Shays's Rebellion - Knowledge

1036: 877:. Dorchester's proposal was vetoed in London, however, and no assistance came to the rebels. The same day that Lincoln arrived at Petersham, the state legislature passed bills authorizing a state of martial law and giving the governor broad powers to act against the rebels. The bills also authorized state payments to reimburse Lincoln and the merchants who had funded the army and authorized the recruitment of additional militia. On February 16, 1787, the Massachusetts legislature passed the Disqualification Act to prevent a legislative response by rebel sympathizers. This bill forbade any acknowledged rebels from holding a variety of elected and appointed offices. 774: 149: 42: 556: 972: 820:. The rebels originally had planned their assault for January 25. At the last moment, Day changed this date and sent a message to Shays indicating that he would not be ready to attack until the 26th. Day's message was intercepted by Shepard's men. As such, the militias of Shays and Parsons approached the armory on the 25th not knowing that they would have no support from the west. Instead, they found Shepard's militia waiting for them. Shepard first ordered warning shots fired over the heads of Shays's men. He then ordered two cannons to fire 209: 198: 160: 704:, the local militia commander, who began gathering militiamen the Saturday before the court was to sit, and he had 300 men protecting the Springfield courthouse by opening time. Shays and Day were able to recruit a similar number but chose only to demonstrate, exercising their troops outside of Shepard's lines rather than attempting to seize the building. The judges first postponed hearings and then adjourned on the 28th without hearing any cases. Shepard withdrew his force (which had grown to around 800 men) to the 849: 480: 591: 661: 647: 406: 5763: 5727: 5773: 563: 418: 577: 619: 633: 605: 753:. The legislature also moved to make some concessions on matters that upset farmers, saying that certain old taxes could now be paid in goods instead of hard currency. These measures were followed by one prohibiting speech critical of the government and offering pardons to protestors willing to take an oath of allegiance. These legislative actions were unsuccessful in quelling the protests, and the suspension of 963:, "You talk, my good sir, of employing influence to appease the present tumults in Massachusetts. I know not where that influence is to be found, or, if attainable, that it would be a proper remedy for the disorders. Influence is not government. Let us have a government by which our lives, liberties, and properties will be secured, or let us know the worst at once." 454:

they were unable to fulfill their debt and tax obligations. This led to strong resentments against tax collectors and the courts, where creditors obtained judgments against debtors, and where tax collectors obtained judgments authorizing property seizures. A farmer identified as "Plough Jogger" summarized the situation at a meeting convened by aggrieved commoners:

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neighboring states, and he introduced legislation that broke the impasse between New York and Vermont. Vermonters responded favorably to the overture, publicly pushing Eli Parsons and Luke Day out of the state (but quietly continuing to support others). Vermont became the fourteenth state after negotiations with New York and the passage of the new constitution.

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leading up to the state's ratifying convention in 1788. When the vote was taken on February 6, 1788, representatives of rural communities involved in the rebellion voted against ratification by a wide margin, but the day was carried by a coalition of merchants, urban elites, and market town leaders. The state ratified the constitution by a vote of 187 to 168.

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out parties or even their guards". Lincoln claimed to capture 150 men but none of them were officers, and historian Leonard Richards has questioned the veracity of the report. Most of the leadership escaped north into New Hampshire and Vermont, where they were sheltered despite repeated demands that they be returned to Massachusetts for trial.

1148:, a memorial was erected in 1927 by the New England Society of Brooklyn, New York, in commemoration of General Benjamin Lincoln's rout of the Shaysite forces there on the morning of February 4. The lengthy inscription is typical of the traditional, pro-government interpretation, ending with the line, "Obedience to the law is true liberty." 528: 688:

Matters were resolved without violence in Rhode Island because the "country party" gained control of the legislature in 1786 and enacted measures forcing its merchants to trade debt instruments for devalued currency. Boston's merchants were concerned by this, especially Bowdoin who held more than £3,000 in Massachusetts notes.

1066:, a merchant speculator and Massachusetts delegate from Essex County, thought that a federal response to the rebellion would have been even worse than that of the state. He was one of the few convention delegates who refused to sign the new constitution, although his reasons for doing so did not stem from the rebellion. 471:. Some soldiers began to organize protests against these oppressive economic conditions. In 1780, Daniel Shays resigned from the army unpaid and went home to find himself in court for non-payment of debts. He soon realized that he was not alone in his inability to pay his debts and began organizing for debt relief. 1050:

of Connecticut argued that because the people could not be trusted (as exemplified by Shays's Rebellion), the members of the federal House of Representatives should be chosen by state legislatures, not by popular vote. The example of Shays's Rebellion may also have been influential in the addition of

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Most rural communities attempted to use the legislative process to gain relief. Petitions and proposals were repeatedly submitted to the state legislature to issue paper currency, which would depreciate the currency and make it possible to pay a high-value debt with lower-valued paper. The merchants,

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was serving as ambassador to France at the time and refused to be alarmed by Shays's Rebellion. He argued in a letter to James Madison on January 30, 1787, that occasional rebellion serves to preserve freedoms. In a letter to William Stephens Smith on November 13, 1787, Jefferson wrote, "The tree of

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While the government forces assembled, Shays and Day and other rebel leaders in the west organized their forces establishing regional regimental organizations that were run by democratically elected committees. Their first major target was the federal armory in Springfield. General Shepard had taken

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on October 22, "We are now in a state of Anarchy and Confusion bordering on Civil War." Courts were able to meet in the larger towns and cities, but they required protection of the militia which Bowdoin called out for the purpose. Governor Bowdoin commanded the legislature to "vindicate the insulted

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Governor Hancock resigned in early 1785 citing health reasons, though some suggested that he was anticipating trouble. Bowdoin had repeatedly lost to Hancock in earlier elections, but he was elected governor that year—and matters became more severe. He stepped up civil actions to collect back taxes,

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broke from other New Yorkers, including major landowners with claims on Vermont territory, calling for the state to recognize and support Vermont's bid for admission to the union. He cited Vermont's de facto independence and its ability to cause trouble by providing support to the discontented from

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by similar action on September 5, but the county militia refused to turn out, as it was composed mainly of men sympathetic to the protestors. Governors of the neighboring states acted decisively, calling out the militia to hunt down the ringleaders in their own states after the first such protests.

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from September 11–14, 1786, and they concluded that vigorous steps were needed to reform the federal government, but they disbanded because of a lack of full representation and authority, calling for a convention of all the states to be held in Philadelphia in May 1787. Historian Robert Feer notes

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on February 2, around 20 miles (32 km) from Petersham. He led his militia on a forced march to Petersham through a bitter snowstorm on the night of February 3–4, arriving early in the morning. They surprised the rebel camp so thoroughly that the rebels scattered "without time to call in their

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Warrants were issued for the arrest of several of the protest ringleaders, and a posse of around 300 men rode to Groton on November 28 to arrest Job Shattuck and other rebel leaders in the area. Shattuck was chased down and arrested on the 30th and was wounded by a sword slash in the process. This

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observation that opposition to ratification in Massachusetts was motivated by "that cursed spirit of insurgency", but that broader opposition in other states originated in other constitutional concerns expressed by Elbridge Gerry, who published a widely distributed pamphlet outlining his concerns

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When the constitution had been drafted, Massachusetts was viewed by Federalists as a state that might not ratify it, because of widespread anti-Federalist sentiment in the rural parts of the state. Massachusetts Federalists, including Henry Knox, were active in courting swing votes in the debates

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Daniel Shays had participated in the Northampton action and began to take a more active role in the uprising in November, though he firmly denied that he was one of its leaders. The Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts indicted 11 leaders of the rebellion as "disorderly, riotous, and seditious

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did not impose hard currency demands on poorer borrowers and refused to actively prosecute the collection of delinquent taxes. The rural farming population was generally unable to meet the demands of merchants and the civil authorities, and some began to lose their land and other possessions when

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Historians are divided on the impact the rebellion had on the ratification debates. Robert Feer notes that major Federalist pamphleteers rarely mentioned it and that some anti-Federalists used the fact that Massachusetts survived the rebellion as evidence that a new constitution was unnecessary.

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Four thousand people signed confessions acknowledging participation in the events of the rebellion in exchange for amnesty. Several hundred participants were eventually indicted on charges relating to the rebellion, but most of these were pardoned under a general amnesty that excluded only a few

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The rebellion also played a role in the discussion of the number of chief executives the United States would have going forward. While mindful of tyranny, delegates of the Constitutional Convention thought that the single executive would be more effective in responding to national disturbances.

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writes that the timing of the rebellion "convinced the elites of sovereign states that the proposed gathering at Philadelphia must take place". Some states delayed choosing delegates to the proposed convention, including Massachusetts, in part because it resembled the "extra-legal" conventions

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in the gubernatorial election of 1787. The military victory was tempered by tax changes in subsequent years. The legislature cut taxes and placed a moratorium on debts and also refocused state spending away from interest payments, resulting in a 30-percent decline in the value of Massachusetts

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largely consisted of subsistence agriculture, particularly in the hill towns of central and western Massachusetts. Some residents in these areas had few assets beyond their land, and they bartered with one another for goods and services. In lean times, farmers might obtain goods on credit from

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I have been greatly abused, have been obliged to do more than my part in the war, been loaded with class rates, town rates, province rates, Continental rates, and all rates ... been pulled and hauled by sheriffs, constables, and collectors, and had my cattle sold for less than they were

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ringleaders. Eighteen men were convicted and sentenced to death, but most of these had their sentences commuted or overturned on appeal or were pardoned. John Bly and Charles Rose, however, were hanged on December 6, 1787. They were also accused of a common-law crime, as both were looters.

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The federal government had been unable to recruit soldiers for the army because of a lack of funding, so Massachusetts leaders decided to act independently. On January 4, 1787, Governor Bowdoin proposed creating a privately funded militia army. Former Continental Army General

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solicited funds and raised more than £6,000 from more than 125 merchants by the end of January. The 3,000 militiamen who were recruited into this army were almost entirely from the eastern counties of Massachusetts, and they marched to Worcester on January 19.

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late in the day for the bloodiest encounter of the rebellion: 30 rebels were wounded (one mortally), at least one government soldier was killed, and many were wounded. Ashley was further reinforced after the encounter, and he reported taking 150 prisoners.

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and successfully prevented the county court from sitting. The leaders of this force proclaimed that they were seeking relief from the burdensome judicial processes that were depriving the people of their land and possessions. They called themselves

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possession of the armory under orders from Governor Bowdoin, and he used its arsenal to arm a militia force of 1,200. He had done this even though the armory was federal property, not state, and he did not have permission from Secretary of War

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Protests in rural Massachusetts turned into direct action in August 1786 after the state legislature adjourned without considering the many petitions that had been sent to Boston. On August 29, a well-organized force of protestors formed in

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action and the arrest of other protest leaders in the eastern parts of the state angered those in the west, and they began to organize an overthrow of the state government. "The seeds of war are now sown", wrote one correspondent in

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The crushing of the rebellion and the harsh terms of reconciliation imposed by the Disqualification Act all worked against Governor Bowdoin politically. He received few votes from the rural parts of the state and was trounced by

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Shays was pardoned in 1788 and he returned to Massachusetts from hiding in the Vermont woods. He was vilified by the Boston press, who painted him as an archetypal anarchist opposed to the government. He later moved to the

824:. Four Shaysites were killed and 20 wounded. There was no musket fire from either side. The rebel advance collapsed with most of the rebel forces fleeing north. Both Shays's men and Day's men eventually regrouped at 2938: 860:

Lincoln's march marked the end of large-scale organized resistance. Ringleaders who eluded capture fled to neighboring states, and pockets of local resistance continued. Some rebel leaders sought assistance from

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The events and people of the uprising are commemorated in the towns where they lived and those where events took place. Sheffield erected a memorial (pictured above) marking the site of the "last battle" on the

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on the Rhode Island border on February 3, 1783, when a mob seized property that had been confiscated by a constable and returned it to its owners. Governor Hancock ordered the sheriff to suppress these actions.

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and the legislature exacerbated the situation by levying an additional property tax to raise funds for the state's portion of foreign debt payments. Even comparatively conservative commentators such as

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By early 1785, many influential merchants and political leaders were already agreed that a stronger central government was needed. Shortly after Shays's Rebellion broke out, delegates from five states

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Governor Bowdoin issued a proclamation on September 2 denouncing such mob action, but he took no military measures beyond planning a militia response to future actions. The court was then shut down in

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This modern map of Massachusetts is annotated to show points of conflict. Places where military conflicts occurred are highlighted in red; the others are locations of courthouses that were shut down.

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General Lincoln immediately began marching west from Worcester with the 3,000 men that had been mustered. The rebels moved generally north and east to avoid him, eventually establishing a camp at

892:, a major market town in the southwestern corner of the state. They raided the shops of merchants and the homes of merchants and local professionals, establishing an operational headquarters at 2931: 389:. The widely-held view had already developed that the Articles of Confederation were untenable and needed amending, with the events of the rebellion serving as further evidence for the later 1885:

Szatmary (p. 122) and Richards (p. 36) disagree on the casualty figures. Szatmary reports three government soldiers killed, Richards one. Richards does not report on the government wounded.

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among the citizenry and in opposition to the state government's increased efforts to collect taxes on both individuals and their trades. The fighting took place in the areas around

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wrote that the rural disturbances and the inability of the central government to fund troops in response made "the inefficiency of the Federal government more and more manifest".

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Artist's depiction of protesters watching a debtor in a scuffle with a tax collector by the courthouse at Springfield, Massachusetts. The insurrection was a tax-related rebellion.

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When the Revolutionary War ended in 1783, Massachusetts merchants' European business partners refused to extend lines of credit to them and insisted that they pay for goods with

463:... The great men are going to get all we have and I think it is time for us to rise and put a stop to it, and have no more courts, nor sheriffs, nor collectors nor lawyers. 6681: 3380: 4990: 4169: 5802: 804:

The insurgents were organized into three major groups and intended to surround and attack the armory simultaneously. Shays had one group east of Springfield near

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The military powers enshrined in the constitution were soon put to use by President George Washington. After the passage by the United States Congress of the

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David Szatmary argues that debate in some states was affected, particularly in Massachusetts, where the rebellion had a polarizing effect. Richards records

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explicitly tied anti-Federalist opinion to the rebel cause, calling opponents of the new constitution "Shaysites" and the Federalists "Washingtonians".

4812: 4659: 1042:, depicted in this 1861 portrait, opposed the Constitution as drafted, although his reasons for doing so were not strongly influenced by the rebellion. 442:, driven by the activities of wholesale merchants dealing with Europe and the West Indies. The state government was dominated by this merchant class. 369:

in an unsuccessful attempt to seize its weaponry and overthrow the government. The federal government, severely limited in its prerogatives under the

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observed that the uprising in Massachusetts clearly influenced local leaders who had previously opposed a strong federal government. Historian

835:. They raided the shops of local merchants for supplies along the way and took some of the merchants hostage. Lincoln pursued them and reached 6757: 4969: 3375: 498:, in 1782, who organized residents to physically prevent tax collectors from doing their work. A second, larger-scale protest took place in 6832: 6797: 6345: 6073: 5839: 4877: 4817: 4716: 4463: 4391: 4292: 4203: 4179: 4085: 3966: 3882: 3805: 3753: 3673: 3232: 999:, although most scholars agree that it played some role, at least temporarily drawing some anti-Federalists to the strong government side. 555: 5648: 4996: 4758: 4573: 5339: 5285: 5249: 4822: 4211: 3395: 3385: 995:

opposing them. Historical opinion is divided on what sort of role the rebellion played in the formation and later ratification of the

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from New York's claims to the territory. It became an unexpected beneficiary of the rebellion by sheltering the rebel ringleaders.

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that several prominent figures had hoped that the convention would fail, requiring a larger-scale convention, and French diplomat

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Veterans had received little pay during the war and faced added difficulty collecting payments owed to them from the State or the

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were apparent to many. A vigorous debate was going on throughout the states on the need for a stronger central government, with

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liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. It is its natural manure." In contrast,

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language to the constitution concerning the ability of states to manage domestic violence, and their ability to demand the

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Most of Lincoln's army melted away in late February as enlistments expired, and he commanded only 30 men at a base in

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Federalists cited the rebellion as an example of the confederation government's weaknesses, while opponents such as

511:, were opposed to the idea since they stood to lose from such measures, and the proposals were repeatedly rejected. 6737: 6722: 6238: 6037: 5199: 4453: 4282: 4115: 4075: 3954: 3488: 3312: 3272: 2916: 6827: 6742: 6732: 5400: 5134: 5090: 4486: 3984: 3840: 2981: 988: 809: 712: 6812: 6807: 6712: 6707: 4870: 4739: 4506: 3267: 959:

had been calling for constitutional reform for many years, and he wrote in a letter dated October 31, 1786, to

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claimed that foreigners ("British emissaries") were instigating treason among citizens. Adams helped draw up a

2911:"To Gen Washington from Gen. Benjamin Lincoln" (a letter extensively covering the events of Shays's Rebellion) 1279:"Creating a Demagogue: The Political Origins of Daniel Shays's Erroneous Legacy in American Political History" 1137:

that runs through Pelham the Daniel Shays Highway. A statue of General Shepard was erected in his hometown of

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Peet, Richard (March 1996). "A Sign Taken for History: Daniel Shays' Memorial in Petersham, Massachusetts".

6466: 6256: 6008: 5184: 5158: 5144: 5119: 5109: 5060: 4976: 4583: 4093: 3867: 3761: 3546: 3472: 3091: 1108:. The protests escalated and Washington led federal and state militia to put down what is now known as the 1094: 6285: 6280: 6261: 6232: 5990: 5918: 5614: 5510: 5080: 4349: 3726: 3691: 3207: 1003: 374: 354:, who protested against economic and civil rights injustices by the Massachusetts Government were led by 164: 2910: 6752: 6747: 6727: 6509: 6460: 6307: 5984: 5204: 5189: 5054: 4568: 3910: 3686: 3656: 3621: 3297: 3292: 3287: 3162: 3127: 2784: 996: 889: 693: 537: 373:, found itself unable to finance troops to put down the rebellion; it was consequently put down by the 355: 347: 6578: 6561: 6543: 6312: 5694: 5679: 5669: 5628: 5550: 5515: 5085: 4152: 3979: 3949: 3718: 3157: 1465: 1444: 984: 881: 762: 724: 370: 1046:

The convention that met in Philadelphia then was dominated by strong-government advocates. Delegate

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suppliers in local market towns who would be paid when times were better. In contrast, there was a

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At the time of the rebellion, the weaknesses of the federal government as constituted under the

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Feer, Robert (September 1969). "Shays's Rebellion and the Constitution: A Study in Causation".

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during 1786 and 1787. Historically, scholars have argued that the four thousand rebels, called

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Adams proposed a new legal distinction that rebellion in a republic should be punished by

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refused to crack down on tax delinquencies and accepted devalued paper currency for debts.

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Gross, Robert A. "A Yankee Rebellion? The Regulators, New England, and the New Nation,"

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about the vagueness of some of the powers granted in the constitution and its lack of a

696:, on September 26, and Shays organized an attempt to shut it down in Northampton, while 6454: 6362: 6157: 5965: 5959: 5856: 5600: 5575: 5480: 5420: 5395: 5365: 5355: 4954: 4949: 4939: 4929: 4642: 4620: 4140: 3999: 3974: 3944: 3905: 3788: 3631: 3192: 3152: 3041: 3036: 3011: 2698: 2623: 2527: 2505: 2345: 2303: 2208: 2204: 1912: 1895:

Lion G. Miles (June 1996). "Anna Bingham: From the Red Lion Inn to the Supreme Court".

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An illustration of Shays's troops repulsed from the armory in Springfield in early 1787

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Militia general William Shepard defended the Springfield Armory against rebel action.

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Artful and Designing Men: The Trials of Job Shattuck and the Regulation of 1786–1787

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thought that the convention was intentionally broken off early to achieve this end.

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The Background of Shays's Rebellion: A Study of Massachusetts History, 1780–1787

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of North Carolina, which sought to reform corrupt practices in the late 1760s.

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by the end of the month. In the meantime, around 120 rebels had regrouped in

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The Radical Reader: A Documentary History of the American Radical Tradition

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This monument marks the location of the final Shays's Rebellion battle in

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instituted a heavy tax burden and stepped up a collection of back taxes.

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observed that these levies were "heavier than the People could bear".

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trailhead. Pelham memorialized Daniel Shays by naming the portion of

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so the authorities could legally keep people in jail without trial.

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An Economic Interpretation of the Constitution of the United States

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Goldscheider, Tom. "Shays' Rebellion: Reclaiming the Revolution."

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organized by the protestors before the rebellion became violent.

2779:

Wier, Robert (2007). "Shays' Rebellion". In Wier, Robert (ed.).

888:, and they crossed the border on February 27, marching first on 6404: 2947:

Armed conflicts involving the Armed Forces of the United States

966: 96:

Reform of state government, later overthrow of state government

2852:(The rebellion is the central story of this children's novel.) 2392: 808:. Luke Day had a second force across the Connecticut River in 700:

organized an attempt in Springfield. They were anticipated by

6477: 2838:(Fictional depiction of the rebellion, as social commentary.) 6682:

List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America

6589: 6179: 6082: 5818: 2841: 2828:. New York, Boston, and Chicago: Silver, Burdett & Co. 2599:

In Debt to Shays: The Bicentennial of an Agrarian Rebellion

381:, alongside a privately funded local militia led by former 127:

Weak federal reaction helps spur Constitutional Convention

110:

Attempted seizure of federal arsenal at Springfield Armory

2458:

Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle

1354:

Shays's Rebellion: The American Revolution's Final Battle

711:

Protests were also successful in shutting down courts in

2652:

McCarthy, Timothy Patrick; McMillan, John, eds. (2011).

2507:

Shays' Rebellion: The Making of an Agrarian Insurrection

1104:, protest against the taxes it imposed began in western 708:, which was rumored to be the target of the protestors. 2393:

Manuel, Frank Edward; Manuel, Fritzie Prigohzy (2004).

1647: 1645: 2825:

The Duke of Stockbridge: A Romance of Shays' Rebellion

2651: 2423:

The Federalist Party in Massachusetts to the Year 1800

1163:

List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

2842:

Collier, James Lincoln; Collier, Christopher (1978).

1079:

Leonard Richards counters that publications like the

2259:

Supplement to the Acts and Resolves of Massachusetts

1642: 490:

One early protest against the government was led by

434:

in the more economically developed coastal areas of

2893:(The rebellion plays a central role in this novel.) 27:

Armed uprising in western Massachusetts (1786–1787)

2874: 2843: 2759: 2504: 2460:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1356:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1277: 1215:. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. 1030: 869:who reportedly promised assistance in the form of 692:persons". The court was scheduled to meet next in 2193:Annals of the Association of American Geographers 6699: 3471: 2596: 2397:. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. 1989: 425:Prior to the 19th century, the economy of rural 2676:(Reprints a petition to the state legislature.) 2634: 2227:"Shays' Rebellion – Object: Petersham Monument" 365:In 1787, the protesters marched on the federal 79:Economic conflict between farmers and merchants 2485:West Springfield Massachusetts: A Town History 1069: 927:securities as those payments fell in arrears. 918:area, where he died poor and obscure in 1825. 5803: 3742:Drafting and ratification of the Constitution 3457: 2932: 2724:New England Conscience: With Typical Examples 2700:History of the Insurrections in Massachusetts 2441:"John Hancock's Big Toe and the Constitution" 2426:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1894: 946: 4666:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 2778: 2103: 1545: 967:Influence upon the Constitutional Convention 2684:. Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press. 2487:. Springfield, MA: F. A. Bassette Company. 1590: 1588: 1586: 1584: 522: 6793:History of Worcester County, Massachusetts 6788:History of Middlesex County, Massachusetts 6783:History of Hampshire County, Massachusetts 6768:History of Berkshire County, Massachusetts 6718:18th century in Springfield, Massachusetts 5810: 5796: 3464: 3450: 3396:History of the Central Intelligence Agency 3381:Length of U.S. participation in major wars 2939: 2925: 2639:. Westfield, MA: Westfield State College. 2395:James Bowdoin and the Patriot Philosophers 1780: 1245:"Shays' Rebellion [ushistory.org]" 40: 6687:Mass racial violence in the United States 4190:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki 2855: 2679: 1946: 1944: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1470:. Columbia University Press. p. 26. 1429: 1427: 6778:History of Hampden County, Massachusetts 6773:History of Bristol County, Massachusetts 2703:. Worcester, MA: Isaiah Thomas. p. 2499: 2455: 1581: 1463: 1351: 1345: 1210: 1034: 970: 847: 772: 562: 526: 478: 416: 404: 4345:Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr. 2818: 2757: 2529:A People's History of the United States 2343: 1518: 1053:return of individuals from other states 14: 6700: 2872: 2747:. Mustang, OK: Tate Publishing, 2013. 2720: 2350:. Springfield, MA: S. Bowles. p. 1941: 1491: 1424: 975:The 1787 Constitutional Convention by 5791: 5273: 5035: 4697: 3501: 3445: 2920: 2696: 2568: 2511:. University of Massachusetts Press. 2482: 2438: 2419: 2373:American Statesmen: George Washington 2366: 2314: 2255: 2108:(4th ed.). Washington: CQ Press. 1276:Zug, Charles U. (September 1, 2021). 6758:Events in Springfield, Massachusetts 3376:Timeline of U.S. military operations 2615: 2525: 2318:Give Me Liberty! An American History 2285: 2190: 2184: 1442: 6833:Tax resistance in the United States 6798:History of Worcester, Massachusetts 5826:in the history of the United States 2581:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 1324: 1275: 1178:Tax resistance in the United States 590: 576: 24: 6649:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 4032:Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act 4022:Assassination of James A. Garfield 2907:(George Washington's Mount Vernon) 2637:Shays's Rebellion: Selected Essays 2556: 2205:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1996.tb01744.x 474: 82:Aggressive tax and debt collection 25: 6849: 6637:Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot 4064:Assassination of William McKinley 3133:American–Algerian War (1785–1795) 2898: 2881:(Reprint ed.). Forge Books. 660: 646: 618: 107:Direct action to close courthouse 85:Political corruption and cronyism 6369:San Francisco Vigilance Movement 6239:Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall 6152:New York anti-abolitionist riots 6038:Protestant Revolution (Maryland) 5771: 5762: 5761: 5726: 5725: 4283:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 4076:Nadir of American race relations 3955:Assassination of Abraham Lincoln 2727:. Boston: R. G. Badger. p. 2601:. University Press of Virginia. 2439:North, Gary (February 9, 2004). 2347:History of Western Massachusetts 2344:Holland, Josiah Gilbert (1855). 659: 645: 631: 617: 603: 589: 575: 561: 554: 207: 196: 158: 147: 6838:West Springfield, Massachusetts 6823:Rebellions in the United States 6763:Great Barrington, Massachusetts 6486:Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854 3985:First transcontinental railroad 2697:Minot, George Richards (1788). 2248: 2219: 2175: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2112: 2104:Milkis, S.; Nelson, M. (2003). 2097: 2088: 2079: 2070: 2061: 2052: 2043: 2034: 2025: 2016: 2007: 1998: 1980: 1971: 1962: 1953: 1932: 1923: 1888: 1879: 1870: 1861: 1852: 1843: 1834: 1825: 1816: 1807: 1798: 1789: 1771: 1762: 1753: 1744: 1735: 1726: 1717: 1708: 1699: 1690: 1681: 1672: 1663: 1654: 1633: 1624: 1615: 1606: 1597: 1572: 1563: 1554: 1536: 1527: 1509: 1457: 1451:University of Wisconsin–Madison 1436: 1415: 1406: 1397: 1388: 1328:Demagogues in American Politics 1031:Influence upon the Constitution 904: 632: 604: 55:August 29, 1786 – February 1787 3411:List of anti-war organizations 2721:Munroe, James Phinney (1915). 2597:Gross, Robert A., ed. (1993). 2262:. Boston: Geo. Ellis. p. 1379: 1370: 1318: 1269: 1255: 1237: 1204: 1195: 865:, the British governor of the 13: 1: 6643:New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot 5914:New York Slave Revolt of 1712 3323:War against the Islamic State 2758:Starkey, Marion Lena (1955). 2635:Kaufman, Martin, ed. (1987). 2616:Hale, Edward Everett (1891). 2590:(2009) 82#1 pp. 112–135 2376:. Houghton, Mifflin. p. 2256:Bacon, Edwin M., ed. (1896). 1732:Szatmary, pp. 86–89, 104 1211:Richards, Leonard L. (2002). 816:was situated to the north at 469:Congress of the Confederation 400: 6281:1824 Hard Scrabble race riot 6257:Muncy Abolition riot of 1842 6009:Gloucester County Conspiracy 5153:Hispanic and Latino American 4007:Second Industrial Revolution 3841:Nat Turner's slave rebellion 3547:Exploration of North America 3473:History of the United States 2860:. New York: The Dial Press. 2562:Additional scholarly sources 2456:Richards, Leonard L (2002). 1115: 930:Vermont was an unrecognized 843: 768: 740:and a resolution suspending 723:, in September and October. 271:4,000+ (largest force 1,500) 266:4,000+ (largest force 3,000) 7: 6262:Philadelphia nativist riots 5991:Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 5919:New York Conspiracy of 1741 4677:Indictments of Donald Trump 3868:First Industrial Revolution 3702:Declaration of Independence 3692:Second Continental Congress 2856:Degenhard, William (1943). 2532:. New York: HarperCollins. 1443:Hahn, John Willard (1946). 1331:. Oxford University Press. 1151: 1129:, across the road from the 1070:Influence upon ratification 375:Massachusetts State Militia 165:Massachusetts State Militia 10: 6854: 6803:Northampton, Massachusetts 6510:Know-Nothing Riots of 1856 6461:Marais des Cygnes massacre 6455:Battles of Franklin's Fort 6308:1811 German Coast uprising 5985:Philadelphia Election riot 5274: 5036: 4698: 4569:Killing of Osama bin Laden 3657:First Continental Congress 3502: 3313:War in North-West Pakistan 3163:Second Sumatran expedition 3128:American Revolutionary War 2785:Greenwood Publishing Group 2680:Middleton, Lamar (1968) . 2619:The Story of Massachusetts 1464:Mitchell, Broadus (1957). 1352:Richards, Leonard (2003). 1284:American Political Thought 1004:met in Annapolis, Maryland 997:United States Constitution 991:arguing for the idea, and 947:Impact on the Constitution 890:Stockbridge, Massachusetts 780:depicted in a portrait by 694:Springfield, Massachusetts 538:Northampton, Massachusetts 6674: 6617: 6588: 6579:New York City draft riots 6562:New York City Police riot 6552: 6544:Detroit race riot of 1863 6523: 6500: 6476: 6403: 6378: 6353: 6344: 6300: 6271: 6211: 6178: 6136: 6106: 6081: 6072: 6030: 5999: 5975: 5938: 5898: 5847: 5833: 5747: 5713: 5657: 5621: 5609: 5348: 5322: 5284: 5280: 5269: 5042: 5031: 4704: 4693: 4559: 4462: 4390: 4291: 4202: 4153:Wall Street Crash of 1929 4084: 3965: 3950:Emancipation Proclamation 3881: 3804: 3752: 3719:Articles of Confederation 3672: 3557:Native American epidemics 3537: 3512: 3508: 3497: 3479: 3358: 3158:First Sumatran expedition 3120: 2959: 2952: 2483:Swift, Esther M. (1969). 2321:. New York: W.W. Norton. 2288:The New England Quarterly 1897:The New England Quarterly 985:Articles of Confederation 391:Constitutional Convention 371:Articles of Confederation 334:was an armed uprising in 285: 280: 260: 255: 190: 185: 139: 134: 117: 100: 92: 72: 59: 51: 39: 34: 6818:Petersham, Massachusetts 6603:Cincinnati riots of 1855 6286:1831 Snow Town race riot 6203:Cincinnati riots of 1841 6198:Cincinnati riots of 1836 6193:Cincinnati riots of 1829 5639:Northern Mariana Islands 4212:Strike wave of 1945–1946 3112:2021 U.S. Capitol attack 3072:Battle of Blair Mountain 2873:Martin, William (2007). 1325:Zug, Charles U. (2022). 1188: 1146:Petersham, Massachusetts 854:Sheffield, Massachusetts 833:Petersham, Massachusetts 778:General Benjamin Lincoln 732:dignity of government". 685:Worcester, Massachusetts 523:Shutting down the courts 440:Connecticut River Valley 6738:Chicopee, Massachusetts 6723:18th-century rebellions 6598:Cincinnati riot of 1853 5174:Middle Eastern American 4991:Technology and industry 3861:Seneca Falls Convention 3662:Continental Association 3562:Settlement of Jamestown 3371:Wars involving the U.S. 3208:Philippine–American War 3092:1960s ghetto rebellions 2656:. New York: New Press. 2569:Beard, Charles (1935). 2231:shaysrebellion.stcc.edu 2106:The American Presidency 1533:Szatmary, pp. 38–42, 45 500:Uxbridge, Massachusetts 6828:Taunton, Massachusetts 6743:Concord, Massachusetts 6733:Amherst, Massachusetts 6515:Baltimore riot of 1861 6313:Nat Turner's Rebellion 6233:Philadelphia race riot 6122:Abolition Riot of 1836 6116:Ursuline Convent riots 5294:Admission to the Union 4660:Afghanistan withdrawal 4655:January 6 insurrection 4574:Rise in mass shootings 4546:Virginia Tech shooting 4099:Paris Peace Conference 3873:Second Great Awakening 3612:American Enlightenment 3416:Conscientious objector 3318:First Libyan Civil War 3188:Second Fiji expedition 3168:Ivory Coast expedition 3102:1992 Los Angeles riots 3062:Colorado Coalfield War 2954:Listed chronologically 2573:. New York: Macmillan. 1467:Heritage from Hamilton 1043: 980: 934:that had been seeking 857: 826:Amherst, Massachusetts 812:. A third force under 784: 721:Taunton, Massachusetts 532: 487: 484:Governor James Bowdoin 465: 422: 414: 6813:Pelham, Massachusetts 6808:Palmer, Massachusetts 6713:1787 in Massachusetts 6708:1786 in Massachusetts 6608:Battle of Fort Fizzle 6538:Detroit brothel riots 6431:Pottawatomie massacre 5960:War of the Regulation 5924:Battle of Golden Hill 5286:Territorial evolution 4650:George Floyd Protests 4633:Unite the Right rally 4502:Oklahoma City bombing 4497:Republican Revolution 4444:Space Shuttle program 4266:Civil Rights Movement 4234:North Atlantic Treaty 4042:Sherman Antitrust Act 4027:Chinese Exclusion Act 3617:French and Indian War 3607:Prelude to Revolution 3592:First Great Awakening 3552:European colonization 3386:Territorial evolution 3366:Conflicts in the U.S. 3288:Intervention in Haiti 3178:First Fiji expedition 2877:The Lost Constitution 2781:Class in America: Q–Z 2588:New England Quarterly 2583:43.1 (2015) pp.62–93. 2526:Zinn, Howard (2005). 2420:Morse, Anson (1909). 2181:Richards, pp. 117–118 2172:Richards, pp. 135–136 2163:Richards, pp. 141–143 2154:Szatmary, pp. 128–132 1831:Richards, pp. 31, 120 1813:Szatmary, pp. 103–104 1221:10.9783/9780812203196 1038: 977:Junius Brutus Stearns 974: 936:independent statehood 886:New Lebanon, New York 851: 837:Pelham, Massachusetts 776: 545:, a reference to the 530: 496:Groton, Massachusetts 482: 456: 420: 408: 336:Western Massachusetts 317:2 executed by hanging 281:Casualties and losses 65:Western Massachusetts 18:Shays' Rebellion 6661:Southern bread riots 6574:Buffalo riot of 1862 6449:Battle of Osawatomie 6443:Battle of Fort Titus 6437:Battle of Black Jack 6188:1792 Cincinnati riot 6021:Chesapeake rebellion 5948:Culpeper's Rebellion 5200:Palestinian American 4627:Obergefell v. Hodges 4519:September 11 attacks 4355:Second-wave feminism 4276:Cuban Missile Crisis 4136:Bath School disaster 4054:Spanish–American War 4017:The Gospel of Wealth 3896:California Gold Rush 3856:Mexican–American War 3846:Nullification crisis 3814:Era of Good Feelings 3714:Confederation period 3622:Proclamation of 1763 3572:Atlantic slave trade 3248:Bay of Pigs Invasion 3203:Spanish–American War 3173:Mexican–American War 3097:Kent State shootings 3087:Puerto Rican revolts 3017:American Indian Wars 2812:Fictional treatments 2315:Foner, Eric (2006). 1651:Holland, pp. 245–247 1082:Pennsylvania Gazette 1009:Louis-Guillaume Otto 932:independent republic 675:class=notpageimage| 6467:Battle of the Spurs 6425:Sacking of Lawrence 6325:Baltimore bank riot 6251:Lombard Street riot 5908:Leisler's Rebellion 5649:U.S. Virgin Islands 5135:Lithuanian American 5091:Vietnamese American 4437:End of the Cold War 4427:Invasion of Grenada 4377:Iran hostage crisis 4126:Tulsa race massacre 3933:Election of Lincoln 3928:Dred Scott decision 3916:Kansas–Nebraska Act 3819:Missouri Compromise 3737:Northwest Ordinance 3727:Pennsylvania Mutiny 3722:and Perpetual Union 3682:American Revolution 3597:War of Jenkins' Ear 3263:Invasion of Grenada 3258:Dominican Civil War 2913:(National Archives) 2850:. Four Winds Press. 2766:. New York: Knopf. 1968:Richards, pp. 38–39 1938:Richards, pp. 38–41 1750:Richards, pp. 27–28 1741:Szatmary, pp. 98–99 1723:Szatmary, pp. 84–86 1696:Szatmary, pp. 92–93 1639:Richards, pp. 84–87 1630:Szatmary, pp. 78–79 1612:Szatmary, pp. 79–80 1551:Richards, pp. 87–88 1421:Szatmary, pp. 29–34 1403:Szatmary, pp. 25–31 1385:Szatmary, pp. 10–15 1168:Newburgh Conspiracy 438:and in the fertile 6158:Flour riot of 1837 5966:Battle of Alamance 5930:1788 doctors' riot 5857:1689 Boston revolt 5299:Historical regions 5255:Transgender people 4813:Capital punishment 4672:Support of Ukraine 4621:Black Lives Matter 4529:War in Afghanistan 4454:Invasion of Panama 4410:Iran–Contra affair 4271:Early–mid Cold War 4141:Harlem Renaissance 4000:Compromise of 1877 3975:Reconstruction era 3911:Fugitive Slave Act 3906:Compromise of 1850 3851:Westward expansion 3789:Louisiana Purchase 3632:Stamp Act Congress 3577:King William's War 3303:War in Afghanistan 3273:Invasion of Panama 3268:Lebanese Civil War 3193:Formosa Expedition 3153:Second Barbary War 3107:2020 racial unrest 3042:Johnson County War 3037:Lincoln County War 3012:American Civil War 3007:Harpers Ferry raid 2982:Turner's Rebellion 2762:A Little Rebellion 2624:D. Lothrop Company 2501:Szatmary, David P. 2368:Lodge, Henry Cabot 1376:Szatmary, pp. 1–10 1263:"Shays' Rebellion" 1044: 981: 940:Alexander Hamilton 867:Province of Quebec 858: 785: 706:Springfield Armory 547:Regulator movement 533: 488: 423: 415: 409:Populist Governor 367:Springfield Armory 6753:Conflicts in 1787 6748:Conflicts in 1786 6728:Agrarian politics 6695: 6694: 6670: 6669: 6568:Dead Rabbits riot 6533:1849 Detroit riot 6491:Portland Rum Riot 6340: 6339: 6227:Fries's Rebellion 6221:Whiskey Rebellion 6127:Broad Street Riot 6068: 6067: 6015:Bacon's Rebellion 5862:Boston bread riot 5785: 5784: 5743: 5742: 5739: 5738: 5304:American frontier 5265: 5264: 5195:Lebanese American 5180:Egyptian American 5115:Estonian American 5105:Albanian American 5099:European American 5076:Japanese American 5066:Filipino American 5027: 5026: 4689: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4638:COVID-19 pandemic 4541:Hurricane Katrina 4482:Los Angeles riots 4372:Watergate scandal 4217:Start of Cold War 4185:Manhattan Project 3772:Whiskey Rebellion 3602:King George's War 3567:Thirteen Colonies 3528:Pre-Columbian Era 3439: 3438: 3401:Casualties of war 3233:Russian Civil War 3198:Korean Expedition 3143:First Barbary War 3022:Brooks–Baxter War 2977:Fries's Rebellion 2972:Whiskey Rebellion 2905:Shays's Rebellion 2794:978-0-313-34245-5 2753:978-1-62746-575-5 2663:978-1-59558-742-8 2608:978-0-8139-1354-4 2539:978-0-06-083865-2 2518:978-0-87023-419-4 2467:978-0-8122-1870-1 2443:. LewRockwell.com 2404:978-0-87169-247-4 2328:978-0-393-92782-5 2040:Feer, pp. 391–392 1569:Richards, pp. 6–9 1363:978-0-8122-1870-1 1338:978-0-19-765194-0 1249:www.ushistory.org 1213:Shays's Rebellion 1183:Whiskey Rebellion 1158:Fries's Rebellion 1131:Appalachian Trail 1110:Whiskey Rebellion 957:George Washington 916:Conesus, New York 436:Massachusetts Bay 356:Revolutionary War 342:in response to a 332:Shays's Rebellion 329: 328: 325: 324: 276: 275: 181: 180: 124:Rebellion crushed 35:Shays's Rebellion 16:(Redirected from 6845: 6351: 6350: 6169:Astor Place Riot 6079: 6078: 5954:Cary's Rebellion 5889:Shays' Rebellion 5845: 5844: 5812: 5805: 5798: 5789: 5788: 5775: 5765: 5764: 5729: 5728: 5658:Outlying islands 5615:Washington, D.C. 5610:Federal District 5309:Manifest destiny 5282: 5281: 5271: 5270: 5213:Native Americans 5185:Iranian American 5159:Mexican American 5145:Serbian American 5130:Italian American 5120:Finnish American 5110:English American 5061:Chinese American 5048:African American 5033: 5032: 4838:Direct democracy 4828:The Constitution 4787:Higher education 4710:American Century 4695: 4694: 4148:Great Depression 4121:Women's suffrage 4111:Roaring Twenties 4037:Haymarket affair 3995:Enforcement Acts 3784:Jeffersonian era 3732:Shays' Rebellion 3652:Intolerable Acts 3647:Boston Tea Party 3582:Queen Anne's War 3510: 3509: 3499: 3498: 3466: 3459: 3452: 3443: 3442: 3391:Military history 3350:Yemeni civil war 3283:Somali Civil War 3183:Second Opium War 3052:Homestead strike 2967:Shays' Rebellion 2941: 2934: 2927: 2918: 2917: 2892: 2880: 2869: 2851: 2849: 2837: 2806: 2783:. Westport, CT: 2775: 2765: 2743:Shattuck, Gary, 2740: 2716: 2693: 2675: 2648: 2631: 2612: 2574: 2551: 2522: 2510: 2496: 2479: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2435: 2416: 2389: 2363: 2340: 2311: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2242: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2223: 2217: 2216: 2188: 2182: 2179: 2173: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2145:Richards, p. 139 2143: 2137: 2134: 2128: 2127:Szatmary, p. 133 2125: 2119: 2116: 2110: 2109: 2101: 2095: 2094:Szatmary, p. 130 2092: 2086: 2085:Richards, p. 134 2083: 2077: 2076:Richards, p. 132 2074: 2068: 2065: 2059: 2058:Szatmary, p. 127 2056: 2050: 2049:Szatmary, p. 123 2047: 2041: 2038: 2032: 2031:Szatmary, p. 122 2029: 2023: 2022:Szatmary, p. 120 2020: 2014: 2011: 2005: 2002: 1996: 1993: 1987: 1986:Richards, p. 122 1984: 1978: 1977:Richards, p. 119 1975: 1969: 1966: 1960: 1959:Richards, p. 117 1957: 1951: 1948: 1939: 1936: 1930: 1927: 1921: 1920: 1892: 1886: 1883: 1877: 1874: 1868: 1865: 1859: 1856: 1850: 1847: 1841: 1840:Szatmary, p. 108 1838: 1832: 1829: 1823: 1822:Szatmary, p. 105 1820: 1814: 1811: 1805: 1804:Szatmary, p. 103 1802: 1796: 1795:Szatmary, p. 102 1793: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1777:Szatmary, p. 101 1775: 1769: 1766: 1760: 1757: 1751: 1748: 1742: 1739: 1733: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1706: 1703: 1697: 1694: 1688: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1670: 1667: 1661: 1658: 1652: 1649: 1640: 1637: 1631: 1628: 1622: 1619: 1613: 1610: 1604: 1601: 1595: 1592: 1579: 1576: 1570: 1567: 1561: 1558: 1552: 1549: 1543: 1540: 1534: 1531: 1525: 1522: 1516: 1513: 1507: 1504: 1489: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1461: 1455: 1454: 1440: 1434: 1431: 1422: 1419: 1413: 1410: 1404: 1401: 1395: 1392: 1386: 1383: 1377: 1374: 1368: 1367: 1349: 1343: 1342: 1322: 1316: 1315: 1281: 1273: 1267: 1266: 1265:. June 20, 2023. 1259: 1253: 1252: 1241: 1235: 1234: 1208: 1202: 1199: 1173:Paper Money Riot 1048:Oliver Ellsworth 993:Anti-Federalists 952:Thomas Jefferson 894:Bingham's Tavern 873:warriors led by 810:West Springfield 790:Benjamin Lincoln 713:Great Barrington 663: 662: 649: 648: 635: 634: 621: 620: 607: 606: 593: 592: 579: 578: 569:Great Barrington 565: 564: 558: 462: 387:Benjamin Lincoln 383:Continental Army 287: 286: 262: 261: 219:Benjamin Lincoln 211: 200: 162: 153: 151: 150: 141: 140: 44: 32: 31: 21: 6853: 6852: 6848: 6847: 6846: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6691: 6666: 6613: 6584: 6548: 6519: 6496: 6472: 6413:Bleeding Kansas 6399: 6394:Charleston riot 6388:Lager Beer Riot 6374: 6363:Squatters' riot 6336: 6319:Blackburn Riots 6296: 6267: 6207: 6174: 6132: 6102: 6064: 6044:Stono Rebellion 6026: 5995: 5971: 5934: 5894: 5883:Boston Massacre 5838: 5829: 5816: 5786: 5781: 5735: 5709: 5653: 5617: 5605: 5344: 5318: 5276: 5261: 5167:Jewish American 5140:Polish American 5081:Korean American 5071:Indian American 5038: 5023: 4878:Merchant Marine 4848:Law enforcement 4700: 4681: 4555: 4551:Great Recession 4458: 4432:Reagan Doctrine 4386: 4365:Stonewall riots 4287: 4261:Project Mercury 4222:Truman Doctrine 4198: 4106:First Red Scare 4080: 4049:Progressive Era 3961: 3921:Bleeding Kansas 3877: 3824:Monroe Doctrine 3800: 3748: 3707:Treaty of Paris 3668: 3642:Boston Massacre 3637:Sons of Liberty 3533: 3504: 3493: 3475: 3470: 3440: 3435: 3354: 3213:Boxer Rebellion 3116: 2997:Bleeding Kansas 2955: 2948: 2945: 2901: 2896: 2889: 2846:The Winter Hero 2820:Bellamy, Edward 2809: 2795: 2664: 2609: 2559: 2557:Further reading 2554: 2540: 2519: 2468: 2446: 2444: 2405: 2329: 2276: 2274: 2251: 2246: 2245: 2235: 2233: 2225: 2224: 2220: 2189: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2135: 2131: 2126: 2122: 2117: 2113: 2102: 2098: 2093: 2089: 2084: 2080: 2075: 2071: 2066: 2062: 2057: 2053: 2048: 2044: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2026: 2021: 2017: 2012: 2008: 2003: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1985: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1967: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1942: 1937: 1933: 1929:Richards, p. 36 1928: 1924: 1893: 1889: 1884: 1880: 1876:Richards, p. 35 1875: 1871: 1867:Richards, p. 33 1866: 1862: 1858:Richards, p. 32 1857: 1853: 1849:Richards, p. 34 1848: 1844: 1839: 1835: 1830: 1826: 1821: 1817: 1812: 1808: 1803: 1799: 1794: 1790: 1786:Richards, p. 29 1785: 1781: 1776: 1772: 1768:Richards, p. 28 1767: 1763: 1759:Holland, p. 261 1758: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1740: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1722: 1718: 1714:Szatmary, p. 97 1713: 1709: 1705:Szatmary, p. 94 1704: 1700: 1695: 1691: 1687:Szatmary, p. 92 1686: 1682: 1678:Szatmary, p. 84 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1660:Holland, p. 247 1659: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1638: 1634: 1629: 1625: 1621:Szatmary, p. 80 1620: 1616: 1611: 1607: 1603:Szatmary, p. 56 1602: 1598: 1593: 1582: 1578:Szatmary, p. 38 1577: 1573: 1568: 1564: 1560:Richards, p. 88 1559: 1555: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1524:Bacon, p. 1:148 1523: 1519: 1515:Szatmary, p. 43 1514: 1510: 1505: 1492: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1462: 1458: 1441: 1437: 1432: 1425: 1420: 1416: 1412:Richards, p. 85 1411: 1407: 1402: 1398: 1394:Szatmary, p. 32 1393: 1389: 1384: 1380: 1375: 1371: 1364: 1350: 1346: 1339: 1323: 1319: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1243: 1242: 1238: 1231: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1196: 1191: 1154: 1144:In the town of 1118: 1090:Henry Jackson's 1072: 1033: 1014:In early 1787, 969: 949: 907: 863:Lord Dorchester 846: 771: 702:William Shepard 681: 680: 679: 677: 671: 670: 669: 668: 664: 656: 655: 654: 650: 642: 641: 640: 636: 628: 627: 626: 622: 614: 613: 612: 608: 600: 599: 598: 594: 586: 585: 584: 580: 572: 571: 570: 566: 525: 477: 475:Early rumblings 460: 403: 379:William Shepard 321: 320: 301: 300: 272: 267: 251: 250: 249: 224: 223: 214:William Shepard 177: 172: 169:Private militia 148: 146: 130: 113: 88: 68: 67:, United States 47: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 6851: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6689: 6684: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6668: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6658: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6628: 6625:Erie Gauge War 6621: 6619: 6615: 6614: 6612: 6611: 6605: 6600: 6594: 6592: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6582: 6576: 6571: 6565: 6558: 6556: 6550: 6549: 6547: 6546: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6527: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6497: 6495: 6494: 6488: 6482: 6480: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6452: 6446: 6440: 6434: 6428: 6422: 6416: 6409: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6391: 6384: 6382: 6376: 6375: 6373: 6372: 6366: 6359: 6357: 6348: 6342: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6335: 6334: 6328: 6322: 6316: 6310: 6304: 6302: 6298: 6297: 6295: 6294: 6291:Dorr Rebellion 6288: 6283: 6277: 6275: 6269: 6268: 6266: 6265: 6259: 6254: 6248: 6242: 6236: 6230: 6224: 6217: 6215: 6209: 6208: 6206: 6205: 6200: 6195: 6190: 6184: 6182: 6176: 6175: 6173: 6172: 6166: 6160: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6131: 6130: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6100: 6094: 6087: 6085: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6066: 6065: 6063: 6062: 6059:Pine Tree Riot 6056: 6047: 6041: 6034: 6032: 6028: 6027: 6025: 6024: 6018: 6012: 6005: 6003: 5997: 5996: 5994: 5993: 5988: 5981: 5979: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5944: 5942: 5940:North Carolina 5936: 5935: 5933: 5932: 5927: 5921: 5916: 5911: 5904: 5902: 5896: 5895: 5893: 5892: 5886: 5880: 5871: 5865: 5859: 5853: 5851: 5842: 5831: 5830: 5815: 5814: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5769: 5759: 5757:Historiography 5754: 5748: 5745: 5744: 5741: 5740: 5737: 5736: 5734: 5733: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5708: 5707: 5702: 5697: 5695:Navassa Island 5692: 5687: 5682: 5680:Johnston Atoll 5677: 5672: 5670:Howland Island 5667: 5661: 5659: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5651: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5631: 5629:American Samoa 5625: 5623: 5619: 5618: 5613: 5611: 5607: 5606: 5604: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5578: 5573: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5551:South Carolina 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5523: 5518: 5516:North Carolina 5513: 5508: 5503: 5498: 5493: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5352: 5350: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5340:The West Coast 5337: 5332: 5326: 5324: 5320: 5319: 5317: 5316: 5314:Indian removal 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5290: 5288: 5278: 5277: 5267: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5260: 5259: 5258: 5257: 5252: 5247: 5235: 5228: 5227: 5226: 5221: 5209: 5208: 5207: 5205:Saudi American 5202: 5197: 5192: 5190:Iraqi American 5187: 5182: 5170: 5163: 5162: 5161: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5125:Irish American 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5095: 5094: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5055:Asian American 5051: 5043: 5040: 5039: 5029: 5028: 5025: 5024: 5022: 5021: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5009: 5004: 4999: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4983:Sexual slavery 4973: 4966: 4959: 4958: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4898: 4893: 4881: 4874: 4867: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4855: 4853:Postal service 4850: 4845: 4843:Foreign policy 4840: 4835: 4830: 4825: 4820: 4815: 4810: 4798: 4791: 4790: 4789: 4777: 4776: 4775: 4763: 4762: 4761: 4749: 4748: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4720: 4713: 4705: 4702: 4701: 4691: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4679: 4674: 4669: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4647: 4646: 4645: 4635: 4630: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4591: 4586: 4581: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4548: 4543: 4538: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4521: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4457: 4456: 4451: 4446: 4441: 4440: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4419: 4417:Crack epidemic 4414: 4413: 4412: 4407: 4396: 4394: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4382:Moral Majority 4379: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4367: 4360:Gay liberation 4357: 4352: 4350:Counterculture 4347: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4338:Fall of Saigon 4335: 4330: 4320: 4319: 4318: 4316:Apollo program 4313: 4311:Project Gemini 4303: 4297: 4295: 4289: 4288: 4286: 4285: 4280: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4252: 4251: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4229:Early Cold War 4226: 4225: 4224: 4214: 4208: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4182: 4177: 4167: 4166: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4145: 4144: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4108: 4103: 4102: 4101: 4090: 4088: 4082: 4081: 4079: 4078: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4066: 4061: 4056: 4046: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4034: 4029: 4024: 4019: 4009: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3971: 3969: 3963: 3962: 3960: 3959: 3958: 3957: 3952: 3942: 3941: 3940: 3935: 3930: 3925: 3924: 3923: 3913: 3908: 3901:Prelude to War 3898: 3893: 3891:Antebellum Era 3887: 3885: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3875: 3870: 3865: 3864: 3863: 3858: 3853: 3848: 3843: 3838: 3836:Trail of Tears 3831:Jacksonian era 3828: 3827: 3826: 3821: 3810: 3808: 3802: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3791: 3781: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3767:Federalist Era 3764: 3762:Bill of Rights 3758: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3711: 3710: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3697:Lee Resolution 3694: 3689: 3678: 3676: 3670: 3669: 3667: 3666: 3665: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3531: 3524: 3516: 3514: 3506: 3505: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3491: 3486: 3480: 3477: 3476: 3469: 3468: 3461: 3454: 3446: 3437: 3436: 3434: 3433: 3428: 3423: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3406:Peace movement 3403: 3398: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3355: 3353: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3345: 3340: 3335: 3330: 3320: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3160: 3155: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3135: 3130: 3124: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3115: 3114: 3109: 3104: 3099: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3057:Pullman Strike 3054: 3049: 3047:Coal Creek War 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2992:Dorr Rebellion 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2963: 2961: 2957: 2956: 2953: 2950: 2949: 2944: 2943: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2915: 2914: 2908: 2900: 2899:External links 2897: 2895: 2894: 2888:978-0765354464 2887: 2870: 2858:The Regulators 2853: 2839: 2815: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2807: 2793: 2776: 2755: 2741: 2718: 2694: 2677: 2662: 2649: 2632: 2613: 2607: 2594: 2584: 2576: 2575: 2565: 2564: 2563: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2552: 2538: 2523: 2517: 2497: 2480: 2466: 2453: 2436: 2417: 2403: 2390: 2364: 2341: 2327: 2312: 2300:10.2307/363616 2294:(3): 388–410. 2283: 2252: 2250: 2247: 2244: 2243: 2218: 2183: 2174: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2129: 2120: 2111: 2096: 2087: 2078: 2069: 2060: 2051: 2042: 2033: 2024: 2015: 2006: 2004:Lodge, p. 2:26 1997: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1961: 1952: 1940: 1931: 1922: 1909:10.2307/366668 1903:(2): 287–299. 1887: 1878: 1869: 1860: 1851: 1842: 1833: 1824: 1815: 1806: 1797: 1788: 1779: 1770: 1761: 1752: 1743: 1734: 1725: 1716: 1707: 1698: 1689: 1680: 1671: 1669:Manuel, p. 219 1662: 1653: 1641: 1632: 1623: 1614: 1605: 1596: 1580: 1571: 1562: 1553: 1544: 1535: 1526: 1517: 1508: 1490: 1477:978-0598382382 1476: 1456: 1435: 1423: 1414: 1405: 1396: 1387: 1378: 1369: 1362: 1344: 1337: 1317: 1296:10.1086/716687 1290:(4): 601–628. 1268: 1254: 1236: 1229: 1203: 1193: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1186: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1170: 1165: 1160: 1153: 1150: 1117: 1114: 1095:Bill of Rights 1071: 1068: 1064:Elbridge Gerry 1040:Elbridge Gerry 1032: 1029: 1024:David Szatmary 968: 965: 948: 945: 906: 903: 845: 842: 770: 767: 757:alarmed many. 673: 672: 666: 665: 658: 657: 652: 651: 644: 643: 638: 637: 630: 629: 624: 623: 616: 615: 610: 609: 602: 601: 596: 595: 588: 587: 582: 581: 574: 573: 568: 567: 560: 559: 553: 552: 551: 524: 521: 476: 473: 432:market economy 402: 399: 327: 326: 323: 322: 319: 318: 315: 312: 311:Dozens wounded 309: 305: 304: 302: 299: 298: 297:Dozens wounded 295: 291: 290: 283: 282: 278: 277: 274: 273: 270: 268: 265: 258: 257: 253: 252: 248: 247: 242: 237: 232: 226: 225: 222: 221: 216: 205: 193: 192: 191: 188: 187: 183: 182: 179: 178: 175: 173: 171: 170: 167: 154:United States 144: 137: 136: 132: 131: 129: 128: 125: 121: 119: 115: 114: 112: 111: 108: 104: 102: 98: 97: 94: 90: 89: 87: 86: 83: 80: 76: 74: 70: 69: 63: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 45: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6850: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6709: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6679: 6677: 6673: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6655:Morrisite War 6653: 6650: 6647: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6635: 6632: 6631:Bloody Monday 6629: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6620: 6616: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6593: 6591: 6587: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6569: 6566: 6563: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6542: 6539: 6536: 6534: 6531: 6530: 6528: 6526: 6522: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6483: 6481: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6465: 6462: 6459: 6456: 6453: 6450: 6447: 6444: 6441: 6438: 6435: 6432: 6429: 6426: 6423: 6420: 6417: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6395: 6392: 6389: 6386: 6385: 6383: 6381: 6377: 6370: 6367: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6349: 6347: 6343: 6332: 6329: 6326: 6323: 6320: 6317: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6305: 6303: 6299: 6292: 6289: 6287: 6284: 6282: 6279: 6278: 6276: 6274: 6270: 6263: 6260: 6258: 6255: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6243: 6240: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6210: 6204: 6201: 6199: 6196: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6185: 6183: 6181: 6177: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6163:Anti-Rent War 6161: 6159: 6156: 6153: 6150: 6147: 6144: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6135: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6117: 6114: 6113: 6111: 6109: 6108:Massachusetts 6105: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6088: 6086: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6071: 6060: 6057: 6054: 6052: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6029: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6006: 6004: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5989: 5986: 5983: 5982: 5980: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5964: 5961: 5958: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5946: 5945: 5943: 5941: 5937: 5931: 5928: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5909: 5906: 5905: 5903: 5901: 5897: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5858: 5855: 5854: 5852: 5850: 5849:Massachusetts 5846: 5843: 5841: 5836: 5832: 5827: 5824: 5820: 5813: 5808: 5806: 5801: 5799: 5794: 5793: 5790: 5778: 5774: 5770: 5768: 5760: 5758: 5755: 5753: 5752:List of years 5750: 5749: 5746: 5732: 5724: 5722: 5721:Urban history 5719: 5718: 5716: 5712: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5700:Palmyra Atoll 5698: 5696: 5693: 5691: 5688: 5686: 5683: 5681: 5678: 5676: 5675:Jarvis Island 5673: 5671: 5668: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5660: 5656: 5650: 5647: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5635: 5632: 5630: 5627: 5626: 5624: 5622:Insular areas 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5591:West Virginia 5589: 5587: 5584: 5582: 5579: 5577: 5574: 5572: 5569: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5512: 5509: 5507: 5504: 5502: 5499: 5497: 5496:New Hampshire 5494: 5492: 5489: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5456:Massachusetts 5454: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5353: 5351: 5347: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5331: 5328: 5327: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5283: 5279: 5272: 5268: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5246: 5243: 5242: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5234: 5233: 5229: 5225: 5222: 5220: 5217: 5216: 5215: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5196: 5193: 5191: 5188: 5186: 5183: 5181: 5178: 5177: 5176: 5175: 5171: 5169: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5155: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5102: 5101: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5089: 5087: 5086:Thai American 5084: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5045: 5044: 5041: 5034: 5030: 5018: 5015: 5013: 5010: 5008: 5005: 5003: 5000: 4998: 4995: 4994: 4993: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4978: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4967: 4965: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4927: 4926: 4925: 4924:Party Systems 4921: 4917: 4914: 4912: 4909: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4888: 4887: 4886: 4882: 4880: 4879: 4875: 4873: 4872: 4868: 4864: 4863:Voting rights 4861: 4859: 4856: 4854: 4851: 4849: 4846: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4826: 4824: 4821: 4819: 4816: 4814: 4811: 4809: 4806: 4805: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4797: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4783: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4771: 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4353: 4351: 4348: 4346: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4334: 4331: 4329: 4326: 4325: 4324: 4321: 4317: 4314: 4312: 4309: 4308: 4307: 4304: 4302: 4301:Great Society 4299: 4298: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4284: 4281: 4277: 4274: 4273: 4272: 4269: 4267: 4264: 4262: 4259: 4257: 4256:Post-war boom 4254: 4250: 4247: 4245: 4242: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230: 4227: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4213: 4210: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4191: 4188: 4187: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4173: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4154: 4151: 4150: 4149: 4146: 4142: 4139: 4137: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4127: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4117: 4114: 4113: 4112: 4109: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4096: 4095: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4074: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4062: 4060: 4057: 4055: 4052: 4051: 4050: 4047: 4043: 4040: 4038: 4035: 4033: 4030: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4015: 4014: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3996: 3993: 3991: 3988: 3986: 3983: 3981: 3978: 3977: 3976: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3964: 3956: 3953: 3951: 3948: 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1418: 1409: 1400: 1391: 1382: 1373: 1365: 1359: 1355: 1348: 1340: 1334: 1330: 1329: 1321: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1280: 1272: 1264: 1258: 1250: 1246: 1240: 1232: 1230:9780812203196 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1207: 1201:Minot, p. 150 1198: 1194: 1184: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1174: 1171: 1169: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1159: 1156: 1155: 1149: 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1113: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1098: 1096: 1091: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1060: 1056: 1054: 1049: 1041: 1037: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1017: 1012: 1010: 1005: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 978: 973: 964: 962: 958: 953: 944: 941: 937: 933: 928: 925: 919: 917: 911: 902: 899: 895: 891: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 855: 850: 841: 838: 834: 829: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 802: 800: 794: 791: 783: 782:Henry Sargent 779: 775: 766: 764: 758: 756: 755:habeas corpus 752: 747: 745: 744: 743:habeas corpus 739: 735: 730: 726: 722: 718: 714: 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 689: 686: 676: 557: 550: 548: 544: 539: 529: 520: 518: 512: 510: 509:James Bowdoin 504: 501: 497: 493: 485: 481: 472: 470: 464: 455: 452: 448: 447:hard currency 443: 441: 437: 433: 428: 419: 412: 407: 398: 396: 392: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 363: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 333: 316: 314:Many arrested 313: 310: 307: 306: 303: 296: 293: 292: 289: 288: 284: 279: 269: 264: 263: 259: 254: 246: 243: 241: 238: 236: 233: 231: 228: 227: 220: 217: 215: 210: 206: 204: 203:James Bowdoin 199: 195: 194: 189: 184: 174: 168: 166: 161: 157: 156: 155: 143: 142: 138: 133: 126: 123: 122: 120: 116: 109: 106: 105: 103: 99: 95: 91: 84: 81: 78: 77: 75: 71: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 43: 38: 33: 30: 19: 6419:Wakarusa War 6273:Rhode Island 6245:Buckshot War 6213:Pennsylvania 6097:Bellevue War 6050: 5977:Pennsylvania 5874: 5868:Knowles Riot 5835:Colonial era 5823:civil unrest 5690:Midway Atoll 5685:Kingman Reef 5665:Baker Island 5644:Puerto Rico 5556:South Dakota 5546:Rhode Island 5541:Pennsylvania 5521:North Dakota 5237: 5230: 5211: 5172: 5165: 5151: 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Gore 4511: 4449:War on drugs 4323:Mid Cold War 4175:Pearl Harbor 4170:World War II 3990:Ku Klux Klan 3587:Dummer's War 3526: 3519: 3513:Pre-Colonial 3238:World War II 3032:Hamburg riot 2876: 2857: 2845: 2824: 2780: 2761: 2744: 2723: 2699: 2681: 2653: 2636: 2618: 2598: 2587: 2580: 2570: 2528: 2506: 2484: 2457: 2445:. Retrieved 2422: 2394: 2372: 2346: 2317: 2291: 2287: 2275:. Retrieved 2258: 2249:Bibliography 2234:. Retrieved 2230: 2221: 2199:(1): 21–43. 2196: 2192: 2186: 2177: 2168: 2159: 2150: 2141: 2136:Feer, p. 404 2132: 2123: 2118:Feer, p. 395 2114: 2105: 2099: 2090: 2081: 2072: 2067:Feer, p. 393 2063: 2054: 2045: 2036: 2027: 2018: 2013:Feer, p. 396 2009: 2000: 1991: 1982: 1973: 1964: 1955: 1934: 1925: 1900: 1896: 1890: 1881: 1872: 1863: 1854: 1845: 1836: 1827: 1818: 1809: 1800: 1791: 1782: 1773: 1764: 1755: 1746: 1737: 1728: 1719: 1710: 1701: 1692: 1683: 1674: 1665: 1656: 1635: 1626: 1617: 1608: 1599: 1574: 1565: 1556: 1547: 1538: 1529: 1520: 1511: 1481:. 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