-eriba
6690:Marduk-nadin-ahhe
6632:Asharid-apal-Ekur
6629:Tiglath-Pileser I
6626:Ashur-resh-ishi I
6614:Ninurta-apal-Ekur
6602:Tukulti-Ninurta I
6549:Kingdom of Israel
6517:Osorkon the Elder
6438:Shutrukid dynasty
6323:Igehalkid dynasty
6290:Adad-shuma-iddina
6284:Enlil-nadin-shumi
6251:Kadashman-Enlil I
6245:Kadashman-harbe I
5689:Sukkalmah dynasty
5553:Isin-Larsa period
5375:Shimashki Dynasty
5101:Puzur-Inshushinak
4700:Netjerkare Siptah
4470:Neferirkare Kakai
4015:Egyptian pyramids
3224:Ancient Near East
3189:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3112:Macedonian Empire
3102:Achaemenid Empire
2975:c. 1200โ1150 BCE
2958:c. 1400โ1200 BCE
2929:c. 1600โ1400 BCE
2909:c. 1800โ1600 BCE
2871:c. 2000โ1800 BCE
2861:c. 2100โ2000 BCE
2849:c. 2200โ2100 BCE
2839:c. 2350โ2200 BCE
2818:c. 3500โ2350 BCE
2752:
2751:
2703:Ziggurat (Temple)
2678:Sumerian religion
2436:
2435:
2383:Middle Babylonian
2325:Kish civilization
2221:
2220:
2045:Lower Mesopotamia
2040:Upper Mesopotamia
1758:978-0-521-07791-0
1696:978-0-500-05101-6
1681:The Tarim Mummies
1496:
1495:
1461:
1460:
1133:Abbasid Caliphate
1123:Umayyad Caliphate
1094:
1093:
994:
993:
978:2nd century BCE โ
974:Caucasian Albania
914:Achaemenid Empire
864:Kingdom of Mannai
776:Elamite dynasties
676:, named with the
670:biblical scholars
558:Weidner Chronicle
543:Kutik-Inshushinak
111:
16:(Redirected from
8371:
8308:
8307:
8284:
8278:
8272:
8261:
8260:
8237:
8231:
8230:
8209:Thomas, Ariane;
8206:
8200:
8199:
8192:
8186:
8185:
8170:
8164:
8161:
8146:
8136:
8086:Palaestina Prima
8032:Byzantine Empire
7963:Palaestina Prima
7950:Byzantine Empire
7929:Syria Palaestina
7894:Palmyrene Empire
7880:Bahram VI Chobin
7743:Syria Palaestina
7531:Salome Alexandra
7514:Kingdom of Judea
7500:Diodotus Tryphon
7355:Cleopatra I Syra
7331:Ptolemy Keraunos
7099:Ashur-uballit II
7096:Sin-shumu-lishir
7090:Ashur-etil-ilani
7045:Sargonid dynasty
6938:Marduk-apla-usur
6919:Nabu-apla-iddina
6913:Shamash-mudammiq
6869:Ashurnasirpal II
6852:Kingdom of Judah
6696:Adad-apla-iddina
6687:Enlil-nadin-apli
6684:Nebuchadnezzar I
6608:Ashur-nirari III
6605:Ashur-nadin-apli
6443:Shutruk-Nakhunte
6328:Untash-Napirisha
6317:Kidinuid dynasty
5915:Shamshi-Adad III
5623:Dynasty of Larsa
5441:
5329:
5324:
5152:
5005:Shar-Kali-Sharri
4939:Neferkare Tereru
4927:Neferkare Khendu
4881:
4876:
4707:
4666:Kiku-siwe-tempti
4553:
4548:
4403:
4332:Kish III dynasty
4302:
4233:
4146:
4141:
4046:(2600โ2340 BCE)
4011:
3974:
3969:
3959:
3954:
3898:(2700โ2600 BCE)
3755:(2900โ2700 BCE)
3749:
3666:(3100โ2700 BCE)
3645:(3100โ2900 BCE)
3399:
3386:
3374:
3350:(4000โ2900 BCE)
3339:
3238:
3237:
3234:
3233:
3216:
3209:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3162:Byzantine Empire
3037:Middle Babylonia
3003:c. 1150โ911 BCE
2796:
2795:
2779:
2772:
2765:
2756:
2755:
2601:Sumerian cuisine
2591:Warfare in Sumer
2586:Economy of Sumer
2239:
2238:
2229:
2113:Fertile Crescent
2097:Sinjar Mountains
2092:Hamrin Mountains
2087:Zagros Mountains
2065:Taurus Mountains
2030:
2029:
2010:
2003:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1974:(3rd ed.).
1966:
1960:
1957:
1951:
1950:
1939:
1933:
1932:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1885:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1849:
1843:
1837:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1800:
1794:
1793:
1769:
1763:
1762:
1738:
1732:
1731:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1684:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1594:
1592:
1578:
1572:
1571:
1569:
1567:
1553:
1538:
1533:
1532:
1531:
1524:
1522:Kurdistan portal
1519:
1518:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1504:
1488:
1481:
1474:
1343:Chupanid dynasty
1283:Sultanate of Rum
1243:Ghaznavid Empire
1233:Sallarid dynasty
1183:Saffarid dynasty
1109:
1108:
1066:Bagratid Armenia
1026:Afrighid dynasty
1002:
1001:
944:Caucasian Iberia
928:331 BCE โ 428 CE
904:Scythian Kingdom
868:10thโ7th century
759:
738:
737:
705:
704:
653:Following this,
649:
618:short chronology
507:
494:
485:
448:Shar-kali-sharri
399:Sargon the Great
369:Lugal-Anne-Mundu
248:Zagros Mountains
207:
199:
172:
171:
168:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
123:
107:
86:
72:
57:
21:
8379:
8378:
8374:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8369:
8368:
8364:Former kingdoms
8329:
8328:
8327:
8322:
8321:
8312:
8311:
8304:
8285:
8281:
8273:
8264:
8257:
8238:
8234:
8227:
8207:
8203:
8194:
8193:
8189:
8171:
8167:
8162:
8158:
8095:Byzantine Syria
8081:Byzantine Egypt
8056:Farrukh Hormizd
8016:
8012:
8009:Sasanian Empire
7995:
7991:
7972:Byzantine Syria
7958:Byzantine Egypt
7897:
7789:
7785:
7782:Sasanian Empire
7702:
7607:Mithridates III
7587:
7584:Parthian Empire
7517:
7456:Seleucid Empire
7453:
7443:
7419:
7328:Ptolemy I Soter
7326:
7323:Ptolemaic Egypt
7295:
7289:
7249:
7231:
7227:
7225:Kings of Byblos
7216:
7188:
7162:
7133:
7127:
7101:
7081:Mushezib-Marduk
7051:Tiglath-Pileser
7049:
7040:
7017:
7003:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6975:
6971:
6967:
6966:
6958:
6956:Nabu-mukin-zeri
6950:Nabu-nadin-zeri
6935:Marduk-bel-zeri
6928:Baba-aha-iddina
6905:
6882:Adad-nirari III
6872:Shalmaneser III
6861:
6850:
6849:
6836:
6830:
6829:
6827:Menkheperre Ini
6804:
6797:
6796:
6760:
6746:Nabรป-mukin-apli
6723:
6712:(1100โ540 BCE)
6705:Nabu-shum-libur
6673:
6650:Ashur-nirari IV
6644:Ashurnasirpal I
6641:Shamshi-Adad IV
6587:Ashur-uballit I
6582:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6552:
6546:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6535:Kings of Byblos
6533:
6503:
6496:
6490:
6489:
6458:
6457:
6441:
6435:
6403:
6390:
6389:
6371:Neferneferuaten
6331:
6330:
6326:
6320:
6314:
6313:(1500โ1100 BCE)
6305:Enlil-nadin-ahi
6293:Adad-shuma-usur
6281:Kashtiliashu IV
6269:Kadashman-Turgu
6254:Burnaburiash II
6233:Kashtiliash III
6225:
6202:
6196:
6166:
6165:(1600โ1260 BCE)
6164:
6134:
6125:
6119:
6107:
6101:
6097:
6091:
6087:
6081:
6061:
6056:Peshgaldaramesh
6051:
6041:
6031:
6027:Sealand Dynasty
6024:
6021:
6020:
6014:
6013:
5976:
5969:
5967:
5942:Ashur-nirari II
5921:Puzur-Ashur III
5909:Shamshi-Adad II
5880:
5878:
5876:Adaside dynasty
5873:
5872:
5847:
5845:
5843:
5842:
5805:
5803:
5801:
5794:
5785:
5779:
5768:
5764:
5762:Kings of Byblos
5760:
5754:
5743:
5706:
5693:
5692:
5674:Uruk VI dynasty
5672:
5621:
5572:Dynasty of Isin
5562:
5556:
5545:
5541:
5537:
5533:
5529:
5525:
5521:
5517:
5513:
5488:
5482:
5475:
5471:
5470:
5469:
5467:
5463:
5459:
5442:
5436:
5432:
5426:
5423:
5393:
5387:
5369:
5330:
5318:
5309:
5305:
5301:
5297:
5280:
5270:
5256:
5240:
5232:
5228:
5224:
5213:
5206:
5202:
5188:
5184:
5175:
5171:
5170:
5168:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5143:
5134:(2150โ2000 BCE)
5115:
5099:
5095:
5091:
5085:
5081:
5077:
5073:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5047:
5043:
5031:
5027:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4986:
4984:
4979:
4969:
4924:Djedkare Shemai
4913:
4907:
4901:
4887:
4858:
4854:
4850:
4846:
4833:Sargon of Akkad
4831:
4830:
4827:Akkadian Empire
4819:(2340โ2150 BCE)
4817:Akkadian Period
4804:
4800:
4788:
4784:
4763:
4751:
4741:
4737:
4720:
4716:
4702:
4680:
4659:
4657:
4645:
4641:
4637:
4626:
4622:
4618:
4609:
4600:
4586:
4582:
4570:
4566:
4554:
4525:
4522:
4516:
4504:
4495:
4462:
4461:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4422:
4418:
4414:
4405:
4404:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4381:
4380:
4364:
4361:
4349:
4345:
4334:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4304:
4303:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4288:
4280:(2500-539 BCE)
4268:
4264:
4234:
4228:
4221:
4215:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4157:
4151:
4147:
4133:
4129:
4119:
4116:
4112:
4100:
4096:
4086:
4082:
4080:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4054:
4018:
4012:
4006:
4002:
4001:
3985:
3984:
3983:(2700โ1500 BCE)
3982:
3930:
3919:
3882:("conqueror of
3868:
3852:
3845:
3835:
3821:
3802:
3798:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3767:
3764:
3744:
3680:
3679:
3665:
3659:
3653:
3644:
3586:
3572:
3559:
3500:
3431:
3420:
3414:
3400:
3394:
3387:
3381:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3367:(4000โ3100 BCE)
3366:
3360:
3334:
3328:
3300:
3281:
3271:
3244:
3242:
3226:
3220:
3190:
3185:
3179:Sassanid Empire
3148:Parthian Empire
3143:Seleucid Empire
3133:Seleucid Empire
3052:
3046:
3023:
3014:
2843:Akkadian Empire
2789:
2783:
2753:
2748:
2707:
2661:
2635:
2544:Culture/society
2539:
2432:
2428:Muslim conquest
2398:Fall of Babylon
2329:
2230:
2217:
2101:
2019:
2014:
1984:
1983:
1978:. p. 1897.
1967:
1963:
1958:
1954:
1941:
1940:
1936:
1905:
1901:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1866:
1865:
1861:
1850:
1846:
1838:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1819:
1815:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1790:
1770:
1766:
1759:
1751:. p. 444.
1739:
1735:
1728:
1720:. p. 123.
1708:
1704:
1697:
1675:Mair, Victor H.
1668:
1664:
1657:
1641:
1637:
1631:
1627:
1622:
1618:
1605:
1604:
1600:
1590:
1588:
1580:
1579:
1575:
1565:
1563:
1555:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1534:
1529:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1463:
1462:
1213:Ziyarid dynasty
1163:Dulafid dynasty
1153:Tahirid dynasty
1106:
1096:
1095:
1056:Dabuyid dynasty
1016:Sasanian Empire
1000:
990:27 BCE โ 330 CE
979:
964:Parthian Empire
934:Seleucid Empire
730:
696:
650:
647:
591:
519:
518:
517:
516:
497:
496:
495:
487:
486:
477:
476:
470:
460:
377:25th century BC
333:
328:
296:Gutian language
284:
272:Cyrus the Great
217:Akkadian Empire
152:
148:
141:
140:
139:
138:
133:
92:
91:
90:
87:
78:
77:
76:
73:
65:
64:
58:
49:
48:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8377:
8367:
8366:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8341:
8324:
8323:
8318:
8317:
8314:
8313:
8310:
8309:
8302:
8279:
8262:
8255:
8232:
8225:
8211:Potts, Timothy
8201:
8187:
8165:
8155:
8154:
8151:
8150:
8140:
8129:
8128:
8121:
8114:
8107:
8103:
8102:
8097:
8092:
8083:
8077:
8076:
8035:
8028:
8024:
8023:
8005:
7984:
7980:
7979:
7974:
7969:
7960:
7954:
7953:
7946:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7931:
7926:
7920:
7919:
7912:
7908:
7907:
7890:
7886:
7885:
7778:
7774:
7773:
7750:
7745:
7740:
7736:
7735:
7730:
7721:
7717:
7716:
7711:
7706:
7694:
7693:
7686:
7685:30 BCEโ116 CE
7682:
7681:
7619:Mithridates IV
7601:Mithridates II
7580:
7542:
7537:Aristobulus II
7510:
7506:
7505:
7430:Argead dynasty
7414:
7319:Argead dynasty
7315:
7311:
7310:
7302:
7301:
7281:
7280:
7272:Artaxerxes III
7235:
7233:Kings of Sidon
7222:
7209:
7205:
7204:
7181:
7176:Labashi-Marduk
7155:
7120:
7116:
7115:
7110:
7104:
7103:
7078:Nergal-ushezib
7033:
7014:Black Pharaohs
6996:
6992:
6991:
6959:
6932:Ninurta-apla-X
6893:
6891:Ashur-nirari V
6885:Shalmaneser IV
6875:Shamshi-Adad V
6863:Adad-nirari II
6854:
6844:
6753:
6749:
6748:
6718:
6714:
6713:
6707:
6664:
6647:Shalmaneser II
6635:Ashur-bel-kala
6623:Mutakkil-Nusku
6579:Middle Assyria
6575:
6568:
6543:Kings of Sidon
6526:
6450:
6449:1155โ1025 BCE
6446:
6445:
6432:Elamite Empire
6428:
6395:
6394:
6386:Hittite Empire
6382:
6350:
6349:
6334:
6333:
6307:
6296:Meli-Shipak II
6266:Nazi-Maruttash
6230:Burnaburiash I
6209:
6181:
6180:1531โ1155 BCE
6177:
6176:
6157:
6112:
6072:
6071:
6018:
5954:
5939:Enlil-Nasir II
5918:Ashur-nirari I
5912:Ishme-Dagan II
5903:Sharma-Adad II
5855:Ashur-apla-idi
5846:1735โ1701 BCE)
5825:Ashur-apla-idi
5807:Shamshi-Adad I
5802:1808โ1736 BCE)
5787:
5782:Yamhad dynasty
5772:
5770:Kings of Sidon
5749:
5736:
5735:1800โ1595 BCE
5732:
5731:
5698:
5697:
5685:
5549:
5539:Puzur-Ashur II
5506:
5449:
5416:
5415:
5410:Mentuhotep III
5379:
5378:
5361:
5356:
5348:
5347:2025-1763 BCE
5344:
5343:
5315:Ur III dynasty
5311:
5292:
5289:
5285:
5284:
5272:
5261:Neferkare VIII
5249:
5245:
5244:
5237:
5236:
5208:
5194:
5192:
5179:
5165:Gutian dynasty
5161:
5137:
5136:
5128:
5123:Nebkaure Khety
5117:Meryibre Khety
5108:
5104:
5103:
5086:
5053:
5051:
5035:
5008:
5007:
5001:
4972:
4962:
4948:Neferkamin Anu
4921:Neferkare Neby
4894:
4890:
4889:
4885:Lugal-ushumgal
4882:
4867:
4863:
4862:
4841:
4822:
4821:
4813:
4811:
4807:
4806:
4792:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4772:
4767:
4758:
4753:
4745:
4732:
4727:
4723:
4722:
4718:Lugalannemundu
4708:
4673:
4669:
4668:
4663:
4649:
4632:
4613:
4604:
4595:
4590:
4574:
4561:
4557:
4556:
4539:
4534:
4530:
4529:
4518:
4509:
4508:
4499:
4490:
4485:Djedkare Isesi
4482:Menkauhor Kaiu
4454:
4450:
4449:
4426:
4409:
4385:
4383:Pabilgagaltuku
4372:
4367:
4353:
4342:Akshak dynasty
4338:
4329:
4281:
4275:
4271:
4270:
4257:
4208:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4182:
4167:Enun-dara-anna
4162:
4161:
4122:
4105:
4090:
4072:
4070:
4048:
4047:
4041:
3994:
3990:
3989:
3975:
3960:
3944:
3943:
3936:
3935:
3924:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3893:
3889:
3888:
3875:
3874:
3860:
3823:
3816:
3815:
3791:Kullassina-bel
3776:
3768:
3757:
3756:
3750:
3672:
3668:
3667:
3646:
3637:
3632:
3583:Narmer Palette
3565:
3564:3100โ2900 BCE
3561:
3560:
3493:
3423:
3422:
3407:
3406:3200โ3100 BCE
3403:
3402:
3389:
3357:
3356:
3351:
3345:
3340:
3321:
3320:4000โ3200 BCE
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3245:
3232:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3222:Rulers of the
3219:
3218:
3211:
3204:
3196:
3187:
3186:
3182:
3181:
3176:
3172:
3171:
3155:
3154:63 BCEโ224 CE
3151:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3135:
3130:
3126:
3125:
3117:Ancient Greeks
3109:
3105:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3078:
3077:
3075:
3073:
3069:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3058:
3039:
3034:
3027:
3018:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2976:
2972:
2971:
2969:Middle Assyria
2966:
2964:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2942:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2915:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2889:
2884:
2872:
2868:
2867:
2862:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2782:
2781:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2750:
2749:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2724:Assyriologists
2721:
2715:
2713:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2669:
2667:
2663:
2662:
2660:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2643:
2641:
2637:
2636:
2634:
2633:
2631:List of rulers
2628:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2547:
2545:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2520:Proto-Armenian
2517:
2512:
2507:
2505:Middle Persian
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2457:
2452:
2446:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2400:
2395:
2393:Neo-Babylonian
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2373:Old Babylonian
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2343:Early Dynastic
2339:
2337:
2331:
2330:
2328:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2293:
2288:
2283:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2247:
2245:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2180:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2036:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2013:
2012:
2005:
1998:
1990:
1982:
1981:
1961:
1952:
1934:
1915:(3): 111โ120.
1899:
1877:
1859:
1844:
1832:
1813:
1795:
1788:
1764:
1757:
1733:
1726:
1702:
1695:
1662:
1655:
1635:
1625:
1616:
1598:
1573:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1525:
1511:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1483:
1476:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1445:
1443:Durrani Empire
1439:
1438:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1399:
1398:
1395:
1393:Safavid Empire
1389:
1388:
1385:
1379:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1365:
1363:Timurid Empire
1359:
1358:
1355:
1349:
1348:
1345:
1339:
1338:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1325:
1323:Ottoman Empire
1319:
1318:
1315:
1309:
1308:
1305:
1299:
1298:
1295:
1289:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1269:
1268:
1265:
1259:
1258:
1257:pre-879 โ 1215
1255:
1253:Ghurid dynasty
1249:
1248:
1245:
1239:
1238:
1235:
1229:
1228:
1225:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:Samanid Empire
1189:
1188:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1155:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1139:
1138:
1135:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1107:
1102:
1101:
1098:
1097:
1092:
1091:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1058:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1018:
1012:
1011:
1008:
992:
991:
988:
982:
981:
980:8th century CE
976:
970:
969:
968:248 BCEโ224 CE
966:
960:
959:
956:
950:
949:
946:
940:
939:
936:
930:
929:
926:
920:
919:
916:
910:
909:
906:
900:
899:
896:
890:
889:
886:
880:
879:
876:
870:
869:
866:
860:
859:
856:
854:Avestan period
850:
849:
846:
840:
839:
837:
831:
830:
828:
822:
821:
819:
813:
812:
810:
800:
799:
797:
791:
790:
788:
786:Jiroft culture
782:
781:
778:
772:
771:
768:
762:
761:
760:3400 โ c. 2000
755:
749:
748:
746:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
716:
715:
695:
692:
645:
590:
587:
513:British Museum
499:
498:
489:
488:
480:
479:
478:
474:
473:
472:
471:
459:
456:
395:in the south.
365:Old Babylonian
332:
329:
327:
324:
283:
280:
246:, between the
106:... built the
94:
93:
88:
81:
80:
79:
74:
67:
66:
59:
52:
51:
50:
46:
45:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8376:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8345:
8342:
8340:
8339:Gutian people
8337:
8336:
8334:
8305:
8299:
8295:
8294:
8289:
8283:
8277:
8271:
8269:
8267:
8258:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8242:
8241:Roux, Georges
8236:
8228:
8222:
8218:
8217:
8212:
8205:
8197:
8191:
8183:
8179:
8175:
8169:
8160:
8156:
8152:
8149:
8145:
8139:
8135:
8130:
8127:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8105:
8104:
8101:
8096:
8091:
8087:
8082:
8078:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8068:Yazdegerd III
8066:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8054:
8051:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8039:
8034:
8033:
8025:
8022:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8010:
8004:
8001:
8000:Sahralanyozan
7998:
7994:
7989:
7982:
7981:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7959:
7955:
7952:
7951:
7943:
7940:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7921:
7918:
7917:
7909:
7906:
7903:
7900:
7896:
7895:
7888:
7887:
7884:
7881:
7878:
7875:
7872:
7869:
7866:
7863:
7860:
7857:
7854:
7851:
7848:
7845:
7842:
7839:
7836:
7833:
7830:
7827:
7824:
7821:
7818:
7815:
7812:
7809:
7806:
7803:
7800:
7793:
7788:
7784:
7783:
7776:
7775:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7757:
7756:Mithridates V
7754:
7753:Sinatruces II
7749:
7744:
7738:
7737:
7734:
7729:
7725:
7718:
7715:
7710:
7705:
7700:
7695:
7692:
7691:
7683:
7680:
7677:
7676:Artabanus III
7674:
7671:
7668:
7665:
7662:
7659:
7656:
7653:
7650:
7647:
7646:Tiridates III
7644:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7593:
7590:
7589:Mithridates I
7586:
7585:
7579:
7576:
7573:
7570:
7567:
7564:
7561:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7526:
7525:Aristobulus I
7523:
7522:John Hyrcanus
7520:
7516:
7515:
7508:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7491:Alexander III
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7476:Antiochus III
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7448:
7447:
7442:
7439:
7436:
7435:Alexander III
7432:
7431:
7423:
7418:
7413:
7410:
7407:
7404:
7401:
7398:
7395:
7392:
7389:
7386:
7383:
7380:
7377:
7374:
7371:
7370:Cleopatra III
7368:
7365:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7325:
7324:
7320:
7313:
7312:
7309:
7308:
7303:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7293:
7288:
7287:
7282:
7279:
7276:
7275:Artaxerxes IV
7273:
7270:
7269:Artaxerxes II
7267:
7264:
7261:
7258:
7255:
7252:
7248:
7247:
7240:
7234:
7230:
7229:Kings of Tyre
7226:
7220:
7215:
7214:
7206:
7203:
7200:
7197:
7194:
7191:
7187:
7186:
7185:Median Empire
7180:
7177:
7174:
7171:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7160:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7139:
7136:
7132:
7131:
7126:
7125:
7118:
7117:
7114:
7109:
7105:
7102:
7100:
7097:
7094:
7093:Sinsharishkun
7091:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7061:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7048:
7046:
7039:
7038:
7032:
7029:
7026:
7023:
7020:
7015:
7007:
7002:
7001:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6978:
6974:
6970:
6965:
6964:
6957:
6954:
6951:
6948:
6945:
6942:
6939:
6936:
6933:
6930:(five kings)
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6917:
6914:
6911:
6908:
6904:
6898:
6892:
6889:
6888:Ashur-Dan III
6886:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6873:
6870:
6867:
6864:
6860:
6859:
6853:
6848:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6835:
6834:
6828:
6825:
6822:
6819:
6816:
6813:
6810:
6807:
6803:
6802:
6795:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6784:
6781:
6778:
6775:
6772:
6769:
6766:
6763:
6759:
6758:
6751:
6750:
6747:
6744:
6741:
6738:
6735:
6732:
6729:
6728:Ea-mukin-zeri
6726:
6725:Simbar-shipak
6722:
6717:1025โ934 BCE
6716:
6715:
6711:
6706:
6703:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6685:
6682:
6679:
6676:
6672:
6670:
6663:
6660:
6657:
6654:
6653:Ashur-rabi II
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6638:Eriba-Adad II
6636:
6633:
6630:
6627:
6624:
6621:
6618:
6615:
6612:
6609:
6606:
6603:
6600:
6599:Shalmaneser I
6597:
6596:Adad-nirari I
6594:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6574:
6573:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6550:
6544:
6540:
6539:Kings of Tyre
6536:
6532:
6531:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6509:
6506:
6502:
6501:
6495:
6494:
6488:
6485:
6482:
6479:
6478:Ramesses VIII
6476:
6473:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6461:
6456:
6455:
6448:
6447:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6434:
6433:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6402:
6401:
6396:
6393:
6388:
6387:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6368:
6364:
6361:
6360:Amenhotep III
6358:
6355:
6351:
6348:
6345:
6342:
6339:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6319:
6318:
6311:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6249:
6246:
6243:
6240:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6224:
6222:
6214:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6200:
6195:
6194:
6186:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6163:
6162:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6139:
6138:
6129:
6123:
6118:
6117:
6111:
6110:
6106:
6105:
6100:
6096:
6095:
6090:
6086:
6085:
6080:
6079:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6066:Melamkurkurra
6064:
6060:
6059:Ayadaragalama
6057:
6054:
6050:
6047:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6036:Itti-ili-nibi
6034:
6030:
6028:
6017:
6012:
6009:
6006:
6003:
6000:
5997:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5982:
5979:
5975:
5973:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5949:
5946:
5943:
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5930:Ashur-shaduni
5928:
5925:
5924:Enlil-nasir I
5922:
5919:
5916:
5913:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5901:
5898:
5895:
5892:
5889:
5888:Sharma-Adad I
5886:
5883:
5879:1700โ722 BCE)
5877:
5871:
5868:
5865:
5862:
5859:
5856:
5853:
5850:
5841:
5838:
5835:
5832:
5829:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
5810:Ishme-Dagan I
5808:
5799:
5793:
5792:
5783:
5778:
5777:
5771:
5767:
5766:Kings of Tyre
5763:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5747:
5742:
5741:
5733:
5730:
5727:
5724:
5723:Amenemhat III
5721:
5718:
5715:
5712:
5709:
5705:
5704:
5699:
5696:
5691:
5690:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5661:
5658:
5655:
5652:
5649:
5646:
5643:
5640:
5637:
5634:
5631:
5628:
5624:
5620:
5617:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5605:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5587:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5573:
5566:
5560:
5555:
5554:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5520:
5516:
5515:Puzur-Ashur I
5512:
5511:
5504:
5500:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5486:
5481:
5480:
5474:
5466:
5462:
5457:
5454:
5448:
5445:
5440:
5435:
5430:
5425:
5422:
5421:Third Eblaite
5417:
5414:
5413:Mentuhotep IV
5411:
5408:
5407:Mentuhotep II
5405:
5402:
5399:
5396:
5392:
5391:
5386:
5385:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5366:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5336:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5317:
5316:
5308:
5304:
5300:
5296:
5287:
5286:
5283:
5279:
5277:
5271:
5268:
5265:
5264:Wahkare Khety
5262:
5259:
5255:
5254:
5247:
5246:
5243:
5238:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5220:
5216:
5212:
5205:
5201:
5199:
5191:
5187:
5183:
5178:
5174:
5167:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5151:
5146:
5142:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5132:Ur III period
5127:
5124:
5121:
5120:Neferkare VII
5118:
5114:
5113:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5072:
5068:
5067:Ur-Ningirsu I
5064:
5060:
5058:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5040:
5034:
5030:
5025:
5021:
5017:
5013:
5009:
5006:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4983:
4978:
4977:
4971:
4968:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4912:
4911:
4906:
4905:
4900:
4899:
4891:
4886:
4880:
4875:
4871:
4865:
4864:
4861:
4857:
4853:
4849:
4845:
4840:
4837:
4834:
4829:
4828:
4823:
4820:
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4602:Lugal-kisalsi
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3796:
3795:Nangishlishma
3792:
3788:
3783:
3781:
3774:
3773:
3766:
3763:
3762:First Eblaite
3758:
3754:
3748:
3743:
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3734:
3730:
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3725:
3722:
3721:Seth-Peribsen
3719:
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3709:
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3682:Hotepsekhemwy
3678:
3677:
3669:
3663:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3651:
3650:Proto-Elamite
3643:
3642:
3636:
3631:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3621:
3618:
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3612:
3608:
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3552:Double Falcon
3550:
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2259:
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2240:
2237:
2233:
2228:
2214:
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2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2061:
2060:Syrian Desert
2058:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2006:
2004:
1999:
1997:
1992:
1991:
1988:
1977:
1976:HarperCollins
1973:
1965:
1956:
1948:
1947:cdli.ucla.edu
1944:
1938:
1930:
1926:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1911:(in French).
1910:
1903:
1895:
1894:cdli.ucla.edu
1891:
1884:
1882:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1856:. p. 19.
1855:
1848:
1840:
1836:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1791:
1789:9783110037050
1785:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1737:
1729:
1727:9781438453255
1723:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1706:
1698:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1682:
1676:
1672:
1671:Mallory, J.P.
1666:
1658:
1656:9780700714636
1652:
1649:. Routledge.
1648:
1647:
1639:
1629:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1602:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1512:
1509:
1503:
1498:
1489:
1484:
1482:
1477:
1475:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1450:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1430:
1426:
1424:
1423:Afsharid Iran
1421:
1420:
1416:
1414:
1413:Hotak dynasty
1411:
1410:
1406:
1404:
1403:Mughal Empire
1401:
1400:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1270:
1266:
1264:
1263:Seljuk Empire
1261:
1260:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1230:
1226:
1224:
1223:Buyid dynasty
1221:
1220:
1216:
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1204:
1203:Sajid dynasty
1201:
1200:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1170:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1156:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1140:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1120:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1099:
1089:
1087:
1084:
1083:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1063:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1053:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1033:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1023:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1009:
1007:
1006:Kushan Empire
1004:
1003:
999:
998:
989:
987:
984:
983:
977:
975:
972:
971:
967:
965:
962:
961:
957:
955:
952:
951:
947:
945:
942:
941:
937:
935:
932:
931:
927:
925:
922:
921:
917:
915:
912:
911:
907:
905:
902:
901:
897:
895:
894:Median Empire
892:
891:
887:
885:
882:
881:
877:
875:
872:
871:
867:
865:
862:
861:
857:
855:
852:
851:
847:
845:
842:
841:
838:
836:
833:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
820:
818:
815:
814:
811:
809:
805:
802:
801:
798:
796:
793:
792:
789:
787:
784:
783:
779:
777:
774:
773:
769:
767:
764:
763:
756:
754:
751:
750:
747:
745:
744:
740:
739:
736:
735:
726:
725:
722:
718:
717:
711:
707:
706:
703:
701:
691:
689:
685:
684:
679:
675:
671:
666:
664:
660:
656:
644:
636:
635:Louvre Museum
632:
628:
624:
621:
619:
615:
611:
603:
599:
595:
585:
584:
582:
578:
576:
572:
568:
561:
559:
554:
552:
548:
544:
540:
535:
533:
529:
525:
514:
510:
503:
493:
484:
469:
465:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
400:
396:
394:
390:
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
337:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
297:
288:
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
236:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
203:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
176:
170:
146:
136:
131:
130:Louvre Museum
127:
119:
115:
110:
105:
101:
97:
85:
71:
63:
56:
40:
39:Fuzhou people
33:
19:
8292:
8282:
8246:Ancient Iraq
8245:
8235:
8215:
8204:
8190:
8181:
8168:
8159:
8123:
8116:
8109:
8038:Ardashir III
8030:
8007:
7948:
7916:Roman Empire
7914:
7892:
7850:Yazdegerd II
7780:
7771:Artabanus IV
7768:Vologases VI
7759:Vologases IV
7690:Roman Empire
7688:
7673:Vologases II
7649:Artabanus II
7643:Artabanus II
7628:Tiridates II
7616:Phraates III
7582:
7519:Simon Thassi
7512:
7494:Demetrius II
7482:Antiochus IV
7473:Seleucus III
7467:Antiochus II
7454:
7444:
7441:Alexander IV
7428:
7416:
7400:Ptolemy XIII
7382:Berenice III
7376:Cleopatra IV
7317:
7314:331โ141 BCE
7305:
7296:
7290:
7284:
7263:Artaxerxes I
7244:
7211:
7208:539โ331 BCE
7183:
7164:Nabopolassar
7157:
7128:
7122:
7119:626โ539 BCE
7087:Ashurbanipal
7042:
7041:
7035:
6998:
6995:745โ609 BCE
6961:
6941:Eriba-Marduk
6902:
6856:
6831:
6799:
6798:
6788:
6777:Shoshenq III
6755:
6752:911โ745 BCE
6720:
6702:Marduk-zer-X
6666:
6662:Ashur-dan II
6593:Arik-den-ili
6590:Enlil-nirari
6584:Eriba-Adad I
6577:
6570:
6547:
6528:
6523:Psusennes II
6498:
6497:
6491:
6475:Ramesses VII
6463:Ramesses III
6452:
6436:
6430:
6398:
6384:
6365:
6354:Amenhotep II
6347:Thutmose III
6321:
6315:
6312:
6263:Kurigalzu II
6257:Kara-hardash
6227:Agum-Kakrime
6218:
6197:
6191:
6159:
6142:'Aper-'Anati
6140:
6135:
6114:
6108:
6102:
6098:
6092:
6088:
6082:
6076:
6075:
6039:Damqi-ilishu
6022:
6011:Samsu-Ditana
5993:Sin-muballit
5984:Sin-muballit
5963:
5933:Ashur-rabi I
5798:Shamshi-Adad
5795:
5789:
5774:
5744:
5738:
5726:Amenemhat IV
5720:Senusret III
5714:Amenemhat II
5701:
5687:
5673:
5622:
5619:Damiq-ilishu
5589:Lipit-Eshtar
5570:
5551:
5508:
5476:
5472:
5456:Shakkanakkus
5419:
5395:Mentuhotep I
5388:
5382:
5363:
5350:
5313:
5307:Puzur-Ishtar
5274:
5269:
5251:
5204:Lugalannatum
5196:
5163:
5130:
5110:
5089:Hishep-Ratep
5055:
5037:
4974:
4964:
4918:Neferkare II
4908:
4902:
4896:
4843:
4825:
4815:
4794:
4747:Invasion by
4710:
4675:
4651:
4643:Enannatum II
4607:E-iginimpa'e
4576:
4568:Igrish-Halam
4479:Nyuserre Ini
4456:
4430:Awan dynasty
4428:
4387:
4374:
4355:
4340:
4331:
4315:Ishtup-Ishar
4295:Iku-Shamagan
4291:Ikun-Shamash
4283:
4261:Ur I dynasty
4259:
4252:
4241:
4216:
4210:
4184:
4165:
4124:
4107:
4092:
4074:
4033:
4025:
3996:
3977:
3940:Enmebaragesi
3926:
3907:
3878:
3869:
3862:
3825:
3820:
3800:En-tarah-ana
3785:
3778:
3770:
3760:
3736:
3733:Neferkasokar
3731:
3726:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3674:
3654:
3648:
3639:
3627:
3622:
3573:
3567:
3554:
3546:
3541:
3536:
3531:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3495:
3481:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3434:Finger Snail
3432:
3426:
3409:
3378:Anu Ziggurat
3361:
3329:
3323:
3241:Territories/
3165:
3158:Ancient Rome
3129:311โ129 BCE
3115:
3108:336โ301 BCE
3098:539โ331 BCE
3088:
3081:626โ539 BCE
3072:729โ609 BCE
3062:911โ729 BCE
3053:
3047:
3041:
3029:
2994:
2984:
2978:
2948:
2936:
2921:
2898:
2877:
2853:
2852:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2785:Timeline of
2626:Royal titles
2551:Architecture
2388:Neo-Assyrian
2235:(Pre)history
2152:
2055:Persian Gulf
1971:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1912:
1908:
1902:
1893:
1871:
1862:
1853:
1847:
1835:
1822:
1816:
1798:
1779:
1774:
1767:
1743:
1736:
1712:
1705:
1680:
1665:
1645:
1638:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1589:. Retrieved
1585:
1576:
1564:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1433:Zand dynasty
1313:Kart dynasty
995:
986:Roman Empire
816:
741:
732:
721:Greater Iran
697:
681:
677:
673:
667:
652:
641:
622:
607:
579:
564:
563:
555:
536:
520:
508:
431:
425:
423:
397:
362:
293:
259:
255:
252:Tigris River
237:
214:
209:
201:
189:
181:
177:
144:
142:
134:
125:
108:
102:, prince of
95:
8178:Simpson, W.
8106:639โ651 CE
8053:Azarmidokht
8044:Khosrow III
8027:628โ641 CE
7983:618โ628 CE
7945:395โ618 CE
7911:273โ395 CE
7899:Vaballathus
7889:270โ273 CE
7853:Hormizd III
7838:Yazdegerd I
7829:Ardashir II
7823:Adur Narseh
7777:224โ270 CE
7765:Vologases V
7739:117โ224 CE
7720:116โ117 CE
7667:Vardanes II
7664:Vologases I
7655:Gotarzes II
7625:Phraates IV
7595:Hyspaosines
7534:Hyrcanus II
7509:141โ30 BCE
7488:Demetrius I
7485:Antiochus V
7479:Seleucus IV
7470:Seleucus II
7464:Antiochus I
7451:Antigonus I
7403:Ptolemy XIV
7391:Cleopatra V
7173:Neriglissar
7170:Amel-Marduk
7153:Psamtik III
7124:Late Period
7063:Sennacherib
7054:Shalmaneser
6981:Tammaritu I
6878:Shammuramat
6821:Takelot III
6818:Osorkon III
6815:Shoshenq VI
6790:Pedubast II
6780:Shoshenq IV
6768:Shoshenq II
6617:Ashur-dan I
6558:Ish-bosheth
6511:Psusennes I
6487:Ramesses XI
6481:Ramesses IX
6472:Ramesses VI
6466:Ramesses IV
6411:Ramesses II
6374:Tutankhamun
6357:Thutmose IV
6341:Thutmose II
6275:Kudur-Enlil
6260:Nazi-Bugash
6248:Kurigalzu I
6236:Ulamburiash
6207:Amenhotep I
6188:Tutankhamun
6174:Parshatatar
6171:Shuttarna I
6104:Seventeenth
6033:Ilum-ma-ili
6008:Ammi-saduqa
6005:Ammi-ditana
5999:Samsu-iluna
5906:Erishum III
5867:Adad-salulu
5864:Ipqi-Ishtar
5852:Ashur-dugul
5837:Adad-salulu
5834:Ipqi-Ishtar
5822:Ashur-dugul
5791:Old Assyria
5786:(Amorites)
5729:Sobekneferu
5717:Senusret II
5708:Amenemhat I
5680:Sรฎn-iribam
5657:Sin-Iqisham
5651:Sin-Iddinam
5601:Erra-imitti
5598:Lipit-Enlil
5586:Ishme-Dagan
5583:Iddin-Dagan
5519:Shalim-ahum
5510:Old Assyria
5496:Yasmah-Adad
5473:Lim Dynasty
5465:Hanun-Dagan
5461:Hitial-Erra
5226:Ur-Ningirsu
5182:Kuda (Uruk)
5155:Ishgum-Addu
5145:Ishtup-Ilum
4997:Ishma-Dagan
4982:Shakkanakku
4960:Neferirkare
4957:Neferkauhor
4860:Ili-ishmani
4839:Manishtushu
4802:Lugalzagesi
4798:III dynasty
4782:Puzur-Nirah
4497:Ishar-Malik
4476:Shepseskare
4266:Mesannepada
4191:Nin-kisalsi
4179:Lugal-kitun
4149:Meskalamdug
4135:Ur-Pabilsag
3948:Aga of Kish
3857:Barsal-nuna
3742:Khasekhemwy
3728:Neferkara I
3707:Weneg-Nebty
3685:Nebra/Raneb
3497:Lower Egypt
3483:Scorpion II
3428:Upper Egypt
3380:, 4000 BCE)
3363:Uruk period
3175:224โmid 7C
3139:129โ63 BCE
3121:Macedonians
3016:city-states
3012:Neo-Hittite
2987:Sea Peoples
2903:city-states
2882:city-states
2825:Uruk period
2787:Mesopotamia
2729:Hittitology
2719:Assyriology
2640:Archaeology
2510:Old Persian
2320:Jemdet Nasr
1591:18 December
1566:19 December
1536:Iran portal
1508:Asia portal
1143:Shirvanshah
1070:880s โ 1045
729:Pre-Islamic
719:History of
569:, so twice
547:Erridupizir
300:text corpus
240:Mesopotamia
221:Mesopotamia
100:Lugalanatum
62:Lugalanatum
8333:Categories
8062:Khosrow IV
8059:Hormizd VI
8041:Shahrbaraz
8018:Khosrow II
8003:Shahrbaraz
7997:Shahrbaraz
7877:Khosrow II
7874:Hormizd IV
7832:Shapur III
7820:Hormizd II
7814:Bahram III
7799:Ardashir I
7670:Pacorus II
7661:Vonones II
7658:Meherdates
7652:Vardanes I
7637:Orodes III
7634:Phraates V
7613:Sinatruces
7461:Seleucus I
7438:Philip III
7412:Arsinoe IV
7337:Arsinoe II
7278:Darius III
7144:Psamtik II
7084:Esarhaddon
6977:Ummanigash
6947:Nabonassar
6841:Bakenranef
6812:Pedubast I
6809:Takelot II
6806:Harsiese A
6794:Osorkon IV
6786:Shoshenq V
6774:Osorkon II
6762:Shoshenq I
6508:Amenemnisu
6484:Ramesses X
6469:Ramesses V
6417:Amenmesses
6405:Ramesses I
6367:Smenkhkare
6344:Hatshepsut
6338:Thutmose I
6242:Karaindash
5981:Sumu-la-El
5813:Mut-Ashkur
5804:(Amorites)
5711:Senusret I
5670:Rim-Sin II
5660:Silli-Adad
5654:Sin-Eribam
5616:Suen-magir
5613:Ur-du-kuga
5610:Iter-pisha
5604:Enlil-bani
5592:Ur-Ninurta
5580:Shu-Ilishu
5577:Ishbi-Erra
5547:Erishum II
5493:Yahdun-Lim
5490:Yaggid-Lim
5303:Tura-Dagan
5282:Utu-hengal
5258:Meryhathor
5234:Nam-mahani
5200:II dynasty
5169:(21 kings)
5063:Puzer-Mama
5059:II dynasty
5041:IV dynasty
4954:Neferkaure
4951:Qakare Ibi
4942:Neferkahor
4933:Neferkamin
4852:Ilshu-rabi
4743:Ishqi-Mari
4739:Ikun-Ishar
4735:Enna-Dagan
4655:II dynasty
4629:Bara-irnun
4584:Puzur-Suen
4580:IV dynasty
4572:Irkab-Damu
4517:(3 kings)
4443:Ukkutahesh
4416:Meskiagnun
4412:A'annepada
4359:II dynasty
4254:Thamphthis
4250:Shepseskaf
4199:Lugal-dalu
4098:Udulkalama
4078:II dynasty
4020:Sekhemkhet
3928:Lugalbanda
3854:Melem-Kish
3850:En-me-nuna
3635:Canaanites
3629:Horus Bird
3594:Neithhotep
3467:Scorpion I
3417:Naqada III
2899:and other
2878:and other
2693:Divination
2403:Achaemenid
2368:Isin-Larsa
2261:Trialetian
2256:Mousterian
2243:Prehistory
1718:SUNY Press
1543:References
1453:Qajar Iran
1293:Salghurids
1207:889/90โ929
743:Prehistory
637:, AO 6018.
631:Utu-hengal
610:Utu-hengal
598:Utu-Khegal
581:Utu-hengal
515:(BM 90852)
462:See also:
436:Annubanini
186:Bronze Age
112:Temple at
60:Tablet of
8174:Hallo, W.
8071:Peroz III
7905:Antiochus
7871:Khosrow I
7841:Shapur IV
7835:Bahram IV
7826:Shapur II
7811:Bahram II
7805:Hormizd I
7762:Osroes II
7640:Vonones I
7622:Orodes II
7598:Artabanus
7266:Darius II
7193:Phraortes
7179:Nabonidus
7150:Ahmose II
7138:Psamtik I
7031:Tanutamun
6880:(regent)
6771:Takelot I
6765:Osorkon I
6530:Phoenicia
6514:Amenemope
6460:Setnakhte
6414:Merneptah
6363:Akhenaten
6146:Sakir-Har
6084:Sixteenth
6063:Akurduana
6049:Gulkishar
6046:Shushushi
6002:Abi-eshuh
5996:Hammurabi
5978:Sumu-abum
5900:Shu-Ninua
5891:Iptar-Sin
5861:Sin-namir
5858:Nasir-Sin
5849:Puzur-Sin
5831:Sin-namir
5828:Nasir-Sin
5682:Sรฎn-gฤmil
5678:Sรฎn-kฤลกid
5666:Rim-Sin I
5663:Warad-Sin
5543:Naram-Sin
5527:Erishum I
5523:Ilu-shuma
5499:Zimri-Lim
5447:Indilimma
5434:Ibbit-Lim
5404:Intef III
5367:invasions
5354:invasions
5299:Ili-Ishar
5295:Iddi-ilum
5288:2100 BCE
5278:V dynasty
5248:2125 BCE
5186:Puzur-ili
5173:La-erabum
5107:2150 BCE
5033:Shu-turul
5026:(3 years)
4993:Shu-Dagan
4893:2200 BCE
4870:Naram-Sin
4866:2250 BCE
4810:2340 BCE
4776:2350 BCE
4770:Luh-ishan
4765:Urukagina
4761:Lugalanda
4730:Isar-Damu
4726:2370 BCE
4672:2380 BCE
4647:Enentarzi
4635:Enannatum
4624:Gishakidu
4588:Ur-Zababa
4564:Adub-Damu
4560:2400 BCE
4533:2425 BCE
4527:Napilhush
4515:invasions
4493:Enar-Damu
4473:Neferefre
4453:2450 BCE
4396:Ur-Nanshe
4391:I dynasty
4378:I dynasty
4319:Ikun-Mari
4278:Phoenicia
4274:2500 BCE
4207:2575 BCE
4175:Melamanna
4159:Akalamdug
4131:A-Imdugud
4094:Ur-Nungal
4081:(5 kings)
4068:Baba-Damu
4064:Ibbi-Damu
3993:2600 BCE
3963:Gilgamesh
3921:Iltasadum
3892:2700 BCE
3866:I dynasty
3819:2800 BCE
3782:I dynasty
3738:Hudjefa I
3671:2900 BCE
3617:Semerkhet
3609:(regent)
3596:(regent)
3503:Hedju Hor
3331:Naqada II
3090:Chaldeans
3007:Phoenicia
2945:Karduniaลก
2566:Cuneiform
2442:Languages
2251:Acheulean
2138:Babylonia
2075:Euphrates
2025:Geography
1921:0373-6032
1457:1794โ1925
1447:1794โ1826
1437:1750โ1794
1427:1736โ1750
1417:1722โ1729
1407:1526โ1857
1397:1501โ1722
1387:1378โ1508
1377:1407โ1468
1367:1370โ1507
1357:1339โ1432
1347:1337โ1357
1337:1314โ1393
1327:1299โ1923
1317:1231โ1389
1307:1256โ1353
1303:Ilkhanate
1297:1148โ1282
1287:1077โ1307
1277:1077โ1231
1267:1037โ1194
1090:1008โ1490
848:2200โ1700
770:3200โ2800
502:La-erabum
444:Naram-Sin
424:The epic
353:Sar-I Pul
341:Anubanini
268:Mannaeans
8290:(2014).
8243:(1992).
8213:(2020).
8180:(1971).
8021:Kavad II
7847:Bahram V
7808:Bahram I
7802:Shapur I
7679:Osroes I
7610:Orodes I
7604:Gotarzes
7592:Phraates
7257:Darius I
7254:Cambyses
7202:Astyages
7199:Cyaxares
7141:Necho II
7072:Bel-ibni
7022:Shebitku
6985:Indabibi
6838:Tefnakht
6380:Horemheb
6239:Agum III
6221:Kassites
6204:Ahmose I
6069:Ea-gamil
6053:DIล +U-EN
6043:Ishkibal
5990:Apil-Sin
5972:Amorites
5882:Bel-bani
5757:Biblical
5648:Nur-Adad
5639:Gungunum
5627:Naplanum
5595:Bur-Suen
5559:Amorites
5535:Sargon I
5485:Amorites
5429:Amorites
5401:Intef II
5371:Kindattu
5359:Ibbi-Sin
5338:Amar-Sin
5332:Ur-Nammu
5267:Merykare
5159:Apil-kin
5071:Pirig-me
5049:Ur-gigir
5045:Ur-nigin
4985:dynasty)
4930:Merenhor
4856:Epirmupi
4685:Userkare
4639:Entemena
4616:Ur-Lumma
4611:Meskigal
4542:Eannatum
4537:Kun-Damu
4521:Shushun-
4506:Enakalle
4365:kushanna
4351:Undalulu
4323:Iblul-Il
4247:Menkaure
4243:Bikheris
4236:Djedefre
4195:Me-durba
4120:shaengur
4114:En-hegal
4102:Labashum
4060:Agur-lim
4056:Abur-lim
4035:Qahedjet
3880:Enmerkar
3712:Wadjenes
3702:Horus Sa
3697:Nubnefer
3688:Nynetjer
3662:Susa III
3624:Sneferka
3607:Merneith
3325:Naqada I
3031:Arameans
3025:Damascus
2996:Arameans
2950:Kassites
2938:Hurrians
2712:Academia
2666:Religion
2535:Urartian
2530:Sumerian
2515:Parthian
2450:Akkadian
2423:Sasanian
2413:Parthian
2408:Seleucid
2358:Simurrum
2348:Akkadian
2281:Khiamian
2271:Natufian
2183:Simurrum
2168:Kassites
2163:Hittites
2118:Adiabene
1929:23283609
1677:(2000).
1247:975โ1187
1237:941โ1062
1227:934โ1055
1217:928โ1043
1187:861โ1003
1147:799โ1607
1137:750โ1258
835:Corduene
780:2800โ550
734:BCE / BC
663:Ur-Nammu
655:Ur-Nammu
646:โ
389:Marhashe
308:Akkadian
304:Sumerian
298:lacks a
250:and the
206:๐๐พ๐๐
198:๐๐
๐๐
194:Sumerian
126:gu-ti-um
122:๐๐พ๐๐
75:"Gutium"
8074:Narsieh
7902:Zenobia
7883:Vistahm
7868:Kavad I
7862:Kavad I
7856:Peroz I
7844:Khosrow
7190:Deioces
7147:Wahibre
7135:Necho I
7028:Taharqa
7025:Shabaka
7009:Taharqa
6973:Teumman
6824:Rudamun
6566:Solomon
6505:Smendes
6426:Twosret
6420:Seti II
6161:Mitanni
6155:Khamudi
6109:Dynasty
6099:Dynasty
6089:Dynasty
5927:Nur-ili
5897:Lullaya
5800:dynasty
5752:Abraham
5642:Abisare
5607:Zambiya
5501:(Queen
5453:Amorite
5424:Kingdom
5398:Intef I
5365:Elamite
5352:Amorite
5341:Shu-Sin
5242:Tirigan
5211:Ur-Baba
5141:Nรปr-Mรชr
5079:Lu-gula
5075:Lu-Baba
4989:Ididish
4970:Kingdom
4967:Eblaite
4965:Second
4915:Menkare
4790:Shu-Sin
4786:Ishu-Il
4714:dynasty
4694:Pepi II
4627:(Queen
4513:Elamite
4464:Userkaf
4407:Akurgal
4336:Ku-Baba
4152:(Queen
4088:Mesilim
4023:Sanakht
4013:(First
3830:Zuqaqip
3827:Kalumum
3812:Kalibum
3808:Puannum
3765:Kingdom
3614:Anedjib
3598:Hor-Aha
3543:Nat-Hor
3476:Iry-Hor
3472:Shendjw
3444:Pen-Abu
3392:Susa II
2933:Mitanni
2901:Amorite
2880:Amorite
2854:Gutians
2698:Prayers
2683:Deities
2647:Looting
2490:Kassite
2485:Hurrian
2480:Hittite
2470:Elamite
2465:Eblaite
2460:Aramaic
2455:Amorite
2378:Kassite
2353:Gutians
2335:History
2300:Samarra
2296:Hassuna
2266:Zarzian
2188:Subartu
2178:Mitanni
2143:Chaldea
2133:Assyria
2106:Ancient
1687:281โ282
1197:819โ999
1177:864โ928
1167:840โ897
1157:821โ873
1127:661โ750
1117:637โ651
1104:Islamic
1060:642โ760
1050:565โ879
1040:425โ557
1030:305โ995
1020:224โ651
997:CE / AD
958:250โ125
938:330โ150
918:550โ330
908:652โ625
898:728โ550
888:860โ590
878:911โ609
826:Cyrtian
817:Gutians
804:Lullubi
795:Mannaea
688:Ezekiel
614:Tirigan
602:Tirigan
567:Babylon
452:Sharlag
440:Lulubum
430:claims
407:Armanum
403:Lullubi
385:Subartu
345:Lullubi
326:History
320:Elamite
316:Hittite
312:Hurrian
256:Gutians
182:Guteans
178:Gutians
175:exonyms
135:Bottom:
109:E.GIDRU
47:Gutians
18:Gutians
8300:
8253:
8223:
7865:Jamasp
7859:Balash
7817:Narseh
7728:Trajan
7726:under
7260:Xerxes
7196:Madyes
7060:Sargon
6520:Siamun
6423:Siptah
6408:Seti I
6392:Ugarit
6137:Semqen
6122:Hyksos
6094:Abydos
5987:Sabium
5894:Bazaya
5885:Libaya
5819:Asinum
5816:Rimush
5776:Yamhad
5668:(...)
5645:Sumuel
5636:Zabaia
5633:Samium
5630:Emisum
5531:Ikunum
5503:Shibtu
5444:Immeya
5335:Shulgi
5230:Ur-gar
5190:Ur-Utu
5057:Lagash
4936:Nikare
4848:Eshpum
4836:Rimush
4688:Pepi I
4523:tarana
4467:Sahure
4447:Hishur
4424:Balulu
4389:Lagash
4370:Mug-si
4363:Ensha-
4311:Sa'umu
4239:Khafre
4223:Snefru
4171:Mes-he
4118:Lugal-
4109:Lagash
4052:Sagisu
4004:Djoser
3913:Tizqar
3884:Aratta
3840:Arwium
3837:Mashda
3787:Jushur
3717:Senedj
3656:period
3588:Narmer
3538:Wazner
3513:Hsekiu
3508:Ny-Hor
3487:Narmer
3457:Canide
3448:Animal
3354:Susa I
3304:Lagash
3278:Akshak
3253:Canaan
2525:Sutean
2500:Median
2495:Luwian
2475:Gutian
2363:Ur III
2276:Nemrik
2213:Cities
2208:Urartu
2158:Hamazi
2153:Gutium
2128:Armani
2080:Tigris
2033:Modern
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