Articles of Confederation

1136:, who was serving as the president of the Continental Congress, "that a wagon load of money will scarcely purchase a wagon load of provisions." Mr. Jay and the Congress responded in May by requesting $ 45 million from the States. In an appeal to the States to comply, Jay wrote that the taxes were "the price of liberty, the peace, and the safety of yourselves and posterity." He argued that Americans should avoid having it said "that America had no sooner become independent than she became insolvent" or that "her infant glories and growing fame were obscured and tarnished by broken contracts and violated faith." The States did not respond with any of the money requested from them. 331: 2462:) that the issue had become moot: "As this objection… has been in a manner waived by those who have criticised the powers of the convention, I dismiss it without further observation." Nevertheless, it is a historical and legal question whether opponents of the Constitution could have plausibly attacked the Constitution on that ground. At the time, there were state legislators who argued that the Constitution was not an alteration of the Articles of Confederation, but rather would be a complete replacement so the unanimity rule did not apply. Moreover, the Confederation had proven woefully inadequate and therefore was supposedly no longer binding. 2415:. Rakove concludes that their failure to implement national measures "stemmed not from a heady sense of independence but rather from the enormous difficulties that all the states encountered in collecting taxes, mustering men, and gathering supplies from a war-weary populace." The second group of factors Rakove identified derived from the substantive nature of the problems the Continental Congress confronted after 1783, especially the inability to create a strong foreign policy. Finally, the Confederation's lack of coercive power reduced the likelihood for profit to be made by political means, thus potential rulers were uninspired to seek power. 1592:

ships. France and Spain established similar policies. Simultaneously, new manufacturers faced sharp competition from British products which were suddenly available again. Political unrest in several states and efforts by debtors to use popular government to erase their debts increased the anxiety of the political and economic elites which had led the Revolution. The apparent inability of the Congress to redeem the public obligations (debts) incurred during the war, or to become a forum for productive cooperation among the states to encourage commerce and economic development, only aggravated a gloomy situation. In 1786–87,

2283: 594: 2259: 2235: 2295: 2271: 2247: 801:, and a signatory section. The individual articles set the rules for current and future operations of the confederation's central government. Under the Articles, the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically relinquished to the national Congress, which was empowered to make war and peace, negotiate diplomatic and commercial agreements with foreign countries, and to resolve disputes between the states. The document also stipulates that its provisions "shall be inviolably observed by every state" and that " 1798: 2483:'s all-important ninth ratification of the proposed Constitution, thus, according to its terms, establishing it as the new framework of governance for the ratifying states. The following day delegates considered a bill to admit Kentucky into the Union as a sovereign state. The discussion ended with Congress making the determination that, in light of this development, it would be "unadvisable" to admit Kentucky into the Union, as it could do so "under the Articles of Confederation" only, but not "under the Constitution". 774: 10802: 1588:

There was no president, no executive agencies, no judiciary, and no tax base. The absence of a tax base meant that there was no way to pay off state and national debts from the war years except by requesting money from the states, which seldom arrived. Although historians generally agree that the Articles were too weak to hold the fast-growing nation together, they do give credit to the settlement of the western issue, as the states voluntarily turned over their lands to national control.

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published an announcement that the new Constitution had been ratified by the necessary nine states, set the first Wednesday in January 1789 for appointing electors, set the first Wednesday in February 1789 for the presidential electors to meet and vote for a new president, and set the first Wednesday of March 1789 as the day "for commencing proceedings" under the new Constitution. On that same September 13, it determined that New York would remain the national capital.

694: 654: 2499: 2513: 674: 10712: 10676: 614: 734: 10722: 574: 754: 534: 1638: 1164: 322:, and the Articles of Confederation. The Declaration announced the states' entry into the international system; the model treaty was designed to establish amity and commerce with other states; and the Articles of Confederation, which established "a firm league" among the thirteen free and independent states, constituted an international agreement to set up central institutions for the conduct of vital domestic and foreign affairs. 634: 31: 955:, but it lacked the power to compel the States to comply with requests for either troops or funding. This left the military vulnerable to inadequate funding, supplies, and even food. Further, although the Articles enabled the states to present a unified front when dealing with the European powers, as a tool to build a centralized war-making government, they were largely a failure; Historian Bruce Chadwick wrote: 1608:

the power of passing navigation laws to Congress, or that the States themselves pass retaliatory acts against Great Britain. Congress had already requested and failed to get power over navigation laws. Meanwhile, each State acted individually against Great Britain to little effect. When other New England states closed their ports to British shipping, Connecticut hastened to profit by opening its ports.

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of Maryland to ratify the Articles was reported to the Continental Congress on February 12. The confirmation signing of the Articles by the two Maryland delegates took place in Philadelphia at noon time on March 1, 1781, and was celebrated in the afternoon. With these events, the Articles were entered into force and the United States of America came into being as a sovereign federal state.

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legitimate monarch. Foreign courts needed to have American grievances laid before them persuasively in a "manifesto" which could also reassure them that the Americans would be reliable trading partners. Without such a declaration, Paine concluded, "he custom of all courts is against us, and will be so, until, by an independence, we take rank with other nations."

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Continental army protected their state's interests. The Anti-Federalists claimed that state politicians understood their duty to the Union and contributed to advance its needs. Dougherty (2009) concludes that generally the States' behavior validated the Federalist analysis. This helps explain why the Articles of Confederation needed reforms.

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the people with taxes, conscription, and military campaigns. Uncertain that any government over so vast a domain as the United States could be controlled by the people, Antifederalists saw in the enlarged powers of the general government only the familiar threats to the rights and liberties of the people.

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Antifederalists feared what Patrick Henry termed the "consolidated government" proposed by the new Constitution. They saw in Federalist hopes for commercial growth and international prestige only the lust of ambitious men for a "splendid empire" that, in the time-honored way of empires, would oppress

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power over foreign and domestic commerce, and providing means for Congress to collect money from state treasuries. Unanimous approval was necessary to make the alterations, however, and Congress failed to reach a consensus. The weakness of the Articles in establishing an effective unifying government

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The constitutional reallocation of powers created a new form of government, unprecedented under the sun. Every previous national authority either had been centralized or else had been a confederation of sovereign states. The new American system was neither one nor the other; it was a mixture of both.

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By 1787, Congress was unable to protect manufacturing and shipping. State legislatures were unable or unwilling to resist attacks upon private contracts and public credit. Land speculators expected no rise in values when the government could not defend its borders nor protect its frontier population.

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Rakove identifies several factors that explain the collapse of the Confederation. The lack of compulsory direct taxation power was objectionable to those wanting a strong centralized state or expecting to benefit from such power. It could not collect customs after the war because tariffs were vetoed

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in Philadelphia were only authorized to amend the Articles, delegates held secret, closed-door sessions and wrote a new constitution. The new frame of government gave much more power to the central government, but characterization of the result is disputed. The general goal of the authors was to get

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Congress had debated the Articles for over a year and a half, and the ratification process had taken nearly three and a half years. Many participants in the original debates were no longer delegates, and some of the signers had only recently arrived. The Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union

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went to London in 1785 as the first representative of the United States, he found it impossible to secure a treaty for unrestricted commerce. Demands were made for favors and there was no assurance that individual states would agree to a treaty. Adams stated it was necessary for the States to confer

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Declares the purpose of the confederation: "The said States hereby severally enter into a firm league of friendship with each other, for their common defense, the security of their liberties, and their mutual and general welfare, binding themselves to assist each other, against all force offered to,

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before the Continental Congress declaring the colonies independent; at the same time, he also urged Congress to resolve "to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances" and to prepare a plan of confederation for the newly independent states. Congress then created three overlapping

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When the war ended in 1783, certain special interests had incentives to create a new "merchant state," much like the British state people had rebelled against. In particular, holders of war scrip and land speculators wanted a central government to pay off scrip at face value and to legalize western

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in the Senate Chamber, in the presence of the members of both Houses... an Act to empower the delegates of this state in Congress to subscribe and ratify the articles of confederation" and perpetual union among the states. The Senate then adjourned "to the first Monday in August next." The decision

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and, as a result, all of the States maintained control over their own trade policies. The states and the Confederation Congress both incurred large debts during the Revolutionary War, and how to repay those debts became a major issue of debate following the War. Some States paid off their war debts

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George Washington had been one of the very first proponents of a strong federal government. The army had nearly disbanded on several occasions during the winters of the war because of the weaknesses of the Continental Congress. ... The delegates could not draft soldiers and had to send requests for

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By the end of July 1788, 11 of the 13 states had ratified the new Constitution. Congress continued to convene under the Articles with a quorum until October. On Saturday, September 13, 1788, the Confederation Congress voted the resolve to implement the new Constitution, and on Monday, September 15

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The Continental Congress printed paper money which was so depreciated that it ceased to pass as currency, spawning the expression "not worth a continental". Congress could not levy taxes and could only make requisitions upon the States. Less than a million and a half dollars came into the treasury

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The Continental Congress, before the Articles were approved, had promised soldiers a pension of half pay for life. However Congress had no power to compel the states to fund this obligation, and as the war wound down after the victory at Yorktown the sense of urgency to support the military was no

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As the Confederation Congress attempted to govern the continually growing U.S. states, its delegates discovered that the limitations placed upon the central government (such as in assembling delegates, raising funds, and regulating commerce) rendered it ineffective at doing so. As the government's

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References to a 1778 Virginia ratification are based on an error in the Journals of Congress: "The published Journals of Congress print this enabling act of the Virginia assembly under date of Dec. 15, 1778. This error has come from the MS. vol. 9 (History of Confederation), p. 123, Papers of the

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of North Carolina believed that "the authority of the congress rested on the prior acts of the several states, to which the states gave their voluntary consent, and until those obligations were fulfilled, neither nullification of the authority of congress, exercising its due powers, nor secession

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By 1783, with the end of the British blockade, the new nation was regaining its prosperity. However, trade opportunities were restricted by the mercantilism of the British and French empires. The ports of the British West Indies were closed to all staple products which were not carried in British

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The peace treaty left the United States independent and at peace but with an unsettled governmental structure. The Articles envisioned a permanent confederation but granted to the Congress—the only federal institution—little power to finance itself or to ensure that its resolutions were enforced.

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The Congress from time to time during the Revolutionary War requisitioned troops from the states. Any contributions were voluntary, and in the debates of 1788, the Federalists (who supported the proposed new Constitution) claimed that state politicians acted unilaterally, and contributed when the

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As Congress failed to act on the petitions, Knox wrote to Gouverneur Morris, four years before the Philadelphia Convention was convened, "As the present Constitution is so defective, why do not you great men call the people together and tell them so; that is, to have a convention of the States to

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Only the central government may declare war, or conduct foreign political or commercial relations. No state or official may accept foreign gifts or titles, and granting any title of nobility is forbidden to all. No states may form any sub-national groups. No state may tax or interfere with treaty

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It was an era of constitution writing—most states were busy at the task—and leaders felt the new nation must have a written constitution; a "rulebook" for how the new nation should function. During the war, Congress exercised an unprecedented level of political, diplomatic, military and economic

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The Articles, however, were unsigned, and the date was blank. Congress began the signing process by examining their copy of the Articles on June 27, 1778. They ordered a final copy prepared (the one in the National Archives), and that delegates should inform the secretary of their authority for

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Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government's power was kept quite limited. The Confederation Congress could make decisions but lacked enforcement powers. Implementation of most decisions, including modifications to the Articles, required unanimous approval of all thirteen state

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that the "custom of nations" demanded a formal declaration of American independence if any European power were to mediate a peace between the Americans and Great Britain. The monarchies of France and Spain, in particular, could not be expected to aid those they considered rebels against another

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suggests that there may not have really been any conflict between the Articles of Confederation and the Constitution on this point; Article VI of the Confederation specifically allowed side deals among states, and the Constitution could be viewed as a side deal until all states ratified it.

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he Articles of this Confederation shall be inviolably observed by every State, and the Union shall be perpetual; nor shall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless such alteration be agreed to in a Congress of the United States, and be afterwards confirmed by the

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It is hardly surprising, given their painful confrontations with a weak central government and the sovereign states, that the former generals of the Revolution as well as countless lesser officers strongly supported the creation of a more muscular union in the 1780s and fought hard for the

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Grants to the United States in Congress assembled the sole and exclusive right and power to determine peace and war; to exchange ambassadors; to enter into treaties and alliances, with some provisos; to establish rules for deciding all cases of captures or prizes on land or water; to grant

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John Dickinson (Delaware), Daniel Carroll (Maryland) and Gouverneur Morris (New York), along with Sherman and Robert Morris, were the only five people to sign both the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution (Gouverneur Morris represented Pennsylvania when signing the

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After the first signing, some delegates signed at the next meeting they attended. For example, John Wentworth of New Hampshire added his name on August 8. John Penn was the first of North Carolina's delegates to arrive (on July 10), and the delegation signed the Articles on July 21, 1778.

1132:: it could only request money from the states. The states often failed to meet these requests in full, leaving both Congress and the Continental Army chronically short of money. As more money was printed by Congress, the continental dollars depreciated. In 1779, George Washington wrote to 863:. No state may wage war without permission of Congress, unless invaded or under imminent attack on the frontier; no state may maintain a peacetime standing army or navy, unless infested by pirates, but every State is required to keep ready, a well-trained, disciplined, and equipped 1619:

realized while serving as Washington's top aide that a strong central government was necessary to avoid foreign intervention and allay the frustrations due to an ineffectual Congress. Hamilton led a group of like-minded nationalists, won Washington's endorsement, and convened the

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Modern scholars such as Francisco Forrest Martin agree that the Articles of Confederation had lost its binding force because many states had violated it, and thus "other states-parties did not have to comply with the Articles' unanimous consent rule". In contrast, law professor

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was completed on November 15, 1777. Consensus was achieved by including language guaranteeing that each state retained its sovereignty, leaving the matter of western land claims in the hands of the individual states, including language stating that votes in Congress would be

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Historians have given many reasons for the perceived need to replace the articles in 1787. Jillson and Wilson (1994) point to the financial weakness as well as the norms, rules and institutional structures of the Congress, and the propensity to divide along sectional lines.

1276:. This system represented a sharp break from imperial colonization, as in Europe, and it established the precedent by which the national (later, federal) government would be sovereign and expand westward—as opposed to the existing states doing so under their sovereignty. 2598: 196:. Delegates quickly agreed that the defects of the frame of government could not be remedied by altering the Articles, and so went beyond their mandate by replacing it with a new constitution. On March 4, 1789, the government under the Articles was replaced with the 815:

Asserts the sovereignty of each state, except for the specific powers delegated to the confederation government: "Each state retains its sovereignty, freedom, and independence, and every power, jurisdiction, and right, which is not by this Confederation expressly

168:, conducting diplomacy with foreign states, addressing territorial issues and dealing with Native American relations. Little changed procedurally once the Articles of Confederation went into effect, as ratification did little more than constitutionalize what the 236:, an inter-colonial collaboration to help solve mutual local problems. Over the next two decades, some of the basic concepts it addressed would strengthen; others would weaken, especially in the degree of loyalty (or lack thereof) owed the Crown. Colonists' 855:(the "United States in Congress Assembled") to each state, which is entitled to a delegation of between two and seven members. Members of Congress are to be appointed by state legislatures. No congressman may serve more than three out of any six years. 1048:

so that it could be ratified. Afterward, the problem only got worse as Congress had no power to enforce attendance. Rarely did more than half of the roughly sixty delegates attend a session of Congress at the time, causing difficulties in raising a

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The army generally have always reprobated the idea of being thirteen armies. Their ardent desires have been to be one continental body looking up to one sovereign. ... It is a favorite toast in the army, "A hoop to the barrel" or "Cement to the

1077: 350:, the Second Continental Congress resolved to appoint a committee of 13 with one representative from each colony to prepare a draft of a constitution for a union of the states. The committee was made up of the following individuals: 960:

regular troops and militia to the states. Congress had the right to order the production and purchase of provisions for the soldiers, but could not force anyone to supply them, and the army nearly starved in several winters of war.

1065:, retired from public life, served as foreign delegates, or held office in state governments; and for the general public, local government and self-rule seemed quite satisfactory. This served to exacerbate Congress's impotence. 2591:"Identifying Defects in the Constitution | To Form a More Perfect Union | Articles and Essays | Documents from the Continental Congress and the Constitutional Convention, 1774–1789 | Digital Collections | Library of Congress" 2590: 1713:

On July 9, 1778, the prepared copy was ready. They dated it and began to sign. They also requested each of the remaining states to notify its delegation when ratification was completed. On that date, delegates present from

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frame of government. Maryland finally ratified the Articles on February 2, 1781. Congress was informed of Maryland's assent on March 1, and officially proclaimed the Articles of Confederation to be the law of the land.

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to leave frontier forts which were on American soil — forts which, in 1783, the British promised to leave, but which they delayed leaving pending U.S. implementation of other provisions such as ending action against

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from justice." All these people are entitled to equal rights established by the state into which they travel. If a crime is committed in one state and the perpetrator flees to another state, if caught they will be

1386:(referred to as "Canada" in the Articles) into the United States if it chose to do so. It did not, and the subsequent Constitution carried no such special provision of admission. Additionally, ordinances to admit 1773:

The other states had to wait until they ratified the Articles and notified their Congressional delegation. Georgia signed on July 24, New Jersey on November 26, and Delaware on February 12, 1779. Maryland

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that is east of the Mississippi River. The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 also made great advances in the abolition of slavery. New states admitted to the union in this territory would never be slave states.

157:, affording it only those powers the former colonies had recognized as belonging to king and parliament. The document provided clearly written rules for how the states' league of friendship, known as the 10758: 2207:

Robert Morris (Pennsylvania) signed three of the great state papers of the United States: the United States Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation and the United States Constitution.

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to discuss the need for reversing the protectionist interstate trade barriers that each state had erected. At its conclusion, delegates voted to invite all states to a larger convention to be held in

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by all 13 colonial states. A guiding principle of the Articles was the establishment and preservation of the independence and sovereignty of the states. The Articles consciously established a weak

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attacks. Meanwhile, each of the states had an army (or militia), and 11 of them had navies. The wartime promises of bounties and land grants to be paid for service were not being met. In 1783,

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When Congress is in recess, any of the powers of Congress may be executed by "The committee of the states, or any nine of them", except for those powers of Congress which require nine states

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in 1787. The Confederation Congress later endorsed this convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising the Articles of Confederation". Although the states' representatives to the

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land holdings with disputed claims. Also, manufacturers wanted a high tariff as a barrier to foreign goods, but competition among states made this impossible without a central government.

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on December 16, 1777; 12 states had ratified the Articles by February 1779, 14 months into the process. The lone holdout, Maryland, refused to go along until the landed states, especially

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Bernstein, R.B. (1999). "Parliamentary Principles, American Realities: The Continental and Confederation Congresses, 1774–1789". In Bowling, Kenneth R. & Kennon, Donald R. (eds.).

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Expenditures by the United States of America will be paid with funds raised by state legislatures, and apportioned to the states in proportion to the real property values of each.

184:, some prominent political thinkers in the fledgling union began asking for changes to the Articles. Their hope was to create a stronger government. Initially, in September 1786, 895:

The court will be composed of jointly appointed commissioners or Congress shall appoint them. Each commissioner is bound by oath to be impartial. The court's decision is final.

13047: 7003: 1053:. The resulting paralysis embarrassed and frustrated many American nationalists, including George Washington. Many of the most prominent national leaders, such as Washington, 283:

To transform themselves from outlaws into a legitimate nation, the colonists needed international recognition for their cause and foreign allies to support it. In early 1776,

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established both the general practices of land surveying in the west and northwest and the land ownership provisions used throughout the later westward expansion beyond the

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under the Constitution, blamed the weaknesses of the Articles for the inability of the government to fund the army. The army had long been supportive of a strong union.

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between them. Shortly thereafter, as more states became interested in meeting to revise the Articles, a meeting was set in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787. This became the

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The Second Continental Congress approved the Articles for distribution to the states on November 15, 1777. A copy was made for each state and one was kept by the

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leaders, caused an increasing number of colonists to begin agitating for independence from the mother country. In 1775, with events outpacing communications, the

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Elaborates upon the intent "to secure and perpetuate mutual friendship and intercourse among the people of the different States in this union," and to establish

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to the United States, felt that the Articles would help strengthen the American government. In 1780, when Maryland requested France provide naval forces in the

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On the other hand, Article VII of the proposed Constitution stated that it would become effective after ratification by a mere nine states, without unanimity:

1044:, which ended hostilities with Great Britain, languished in Congress for several months because too few delegates were present at any one time to constitute a 2456:

The apparent tension between these two provisions was addressed at the time, and remains a topic of scholarly discussion. In 1788, James Madison remarked (in

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The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States, shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.

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Declares that the Articles shall be perpetual, and may be altered only with the approval of Congress and the ratification of all the state legislatures.

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and allowing them to seek compensation. This incomplete British implementation of the Treaty of Paris would later be resolved by the implementation of

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the first Wednesday in March next, be the time, and the present Seat of Congress the place for commencing Proceedings under the said Constitution.

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Inherent weaknesses in the confederation's frame of government also frustrated the ability of the government to conduct foreign policy. In 1786,

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The United States in Congress assembled may appoint a president who shall not serve longer than one year per three-year term of the Congress.

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and others did not. Federal assumption of the states' war debts became a major issue in the deliberations of the Constitutional Convention.

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became satisfied that the various states would follow through, and voted to ratify. During this time, Congress observed the Articles as its

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Rakove, Jack N. (1988). "The Collapse of the Articles of Confederation". In Barlow, J. Jackson; Levy, Leonard W. & Masugi, Ken (eds.).

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would do what he could but La Luzerne also "sharply pressed" Maryland to ratify the Articles, thus suggesting the two issues were related.

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that, "It will be said there is no money in the treasury. There never will be money in the treasury till the Confederacy shows its teeth."

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Congress may request requisitions (demands for payments or supplies) from the states in proportion with their population, or take credit.

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show that the need for a declaration of independence was intimately linked with the demands of international relations. On June 7, 1776,

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and laid the groundwork for the eventual creation of new states. Although it did not happen under the articles, the land north of the

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also showed weakness in foreign policy. In this treaty, which was never ratified, the United States was to give up rights to use the

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No new states were admitted to the Union under the Articles of Confederation. The Articles provided for a blanket acceptance of the

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If Canada accedes to this confederation, it will be admitted. No other colony could be admitted without the consent of nine states.

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Establishes the name of the confederation with these words: "The stile of this confederacy shall be 'The United States of America.'"

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when Congress was in recess, and performed other administrative functions. He was not, however, an executive in the way the later

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The Articles of Confederation was submitted to the states for ratification in late November 1777. The first state to ratify was

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Dougherty, Keith L. (2009). "An Empirical Test of Federalist and Anti-Federalist Theories of State Contributions, 1775–1783".

3595: 3126: 2656: 2282: 1779: 445:, and voting procedures. To further complicate work on the constitution, Congress was forced to leave Philadelphia twice, for 13366: 13131: 13114: 12835: 12127: 11382: 11075: 10715: 10283: 10180: 10088: 9833: 9715: 9672: 9537: 8505: 8500: 8487: 8129: 8017: 7887: 7791: 7700: 7624: 7169: 7135: 6150: 6140: 6135: 5993: 5988: 5852: 5817: 5511: 5248: 5071: 4739: 4620: 3902: 2545: 1703: 1407: 915:

without nine states assenting. Congress shall keep a journal of proceedings and adjourn for periods not to exceed six months.

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The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781

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for protection from the British (who were conducting raids in the lower part of the bay), he indicated that French Admiral

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in 1786 to petition Congress to call a constitutional convention to meet in Philadelphia to remedy the long-term crisis.

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Whenever an army is raised for common defense, the state legislatures shall assign military ranks of colonel and below.

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or attacks made upon them, or any of them, on account of religion, sovereignty, trade, or any other pretense whatever."

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presented their results to the Congress on July 12, 1776. Afterward, there were long debates on such issues as state

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The Continental Congress: A Definitive History of the Continental Congress From Its Inception in 1774 to March 1789

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While waiting for all states to ratify, the Congress observed the Articles as it conducted business, directing the

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resulted in the British enacting coercive and quelling measures, such as the passage of what colonists called the

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was enacted in 1867, the quarter section became the basic unit of land that was granted to new settler-farmers.

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Under the Articles of Confederation, the presiding officer of Congress—referred to in many official records as

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Roger Sherman (Connecticut) was the only person to sign all four great state papers of the United States: the

204:. The new Constitution provided for a much stronger federal government by establishing a chief executive (the 176:; but most Americans continued to call it the Continental Congress, since its organization remained the same. 13404: 13394: 13361: 13233: 12547: 12506: 11838: 11472: 11388: 11361: 10970: 10534: 10143: 10128: 10063: 10053: 10024: 10014: 9552: 8070: 7934: 7850: 7781: 7752: 7690: 7580: 7552: 7196: 6568: 6461: 5699: 5485: 5338: 5173: 4064: 4034: 1847: 1445: 1428: 852: 257: 213: 173: 13332: 12941: 12762: 11371: 11112: 10133: 10107: 10093: 10068: 10058: 10009: 9925: 9532: 9042: 8816: 8710: 8495: 8421: 8365: 8358: 8291: 8154: 8037: 7959: 7949: 7803: 7764: 7720: 7680: 7637: 7585: 7517: 7490: 7450: 7428: 7237: 7051: 6998: 6931: 6788: 6744: 6672: 6593: 6511: 6322: 6186: 6015: 5923: 5731: 4455: 4361: 3995: 2861: 1886: 1035: 384: 13459: 13449: 13228: 13202: 13159: 13089: 12971: 12339: 12288: 12039: 11918: 11798: 11632: 11418: 11159: 10991: 10821: 10563: 10459: 10029: 9298: 8675: 8640: 8286: 8237: 8052: 7954: 7877: 7759: 7655: 7480: 7465: 7403: 7038: 6993: 6800: 6682: 6536: 5480: 5285: 4651: 4591: 2984:

To Starve the Army at Pleasure: Continental Army Administration and American Political Culture, 1775–1783

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was underscored by the threat of internal conflict both within and between the states, especially after

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is a chief executive, since all of the functions he executed were under the direct control of Congress.

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Rakove, Jack N. (1991) "The Articles of Confederation, 1775–1783. In Jack P. Green and J.R. Pole, eds.

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The Constitution as Treaty: The International Legal Constructionalist Approach to the U.S. Constitution

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commemorating the Articles of Confederation bicentennial; the draft was completed on November 15, 1777

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Congressional Dynamics: Structure, Coordination, and Choice in the First American Congress, 1774–1789

3136: 2175: 1881: 1806: 1299:). This system was carried forward to most of the States west of the Mississippi (excluding areas of 502: 249: 12024: 12009: 11958: 11933: 11903: 11823: 11813: 11624: 10975: 10939: 10648: 10623: 10539: 10444: 10404: 9996: 9542: 9385: 9370: 9271: 9219: 9177: 9165: 9002: 8804: 8405: 7882: 7262: 7232: 7227: 7217: 6983: 6939: 6780: 6541: 6327: 6191: 6005: 5945: 4972: 4559: 4328: 4274: 2373:

proposed that Congress revise the Articles of Confederation. Recommended changes included granting

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Congress may not declare war, enter into treaties and alliances, appropriate money, or appoint a

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Forged in War: The Continental Congress and the Origin of Military Supply and Acquisition Policy

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According to Article XIII of the Confederation, any alteration had to be approved unanimously:

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Parent, Joseph M. (Fall 2009). "Europe's Structural Idol: An American Federalist Republic?".

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The Act of the Maryland legislature to ratify the Articles of Confederation, February 2, 1781

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between 1781 and 1784, although the governors had been asked for two million in 1783 alone.

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Nevertheless, the Confederation Congress did take two actions with long-lasting impact. The

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between July 1776 and November 1777, and finalized by the Congress on November 15, 1777. It

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ratification of the Constitution in 1787. Their wartime experiences had nationalized them.

8: 13356: 13008: 12654: 12411: 12034: 11913: 11893: 11878: 11858: 11843: 11614: 11413: 11143: 11047: 10781: 10529: 10479: 10434: 10424: 10409: 10399: 10384: 10364: 10339: 10329: 10319: 10073: 9893: 9883: 9325: 9074: 8767: 8685: 8680: 8630: 8530: 8398: 7919: 7835: 7645: 7361: 7046: 6677: 5874: 5675: 5593: 5217: 5204: 5168: 4674: 4665: 3621: 3331: 2379: 1593: 1327: 1319: 1265: 1140: 1072:, concerned over the failure of Congress to fund an American naval force to confront the 1015: 831:

for the free inhabitants of each state to pass unhindered between the states, excluding "

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We Have Not a Government: The Articles of Confederation and the Road to the Constitution

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The Beginnings of National Politics: An Interpretive History of the Continental Congress

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The Debates in the Several State Conventions on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution

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longer a factor. No progress was made in Congress during the winter of 1783–84. General

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The political push to increase cooperation among the then-loyal colonies began with the

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were signed by a group of men who were never present in the Congress at the same time.

1616: 912: 454: 4684: 4245: 2710: 1431:, had been serving as president of the Continental Congress since September 28, 1779. 13296: 12597: 12557: 12381: 12089: 11963: 11938: 11898: 11883: 11833: 11764: 11734: 11591: 11550: 10954: 10816: 10721: 10484: 10439: 10379: 10354: 10309: 10252: 9489: 9320: 9133: 8720: 8515: 8476: 7902: 7058: 6410: 5908: 5827: 5812: 5609: 5387: 5076: 5035: 4936: 4915: 4616: 4595: 4572: 4534: 4527: 4515: 4484: 4459: 4410: 4365: 4309: 4294: 4278: 4255: 4230: 4204: 4181: 4146: 4123: 4068: 4038: 4012: 3976: 3953: 3921: 3898: 3871: 3861: 3811: 3779: 3562: 3528: 3422: 3310: 3299: 3107: 2991: 2932: 2458: 2165: 2054: 2035: 2006: 1797: 1510: 1387: 1284: 1096: 1062: 1011: 836: 426: 402: 343: 306: 276:

authority. It adopted trade restrictions, established and maintained an army, issued

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and the division of land into useful units, and set aside land in each township for

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The New Nation: A History of the United States during the Confederation, 1781-1789

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A Politics of Tensions: The Articles of Confederation and American Political Ideas

3774:

Redeeming the Republic: Federalists, Taxation, and the Origins of the Constitution

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from the compact itself was consistent with the terms of their original pledges."

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The several states ratified the Articles of Confederation on the following dates:

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Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union (1776, drafting committee chairman)

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The idea of a convention to revise the Articles of Confederation grew in favor.

1287:. Frontier lands were surveyed into the now-familiar squares of land called the 13311: 13063: 12552: 12446: 11448: 11280: 11269: 11214: 11189: 10842: 10262: 9330: 9308: 9286: 9264: 9259: 8784: 8715: 8645: 8390: 7997: 7897: 7280: 6415: 6405: 6400: 6395: 6067: 5930: 5864: 5379: 5371: 5138: 5112: 5019: 4993: 4874: 4843: 4838: 4807: 4760: 4670: 4082: 4052: 4026: 3887: 2560: 2370: 2146: 2124: 2112: 2107: 2042: 1953: 1929: 1905: 1852: 1814: 1787: 1759: 1743: 1497: 1484: 1308: 1099:

for 25 years, which would have economically strangled the settlers west of the

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In September 1786, delegates from five states met at what became known as the

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Congress had also been denied the power to regulate either foreign trade or

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to the Crown. Together with the highly effective propaganda campaign of the

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who were not so eager to give up the local autonomy won by the revolution:

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bills of credit incurred, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by Congress

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The Northwest Ordinance: Essays on its Formulation, Provisions, and Legacy

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Inventing Congress: Origins & Establishment Of First Federal Congress

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also were unable to sign that day, since their delegations were absent.

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Under the Articles, Congress had the authority to regulate and fund the

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Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution

1994: 1747: 1662: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1604: 1331: 1304: 1188: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 1054: 975: 798: 737: 673: 498: 474: 277: 9276: 613: 12649: 11408: 11254: 9106: 8725: 8575: 7914: 7907: 2570: 2221: 1810: 1375: 1371: 885: 733: 446: 4098: 2498: 1637: 1427:

There were 10 presidents of Congress under the Articles. The first,

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Liberty, Equality, Power, A History of the American People: To 1877

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The American Founding: Essays on the Formation of the Constitution

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the Articles until every state had ceded its western land claims.

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and west of the (present) western border of Pennsylvania ceded by

902:; appoint officers in the military; and regulate the armed forces. 633: 13032: 11285: 4725: 4223:

Novus Ordo Seclorum: The Intellectual Origins of the Constitution

2953:"Avalon Project – Articles of Confederation : March 1, 1781" 1359: 876:

Powers and functions of the United States in Congress Assembled.

30: 3889:

A Leap in the Dark: The Struggle to Create the American Republic

3691:"By the United States in Congress assembled, September 13, 1788" 3650:

Biographical Annals of the Civil Government of the United States

1805:

On February 2, 1781, the much-awaited decision was taken by the

1746:

signed the Articles to indicate that their states had ratified.

1006:

was maintained to man the frontier forts and to protect against

252:. These actions eroded the number of colonists continuing to be 4680:

United States Constitution Online—The Articles of Confederation

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Summary of the purpose and content of each of the 13 articles:

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The American States During and After the Revolution, 1775–1789

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Roots of the Republic: American Founding Documents Interpreted

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of 1787 noted the agreement of the original states to give up

16:

First constitution of the United States of America (1781–1789)

1300: 1092: 13165:"Letter to the inhabitants of the Province of Quebec" (1774) 3736:(2004). "The Declaration of Independence in World Context". 2818:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State. Archived from 2382:

threatened to topple the state government of Massachusetts.

1022:

veterans forced Congress to leave Philadelphia temporarily.

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Ratification: The People Debate the Constitution, 1787-1788

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to and tried in the state in which the crime was committed.

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Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

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Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms

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created territorial government, set up protocols for the

4615:. East Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University Press. 4476:

Henry Knox: Visionary General of the American Revolution

3668: 3584:"When Did the Articles of Confederation Cease to Be Law" 3262: 3214: 3202: 3190: 3016: 2834: 2637: 1116:

in 1795 after the federal Constitution came into force.

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legislature with limited and clearly delineated powers.

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Admission to the Union § Articles of Confederation

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Dickinson School of Law, Pennsylvania State University

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Phelps, Glenn A. (2001). "The Republican General". In

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History in Dispute: The American Revolution, 1763–1789

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Two prominent political leaders in the Confederation,

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to the Union were considered, but none were approved.

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The Blackwell Encyclopedia of the American Revolution

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Historian Ralph Ketcham commented on the opinions of

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that had already been surveyed and divided up by the

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Pennsylvania Committee of Correspondence (1774–1776)

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President of the United States in Congress Assembled

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argued in the closing pages of the first edition of

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Peace Pact: The Lost World of the American Founding

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Milestones in the History of U.S. Foreign Relations

4526: 4340: 4293: 4056: 3886: 3771: 3447: 3336:The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 3298: 1830:The signers and the states they represented were: 1444: 461:. Even so, the committee continued with its work. 13090:Second Continental Congress, 1775–1776, 1779–1781 4551:History of the land question in the United States 3851:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 3618:"America During the Age of Revolution, 1776–1789" 2801: 1535: 449:, Maryland, in the winter of 1776, and later for 13381: 8420: 7126:Native American recognition in the United States 4685:Free Download of Articles of Confederation Audio 4633:The Creation of the American Republic: 1776–1787 3948:Greene, Jack P. & Pole, J. R., eds. (2003). 2860:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Washington, D.C.: 1758:could not, since their states had not ratified. 1295:(one square mile), and the quarter section (160 4662:Articles of Confederation and related resources 3720: 2772: 2595:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA 1548: 1496: 1483: 501:to the Union. It would be two years before the 13188:Committee of Secret Correspondence (1775–1776) 12882:Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War 11032: 4114:Jillson, Calvin & Wilson, Rick K. (1994). 3727:Bibliography of the United States Constitution 3646: 3358: 2711:"Hopkinson | Pennsylvania Center for the Book" 1561: 1457: 941: 930:Affirms that the Confederation will honor all 13048: 11018: 10752: 8691:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 8406: 7523:Greenhouse gas emissions by the United States 5707: 5448: 5233: 4711: 4657:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 4652:Text version of the Articles of Confederation 4247:A Constitutional History of the United States 4113: 3647:Lanman, Charles; Morrison, Joseph M. (1887). 2422: 1522: 466:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 342:On June 12, 1776, a day after appointing the 180:weaknesses became apparent, especially after 119:Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union 9615:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 2919:Continental Congress, Library of Congress." 2752:Schwarz, Frederic D. (February–March 2006). 2226:National Archives and Records Administration 1509: 1470: 121:was an agreement among the 13 states of the 13127:Declaration of Rights and Grievances (1765) 11995:Washington's crossing of the Delaware River 3966: 3489: 3477: 2305: 1567: 1554: 1541: 1528: 1515: 1502: 1489: 1476: 1463: 1450: 1036:Confederation Period § Foreign affairs 890:courts for appeals in all cases of captures 767: 747: 727: 707: 687: 667: 647: 627: 607: 587: 567: 547: 527: 433:The committee met frequently, and chairman 13208:Delegate, Constitutional Convention (1787) 13055: 13041: 12872:African Americans in the Revolutionary War 11126:Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness 11025: 11011: 10759: 10745: 8413: 8399: 5721: 5714: 5700: 5463:Government of the United States under the 5455: 5441: 5240: 5226: 4718: 4704: 4243: 3947: 1576: 457:, in the fall of 1777, to evade advancing 172:had been doing. That body was renamed the 29: 9139:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 7136:Federally recognized Alaska Native tribes 4585: 4343:The Oxford History of the American People 4197:Political Parties before the Constitution 3824: 3760: 3073: 2198:United States Declaration of Independence 1678:Learn how and when to remove this message 1401: 1248:Learn how and when to remove this message 429:(New Jersey, added to the committee last) 357:(Pennsylvania, chairman of the committee) 219: 13390:Signers of the Articles of Confederation 13076:5th President of Pennsylvania, 1782–1785 4692:version of the Articles of Confederation 4608: 4217: 3859: 3801: 3732: 3398: 3330:Sioussat, St. George L. (October 1936). 3329: 3010: 2840: 2643: 2556:History of the United States (1776–1789) 2352:, using the ideas of James Madison from 2310:For broader coverage of this topic, see 2224:pages of the Articles of Confederation, 2200:, the Articles of Confederation and the 1796: 1119: 793:The Articles of Confederation contain a 329: 111:First constitution for the United States 13445:Philadelphia in the American Revolution 13224:Brigadier General, Pennsylvania militia 10950:British occupation of Philadelphia ends 10768:Pennsylvania in the American Revolution 9294:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 7187:List of counties and county equivalents 4335: 4268: 3989: 3934: 3911: 3884: 3792: 3581: 3410: 3386: 3296: 3268: 3232: 3220: 3085: 2878: 2751: 2699:from the original on September 2, 2016. 2479:On July 3, 1788, the Congress received 2101:Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 35:Page I of the Articles of Confederation 13440:Ordinances of the Continental Congress 13382: 13203:President, Annapolis Convention (1786) 13155:Signee, Continental Association (1774) 12877:Dogs in the American Revolutionary War 5249:Presidents of the Continental Congress 4524: 4497: 4445: 4424: 4378: 4355: 4322: 4291: 4081: 4051: 4025: 4002: 3950:A Companion to the American Revolution 3701:from the original on September 3, 2006 3516: 3465: 3453: 3280: 3256: 3244: 3208: 3196: 3132: 3022: 2852: 2812:"Articles of Confederation, 1777–1781" 2745: 2739: 2721:from the original on December 30, 2021 2344:as defined by the philosophers of the 493:, had indicated they were prepared to 13133:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 13036: 12789: 12714: 12642: 12213: 11549: 11383:Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania 11044: 11006: 10740: 10222: 9984: 9646: 8450: 8394: 5695: 5436: 5221: 4740:Founding Fathers of the United States 4699: 4566: 4514:. Oxford: Blackwell pp. 280–95. 4393: 4170: 4159: 3769: 3677: 3504: 3172: 3160: 3148: 3061: 2901: 2667:from the original on January 23, 2022 2631: 2546:Founding Fathers of the United States 1408:President of the Continental Congress 934:before the existence of the Articles. 13430:History of York County, Pennsylvania 13420:Documents of the American Revolution 13083:5th President of Delaware, 1781–1783 12992:Daughters of the American Revolution 12790: 11342:Declaration of Rights and Grievances 5681:Journals of the Continental Congress 5184:Journals of the Continental Congress 4629: 4547: 4472: 4194: 4136: 3598:from the original on January 1, 2016 3547: 3184: 3049: 3034: 2981: 2920: 2619: 2551:Journals of the Continental Congress 2541:Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 2288:Art. IX, Sec. 5 to Art. XIII, Sec. 2 1660:adding citations to reliable sources 1631: 1570: – November 15, 1788 1186:adding citations to reliable sources 1157: 1002:was largely disbanded. A very small 788: 129:, that served as the nation's first 12987:Children of the American Revolution 12867:Timeline of the American Revolution 5205:Rotunda for the Charters of Freedom 4325:The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789 4296:The Forging of the Union, 1781–1789 3746:Organization of American Historians 3628:from the original on March 15, 2011 3582:Kesavan, Vasan (December 1, 2002). 3554:America's Constitution: A Biography 3435:from the original on August 1, 2022 3346:from the original on April 20, 2018 3114:from the original on April 21, 2018 1557: – November 4, 1787 1544: – November 3, 1786 1518: – November 4, 1785 1492: – November 3, 1783 1479: – November 4, 1782 1466: – November 5, 1781 978:, who would later become the first 248:which resulted in dissidents being 13: 13435:Legal history of the United States 13062: 11648:European allies of King George III 11504:British credit crisis of 1772–1773 11439:Committee of Secret Correspondence 11101:No taxation without representation 10955:Wyoming Valley battle and massacre 10838:Pennsylvania Provincial Conference 8981:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 8971:Assassination of James A. Garfield 4638:University of North Carolina Press 4586:Van Cleve, George William (2017). 4439:10.1002/j.1538-165x.2009.tb00658.x 4180:. New York: Simon & Schuster. 3778:. Johns Hopkins University Press. 3372:. February 2, 1781. Archived from 2215: 1354:, eventually became the states of 1147: 1128:Congress was denied any powers of 14: 13471: 13145:United we stand, divided we fall) 13014:Museum of the American Revolution 9013:Assassination of William McKinley 6532:Director of National Intelligence 4645: 4139:President Who? Forgotten Founders 3366:"An ACT to empower the delegates" 2963:from the original on May 15, 2020 2902:Hough, Franklin Benjamin (1872). 2601:from the original on July 5, 2022 2356:, described the change this way: 1029: 13097:First Continental Congress, 1774 12902:Continental Currency dollar coin 12887:Women in the American Revolution 10800: 10720: 10711: 10710: 10675: 10674: 9232:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 9025:Nadir of American race relations 8904:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 6688:Government Accountability Office 5620:Maryland State House (1783–1784) 3097: 2525: 2511: 2497: 2293: 2281: 2269: 2257: 2245: 2233: 1636: 1453: – July 10, 1781 1162: 772: 752: 732: 712: 692: 672: 652: 632: 612: 592: 572: 552: 532: 297:Beyond improving their existing 13425:Federalism in the United States 12997:Sons of the American Revolution 10976:Mutiny of the Pennsylvania Line 10894:Liberty Bell moved to Allentown 10858:Washington Crosses the Delaware 8934:First transcontinental railroad 4609:Williams, Frederick D. (2012). 4271:Revolutionary America 1764–1799 3683: 3640: 3610: 3575: 3541: 3510: 3404: 3323: 3290: 3091: 2975: 2945: 2929:Genealogical Publishing Company 2895: 2881:United States Compiled Statutes 2872: 2846: 2474: 2319:Federalism in the United States 2300:Art. XIII, Sec. 2 to signatures 1706:and Secretary to the Congress. 1647:needs additional citations for 1531: – June 5, 1786 1505: – June 3, 1784 1173:needs additional citations for 998:Once the war had been won, the 480: 244:in the British Parliament, and 12897:Continental currency banknotes 11985:Staten Island Peace Conference 8331:Separation of church and state 6547:National Reconnaissance Office 6490:President of the United States 4504:Johns Hopkins University Press 4452:George Washington Reconsidered 4327:. New American Nation Series. 4244:McLaughlin, Andrew C. (1935). 3967:Hendrickson, David C. (2003). 3841:(inactive September 11, 2024). 2703: 2679: 2649: 2583: 1422:president of the United States 1390:(later modified to Franklin), 882:letters of marque and reprisal 149:on March 1, 1781, after being 1: 13234:Delaware Constitution of 1792 13193:Model Treaty committee (1776) 12715: 11691:German supporters of Congress 11389:Massachusetts Circular Letter 10971:Congress of the Confederation 5610:Independence Hall (1779–1783) 5174:Congress of the Confederation 4671:Today in History: November 15 4065:Northeastern University Press 4035:University of Wisconsin Press 3863:The Articles Of Confederation 3793:Burnett, Edmund Cody (1941). 2924:First Ownership of Ohio Lands 2862:J.B. Lippincott & Company 1627: 995:form a better Constitution." 853:Congress of the Confederation 473:by state, and establishing a 174:Congress of the Confederation 13170:Olive Branch Petition (1775) 11372:Committees of correspondence 10102:Hispanic and Latino American 8956:Second Industrial Revolution 8790:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 8496:Exploration of North America 8422:History of the United States 6693:Government Publishing Office 6161:Technological and industrial 5553:Secretary of Foreign Affairs 4456:University of Virginia Press 4421:(Collection published 1995.) 4362:Wadsworth Publishing Company 3996:University Press of Colorado 3721:General and cited references 2910:Weed, Parsons, & Company 2576: 2444:legislatures of every State. 898:Congress shall regulate the 803:the Union shall be perpetual 190:protectionist trade barriers 7: 13229:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 13150:Petition to the King (1774) 13009:Charters of Freedom Rotunda 12214: 12040:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 12025:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 11799:Capture of Fort Ticonderoga 11454:Declaration of Independence 11419:Second Continental Congress 10848:Declaration of Independence 10822:Second Continental Congress 9626:Indictments of Donald Trump 8817:First Industrial Revolution 8651:Declaration of Independence 8641:Second Continental Congress 8165:Women's reproductive health 7131:Federally recognized tribes 6994:Public utilities commission 6898:Public Health Service Corps 6801:Code of Federal Regulations 6683:Congressional Budget Office 6537:Central Intelligence Agency 6443:Water supply and sanitation 5870:Declaration of Independence 5481:Second Continental Congress 5286:Second Continental Congress 4592:University of Chicago Press 4427:Political Science Quarterly 4397:(1776). "Common Sense". In 4292:Morris, Richard B. (1987). 4160:Lodge, Henry Cabot (1893). 4087:Political Science Quarterly 4003:Horgan, Lucille E. (2002). 3990:Hoffert, Robert W. (1992). 2879:Mallory, John, ed. (1917). 2788:A&E Television Networks 2490: 2264:Art. VII to Art. IX, Sec. 2 1197:"Articles of Confederation" 942:Congress under the Articles 348:Declaration of Independence 325: 303:Second Continental Congress 262:Second Continental Congress 135:Second Continental Congress 10: 13476: 13307:John Dickinson High School 12892:Financial costs of the war 11399:First Continental Congress 11250:Royal Proclamation of 1763 11195:Second Rockingham ministry 11034:American Revolutionary War 10787:First Continental Congress 10223: 9985: 9647: 9518:Killing of Osama bin Laden 8606:First Continental Congress 8451: 7343:Red states and blue states 7248:City commission government 7243:Council–manager government 5257:First Continental Congress 4227:University Press of Kansas 3973:University Press of Kansas 3935:Frankel, Benjamin (2003). 3868:Twenty First Century Books 3860:Feinberg, Barbara (2002). 3724: 3525:Cambridge University Press 3517:Martin, Francisco (2007). 2883:. Vol. 10. St. Paul: 2423:Legitimacy of closing down 2316: 2309: 2240:Preamble to Art. V, Sec. 1 2202:United States Constitution 1825: 1580: 1405: 1151: 1033: 851:Allocates one vote in the 346:to prepare a draft of the 74:United States Constitution 13410:1781 in the United States 13400:1777 in the United States 13344: 13289: 13242: 13216: 13113: 13070: 12859: 12828: 12804: 12800: 12785: 12746:Constitutional Convention 12726:Society of the Cincinnati 12721: 12710: 12635: 12530: 12374: 12367: 12312: 12231: 12224: 12220: 12209: 12166: 12088: 12074: 12048: 12015:Carlisle Peace Commission 11977: 11849:Siege of Fort Ticonderoga 11778: 11703: 11656: 11623: 11586: 11579: 11575: 11545: 11514:Hutchinson letters affair 11481: 11464:Articles of Confederation 11324: 11311:Proclamation of Rebellion 11223: 11175:First Rockingham ministry 11152: 11119:All men are created equal 11058: 11054: 11040: 10984: 10963: 10932: 10874:Articles of Confederation 10866: 10853:Pennsylvania Constitution 10830: 10809: 10798: 10774: 10696: 10662: 10606: 10570: 10558: 10297: 10271: 10233: 10229: 10218: 9991: 9980: 9653: 9642: 9508: 9411: 9339: 9240: 9151: 9102:Wall Street Crash of 1929 9033: 8914: 8899:Emancipation Proclamation 8830: 8753: 8701: 8668:Articles of Confederation 8621: 8506:Native American epidemics 8486: 8461: 8457: 8446: 8428: 8352: 8178: 8051: 7983: 7636: 7632: 7623: 7571: 7436: 7427: 7323: 7294: 7271: 7210: 7177: 7168: 7111: 7099:Comparison of governments 7074: 7037: 7014: 6930: 6910: 6841: 6779: 6701: 6624: 6482: 6473: 6469: 6460: 6182: 6173: 6118: 6078:Post-Cold War (1991–2008) 5919:drafting and ratification 5892:Articles of Confederation 5805: 5739: 5730: 5638: 5625:French Arms Tavern (1784) 5602: 5566: 5538:Superintendent of Finance 5525: 5504: 5471: 5465:Articles of Confederation 5337: 5284: 5255: 5192: 5156: 5126: 5090: 5064: 5028: 5007: 4981: 4945: 4924: 4893: 4857: 4831: 4790: 4769: 4753: 4746: 4737: 4727:Articles of Confederation 4403:Paine: Collected Writings 4195:Main, Jackson T. (1974). 4163:George Washington, Vol. I 4137:Klos, Stanley L. (2004). 4120:Stanford University Press 3839:10.1215/01455532-2008-015 2921:Dyer, Albion M. (2008) . 2337:Constitutional Convention 2276:Art. IX, Sec. 2 to Sec. 5 2252:Art. V, Sec. 2 to Art. VI 1807:Maryland General Assembly 1078:diplomatic correspondence 518: 503:Maryland General Assembly 194:Constitutional Convention 107: 99: 89: 79: 68: 58: 48: 40: 28: 24:Articles of Confederation 23: 13140:"The Liberty Song" (1768 13104:Stamp Act Congress, 1765 12010:Entry of France into war 11625:Kingdom of Great Britain 10940:Battle of Crooked Billet 10588:Northern Mariana Islands 9161:Strike wave of 1945–1946 8118:Prescription drug prices 7238:Mayor–council government 7228:Coterminous municipality 7218:Consolidated city-county 6984:Agriculture commissioner 6634:House of Representatives 6542:National Security Agency 6192:Contiguous United States 5630:Federal Hall (1785–1789) 4630:Wood, Gordon S. (1969). 4560:Johns Hopkins University 4498:Rakove, Jack N. (1982). 4356:Murrin, John M. (2008). 4329:HarperCollins Publishers 4323:Morris, Richard (1988). 4275:Chelsea House Publishers 4201:W W Norton & Company 3802:Chadwick, Bruce (2005). 3770:Brown, Roger H. (1993). 3419:Rowman & Littlefield 2715:pabook.libraries.psu.edu 2306:Revision and replacement 1324:northwestern land claims 314:committees to draft the 133:. It was debated by the 13455:United States documents 12741:Ratification Day (1784) 12066:Second Anglo-Mysore War 11750:Northern after Saratoga 11730:New York and New Jersey 11404:Continental Association 11301:Conciliatory Resolution 11160:Pitt–Newcastle ministry 11133:Consent of the governed 10919:Battle of Matson's Ford 10792:Articles of Association 10123:Middle Eastern American 9940:Technology and industry 8810:Seneca Falls Convention 8611:Continental Association 8511:Settlement of Jamestown 8203:Criticism of government 7548:Social welfare programs 7141:State-recognized tribes 6126:Outline of U.S. history 5838:Continental Association 5496:Committee of the States 4571:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4554:. Baltimore, Maryland: 4533:. Bloomsbury Academic. 4349:Oxford University Press 3952:(2nd ed.). Wiley. 3918:Oxford University Press 3895:Oxford University Press 3804:George Washington's War 3411:Ketcham, Ralph (1990). 3098:Boyd, Julian P. (ed.). 2982:Carp, E. Wayne (1980). 2885:West Publishing Company 2194:Continental Association 1780:Chevalier de La Luzerne 1577:U.S. under the Articles 1418:Committee of the States 1291:(36 square miles), the 1270:admission of new states 946: 884:(documents authorizing 797:, thirteen articles, a 464:The final draft of the 13002:Sons of the Revolution 12731:Treaty of Paris (1783) 12061:Fourth Anglo-Dutch War 12056:Cherokee–American wars 11669:Franco-American Treaty 11524:Philadelphia Tea Party 11494:Treaty of Paris (1763) 11473:Confederation Congress 11066:American Enlightenment 10243:Admission to the Union 9609:Afghanistan withdrawal 9604:January 6 insurrection 9523:Rise in mass shootings 9495:Virginia Tech shooting 9048:Paris Peace Conference 8822:Second Great Awakening 8561:American Enlightenment 8265:Environmental movement 8108:Health insurance costs 8003:Educational attainment 7528:Federal Reserve System 7486:Science and technology 6989:Insurance commissioner 6527:Intelligence Community 6222:minor outlying islands 5985:Civil rights movement 5526:Civil Offices/Officers 5505:Congressional Officers 5486:Confederation Congress 5339:Confederation Congress 4567:Stahr, Walter (2005). 4548:Satō, Shōsuke (1886). 4407:The Library of America 4379:Nevins, Allan (1924). 3912:Ferling, John (2010). 3885:Ferling, John (2003). 3827:Social Science History 3754:10.1093/maghis/18.3.61 3697:. September 13, 1788. 3370:Laws of Maryland, 1781 2905:American Constitutions 2454: 2446: 2404: 2363: 1802: 1402:Presidents of Congress 1281:Land Ordinance of 1785 1262:Land Ordinance of 1785 1087:Furthermore, the 1786 1018:, but riots by unpaid 992: 971: 962: 339: 266:provisional government 220:Background and context 188:to address interstate 161:, would be organized. 72:March 4, 1789, by the 13415:Defunct constitutions 13352:Claymont Stone School 13281:Friends Burial Ground 13250:Mary Norris Dickinson 12947:Washington's Birthday 12752:The Federalist Papers 12736:Evacuation Day (1783) 11789:Lexington and Concord 11489:French and Indian War 11429:Olive Branch Petition 10945:Battle of Barren Hill 10914:Battle of White Marsh 10909:Siege of Fort Mifflin 10879:Philadelphia campaign 10235:Territorial evolution 9599:George Floyd Protests 9582:Unite the Right rally 9451:Oklahoma City bombing 9446:Republican Revolution 9393:Space Shuttle program 9215:Civil Rights Movement 9183:North Atlantic Treaty 8991:Sherman Antitrust Act 8976:Chinese Exclusion Act 8566:French and Indian War 8556:Prelude to Revolution 8541:First Great Awakening 8501:European colonization 8091:Immigrant health care 7606:Transportation safety 7601:Transportation policy 7591:Public transportation 6661:President pro tempore 6517:Executive departments 6286:National Park Service 5941:Territorial evolution 5103:William Henry Drayton 5056:Francis Lightfoot Lee 4963:Jonathan Bayard Smith 4590:. Chicago, Illinois: 4337:Morison, Samuel Eliot 4269:McNeese, Tim (2009). 3725:Further information: 3588:Notre Dame Law Review 3297:Chernow, Ron (2004). 2450: 2441: 2399: 2358: 2186:Francis Lightfoot Lee 2137:William Henry Drayton 2084:Jonathan Bayard Smith 1800: 1406:Further information: 1152:Further information: 1120:Taxation and commerce 1101:Appalachian Mountains 987: 966: 957: 333: 301:, the records of the 155:confederal government 13405:1781 in American law 13395:1777 in Pennsylvania 12952:Jefferson's Birthday 12942:Pulaski Memorial Day 11949:Guilford Court House 11600:Continental Congress 11377:Committees of safety 11352:Daughters of Liberty 11347:Virginia Association 11096:Rights of Englishmen 10904:Battle of Germantown 10889:Battle of the Clouds 10884:Battle of Brandywine 10149:Palestinian American 9576:Obergefell v. Hodges 9468:September 11 attacks 9304:Second-wave feminism 9225:Cuban Missile Crisis 9085:Bath School disaster 9003:Spanish–American War 8966:The Gospel of Wealth 8845:California Gold Rush 8805:Mexican–American War 8795:Nullification crisis 8763:Era of Good Feelings 8663:Confederation period 8571:Proclamation of 1763 8521:Atlantic slave trade 8260:Environmental issues 7925:Political ideologies 7824:Indigenous languages 7024:List of legislatures 6821:separation of powers 6522:Independent agencies 6448:World Heritage Sites 6083:September 11 attacks 6006:Spanish–American War 5946:Mexican–American War 5902:Confederation period 5833:Continental Congress 5656:Proclamation of 1783 5646:Confederation period 5164:Continental Congress 3106:. Washington, D.C.: 2822:on December 30, 2010 2533:United states portal 2346:Age of Enlightenment 2329:Annapolis Convention 1656:improve this article 1622:Annapolis Convention 1583:Confederation Period 1182:improve this article 924:Congress to execute. 391:Robert R. Livingston 264:began acting as the 170:Continental Congress 103:Continental Congress 94:Continental Congress 13357:American Revolution 12080:colony or location) 12035:Newburgh Conspiracy 11894:Sullivan Expedition 11414:Provincial Congress 11205:Fox–North coalition 11144:Settler colonialism 11091:Freedom of religion 11048:American Revolution 10598:U.S. Virgin Islands 10084:Lithuanian American 10040:Vietnamese American 9386:End of the Cold War 9376:Invasion of Grenada 9326:Iran hostage crisis 9075:Tulsa race massacre 8882:Election of Lincoln 8877:Dred Scott decision 8865:Kansas–Nebraska Act 8768:Missouri Compromise 8686:Northwest Ordinance 8676:Pennsylvania Mutiny 8671:and Perpetual Union 8631:American Revolution 8546:War of Jenkins' Ear 8103:Health care finance 7596:Rail transportation 7362:Imperial presidency 7084:State constitutions 7029:List of legislators 6979:Auditor/Comptroller 6952:Lieutenant governor 6678:Library of Congress 6569:Diplomatic Security 6212:Indian reservations 5875:American Revolution 5676:Northwest Ordinance 5671:1785 Land Ordinance 5666:1784 Land Ordinance 5594:Continental Marines 5543:Agent of the Marine 5169:American Revolution 4675:Library of Congress 4666:Library of Congress 4473:Puls, Mark (2008). 3738:Magazine of History 3695:Library of Congress 3622:Library of Congress 2957:avalon.law.yale.edu 2764:(1). Archived from 1328:Northwest Territory 1320:Northwest Ordinance 1266:Northwest Ordinance 1141:interstate commerce 1089:Jay–Gardoqui Treaty 1016:Newburgh conspiracy 829:freedom of movement 443:western land claims 131:frame of government 60:Date effective 13460:York, Pennsylvania 13450:Political charters 13258:Philemon Dickinson 12982:Semiquincentennial 12907:Libertas Americana 11337:Stamp Act Congress 11227:Acts of Parliament 11200:Shelburne ministry 11170:Grenville ministry 10248:Historical regions 10204:Transgender people 9762:Capital punishment 9621:Support of Ukraine 9570:Black Lives Matter 9478:War in Afghanistan 9403:Invasion of Panama 9359:Iran–Contra affair 9220:Early–mid Cold War 9090:Harlem Renaissance 8949:Compromise of 1877 8924:Reconstruction era 8860:Fugitive Slave Act 8855:Compromise of 1850 8800:Westward expansion 8738:Louisiana Purchase 8581:Stamp Act Congress 8526:King William's War 8213:affirmative action 8186:Capital punishment 8145:Poverty and health 8140:Physician shortage 8113:Health care prices 8043:Standard of living 7726:standard of living 7533:Financial position 7160:Hawaiian home land 7148:Indian reservation 7121:Tribal sovereignty 6964:Secretary of state 6833:United States Code 6749:Territorial courts 6721:Associate Justices 6606:Inspector generals 6093:War in Afghanistan 5956:Reconstruction era 5823:Stamp Act Congress 5615:Nassau Hall (1783) 5584:Commander in Chief 5533:Postmaster General 5118:Thomas Heyward Jr. 4782:John Wentworth Jr. 4481:Palgrave MacMillan 4252:Simon Publications 3914:John Adams: A Life 3765:. pp. 76–108. 3680:, p. 429–430. 3492:, p. 153–154. 3301:Alexander Hamilton 3211:, pp. 245–66. 3199:, pp. 178–79. 3088:, pp. 255–59. 3037:, pp. 174–76. 3025:, pp. 165–66. 2742:, pp. 127–84. 2622:, pp. 354–55. 2152:Thomas Heyward Jr. 1988:John Wentworth Jr. 1803: 1617:Alexander Hamilton 1384:Province of Quebec 1374:, and the part of 1311:). Then, when the 913:commander in chief 742:November 19, 1778 642:February 26, 1778 622:February 12, 1778 542:December 16, 1777 455:York, Pennsylvania 340: 334:1977 13-cent U.S. 238:civil disobedience 198:federal government 13377: 13376: 13336:(2015 miniseries) 13328:(2008 miniseries) 13297:Dickinson College 13262: 13254: 13030: 13029: 13026: 13025: 13022: 13021: 12781: 12780: 12768:Shays's Rebellion 12706: 12705: 12702: 12701: 12698: 12697: 12631: 12630: 12598:Richard Henry Lee 12363: 12362: 12205: 12204: 12201: 12200: 12197: 12196: 12049:Related conflicts 11919:Connecticut Farms 11699: 11698: 11592:Thirteen Colonies 11541: 11540: 11537: 11536: 11000: 10999: 10817:Independence Hall 10734: 10733: 10692: 10691: 10688: 10687: 10253:American frontier 10214: 10213: 10144:Lebanese American 10129:Egyptian American 10064:Estonian American 10054:Albanian American 10048:European American 10025:Japanese American 10015:Filipino American 9976: 9975: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9633: 9587:COVID-19 pandemic 9490:Hurricane Katrina 9431:Los Angeles riots 9321:Watergate scandal 9166:Start of Cold War 9134:Manhattan Project 8721:Whiskey Rebellion 8551:King George's War 8516:Thirteen Colonies 8477:Pre-Columbian Era 8388: 8387: 8348: 8347: 8344: 8343: 8314:National security 8023:Income inequality 7903:Statue of Liberty 7706:income inequality 7619: 7618: 7611:Trucking industry 7423: 7422: 7419: 7418: 7350:Foreign relations 7338:Electoral College 7319: 7318: 7107: 7106: 7059:District attorney 6906: 6905: 6733:Courts of appeals 6456: 6455: 6169: 6168: 6110:COVID-19 pandemic 6063:Feminist Movement 5909:American frontier 5828:Thirteen Colonies 5689: 5688: 5430: 5429: 5388:Richard Henry Lee 5348:Samuel Huntington 5327:Samuel Huntington 5215: 5214: 5200:National Archives 5152: 5151: 5144:Edward Langworthy 5077:Cornelius Harnett 5036:Richard Henry Lee 4999:Nicholas Van Dyke 4937:Nathaniel Scudder 4916:Gouverneur Morris 4870:Samuel Huntington 4622:978-0-87013-969-7 4556:Isaac Friedenwald 4448:Higginbotham, Don 4219:McDonald, Forrest 3943:. pp. 17–24. 3904:978-0-19-515924-0 3376:on July 23, 2011. 3271:, pp. 257–8. 3223:, pp. 17–24. 3175:, pp. 107–8. 3108:National Archives 3076:, pp. 47–74. 2758:American Heritage 2646:, pp. 61–66. 2634:, pp. 45–46. 2459:Federalist No. 40 2166:Richard Henry Lee 2055:Cornelius Harnett 2036:Gouverneur Morris 2007:Nathaniel Scudder 1937:Massachusetts Bay 1911:Edward Langworthy 1887:Nicholas Van Dyke 1848:Samuel Huntington 1776:refused to ratify 1688: 1687: 1680: 1574: 1573: 1529:November 23, 1785 1516:November 30, 1784 1511:Richard Henry Lee 1446:Samuel Huntington 1429:Samuel Huntington 1285:Mississippi River 1258: 1257: 1250: 1232: 1097:Mississippi River 1063:Benjamin Franklin 1012:George Washington 789:Article summaries 786: 785: 782:February 2, 1781 762:February 1, 1779 602:February 9, 1778 582:February 6, 1778 562:February 5, 1778 495:cede their claims 427:Francis Hopkinson 344:Committee of Five 307:Richard Henry Lee 250:proclaimed rebels 230:Benjamin Franklin 139:Independence Hall 127:Thirteen Colonies 115: 114: 84:National Archives 44:November 15, 1777 13467: 13367:Founding Fathers 13276:Fair Hill estate 13271:Poplar Hall home 13260: 13252: 13106: 13099: 13092: 13085: 13078: 13057: 13050: 13043: 13034: 13033: 12972:Sesquicentennial 12932:Independence Day 12836:Founding Fathers 12802: 12801: 12787: 12786: 12712: 12711: 12640: 12639: 12372: 12371: 12229: 12228: 12222: 12221: 12211: 12210: 12086: 12085: 12081: 11909:Cape St. Vincent 11584: 11583: 11577: 11576: 11547: 11546: 11519:Boston Tea Party 11444:Halifax Resolves 11394:Suffolk Resolves 11185:Grafton ministry 11180:Chatham ministry 11076:Colonial history 11056: 11055: 11042: 11041: 11027: 11020: 11013: 11004: 11003: 10804: 10782:Carpenters' Hall 10761: 10754: 10747: 10738: 10737: 10724: 10714: 10713: 10678: 10677: 10607:Outlying islands 10564:Washington, D.C. 10559:Federal District 10258:Manifest destiny 10231: 10230: 10220: 10219: 10162:Native Americans 10134:Iranian American 10108:Mexican American 10094:Serbian American 10079:Italian American 10069:Finnish American 10059:English American 10010:Chinese American 9997:African American 9982: 9981: 9787:Direct democracy 9777:The Constitution 9736:Higher education 9659:American Century 9644: 9643: 9097:Great Depression 9070:Women's suffrage 9060:Roaring Twenties 8986:Haymarket affair 8944:Enforcement Acts 8733:Jeffersonian era 8681:Shays' Rebellion 8601:Intolerable Acts 8596:Boston Tea Party 8531:Queen Anne's War 8459: 8458: 8448: 8447: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8392: 8391: 8368: 8361: 8248:African American 8130:Health insurance 8018:Household income 7888:National symbols 7819:American English 7792:Federal holidays 7701:household income 7634: 7633: 7630: 7629: 7434: 7433: 7372:Anti-Americanism 7296:Special district 7223:Independent city 7192:County executive 7175: 7174: 6969:Attorney general 6928: 6927: 6917:Federal District 6500:Executive Office 6480: 6479: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6227:populated places 6207:federal enclaves 6202:federal district 6180: 6179: 6043:American Century 6026:Great Depression 6021:Roaring Twenties 5981:Women's suffrage 5860:Halifax Resolves 5853:Founding Fathers 5848:military history 5813:Pre-colonial era 5737: 5736: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5693: 5692: 5661:Ratification Day 5589:Continental Navy 5579:Continental Army 5558:Court of Appeals 5548:Secretary at War 5457: 5450: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5423: 5415: 5412:Arthur St. Clair 5407: 5404:Nathaniel Gorham 5399: 5391: 5383: 5375: 5367: 5359: 5351: 5330: 5322: 5314: 5306: 5298: 5277: 5269: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5219: 5218: 4958:Daniel Roberdeau 4932:John Witherspoon 4751: 4750: 4720: 4713: 4706: 4697: 4696: 4641: 4626: 4605: 4582: 4563: 4544: 4532: 4507: 4494: 4469: 4442: 4420: 4390: 4375: 4352: 4346: 4332: 4319: 4302:Harper & Row 4299: 4288: 4265: 4240: 4214: 4191: 4167: 4156: 4133: 4110: 4078: 4062: 4048: 4022: 4009:Praeger Pub Text 3999: 3986: 3963: 3944: 3931: 3908: 3892: 3881: 3856: 3850: 3842: 3821: 3798: 3789: 3777: 3766: 3757: 3714: 3713: 3708: 3706: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3614: 3608: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3579: 3573: 3572: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3514: 3508: 3502: 3493: 3490:Hendrickson 2003 3487: 3481: 3478:Hendrickson 2003 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3444: 3442: 3440: 3408: 3402: 3396: 3390: 3384: 3378: 3377: 3362: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3351: 3327: 3321: 3320: 3304: 3294: 3288: 3278: 3272: 3266: 3260: 3254: 3248: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3224: 3218: 3212: 3206: 3200: 3194: 3188: 3182: 3176: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3130: 3124: 3123: 3121: 3119: 3095: 3089: 3083: 3077: 3071: 3065: 3059: 3053: 3047: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3014: 3008: 3002: 3001: 2979: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2968: 2949: 2943: 2942: 2917: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2876: 2870: 2869: 2854:Elliot, Jonathan 2850: 2844: 2838: 2832: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2808: 2799: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2776: 2770: 2769: 2768:on June 1, 2009. 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2730: 2728: 2726: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2691: 2683: 2677: 2676: 2674: 2672: 2653: 2647: 2641: 2635: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2610: 2608: 2606: 2587: 2535: 2530: 2529: 2528: 2521: 2516: 2515: 2507: 2502: 2501: 2431:of New York and 2395:Anti-Federalists 2380:Shays' Rebellion 2367:Charles Pinckney 2350:Forrest McDonald 2323:Anti-Federalists 2297: 2285: 2273: 2261: 2249: 2237: 2079:Daniel Roberdeau 2002:John Witherspoon 1683: 1676: 1672: 1669: 1663: 1640: 1632: 1594:Shays' Rebellion 1569: 1568:January 22, 1788 1556: 1555:February 2, 1787 1550:Arthur St. Clair 1543: 1537:Nathaniel Gorham 1530: 1517: 1504: 1503:November 3, 1783 1491: 1490:November 4, 1782 1478: 1477:November 5, 1781 1465: 1452: 1434: 1433: 1326:, organized the 1253: 1246: 1242: 1239: 1233: 1231: 1190: 1166: 1158: 1070:Thomas Jefferson 1000:Continental Army 980:Secretary of War 953:Continental Army 861:already proposed 776: 769: 756: 749: 736: 729: 716: 709: 696: 689: 676: 669: 656: 649: 636: 629: 616: 609: 596: 589: 576: 569: 556: 549: 536: 529: 516: 515: 411:(South Carolina) 381:(North Carolina) 246:armed skirmishes 242:Intolerable Acts 182:Shays' Rebellion 54:February 2, 1781 33: 21: 20: 13475: 13474: 13470: 13469: 13468: 13466: 13465: 13464: 13380: 13379: 13378: 13373: 13340: 13334:Sons of Liberty 13285: 13238: 13212: 13117: 13115:Founding of the 13109: 13102: 13095: 13088: 13081: 13074: 13066: 13061: 13031: 13018: 12957:Von Steuben Day 12855: 12824: 12796: 12777: 12717: 12694: 12636:Colonial allies 12627: 12526: 12359: 12320:King George III 12308: 12216: 12193: 12162: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12070: 12044: 11973: 11954:Lochry's Defeat 11839:Assunpink Creek 11829:Fort Washington 11774: 11708: 11706: 11695: 11686:Hortalez et Cie 11657:Colonial allies 11652: 11619: 11588:United Colonies 11571: 11533: 11499:Boston Massacre 11477: 11468:Perpetual Union 11424:United Colonies 11357:Sons of Liberty 11320: 11228: 11226: 11225:Related British 11219: 11148: 11050: 11046:Origins of the 11036: 11031: 11001: 10996: 10980: 10959: 10928: 10899:Battle of Paoli 10862: 10826: 10805: 10796: 10770: 10765: 10735: 10730: 10684: 10658: 10602: 10566: 10554: 10293: 10267: 10225: 10210: 10116:Jewish American 10089:Polish American 10030:Korean American 10020:Indian American 9987: 9972: 9827:Merchant Marine 9797:Law enforcement 9649: 9630: 9504: 9500:Great Recession 9407: 9381:Reagan Doctrine 9335: 9314:Stonewall riots 9236: 9210:Project Mercury 9171:Truman Doctrine 9147: 9055:First Red Scare 9029: 8998:Progressive Era 8910: 8870:Bleeding Kansas 8826: 8773:Monroe Doctrine 8749: 8697: 8656:Treaty of Paris 8617: 8591:Boston Massacre 8586:Sons of Liberty 8482: 8453: 8442: 8424: 8419: 8389: 8384: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8340: 8326:Opioid epidemic 8243:Native American 8223:intersex rights 8174: 8170:Life expectancy 8160:Medical deserts 8150:Race and health 8047: 8033:Personal income 7979: 7883:National anthem 7716:personal income 7681:Economic issues 7615: 7567: 7415: 7315: 7304:School district 7290: 7273:Minor divisions 7267: 7206: 7164: 7103: 7089:Statutory codes 7070: 7033: 7010: 6920: 6915: 6902: 6837: 6794:civil liberties 6775: 6766:Other tribunals 6745:District courts 6697: 6656:current members 6639:current members 6620: 6554:Law enforcement 6452: 6165: 6114: 6105:Great Recession 5976:Progressive Era 5966:Native genocide 5897:Perpetual Union 5885:Treaty of Paris 5843:United Colonies 5801: 5726: 5720: 5690: 5685: 5651:Perpetual Union 5634: 5598: 5562: 5521: 5500: 5467: 5461: 5431: 5426: 5418: 5410: 5402: 5394: 5386: 5378: 5370: 5362: 5354: 5346: 5333: 5325: 5317: 5309: 5301: 5295:Peyton Randolph 5293: 5280: 5274:Henry Middleton 5272: 5266:Peyton Randolph 5264: 5251: 5246: 5216: 5211: 5188: 5179:Charles Thomson 5148: 5122: 5086: 5060: 5024: 5003: 4977: 4968:William Clingan 4941: 4920: 4889: 4853: 4827: 4786: 4777:Josiah Bartlett 4765: 4754:Primary drafter 4742: 4733: 4731:Perpetual Union 4724: 4690:Mobile friendly 4648: 4623: 4602: 4579: 4541: 4491: 4466: 4417: 4372: 4316: 4285: 4262: 4237: 4211: 4188: 4153: 4145:. p. 261. 4130: 4099:10.2307/2144490 4083:Jensen, Merrill 4075: 4053:Jensen, Merrill 4045: 4027:Jensen, Merrill 4019: 3983: 3960: 3941:St. James Press 3928: 3905: 3878: 3844: 3843: 3818: 3786: 3734:Armitage, David 3729: 3723: 3718: 3717: 3704: 3702: 3689: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3669: 3659: 3657: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3601: 3599: 3580: 3576: 3569: 3561:. p. 517. 3546: 3542: 3535: 3515: 3511: 3503: 3496: 3488: 3484: 3476: 3472: 3464: 3460: 3452: 3448: 3438: 3436: 3429: 3421:. p. 383. 3409: 3405: 3397: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3364: 3363: 3359: 3349: 3347: 3328: 3324: 3317: 3295: 3291: 3279: 3275: 3267: 3263: 3255: 3251: 3243: 3239: 3231: 3227: 3219: 3215: 3207: 3203: 3195: 3191: 3183: 3179: 3171: 3167: 3159: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3104:Founders Online 3096: 3092: 3084: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3060: 3056: 3048: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3017: 3009: 3005: 2998: 2988:UNC Press Books 2980: 2976: 2966: 2964: 2951: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2900: 2896: 2877: 2873: 2856:, ed. (2010) . 2851: 2847: 2843:, p. 1782. 2839: 2835: 2825: 2823: 2810: 2809: 2802: 2792: 2790: 2778: 2777: 2773: 2754:"225 Years Ago" 2750: 2746: 2738: 2734: 2724: 2722: 2709: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2689: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2670: 2668: 2655: 2654: 2650: 2642: 2638: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2604: 2602: 2589: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2566:Perpetual Union 2531: 2526: 2524: 2519:Politics portal 2517: 2510: 2503: 2496: 2493: 2477: 2425: 2325: 2315: 2308: 2301: 2298: 2289: 2286: 2277: 2274: 2265: 2262: 2253: 2250: 2241: 2238: 2218: 2216:Parchment pages 2212:Constitution). 2190: 2089:William Clingan 1983:Josiah Bartlett 1828: 1702:, who were the 1700:Charles Thomson 1684: 1673: 1667: 1664: 1653: 1641: 1630: 1585: 1579: 1410: 1404: 1254: 1243: 1237: 1234: 1191: 1189: 1179: 1167: 1156: 1150: 1148:Accomplishments 1122: 1074:Barbary pirates 1042:Treaty of Paris 1038: 1032: 1008:Native American 949: 944: 825:equal treatment 791: 702:March 10, 1778 483: 409:Edward Rutledge 385:Stephen Hopkins 373:Button Gwinnett 369:(New Hampshire) 367:Josiah Bartlett 363:(Massachusetts) 328: 270:United Colonies 226:Albany Congress 222: 186:some states met 159:Perpetual Union 147:came into force 125:, formerly the 36: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13473: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13427: 13422: 13417: 13412: 13407: 13402: 13397: 13392: 13375: 13374: 13372: 13371: 13370: 13369: 13364: 13354: 13348: 13346: 13342: 13341: 13339: 13338: 13330: 13322: 13317: 13315:(1969 musical, 13309: 13304: 13299: 13293: 13291: 13287: 13286: 13284: 13283: 13278: 13273: 13268: 13263: 13255: 13246: 13244: 13243:Life and homes 13240: 13239: 13237: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13220: 13218: 13214: 13213: 13211: 13210: 13205: 13200: 13195: 13190: 13185: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13137: 13129: 13123: 13121: 13111: 13110: 13108: 13107: 13100: 13093: 13086: 13079: 13071: 13068: 13067: 13064:John Dickinson 13060: 13059: 13052: 13045: 13037: 13028: 13027: 13024: 13023: 13020: 13019: 13017: 13016: 13011: 13006: 13005: 13004: 12999: 12994: 12989: 12984: 12979: 12974: 12969: 12964: 12962:Minor holidays 12959: 12954: 12949: 12944: 12939: 12934: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12909: 12904: 12899: 12894: 12889: 12884: 12879: 12874: 12869: 12863: 12861: 12857: 12856: 12854: 12853: 12848: 12843: 12838: 12832: 12830: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12814: 12808: 12806: 12798: 12797: 12795: 12794: 12793:Related topics 12783: 12782: 12779: 12778: 12776: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12763:Bill of Rights 12760: 12755: 12748: 12743: 12738: 12733: 12728: 12722: 12719: 12718: 12708: 12707: 12704: 12703: 12700: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12672: 12667: 12662: 12657: 12652: 12646: 12644: 12637: 12633: 12632: 12629: 12628: 12626: 12625: 12620: 12615: 12610: 12605: 12600: 12595: 12590: 12585: 12580: 12575: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12555: 12550: 12545: 12540: 12534: 12532: 12528: 12527: 12525: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12464: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12444: 12439: 12434: 12429: 12424: 12419: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12394: 12389: 12384: 12378: 12376: 12369: 12365: 12364: 12361: 12360: 12358: 12357: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12322: 12316: 12314: 12310: 12309: 12307: 12306: 12301: 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12276: 12271: 12266: 12261: 12256: 12251: 12246: 12241: 12235: 12233: 12226: 12218: 12217: 12207: 12206: 12203: 12202: 12199: 12198: 12195: 12194: 12192: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12176: 12170: 12168: 12167:Loyal colonies 12164: 12163: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12153:South Carolina 12150: 12145: 12140: 12138:North Carolina 12135: 12130: 12125: 12120: 12115: 12110: 12105: 12100: 12094: 12092: 12090:Rebel colonies 12083: 12075: 12072: 12071: 12069: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12037: 12032: 12030:Sint Eustatius 12027: 12022: 12017: 12012: 12007: 12002: 11997: 11992: 11990:"First Salute" 11987: 11981: 11979: 11975: 11974: 11972: 11971: 11966: 11961: 11956: 11951: 11946: 11941: 11936: 11934:Kings Mountain 11931: 11926: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11906: 11901: 11896: 11891: 11886: 11881: 11876: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11824:Harlem Heights 11821: 11816: 11814:Valcour Island 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11791: 11785: 11783: 11776: 11775: 11773: 11772: 11767: 11762: 11757: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11732: 11727: 11722: 11717: 11711: 11709: 11704: 11701: 11700: 11697: 11696: 11694: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11660: 11658: 11654: 11653: 11651: 11650: 11645: 11640: 11635: 11629: 11627: 11621: 11620: 11618: 11617: 11612: 11607: 11602: 11596: 11594: 11581: 11573: 11572: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11543: 11542: 11539: 11538: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11485: 11483: 11479: 11478: 11476: 11475: 11470: 11461: 11456: 11451: 11449:Lee Resolution 11446: 11441: 11436: 11431: 11426: 11421: 11416: 11411: 11406: 11401: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11379: 11374: 11369: 11367:Black Patriots 11364: 11359: 11354: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11334: 11328: 11326: 11322: 11321: 11319: 11318: 11313: 11308: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11278: 11273: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11247: 11242: 11237: 11231: 11229: 11224: 11221: 11220: 11218: 11217: 11215:Black Loyalist 11212: 11207: 11202: 11197: 11192: 11190:North ministry 11187: 11182: 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11156: 11154: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11146: 11141: 11136: 11129: 11122: 11115: 11110: 11103: 11098: 11093: 11088: 11083: 11078: 11073: 11068: 11062: 11060: 11052: 11051: 11038: 11037: 11030: 11029: 11022: 11015: 11007: 10998: 10997: 10995: 10994: 10988: 10986: 10982: 10981: 10979: 10978: 10973: 10967: 10965: 10961: 10960: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10942: 10936: 10934: 10930: 10929: 10927: 10926: 10921: 10916: 10911: 10906: 10901: 10896: 10891: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10870: 10868: 10864: 10863: 10861: 10860: 10855: 10850: 10845: 10843:Lee Resolution 10840: 10834: 10832: 10828: 10827: 10825: 10824: 10819: 10813: 10811: 10807: 10806: 10799: 10797: 10795: 10794: 10789: 10784: 10778: 10776: 10772: 10771: 10764: 10763: 10756: 10749: 10741: 10732: 10731: 10729: 10728: 10718: 10708: 10706:Historiography 10703: 10697: 10694: 10693: 10690: 10689: 10686: 10685: 10683: 10682: 10672: 10666: 10664: 10660: 10659: 10657: 10656: 10651: 10646: 10644:Navassa Island 10641: 10636: 10631: 10629:Johnston Atoll 10626: 10621: 10619:Howland Island 10616: 10610: 10608: 10604: 10603: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10590: 10585: 10580: 10578:American Samoa 10574: 10572: 10568: 10567: 10562: 10560: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10537: 10532: 10527: 10522: 10517: 10512: 10507: 10502: 10500:South Carolina 10497: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10477: 10472: 10467: 10465:North Carolina 10462: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10442: 10437: 10432: 10427: 10422: 10417: 10412: 10407: 10402: 10397: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10367: 10362: 10357: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10337: 10332: 10327: 10322: 10317: 10312: 10307: 10301: 10299: 10295: 10294: 10292: 10291: 10289:The West Coast 10286: 10281: 10275: 10273: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10263:Indian removal 10260: 10255: 10250: 10245: 10239: 10237: 10227: 10226: 10216: 10215: 10212: 10211: 10209: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10196: 10184: 10177: 10176: 10175: 10170: 10158: 10157: 10156: 10154:Saudi American 10151: 10146: 10141: 10139:Iraqi American 10136: 10131: 10119: 10112: 10111: 10110: 10098: 10097: 10096: 10091: 10086: 10081: 10076: 10074:Irish American 10071: 10066: 10061: 10056: 10044: 10043: 10042: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10022: 10017: 10012: 10004:Asian American 10000: 9992: 9989: 9988: 9978: 9977: 9974: 9973: 9971: 9970: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9958: 9953: 9948: 9936: 9935: 9934: 9932:Sexual slavery 9922: 9915: 9908: 9907: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9881: 9869: 9868: 9867: 9862: 9857: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9830: 9823: 9816: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9802:Postal service 9799: 9794: 9792:Foreign policy 9789: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9747: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9726: 9725: 9724: 9712: 9711: 9710: 9698: 9697: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9681: 9669: 9662: 9654: 9651: 9650: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9595: 9594: 9584: 9579: 9572: 9567: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9555: 9550: 9545: 9540: 9535: 9530: 9520: 9514: 9512: 9506: 9505: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9492: 9487: 9486: 9485: 9480: 9470: 9465: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9438: 9433: 9428: 9423: 9417: 9415: 9409: 9408: 9406: 9405: 9400: 9395: 9390: 9389: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9368: 9366:Crack epidemic 9363: 9362: 9361: 9356: 9345: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9334: 9333: 9331:Moral Majority 9328: 9323: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9309:Gay liberation 9306: 9301: 9299:Counterculture 9296: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9287:Fall of Saigon 9284: 9279: 9269: 9268: 9267: 9265:Apollo program 9262: 9260:Project Gemini 9252: 9246: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9234: 9229: 9228: 9227: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9201: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9178:Early Cold War 9175: 9174: 9173: 9163: 9157: 9155: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9145: 9144: 9143: 9142: 9141: 9131: 9126: 9116: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9094: 9093: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9067: 9057: 9052: 9051: 9050: 9039: 9037: 9031: 9030: 9028: 9027: 9022: 9021: 9020: 9015: 9010: 9005: 8995: 8994: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8958: 8953: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8920: 8918: 8912: 8911: 8909: 8908: 8907: 8906: 8901: 8891: 8890: 8889: 8884: 8879: 8874: 8873: 8872: 8862: 8857: 8850:Prelude to War 8847: 8842: 8840:Antebellum Era 8836: 8834: 8828: 8827: 8825: 8824: 8819: 8814: 8813: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8785:Trail of Tears 8780:Jacksonian era 8777: 8776: 8775: 8770: 8759: 8757: 8751: 8750: 8748: 8747: 8746: 8745: 8740: 8730: 8729: 8728: 8723: 8716:Federalist Era 8713: 8711:Bill of Rights 8707: 8705: 8699: 8698: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8693: 8688: 8683: 8678: 8673: 8660: 8659: 8658: 8653: 8648: 8646:Lee Resolution 8643: 8638: 8627: 8625: 8619: 8618: 8616: 8615: 8614: 8613: 8608: 8603: 8598: 8593: 8588: 8583: 8578: 8573: 8568: 8563: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8528: 8523: 8518: 8513: 8508: 8503: 8498: 8492: 8490: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8473: 8465: 8463: 8455: 8454: 8444: 8443: 8441: 8440: 8435: 8429: 8426: 8425: 8418: 8417: 8410: 8403: 8395: 8386: 8385: 8383: 8382: 8377: 8370: 8369: 8362: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8349: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8341: 8339: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8322: 8321: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8282:Mass shootings 8279: 8274: 8273: 8272: 8270:Climate change 8267: 8257: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8245: 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8208:Discrimination 8205: 8200: 8199: 8198: 8188: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8175: 8173: 8172: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8110: 8100: 8099: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8078: 8073: 8063: 8057: 8055: 8049: 8048: 8046: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7998:American Dream 7995: 7989: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7965:Transportation 7962: 7957: 7952: 7947: 7942: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7912: 7911: 7910: 7905: 7900: 7898:Mount Rushmore 7895: 7885: 7880: 7875: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7863: 7858: 7853: 7848: 7838: 7833: 7832: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7795: 7794: 7784: 7779: 7778: 7777: 7767: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7755: 7750: 7740: 7739: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7678: 7673: 7668: 7663: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7642: 7640: 7627: 7621: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7608: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7588: 7583: 7577: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7555: 7550: 7545: 7540: 7535: 7530: 7525: 7520: 7518:Federal budget 7515: 7510: 7505: 7504: 7503: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7456:Communications 7453: 7448: 7437: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7414: 7413: 7408: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7386: 7385: 7384: 7379: 7377:exceptionalism 7374: 7364: 7359: 7358: 7357: 7355:foreign policy 7347: 7346: 7345: 7340: 7330: 7324: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7316: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7311: 7300: 7298: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7277: 7275: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7214: 7212: 7208: 7207: 7205: 7204: 7199: 7194: 7189: 7183: 7181: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7162: 7157: 7156: 7155: 7145: 7144: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7123: 7117: 7115: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7104: 7102: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7080: 7078: 7072: 7071: 7069: 7068: 7067: 7066: 7056: 7055: 7054: 7052:Chief justices 7047:Supreme courts 7043: 7041: 7035: 7034: 7032: 7031: 7026: 7020: 7018: 7012: 7011: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7006: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6960: 6959: 6949: 6948: 6947: 6936: 6934: 6925: 6908: 6907: 6904: 6903: 6901: 6900: 6895: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6886:National Guard 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6847: 6845: 6839: 6838: 6836: 6835: 6830: 6829: 6828: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6803: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6789:Bill of Rights 6785: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6774: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6762: 6761: 6759:list of judges 6756: 6754:list of courts 6742: 6741: 6740: 6738:list of judges 6730: 6729: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6707: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6690: 6685: 6680: 6675: 6673:Capitol Police 6670: 6669: 6668: 6663: 6658: 6648: 6647: 6646: 6641: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6621: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6608: 6603: 6602: 6601: 6596: 6594:Secret Service 6591: 6586: 6581: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6507:Vice President 6504: 6503: 6502: 6497: 6486: 6484: 6477: 6464: 6458: 6457: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6428: 6423: 6418: 6413: 6408: 6403: 6398: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6380: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6360: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6340: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6295: 6294: 6293: 6291:National Parks 6283: 6282: 6281: 6276: 6271: 6266: 6261: 6251: 6246: 6244:Extreme points 6241: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6229: 6224: 6219: 6214: 6209: 6204: 6199: 6194: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6122: 6120: 6116: 6115: 6113: 6112: 6107: 6102: 6101: 6100: 6095: 6085: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6039: 6038: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5996: 5991: 5983: 5978: 5973: 5968: 5963: 5958: 5953: 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5931:Federalist Era 5928: 5927: 5926: 5924:Bill of Rights 5921: 5911: 5906: 5905: 5904: 5899: 5889: 5888: 5887: 5882: 5872: 5867: 5865:Lee Resolution 5862: 5857: 5856: 5855: 5850: 5845: 5840: 5835: 5830: 5825: 5815: 5809: 5807: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5789: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5764: 5759: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5741: 5734: 5728: 5727: 5725: articles 5719: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5696: 5687: 5686: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5642: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5633: 5632: 5627: 5622: 5617: 5612: 5606: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5581: 5576: 5570: 5568: 5564: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5499: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5477: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5460: 5459: 5452: 5445: 5437: 5428: 5427: 5425: 5424: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5392: 5384: 5380:Thomas Mifflin 5376: 5372:Elias Boudinot 5368: 5360: 5352: 5343: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5331: 5323: 5315: 5307: 5299: 5290: 5288: 5282: 5281: 5279: 5278: 5270: 5261: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5245: 5244: 5237: 5230: 5222: 5213: 5212: 5210: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5196: 5194: 5190: 5189: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5160: 5158: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5149: 5147: 5146: 5141: 5139:Edward Telfair 5136: 5130: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5121: 5120: 5115: 5113:Richard Hutson 5110: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5092: 5091:South Carolina 5088: 5087: 5085: 5084: 5079: 5074: 5068: 5066: 5065:North Carolina 5062: 5061: 5059: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5023: 5022: 5020:Daniel Carroll 5017: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4994:John Dickinson 4991: 4985: 4983: 4979: 4978: 4976: 4975: 4970: 4965: 4960: 4955: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4928: 4926: 4922: 4921: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4897: 4895: 4891: 4890: 4888: 4887: 4882: 4877: 4875:Oliver Wolcott 4872: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4855: 4854: 4852: 4851: 4846: 4844:Henry Marchant 4841: 4839:William Ellery 4835: 4833: 4829: 4828: 4826: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4808:Elbridge Gerry 4805: 4800: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4787: 4785: 4784: 4779: 4773: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4764: 4763: 4761:John Dickinson 4757: 4755: 4748: 4744: 4743: 4738: 4735: 4734: 4723: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4668: 4659: 4654: 4647: 4646:External links 4644: 4643: 4642: 4627: 4621: 4606: 4600: 4583: 4577: 4564: 4545: 4539: 4522: 4508: 4495: 4490:978-1403984272 4489: 4470: 4464: 4443: 4433:(3): 513–535. 4422: 4415: 4391: 4376: 4370: 4353: 4333: 4320: 4314: 4289: 4283: 4266: 4260: 4241: 4235: 4215: 4209: 4192: 4187:978-0684868547 4186: 4172:Maier, Pauline 4168: 4166:. Vol. I. 4157: 4151: 4141:. Pittsburgh: 4134: 4128: 4111: 4093:(3): 356–379. 4079: 4073: 4049: 4043: 4023: 4017: 4000: 3987: 3981: 3964: 3958: 3945: 3932: 3926: 3909: 3903: 3882: 3876: 3857: 3822: 3816: 3799: 3790: 3784: 3767: 3758: 3722: 3719: 3716: 3715: 3682: 3667: 3639: 3609: 3574: 3567: 3540: 3533: 3509: 3494: 3482: 3480:, p. 154. 3470: 3468:, p. 230. 3458: 3446: 3427: 3403: 3401:, p. 276. 3391: 3389:, p. 276. 3379: 3357: 3342:(4): 391–418. 3322: 3315: 3289: 3273: 3261: 3249: 3247:, p. 187. 3237: 3235:, p. 104. 3225: 3213: 3201: 3189: 3187:, p. 352. 3177: 3165: 3163:, p. 107. 3153: 3151:, p. 105. 3141: 3125: 3090: 3078: 3074:Dougherty 2009 3066: 3054: 3052:, p. 177. 3039: 3027: 3015: 3013:, p. 469. 3003: 2996: 2974: 2944: 2937: 2931:. p. 10. 2894: 2871: 2845: 2833: 2800: 2771: 2744: 2732: 2702: 2678: 2661:memory.loc.gov 2648: 2636: 2624: 2612: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2574: 2573: 2568: 2563: 2561:Libertarianism 2558: 2553: 2548: 2543: 2537: 2536: 2522: 2508: 2492: 2489: 2476: 2473: 2424: 2421: 2371:South Carolina 2307: 2304: 2303: 2302: 2299: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2280: 2278: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2263: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2244: 2242: 2239: 2232: 2217: 2214: 2189: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2162: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2149: 2147:Richard Hutson 2144: 2139: 2134: 2128: 2127: 2125:South Carolina 2121: 2120: 2115: 2113:Henry Marchant 2110: 2108:William Ellery 2104: 2103: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2086: 2081: 2076: 2070: 2069: 2063: 2062: 2057: 2052: 2046: 2045: 2043:North Carolina 2039: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2010: 2009: 2004: 1998: 1997: 1991: 1990: 1985: 1979: 1978: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1954:Elbridge Gerry 1951: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1930:Daniel Carroll 1927: 1921: 1920: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1906:Edward Telfair 1903: 1897: 1896: 1890: 1889: 1884: 1882:John Dickinson 1879: 1873: 1872: 1866: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1853:Oliver Wolcott 1850: 1845: 1839: 1838: 1832: 1827: 1824: 1815:Thomas Sim Lee 1788:Chesapeake Bay 1760:North Carolina 1744:South Carolina 1710:ratification. 1686: 1685: 1644: 1642: 1635: 1629: 1626: 1581:Main article: 1578: 1575: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1552: 1546: 1545: 1539: 1533: 1532: 1526: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1507: 1506: 1500: 1498:Thomas Mifflin 1494: 1493: 1487: 1485:Elias Boudinot 1481: 1480: 1474: 1468: 1467: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1403: 1400: 1309:Spanish Empire 1256: 1255: 1170: 1168: 1161: 1149: 1146: 1125:legislatures. 1121: 1118: 1034:Main article: 1031: 1030:Foreign policy 1028: 1004:national force 964:Phelps wrote: 948: 945: 943: 940: 939: 938: 935: 928: 925: 918: 917: 916: 909: 906: 903: 896: 893: 874: 871: 868: 856: 849: 821: 817: 813: 790: 787: 784: 783: 780: 770: 764: 763: 760: 750: 744: 743: 740: 730: 724: 723: 722:April 5, 1778 720: 718:North Carolina 710: 704: 703: 700: 690: 684: 683: 682:March 5, 1778 680: 670: 664: 663: 662:March 4, 1778 660: 650: 644: 643: 640: 630: 624: 623: 620: 610: 604: 603: 600: 590: 584: 583: 580: 570: 564: 563: 560: 558:South Carolina 550: 544: 543: 540: 530: 524: 523: 520: 482: 479: 459:British troops 435:John Dickinson 431: 430: 424: 418: 412: 406: 400: 394: 388: 387:(Rhode Island) 382: 376: 370: 364: 358: 355:John Dickinson 327: 324: 221: 218: 113: 112: 109: 105: 104: 101: 97: 96: 91: 87: 86: 81: 77: 76: 70: 66: 65: 62: 56: 55: 52: 46: 45: 42: 38: 37: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13472: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13426: 13423: 13421: 13418: 13416: 13413: 13411: 13408: 13406: 13403: 13401: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13359: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13349: 13347: 13343: 13337: 13335: 13331: 13329: 13327: 13323: 13321: 13318: 13316: 13314: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13298: 13295: 13294: 13292: 13288: 13282: 13279: 13277: 13274: 13272: 13269: 13267: 13264: 13259: 13256: 13251: 13248: 13247: 13245: 13241: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13221: 13219: 13215: 13209: 13206: 13204: 13201: 13199: 13196: 13194: 13191: 13189: 13186: 13184: 13180: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13141: 13138: 13136: 13134: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13119:United States 13116: 13112: 13105: 13101: 13098: 13094: 13091: 13087: 13084: 13080: 13077: 13073: 13072: 13069: 13065: 13058: 13053: 13051: 13046: 13044: 13039: 13038: 13035: 13015: 13012: 13010: 13007: 13003: 13000: 12998: 12995: 12993: 12990: 12988: 12985: 12983: 12980: 12978: 12975: 12973: 12970: 12968: 12965: 12963: 12960: 12958: 12955: 12953: 12950: 12948: 12945: 12943: 12940: 12938: 12937:Patriots' Day 12935: 12933: 12930: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12914: 12913: 12912:Commemoration 12910: 12908: 12905: 12903: 12900: 12898: 12895: 12893: 12890: 12888: 12885: 12883: 12880: 12878: 12875: 12873: 12870: 12868: 12865: 12864: 12862: 12858: 12852: 12851:Yankee Doodle 12849: 12847: 12844: 12842: 12839: 12837: 12834: 12833: 12831: 12827: 12821: 12820: 12815: 12813: 12810: 12809: 12807: 12803: 12799: 12792: 12791: 12788: 12784: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12753: 12749: 12747: 12744: 12742: 12739: 12737: 12734: 12732: 12729: 12727: 12724: 12723: 12720: 12713: 12709: 12691: 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12680:de Rochambeau 12678: 12676: 12673: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12663: 12661: 12658: 12656: 12653: 12651: 12648: 12647: 12645: 12641: 12638: 12634: 12624: 12621: 12619: 12616: 12614: 12611: 12609: 12606: 12604: 12601: 12599: 12596: 12594: 12591: 12589: 12586: 12584: 12581: 12579: 12576: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12559: 12556: 12554: 12551: 12549: 12546: 12544: 12541: 12539: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12529: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12448: 12445: 12443: 12440: 12438: 12435: 12433: 12430: 12428: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12415: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12398: 12395: 12393: 12390: 12388: 12385: 12383: 12380: 12379: 12377: 12373: 12370: 12366: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12341: 12338: 12336: 12333: 12331: 12328: 12326: 12323: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12305: 12302: 12300: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12282: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12272: 12270: 12267: 12265: 12262: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12250: 12247: 12245: 12242: 12240: 12237: 12236: 12234: 12230: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12212: 12208: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12175: 12172: 12171: 12169: 12165: 12159: 12156: 12154: 12151: 12149: 12146: 12144: 12141: 12139: 12136: 12134: 12131: 12129: 12126: 12124: 12123:New Hampshire 12121: 12119: 12118:Massachusetts 12116: 12114: 12111: 12109: 12106: 12104: 12101: 12099: 12096: 12095: 12093: 12091: 12087: 12084: 12073: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12047: 12041: 12038: 12036: 12033: 12031: 12028: 12026: 12023: 12021: 12018: 12016: 12013: 12011: 12008: 12006: 12003: 12001: 11998: 11996: 11993: 11991: 11988: 11986: 11983: 11982: 11980: 11976: 11970: 11967: 11965: 11962: 11960: 11957: 11955: 11952: 11950: 11947: 11945: 11942: 11940: 11937: 11935: 11932: 11930: 11927: 11925: 11922: 11920: 11917: 11915: 11912: 11910: 11907: 11905: 11902: 11900: 11897: 11895: 11892: 11890: 11887: 11885: 11882: 11880: 11877: 11875: 11872: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11784: 11782: 11777: 11771: 11770:Naval battles 11768: 11766: 11763: 11761: 11758: 11756: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11733: 11731: 11728: 11726: 11723: 11721: 11718: 11716: 11713: 11712: 11710: 11705:Campaigns and 11702: 11692: 11689: 11687: 11684: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11666: 11665: 11662: 11661: 11659: 11655: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11639: 11636: 11634: 11631: 11630: 11628: 11626: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11611: 11608: 11606: 11603: 11601: 11598: 11597: 11595: 11593: 11589: 11585: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11567: 11564: 11561: 11558: 11555: 11552: 11551: 11548: 11544: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11509:Gaspee affair 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11480: 11474: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11450: 11447: 11445: 11442: 11440: 11437: 11435: 11432: 11430: 11427: 11425: 11422: 11420: 11417: 11415: 11412: 11410: 11407: 11405: 11402: 11400: 11397: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11384: 11380: 11378: 11375: 11373: 11370: 11368: 11365: 11363: 11360: 11358: 11355: 11353: 11350: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11327: 11323: 11317: 11314: 11312: 11309: 11307: 11304: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11271: 11268: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11246: 11243: 11241: 11238: 11236: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11222: 11216: 11213: 11211: 11208: 11206: 11203: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11165:Bute ministry 11163: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11151: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11120: 11116: 11114: 11113:Spirit of '76 11111: 11109: 11108: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11097: 11094: 11092: 11089: 11087: 11086:Republicanism 11084: 11082: 11079: 11077: 11074: 11072: 11069: 11067: 11064: 11063: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11043: 11039: 11035: 11028: 11023: 11021: 11016: 11014: 11009: 11008: 11005: 10993: 10990: 10989: 10987: 10983: 10977: 10974: 10972: 10969: 10968: 10966: 10962: 10956: 10953: 10951: 10948: 10946: 10943: 10941: 10938: 10937: 10935: 10931: 10925: 10922: 10920: 10917: 10915: 10912: 10910: 10907: 10905: 10902: 10900: 10897: 10895: 10892: 10890: 10887: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10869: 10865: 10859: 10856: 10854: 10851: 10849: 10846: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10835: 10833: 10829: 10823: 10820: 10818: 10815: 10814: 10812: 10808: 10803: 10793: 10790: 10788: 10785: 10783: 10780: 10779: 10777: 10773: 10769: 10762: 10757: 10755: 10750: 10748: 10743: 10742: 10739: 10727: 10723: 10719: 10717: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10702: 10701:List of years 10699: 10698: 10695: 10681: 10673: 10671: 10670:Urban history 10668: 10667: 10665: 10661: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10649:Palmyra Atoll 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10630: 10627: 10625: 10624:Jarvis Island 10622: 10620: 10617: 10615: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10605: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10589: 10586: 10584: 10581: 10579: 10576: 10575: 10573: 10571:Insular areas 10569: 10565: 10561: 10557: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10540:West Virginia 10538: 10536: 10533: 10531: 10528: 10526: 10523: 10521: 10518: 10516: 10513: 10511: 10508: 10506: 10503: 10501: 10498: 10496: 10493: 10491: 10488: 10486: 10483: 10481: 10478: 10476: 10473: 10471: 10468: 10466: 10463: 10461: 10458: 10456: 10453: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10445:New Hampshire 10443: 10441: 10438: 10436: 10433: 10431: 10428: 10426: 10423: 10421: 10418: 10416: 10413: 10411: 10408: 10406: 10405:Massachusetts 10403: 10401: 10398: 10396: 10393: 10391: 10388: 10386: 10383: 10381: 10378: 10376: 10373: 10371: 10368: 10366: 10363: 10361: 10358: 10356: 10353: 10351: 10348: 10346: 10343: 10341: 10338: 10336: 10333: 10331: 10328: 10326: 10323: 10321: 10318: 10316: 10313: 10311: 10308: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10296: 10290: 10287: 10285: 10282: 10280: 10277: 10276: 10274: 10270: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10249: 10246: 10244: 10241: 10240: 10238: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10221: 10217: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10195: 10192: 10191: 10190: 10189: 10185: 10183: 10182: 10178: 10174: 10171: 10169: 10166: 10165: 10164: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10147: 10145: 10142: 10140: 10137: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10124: 10120: 10118: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10104: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10092: 10090: 10087: 10085: 10082: 10080: 10077: 10075: 10072: 10070: 10067: 10065: 10062: 10060: 10057: 10055: 10052: 10051: 10050: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10036: 10035:Thai American 10033: 10031: 10028: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10018: 10016: 10013: 10011: 10008: 10007: 10006: 10005: 10001: 9999: 9998: 9994: 9993: 9990: 9983: 9979: 9967: 9964: 9962: 9959: 9957: 9954: 9952: 9949: 9947: 9944: 9943: 9942: 9941: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9923: 9921: 9920: 9916: 9914: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9880: 9877: 9876: 9875: 9874: 9873:Party Systems 9870: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9837: 9836: 9835: 9831: 9829: 9828: 9824: 9822: 9821: 9817: 9813: 9812:Voting rights 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9793: 9790: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9754: 9753: 9752: 9748: 9746: 9745: 9741: 9737: 9734: 9733: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9723: 9720: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9713: 9709: 9706: 9705: 9704: 9703: 9699: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9674: 9670: 9668: 9667: 9663: 9661: 9660: 9656: 9655: 9652: 9645: 9641: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9583: 9580: 9578: 9577: 9573: 9571: 9568: 9564: 9561: 9559: 9556: 9554: 9551: 9549: 9546: 9544: 9541: 9539: 9536: 9534: 9531: 9529: 9526: 9525: 9524: 9521: 9519: 9516: 9515: 9513: 9511: 9507: 9501: 9498: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9484: 9481: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9474: 9473:War on terror 9471: 9469: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9442: 9439: 9437: 9434: 9432: 9429: 9427: 9424: 9422: 9419: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9410: 9404: 9401: 9399: 9396: 9394: 9391: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9373: 9372: 9371:Late Cold War 9369: 9367: 9364: 9360: 9357: 9355: 9352: 9351: 9350: 9347: 9346: 9344: 9342: 9338: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9322: 9319: 9315: 9312: 9311: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9274: 9273: 9270: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9250:Great Society 9248: 9247: 9245: 9243: 9239: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9223: 9222: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9205:Post-war boom 9203: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9180: 9179: 9176: 9172: 9169: 9168: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9154: 9150: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9121: 9120: 9117: 9113: 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9099: 9098: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9066: 9063: 9062: 9061: 9058: 9056: 9053: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9044: 9041: 9040: 9038: 9036: 9032: 9026: 9023: 9019: 9016: 9014: 9011: 9009: 9006: 9004: 9001: 9000: 8999: 8996: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8922: 8921: 8919: 8917: 8913: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8896: 8895: 8892: 8888: 8885: 8883: 8880: 8878: 8875: 8871: 8868: 8867: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8852: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8837: 8835: 8833: 8829: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8781: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8752: 8744: 8741: 8739: 8736: 8735: 8734: 8731: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8708: 8706: 8704: 8700: 8692: 8689: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8661: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8628: 8626: 8624: 8620: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8602: 8599: 8597: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8584: 8582: 8579: 8577: 8574: 8572: 8569: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8522: 8519: 8517: 8514: 8512: 8509: 8507: 8504: 8502: 8499: 8497: 8494: 8493: 8491: 8489: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8474: 8472: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8449: 8445: 8439: 8436: 8434: 8431: 8430: 8427: 8423: 8416: 8411: 8409: 8404: 8402: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8367: 8363: 8360: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8320: 8317: 8316: 8315: 8312: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8271: 8268: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8256: 8255:Energy policy 8253: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8196:incarceration 8194: 8193: 8192: 8189: 8187: 8184: 8183: 8181: 8177: 8171: 8168: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8097: 8094: 8092: 8089: 8087: 8084: 8082: 8081:Prenatal care 8079: 8077: 8076:Birth control 8074: 8072: 8069: 8068: 8067: 8064: 8062: 8059: 8058: 8056: 8054: 8050: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8019: 8016: 8014: 8013:Homeownership 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7946: 7943: 7941: 7938: 7936: 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7909: 7906: 7904: 7901: 7899: 7896: 7894: 7891: 7890: 7889: 7886: 7884: 7881: 7879: 7876: 7874: 7871: 7867: 7864: 7862: 7859: 7857: 7854: 7852: 7849: 7847: 7844: 7843: 7842: 7839: 7837: 7834: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7816: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7788: 7785: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7772: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7754: 7751: 7749: 7746: 7745: 7744: 7741: 7737: 7736:working class 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7696:homeownership 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7664: 7662: 7659: 7657: 7654: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7622: 7612: 7609: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7587: 7584: 7582: 7579: 7578: 7576: 7574: 7570: 7564: 7561: 7559: 7556: 7554: 7551: 7549: 7546: 7544: 7541: 7539: 7536: 7534: 7531: 7529: 7526: 7524: 7521: 7519: 7516: 7514: 7511: 7509: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7476:Manufacturing 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7443: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7435: 7432: 7430: 7426: 7412: 7409: 7405: 7404:Third parties 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7391: 7390: 7387: 7383: 7380: 7378: 7375: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7368: 7365: 7363: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7352: 7351: 7348: 7344: 7341: 7339: 7336: 7335: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7325: 7322: 7310: 7307: 7306: 7305: 7302: 7301: 7299: 7297: 7293: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7276: 7274: 7270: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7239: 7236: 7234: 7231: 7229: 7226: 7224: 7221: 7219: 7216: 7215: 7213: 7209: 7203: 7200: 7198: 7195: 7193: 7190: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7182: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7161: 7158: 7154: 7151: 7150: 7149: 7146: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7128: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7110: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7073: 7065: 7062: 7061: 7060: 7057: 7053: 7050: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7036: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7021: 7019: 7017: 7013: 7005: 7002: 7001: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6958: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6950: 6946: 6943: 6942: 6941: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6918: 6913: 6909: 6899: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6852: 6849: 6848: 6846: 6844: 6840: 6834: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6795: 6792: 6791: 6790: 6787: 6786: 6784: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6771:U.S. attorney 6769: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6751: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6736: 6735: 6734: 6731: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6716:Chief Justice 6714: 6713: 6712: 6711:Supreme Court 6709: 6708: 6706: 6704: 6700: 6694: 6691: 6689: 6686: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6667: 6664: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6649: 6645: 6642: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6632: 6631: 6629: 6627: 6623: 6617: 6616:Public policy 6614: 6612: 6611:Civil service 6609: 6607: 6604: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6459: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6427: 6424: 6422: 6419: 6417: 6414: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6402: 6399: 6397: 6394: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6379: 6376: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6359: 6356: 6354: 6351: 6349: 6346: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6288: 6287: 6284: 6280: 6279:Sierra Nevada 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6256: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6230: 6228: 6225: 6223: 6220: 6218: 6217:insular zones 6215: 6213: 6210: 6208: 6205: 6203: 6200: 6198: 6195: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6188: 6185: 6184: 6181: 6178: 6176: 6172: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6123: 6121: 6117: 6111: 6108: 6106: 6103: 6099: 6096: 6094: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6088:War on Terror 6086: 6084: 6081: 6079: 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6068:LGBT Movement 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6037: 6034: 6033: 6032: 6029: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5986: 5984: 5982: 5979: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5916: 5915: 5912: 5910: 5907: 5903: 5900: 5898: 5895: 5894: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5877: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5854: 5851: 5849: 5846: 5844: 5841: 5839: 5836: 5834: 5831: 5829: 5826: 5824: 5821: 5820: 5819: 5816: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5808: 5804: 5798: 5795: 5793: 5790: 5788: 5785: 5783: 5780: 5778: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5763: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5750: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5742: 5738: 5735: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5723:United States 5717: 5712: 5710: 5705: 5703: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5643: 5641: 5637: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5616: 5613: 5611: 5608: 5607: 5605: 5603:Meeting sites 5601: 5595: 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5580: 5577: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5565: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5509: 5507: 5503: 5497: 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5470: 5466: 5458: 5453: 5451: 5446: 5444: 5439: 5438: 5435: 5421: 5420:Cyrus Griffin 5417: 5413: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5373: 5369: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5356:Thomas McKean 5353: 5349: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5312: 5311:Henry Laurens 5308: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5275: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5258: 5254: 5250: 5243: 5238: 5236: 5231: 5229: 5224: 5223: 5220: 5206: 5203: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5191: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5159: 5155: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5131: 5129: 5125: 5119: 5116: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5098:Henry Laurens 5096: 5095: 5093: 5089: 5083: 5082:John Williams 5080: 5078: 5075: 5073: 5070: 5069: 5067: 5063: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5041:John Banister 5039: 5037: 5034: 5033: 5031: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4989:Thomas McKean 4987: 4986: 4984: 4980: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4959: 4956: 4954: 4953:Robert Morris 4951: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4929: 4927: 4923: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4906:Francis Lewis 4904: 4902: 4899: 4898: 4896: 4892: 4886: 4883: 4881: 4878: 4876: 4873: 4871: 4868: 4866: 4865:Roger Sherman 4863: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4834: 4830: 4824: 4823:Samuel Holten 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4791:Massachusetts 4789: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4772: 4770:New Hampshire 4768: 4762: 4759: 4758: 4756: 4752: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4736: 4732: 4728: 4721: 4716: 4714: 4709: 4707: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4649: 4639: 4635: 4634: 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Morrison 3652: 3651: 3643: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3613: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3578: 3570: 3568:9781588364876 3564: 3560: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3544: 3536: 3534:9781139467186 3530: 3527:. p. 5. 3526: 3522: 3521: 3513: 3507:, p. 62. 3506: 3501: 3499: 3491: 3486: 3479: 3474: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3450: 3434: 3430: 3428:9780945612193 3424: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3407: 3400: 3399:McDonald 1986 3395: 3388: 3383: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3361: 3345: 3341: 3337: 3333: 3326: 3318: 3316:9781101200858 3312: 3308: 3307:Penguin Books 3303: 3302: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3259:, p. 37. 3258: 3253: 3246: 3241: 3234: 3229: 3222: 3217: 3210: 3205: 3198: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3174: 3169: 3162: 3157: 3150: 3145: 3138: 3134: 3133:Jensen (1950) 3129: 3113: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3094: 3087: 3082: 3075: 3070: 3064:, p. 98. 3063: 3058: 3051: 3046: 3044: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3012: 3011:Chadwick 2005 3007: 2999: 2997:9780807842690 2993: 2989: 2985: 2978: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2948: 2940: 2938:9780806300986 2934: 2930: 2927:. Baltimore: 2926: 2925: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2906: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2875: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2849: 2842: 2841:Williams 2012 2837: 2821: 2817: 2813: 2807: 2805: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2775: 2767: 2763: 2759: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2720: 2716: 2712: 2706: 2695: 2688: 2682: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2652: 2645: 2644:Armitage 2004 2640: 2633: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2586: 2582: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2562: 2559: 2557: 2554: 2552: 2549: 2547: 2544: 2542: 2539: 2538: 2534: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2509: 2506: 2500: 2495: 2488: 2484: 2482: 2481:New Hampshire 2472: 2469: 2463: 2461: 2460: 2453: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2430: 2420: 2416: 2414: 2408: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2387:Patrick Henry 2383: 2381: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2365:In May 1786, 2362: 2357: 2355: 2354:Federalist 39 2351: 2347: 2343: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2324: 2320: 2313: 2296: 2291: 2284: 2279: 2272: 2267: 2260: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2187: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2174: 2172: 2171:John Banister 2169: 2167: 2164: 2163: 2160: 2157: 2156: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2132:Henry Laurens 2130: 2129: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2119: 2116: 2114: 2111: 2109: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2099: 2098: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2074:Robert Morris 2072: 2071: 2068: 2065: 2064: 2061: 2060:John Williams 2058: 2056: 2053: 2051: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2026:Francis Lewis 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2011: 2008: 2005: 2003: 2000: 1999: 1996: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1980: 1977: 1976:New Hampshire 1974: 1973: 1970: 1969:Samuel Holten 1967: 1965: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1955: 1952: 1950: 1947: 1945: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1916: 1915: 1912: 1909: 1907: 1904: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1892: 1891: 1888: 1885: 1883: 1880: 1878: 1877:Thomas McKean 1875: 1874: 1871: 1868: 1867: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1854: 1851: 1849: 1846: 1844: 1843:Roger Sherman 1841: 1840: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1799: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1771: 1767: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1720:Massachusetts 1717: 1716:New Hampshire 1711: 1707: 1705: 1701: 1697: 1696:Henry Laurens 1693: 1682: 1679: 1671: 1661: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1645:This section 1643: 1639: 1634: 1633: 1625: 1623: 1618: 1613: 1609: 1606: 1601: 1597: 1595: 1589: 1584: 1566: 1564: 1563:Cyrus Griffin 1560: 1553: 1551: 1547: 1540: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1525: 1521: 1514: 1512: 1508: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1482: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1464:July 10, 1781 1462: 1460: 1459:Thomas McKean 1456: 1451:March 1, 1781 1449: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1430: 1425: 1423: 1419: 1416:—chaired the 1415: 1409: 1399: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1380: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1336:Massachusetts 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1316: 1314: 1313:Homestead Act 1310: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1277: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1252: 1249: 1241: 1230: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1216: 1213: 1209: 1206: 1202: 1199: – 1198: 1194: 1193:Find sources: 1187: 1183: 1177: 1176: 1171:This section 1169: 1165: 1160: 1159: 1155: 1145: 1142: 1137: 1135: 1131: 1126: 1117: 1115: 1111: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1076:, wrote in a 1075: 1071: 1066: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1047: 1043: 1037: 1027: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1005: 1001: 996: 991: 986: 983: 981: 977: 970: 965: 961: 956: 954: 936: 933: 929: 926: 923: 919: 914: 910: 907: 904: 901: 897: 894: 891: 887: 883: 878: 877: 875: 872: 869: 866: 862: 859:stipulations 857: 854: 850: 847: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 822: 818: 814: 811: 810: 809: 806: 804: 800: 796: 781: 779: 775: 771: 766: 765: 761: 759: 755: 751: 746: 745: 741: 739: 735: 731: 726: 725: 721: 719: 715: 711: 706: 705: 701: 699: 698:Massachusetts 695: 691: 686: 685: 681: 679: 675: 671: 666: 665: 661: 659: 658:New Hampshire 655: 651: 646: 645: 641: 639: 635: 631: 626: 625: 621: 619: 615: 611: 606: 605: 601: 599: 595: 591: 586: 585: 581: 579: 575: 571: 566: 565: 561: 559: 555: 551: 546: 545: 541: 539: 535: 531: 526: 525: 521: 517: 514: 511: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 478: 476: 472: 467: 462: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 440: 436: 428: 425: 422: 419: 417:(Connecticut) 416: 415:Roger Sherman 413: 410: 407: 404: 403:Thomas Nelson 401: 398: 397:Thomas McKean 395: 392: 389: 386: 383: 380: 377: 374: 371: 368: 365: 362: 359: 356: 353: 352: 351: 349: 345: 337: 336:Postage stamp 332: 323: 321: 317: 312: 308: 304: 300: 295: 292: 291: 286: 281: 279: 273: 271: 267: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 231: 227: 217: 215: 214:taxing powers 211: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 177: 175: 171: 167: 162: 160: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 123:United States 120: 110: 106: 102: 98: 95: 92: 88: 85: 82: 78: 75: 71: 67: 64:March 1, 1781 63: 61: 57: 53: 51: 47: 43: 39: 32: 27: 22: 19: 13333: 13325: 13312: 13217:Other events 13197: 13135:(1767, 1768) 13132: 12977:Bicentennial 12860:Other topics 12846:Liberty Tree 12818: 12758:Constitution 12750: 12655:Beaumarchais 12543:Samuel Adams 12294:William Howe 12289:Richard Howe 12189:West Florida 12174:East Florida 12148:Rhode Island 12143:Pennsylvania 12076:Involvement 12020:Gordon Riots 12005:Valley Forge 12000:Conway Cabal 11978:Other events 11740:Philadelphia 11638:British Army 11529:Powder Alarm 11463: 11459:Model Treaty 11381: 11139:Expansionism 11107:Common Sense 11105: 10924:Valley Forge 10873: 10639:Midway Atoll 10634:Kingman Reef 10614:Baker Island 10593:Puerto Rico 10505:South Dakota 10495:Rhode Island 10490:Pennsylvania 10470:North Dakota 10186: 10179: 10160: 10121: 10114: 10100: 10046: 10002: 9995: 9938: 9924: 9917: 9910: 9871: 9845:Marine Corps 9832: 9825: 9818: 9782:Debt ceiling 9767:Civil Rights 9749: 9742: 9728: 9714: 9700: 9671: 9666:Antisemitism 9664: 9657: 9613: 9574: 9510:2008–present 9462:Bush v. Gore 9460: 9398:War on drugs 9272:Mid Cold War 9124:Pearl Harbor 9119:World War II 8939:Ku Klux Klan 8667: 8536:Dummer's War 8475: 8468: 8462:Pre-Colonial 8297:Human rights 8277:Gun politics 8228:Islamophobia 8218:antisemitism 8086:Hospice care 8028:Middle class 8008:Homelessness 7985:Social class 7945:Social class 7809:Human rights 7799:Homelessness 7711:middle class 7676:Demographics 7651:Architecture 7558:Unemployment 7538:Labor unions 7286:Town meeting 7263:City council 7258:City manager 6999:State police 6861:Marine Corps 6851:Armed Forces 6826:civil rights 6806:Constitution 6378:Southwestern 6373:Southeastern 6363:Northwestern 6358:Northeastern 6323:Mid-Atlantic 6313:Great Plains 6031:World War II 5914:Constitution 5891: 5818:Colonial era 5797:2008–present 5574:Board of War 5464: 5396:John Hancock 5303:John Hancock 5108:John Mathews 5046:Thomas Adams 4946:Pennsylvania 4911:William Duer 4885:Andrew Adams 4880:Titus Hosmer 4849:John Collins 4832:Rhode Island 4818:James Lovell 4813:Francis Dana 4803:Samuel Adams 4798:John Hancock 4726: 4632: 4611: 4587: 4568: 4550: 4528: 4511: 4499: 4475: 4451: 4430: 4426: 4402: 4385:. New York: 4381: 4357: 4347:. New York: 4342: 4324: 4295: 4270: 4246: 4222: 4196: 4176: 4162: 4138: 4115: 4090: 4086: 4058: 4030: 4004: 3991: 3968: 3949: 3936: 3913: 3888: 3862: 3847:cite journal 3833:(1): 47–74. 3830: 3826: 3803: 3794: 3773: 3762: 3741: 3737: 3710: 3703:. Retrieved 3694: 3685: 3678:Maier (2010) 3658:. Retrieved 3649: 3642: 3630:. Retrieved 3612: 3600:. Retrieved 3594:(1): 70–71. 3591: 3587: 3577: 3559:Random House 3553: 3543: 3519: 3512: 3505:Maier (2010) 3485: 3473: 3461: 3449: 3437:. Retrieved 3413: 3406: 3394: 3387:Ferling 2003 3382: 3374:the original 3369: 3360: 3348:. Retrieved 3339: 3335: 3325: 3300: 3292: 3276: 3269:Ferling 2010 3264: 3252: 3240: 3233:McNeese 2009 3228: 3221:Frankel 2003 3216: 3204: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3156: 3144: 3128: 3116:. Retrieved 3103: 3093: 3086:Ferling 2003 3081: 3069: 3057: 3030: 3018: 3006: 2983: 2977: 2965:. Retrieved 2956: 2947: 2923: 2904: 2897: 2880: 2874: 2857: 2848: 2836: 2824:. Retrieved 2820:the original 2815: 2791:. 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