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530:, then most senior of Tekuder's commanders on 13 or 28 June. Buqa in turn handed over him to Ahmad who put Gaykhatu in Tödai Khatun's encampment. Despite this, Tekuder continued hostilities and kept advancing on Arghun. This made Buqa to harbor resentment towards Tekuder and grow more sympathetic to Arghun. On the other hand, he lost Tekuder's favor who started to invest his trust in Aq Buqa, another Jalair general.
862:"As the land of the Muslims, that is, Syria and Egypt, is placed between us and you, we will encircle and strangle ("estrengebimus") it. We will send our messengers to ask you to send an army to Egypt, so that us on one side, and you on the other, we can, with good warriors, take it over. Let us know through secure messengers when you would like this to happen. We will chase the
961:. Buscarel was in Rome between July 15 and September 30, 1289, and in Paris in NovemberâDecember 1289. He remitted a letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, answering to Philippe's own letter and promises, offering the city of Jerusalem as a potential prize, and attempting to fix the date of the offensive from the winter of 1290 to spring of 1291:
1748:"This Arghon loved the Christians very much, and several times asked to the Pope and the king of France how they could together destroy all the Sarazins" - Le Templier de Tyr - French original:"Cestu Argon ama mout les crestiens et plusors fois manda au pape et au roy de France trayter coment yaus et luy puissent de tout les Sarazins destruire"
1726:
Prawdin, p. 372. "Argun revived the idea of an alliance with the West, and envoys from the
Ilkhans once more visited European courts. He promised the Christians the Holy Land, and declared that as soon as they had conquered Jerusalem he would have himself baptised there. The Pope sent the envoys on
702:
of the empire upon success. However
Jushkab sent news to Arghun about the treachery. Arghun in his turn sent his new emir Qoncuqbal to arrest Buqa. It's unknown how Rusudan escaped the purge by Arghun but Demetre II was summoned to capital and imprisoned as well. Buqa was put to death on January 16,
972:
If you send your warriors as promised and conquer Egypt, worshiping the sky, then I shall give you
Jerusalem. If any of our warriors arrive later than arranged, all will be futile and no one will benefit. If you care to please give me your impressions, and I would also be very willing to accept any
667:
Arghun saw the government as his own property and didn't approve of Buqa and Aruq's arrogance and excesses, which soon raised them many enemies. Aruq practically ruled
Baghdad as his own appanage, not paying taxes to central government, murdering his critics. Sayyid Imad ud-Din Alavi's murder on 30
684:
taxes. As a result, he gained over 1.5 million dinars from Fars province. His next step came in 1287, when Buqa fell ill. He investigated Aruq in same fashion and started to control
Baghdad's income as well, replacing him with Ordo Qiya. Another replacement came when Buqa's ally Amir Ali Tamghachi
1763:
p. 254: Arghun, grandon of Hulagu, "had resurrected the most cherished dream of his predecessors: to form an alliance with the
Occidentals and thus to trap the Mamluk sultanate in a pincer movement. Regular contacts were established between Tabriz and Rome with a view to organizing a joint
1068:
In August 1291, Pope
Nicholas wrote a letter to Arghun informing him of the plans of Edward I to go on a Crusade to recapture the Holy Land, stating that the Crusade could only be successful with the help of the "powerful arm" of the Mongols. Nicholas repeated an oft-told theme of the Crusader
480:
Arghun started an open rebellion upon his return from
Baghdad to Khorasan in 1283 to gain allegiance of minor nobles and amirs. Tekuder's next step was to send Alinaq with 15.000 men against Arghun on 29 January, while ilkhan himself followed Alinaq on 26 April from his main army composed of
1069:
communications to the
Mongols, asking Arghun to receive baptism and to march against the Mamluks. However Arghun himself had died on March 10, 1291, and Pope Nicholas IV would die in March 1292, putting an end to their attempts at combined action.
969:), saying that if the warriors of Il Khaan invade Egypt you would support them. We would also lend our support by going there at the end of the Tiger yearâs winter , worshiping the sky, and settle in Damascus in the early spring .
957:, a Genoese who had settled in Persia. The objective of the mission was to determine at what date concerted Christian and Mongol efforts could start. Arghun committed to march his troops as soon as the Crusaders had disembarked at
1909:"Only a contingent of 800 Genoese arrived, whom he (Arghun) employed in 1290 in building shipd at Baghdad, with a view to harassing Egyptian commerce at the southern approaches to the Red Sea", p. 169, Peter Jackson,
396:
986:
Buscarello was also bearing a memorandum explaining that the Mongol ruler would prepare all necessary supplies for the
Crusaders, as well as 30,000 horses. Buscarel then went to England to bring Arghun's message to
991:. He arrived in London January 5, 1290. Edward, whose answer has been preserved, answered enthusiastically to the project but remained evasive about its actual implementation, for which he deferred to the Pope.
509:
order also fought in Arghun's army during this battle. Arghun tried to make truce on halfway, which Ahmad against advices of his councillors, refused it. Another embassy sent by Arghun, this time led by his son
976:
I send this to you by Myckeril and say: All will be known by the power of the sky and the greatness of kings. This letter was scribed on the sixth of the early summer in the year of the Ox at Hoândlon."
842:
were to be conquered, he would have himself baptized. Yet by the late 13th century, Western Europe was no longer as interested in the crusading effort, and Arghun's missions were ultimately fruitless.
1091:
would almost certainly have been prolonged. The Mamluks would have been crippled if not destroyed; and the Ilkhanate of Persia would have survived as a power friendly to the Christians and the West"
747:
on 21 September 1289. After his second son YesĂŒ TemĂŒr's death on 18 May 1290, he became rather disassociated from daily affairs of government. He founded the city of Arghuniyya in a suburb of
965:"Under the power of the eternal sky, the message of the great king, Arghun, to the king of France..., said: I have accepted the word that you forwarded by the messengers under Saymer Sagura (
1130:'s widow among other women of witchcraft, who were executed on 19 January 1291 by being thrown into a river. Arghun's health deteriorated on 27 January and was paralyzed. Using opportunity,
719:
After dealing with Buqa, Arghun went for Hulaguid princes, whose loyalties were questionable - Jushkab was arrested and executed on 10 June 1289 while trying to raise an army. Hulachu and
1054:. On January 5, 1291, Nicholas addressed a vibrant prayer to all the Christians to save the Holy Land, and predicators started to rally Christians to follow Edward I in a Crusade.
537:, a strong fortress on 7 July with 100 men. But he was forced to surrender to Alinaq four days later. Victorious Tekuder left Arghun at Alinaq's captivity while himself left for
941:. The seal is that of the Great Khan, with Chinese Script: âèŒććźæ°äč毶â, which means "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People". The paper is of
577:
Arghun was informally enthroned on 11 August 1284 following Tekuder's execution. A series of appointments came after coronation, as was custom - His cousins Jushkab (son of
1150:
In the West, the 13th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things that many new-born children in Italy were named after Genghisid rulers, including Arghun: names such as
672:
herself to his court. It was Jalal ad-Din Arqan, one of her attendants first to reveal the details of murder, after which he was sawed in half. She was ordered to pay
751:
later in 1290 and a Buddhist temple in which he put statues resembling himself. Another city founded by him was Sharuyaz, which was completed during reign of his son
1031:
Arghun sent a fourth mission to European courts in 1290, led by Andrew Zagan (or Chagan), who was accompanied by Buscarel of Gisolfe and a Christian named Sahadin.
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to Philip the Fair of France and to Edward I of England. But the mission was fruitless. Western Europe was no longer interested in crusading adventures.
1134:
and his allies made another purge with killing Sa'd al-Dawla and his proteges on 2 April. Arghun finally died on morning of March 7 or March 10, 1291 in
1011:
was also sent, but the enterprise apparently foundered when the Genoese government ultimately disowned the project, and an internal fight erupted at the
2538:
457:, so Qonqurtai and Arghun wouldn't be connected. Qonqurtai was accused of conspiracy and was arrested by TegĂŒder's son-in-law, Alinaq - the viceroy of
711:. Sa'ad was effective in restoring order to the Ilkhanate's government, in part by aggressively denouncing the abuses of the Mongol military leaders.
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1228:
Arghun had ten consorts, 7 of them being khatun and 3 of them being concubines. From his children, only 2 sons and 2 daughters reached to adulthood:
3747:
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1272:Ăljatai Khatun â married firstly to Qunchuqbal, married secondly to Aq Buqa, married thirdly to her stepson, Amir Husayn Jalayir, son of Aq Buqa
1087:
According to the 20th-century historian Runciman, "Had the Mongol alliance been achieved and honestly implemented by the West, the existence of
999:
In 1290, Arghun launched a shipbuilding program in Baghdad, with the intent of having war galleys which would harass the Mamluk commerce in the
1983:
897:
Apparently left without an answer, Arghun sent another embassy to European rulers in 1287, headed by the Ongut Turk Nestorian monk from China
453:
and Arghun's potential alliance. He sent military contingents commanded by Prince Jushkab, Uruq and Qurumushi (son of Hinduqur) to station in
1822:
1694:
The Arts of Ornamental Geometry: A Persian Compendium on Similar and Complementary Interlocking Figures. A Volume Commemorating Alpay Ăzdural
858:. Arghun's letter mentioned the links that Arghun's family had to Christianity, and proposed a combined military conquest of Muslim lands:
70:
Arghun enthroned with his khatun (possibly Quthluq Khatun) in a painting c.1430. BibliothÚque nationale de France (Supplément persan 1113).
2087:
Ta'rÄ«kh-i Shaikh Uwais : (History of Shaikh Uais) : Am important source for the history of AdharbaijÄn in the fourteenth century
1182:, Arghun was "a man given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians". Arghun was a Buddhist, but as did most
545:
was seeking - he broke into Alinaq's camp and set Arghun free, while killing Alinaq. Tekuder fled west and looted Buqa's encampment near
3354:
2533:
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travelled from Peking in the East, to Rome, Paris and Bordeaux in the West, meeting with the major rulers of the period, even before
696:(whose daughter Rusudan was married to Buqa's son) were implicated. Buqa promised Jushkab the throne on condition of appointment as
565:
sent by Buqa soon caught up with him and arrested Tekuder. He was turned over to Arghun on 26 July on Ab-i Shur pasturelands, near
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1409:. Translated by Thackston, Wheeler M. Cambridge, MA: The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. p. 516.
1246:Ăljatai Khatun (m. 1288) â daughter of Sulamish, son of Tengiz GĂŒregen and Todogaj Khatun, widow of Tengiz (they married in
426:
to power, who were accused of charges of embezzlement before. However Arghun believed Juvayni brothers were responsible for
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and Toghan started to conspire with Arghun to depose overpowered Buqa. His first step was to investigate former non-paid
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sent someone to poison him. Another cause of friction was Tekuder's order of arrest of Malik Fakhr ud-Din, governor of
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901:, with the objective of contracting a military alliance to fight the Muslims in the Middle East, and take the city of
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Perceiving that he had lost the khan's favour, Buqa organized a conspiracy in Prince Jushkab and Arghun's vassal king
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2285:, vol. 3, translated by Thackston, W.M., Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations,
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with the Europeans, against their common foes the Mamluks of Egypt. Arghun had promised his potential allies that if
659:'Chancellor'). Following this, Arghun had a second, this time official coronation ceremony on 7 April 1286.
292:(although pro-Christian). He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a
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was among the executed people as Arghun tried to avenge his father's supposed murder. The official approval by
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to spend winter of 1282-1283 and restarted the investigation on embezzlement accusation which may have caused
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Bulughan Khatun Muazzama (m. 22 March 1290, d. 5 January 1310) â daughter of Otman, son of Abatai Noyan of
361:
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Qutlugh Khatun (d. 13 March 1288) â daughter of Tengiz GĂŒregen of Oirats and Todogaj Khatun, daughter of
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TARKHAN DYNASTY AT MAKLI HILL, THATTA (PAKISTAN): HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE SELECTED MONUMENTS
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on 31 May. Embassy was a success, as Ahmad accepted truce on condition if Arghun sends his brother
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and other commanders, this attack too was prevented. War officially ended when Arghun returned to
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described as Indian yogis' experience. After 8 months of taking the substance, Arghun fell ill.
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Arghun had developed a great interest in alchemy towards end of his reign. He gave shelters to
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on 7 October 1290. After his relatives, Arghun authorizes Sa'd al-Dawla to execute children of
333:
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worth 700.000 dinars to Sayyed's sons as the result of court. Other emirs, including Tuladai,
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as a hostage. Arghun agreed to terms and sent his brother accompanied by two amirs, including
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1211:
Abaqa on a horse. His son Arghun stands beside him under a royal umbrella, with his own son,
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As his predecessor, Arghun often clashed with Golden Horde. He repulsed a raiding party near
693:
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sent a contingent of 800 carpenters and sailors, to help with the shipbuilding. A force of
958:
905:. The responses were positive but vague. Sauma returned in 1288 with positive letters from
744:
732:
630:
502:
439:
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Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event".
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Arghun was one of a long line of Genghis-Khanite rulers who had endeavored to establish a
8:
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Guillame de Tyr (William of Tyre) "Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum" #591
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who claimed to have lived longer than anyone and could offer Arghun the same. The way
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on 17 January 1284 and was executed next day. Another contingent of army was sent to
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who gave a concoction of sulphur and mercury to Arghun was the same substance that
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The throne carrier of God : the life and thought of Ê»AlÄÊŒ ad-Dawla as-SimnÄnÄ«
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The Chinese-Uighur Animal Calendar in Persian Historiography of the Mongol Period
1301:
1295:
1175:
937:, with detail of the introduction. The letter was remitted to the French king by
337:
188:
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2425:
1193:
805:
534:
423:
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364:). After Abaqa's death in 1282, he was talked out of running against his uncle
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Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West
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Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
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tribe) who was his military commander of encampment and Jochigan Noyan (from
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316:. Arghun died before Kököchin arrived, so she instead married Arghun's son,
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1275:Ăljai Timur â married firstly to Tukal, married secondly on 30 May 1296 to
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According to Rashid al-Din, Arghun started to use opium after his visit to
669:
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35:
3006:
2274:, Naomi Walford, (tr.), New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.
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380:
30:
For the pre-Hulagu Mongol governor of Persia in the mid-13th century, see
3727:
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1666:
Mantran, Robert (Fossier, Robert, ed.) "A Turkish or Mongolian Islam" in
1241:
Khitai-oghul (also named Sengirges, b. 3 March 1291 - d. 24 January 1298)
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samples of French opulence that you care to burden your messengers with.
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tribe) who was his atabeg. He commanded an army at the age of 20 against
305:
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came only 23 February 1286, who not only confirmed Arghun's position as
621:. Buqa, to whom he owed his throne was also awarded with dual office of
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727:'s revolt in Khorasan. After a trial, they were sent to be executed in
681:
546:
454:
427:
372:. Tekuder was duly chosen as sultan. He is also known as Sultan Ahmad.
329:
313:
285:
236:
31:
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1786:
From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi
1424:
1204:, trying to link Qajars to Qajar Noyan, son of his emir Sartaq Noyan.
796:
were continuously reinforcing their power in Syria. The Mamluk Sultan
3641:
3631:
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2188:"The Monks of Kublai Khan Emperor of China", Sir E. A. Wallis Budge.
1407:
Jami'u't-Tawarikh, Compendium of Chronicles: A History of the Mongols
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fled to Khorasan, to Arghun's encampment while several emirs such as
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Tekuder on the other hand began to be suspicious of his half-brother
443:
301:
281:
1057:
However, the efforts were too little and too late. On May 18, 1291,
438:'s stroke on 5 March 1283. His hatred grew upon hearing rumors that
304:. It was also Arghun who requested a new bride from his great-uncle
3767:
2986:
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2728:
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1773:
Quote in "Histoires des Croisades III", Rene Grousset, p. 700.
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723:'s son Qara Noqai were arrested on 30 May 1289, in connection with
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History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th Century, Volume 3
1555:
The Mongols in Iran : Qutb Al-DÄ«n ShÄ«rÄzÄ«'s AkhbÄr-i MoghulÄn
1291:
981:
Letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, 1289, France royal archives
65:
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In 1289, Arghun sent a third mission to Europe, in the person of
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The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Il-Khanate)
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who would advice him on religious matters. He also befriended a
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proclaimed a new Crusade and negotiated agreements with Arghun,
871:
Extract from the 1285 letter from Arghun to Honorius IV, Vatican
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The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250-1520
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793:
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1524:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 18â19.
1080:, but extensive contacts would only resume under Arghun's son
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Boyle, in Camb. Hist. Iran V, pp. 370â71; Budge, pp. 165â97.
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876:
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541:, where his main army was stationed. This was an opportunity
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3147:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
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and Qaitmish EgecÌi (a concubine) in 8 March 1258 (although
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866:, with the help of the Lord, the Pope, and the Great Khan."
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1340:
Kultak egechi (m. 1271) â daughter of Kihtar Bitigchi of
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in revenge. He continued on to his own pasturelands near
497:. Arghun prevailed on Alinaq in battle on 4 May south to
800:
recaptured Crusader territories, some of which, such as
27:
Ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate from 1284 to 1291
1887:
1885:
1263:
YesĂŒ TemĂŒr (born between 1271 and 1282, d. 18 May 1290)
1174:) are recorded with a high frequency. According to the
277:; c. 1258 â 10 March 1291) was the fourth ruler of the
356:. He left his father's encampment on 14 July 1279 for
2877:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1423:
by Charles Melville. See: Melville, Charles (1994) -
1138:. He was buried on a secret location in mountains of
850:
In 1285, Arghun sent an embassy and a letter to Pope
501:
but nevertheless retreated to his lands in Khorasan.
2502:
2272:
The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia
1900:"Histoire des Croisades III", p. 713, Rene Grousset.
1882:
1200:
also claimed his treasure was found during reign of
994:
808:. The Mamluks had captured the northern fortress of
1354:
Qutai â daughter of Qutlugh Buqa, son of Husayn Aqa
854:, a Latin translation of which is preserved in the
1072:Edward I sent an ambassador to Arghun's successor
823:
668:December 1284 angered Buqa to the point summoning
601:and uncle Hulachu were assigned to viceroyalty of
400:"The war of two Il-Khanid rulers, Arghun Khan vs.
2872:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
2194:
1253:Uruk Khatun â daughter of Sarija, sister of emir
3802:
2451:
2381:
3292:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
2424:
2341:
1920:
1918:
1735:
1733:
1519:
1485:"JOVAYNI, ÊżALÄÊŸ-AL-DIN â Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1321:Todai Khatun (m. 7 January 1287) â a lady from
336:states it was in 1262, which is unlikely) near
2473:
2322:
2251:
1782:
1585:
763:
312:across Asia to Arghun was reportedly taken by
2595:
2403:
2360:
1840:, Archives Nationales de France, p. 38, 2007.
1357:Ergene egechi â previously concubine of Abaqa
2775:
1915:
1730:
845:
2002:
1776:
654:
533:Seeing developments, Arghun sook refuge in
2602:
2588:
1859:Alternative translation of Arghun's letter
877:Second mission, to Kings Philip and Edward
787:
64:
2307:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768593.001.0001
1764:expedition, or at least a concerted one."
2509:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
2277:
2153:Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia
2128:Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia
2062:(Thesis thesis). UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR.
2021:
1969:
1838:Grands Documents de l'Histoire de France
1679:
1618:
1507:
1269:(b. 24 March 1282 - d. 16 December 1316)
1206:
924:
880:
395:
379:
2344:Les Croisades, origines et conséquences
2150:
2100:
1281:Qutlugh Timur Khatun (died in youth in
284:, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of
14:
3803:
3222:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3181:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2241:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010,
2216:
2151:Lambton, Ann K. S. (January 1, 1988).
2126:Lambton, Ann K. S. (January 1, 1988).
1654:
1471:
1404:
933:, in Mongolian language and classical
703:1289. He was succeeded as vizier by a
3541:
3052:
2774:
2621:
2583:
2254:Histoire des Croisades III, 1188-1291
1349:(b. 5 November 1271 - d. 11 May 1304)
776:occurred on 26 March 1289. Headed by
714:
375:
360:where he captured Ăljai Buqa (son of
42:. For the medieval Persian city, see
3053:
2805:Administrative divisions and vassals
2346:(in French). Editions Ouest-France.
2296:
2072:
2055:
1981:
1642:
1630:
1552:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1444:"ARáž ĆȘN KHAN â Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1061:was conquered by the Mamluks in the
792:During Arghun's reign, the Egyptian
758:
489:in addition to Mongols stationed in
388:as illustrated by Sayf al-Vahidi in
288:, and like his father, was a devout
3072:
2325:The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410
2144:
1783:Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014).
404:" (Tekuder). Folio from a revised,
38:. For the town in Afghanistan, see
24:
1697:. BRILL. 2017-08-28. p. 169.
1126:shamans accused Toghachaq Khatun,
430:'s death by poisoning. He came to
308:. The mission to escort the young
25:
3842:
2609:
2527:
2101:Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1888).
1590:. Edinburgh Univ Pr. p. 31.
1460:
1429:
1290:Seljuk Khatun (m. 1276, d. 1332,
1026:
995:Assembly of a raiding naval force
772:on 5 May 1288. Another attack on
553:on 17 July planning to escape to
344:under care of Sartaq Noyan (from
1196:later claimed descent from him.
920:
804:, had been vassal states of the
685:was removed from governorate of
585:were assigned to viceroyalty of
414:("The Quintessence of Purity"),
2622:
2566:11 August 1284 â 10 March 1291
2119:
2094:
2078:
2066:
2049:
2040:
2027:
2015:
1975:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1903:
1894:
1863:
1852:
1843:
1831:
1812:
1803:
1767:
1754:
1742:
1720:
1711:
1685:
1673:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1579:
1019:among the Genoese (between the
824:Relations with Christian powers
738:
662:
514:arrived at Tekuder's camp near
34:. For the village in Iran, see
2488:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805
2364:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
2256:(in French). Editions Perrin.
2221:, Cambridge University Press,
2202:(in French). Editions Perrin.
2105:. Burt Franklin. p. 354.
1761:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
1546:
1513:
1501:
1477:
1413:
1398:
1380:
1304:(d. 20 April 1286) â widow of
641:, but also Buqa's new title -
86:11 August 1284 â 12 March 1291
13:
1:
3826:13th-century monarchs in Asia
3792:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3489:Division of the Mongol Empire
2476:The English Historical Review
2219:The Cambridge History of Iran
2172:
2056:Qazi, Muhammad Naeem (2010).
1257:and a great-granddaughter of
323:
2512:. Harvard University Press.
2389:. Collier-Macmillan Canada.
2367:. New York: Schocken Books.
2125:
2008:"He died on March 7, 1291."
1988:. B&R Samizdat Express.
1294:) â daughter of Rukn-ud-din
613:and his cousin Kingshu with
418:, Iran, dated September 1582
7:
3831:Mongolian Buddhist monarchs
2739:Manghit / Mangudai
2457:A history of the Crusades 3
2436:Kodansha International Ltd.
2155:. SUNY Press. p. 286.
2130:. SUNY Press. p. 288.
1789:. BRILL. pp. 385â386.
1553:Lane, George (3 May 2018).
1392:archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr
1361:
816:in 1287, and completed the
764:Relations with Golden Horde
477:and Doladai were arrested.
422:Tekuder's election brought
10:
3847:
3542:
3518:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2239:Religions of the Silk Road
1982:Polo, Marco (2018-03-01).
1316:Dilenchi (died in infancy)
827:
735:and rest of his proteges.
609:being assigned to his son
48:
29:
3789:
3700:
3619:
3552:
3548:
3537:
3481:
3430:
3333:(1223 / 1236â40)
3279:
3256:
3239:(1257 / 1284â88)
3209:
3134:
3079:
3068:
3048:
2939:
2885:
2862:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
2797:
2793:
2770:
2685:
2632:
2628:
2617:
2568:
2559:
2551:
2546:
1223:
1145:
1076:in 1292 in the person of
929:1289 letter of Arghun to
846:First mission to the Pope
650:
446:, whom Arghun appointed.
250:
242:
232:
220:
204:
176:
161:
144:
125:
121:
111:
101:
90:
82:
75:
63:
58:
2342:Lebédel, Claude (2006).
2283:Compendium of Chronicles
2035:The Mongols and the West
1911:The Mongols and the West
1869:For another translation
1520:Elias, Jamal J. (1995).
1374:
1094:
947:French National Archives
945:manufacture. 182x25 cm.
572:
49:Not to be confused with
2815:Invasions and conquests
2734:Paiza / Gerege
2323:Jackson, Peter (2005).
2252:Grousset, René (1935).
1586:Wing, Patrick. (2016).
1405:al-Din, Rashid (1999).
788:Relations with Mamlukes
709:Saâad al-Daula of Abhar
593:'s brother Aruq as his
505:, future Sufi saint of
3472:(1260 / 1301)
3200:(1274 / 1281)
2867:Franco-Mongol alliance
2407:Histoire des Croisades
2404:Richard, Jean (1996).
2361:Maalouf, Amin (1984).
2297:Hope, Michael (2016),
2217:Fisher, W. B. (1968),
1933:Dailliez, pp. 324â325.
1419:Date was converted to
1302:Bulughan Khatun Buzurg
1298:, Seljuk Sultan of Rum
1220:
1217:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
984:
950:
894:
874:
836:Franco-Mongol alliance
830:Franco-Mongol alliance
419:
393:
392:'s "Majma al-tawarikh"
294:Franco-Mongol alliance
2279:Hamadani, Rashidaddin
1985:Travels of Marco Polo
1891:Jean Richard, p. 468.
1489:www.iranicaonline.org
1448:www.iranicaonline.org
1219:, early 14th century.
1210:
1180:Ricoldo of Montecroce
1021:Guelph and Ghibelline
963:
928:
884:
860:
694:Demetre II of Georgia
399:
383:
271:Traditional Mongolian
3363:Serbia and Bulgaria
2504:Tyerman, Christopher
1368:Timeline of Buddhism
893:'s return from Asia.
885:Arghun's ambassador
733:Shams al-Din Juvayni
631:Shams al-Din Juvayni
597:; while his brother
503:Ala ud-Daula Simnani
440:Shams al-Din Juvayni
3610:Khagans of the Yuan
3339:Poland and Bohemia
3115:Khwarazmian Empire
2840:Society and economy
1078:Geoffrey de Langley
955:Buscarel of Gisolfe
939:Buscarel of Gisolfe
911:Edward I of England
745:Maragha Observatory
328:Arghun was born to
296:against the Muslim
3355:Holy Roman Empire
2810:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2185:(Original French).
2179:Le Templier de Tyr
1876:2020-08-09 at the
1825:2008-04-04 at the
1657:, pp. 366â369
1474:, pp. 364â368
1221:
951:
915:Philip IV the Fair
895:
715:Reforms and purges
420:
394:
376:Bid for the throne
267:Mongolian Cyrillic
3798:
3797:
3785:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3533:
3532:
3529:
3528:
3510:KaiduâKublai war
3502:BerkeâHulagu war
3494:Toluid Civil War
3275:
3274:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3039:
2847:House of Borjigin
2766:
2765:
2762:
2761:
2578:
2577:
2569:Succeeded by
2466:978-0-14-013705-7
2459:. Penguin Books.
2334:978-0-582-36896-5
2247:978-0-230-62125-1
2196:Dailliez, Laurent
2162:978-0-887-06133-2
2137:978-0-887-06133-2
1995:978-1-4554-1591-5
1960:Runciman, p. 412.
1924:Runciman, p. 402.
1849:Runciman, p. 401.
1796:978-90-04-28529-3
1739:Runciman, p. 398.
1704:978-90-04-31520-4
1597:978-1-4744-0226-2
1564:978-1-351-38752-1
1231:Principal wives:
1059:Saint-Jean-d'Acre
959:Saint-Jean-d'Acre
759:Foreign relations
657:
260:
259:
16:(Redirected from
3838:
3821:Il-Khan emperors
3596:
3583:
3580:Töregene Khatun
3570:
3550:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3521:
3513:
3505:
3497:
3473:
3465:
3457:
3449:
3441:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3398:
3390:
3382:
3374:
3366:
3358:
3350:
3342:
3334:
3326:
3318:
3310:
3302:
3294:
3293:
3267:
3248:
3240:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3201:
3191:
3183:
3182:
3173:
3165:
3157:
3149:
3148:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3100:
3092:
3077:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3050:
3049:
3012:Shangdu (Xanadu)
3002:Sarai Batu/Berke
2907:Chagatai Khanate
2795:
2794:
2772:
2771:
2630:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2597:
2590:
2581:
2580:
2552:Preceded by
2544:
2543:
2523:
2499:
2482:(373): 805â819.
2470:
2453:Runciman, Steven
2448:
2421:
2400:
2383:Prawdin, Michael
2378:
2357:
2338:
2319:
2293:
2270:Grousset, Rene,
2267:
2231:
2213:
2167:
2166:
2148:
2142:
2141:
2123:
2117:
2116:
2098:
2092:
2091:
2082:
2076:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2047:
2046:Jackson, p. 176.
2044:
2038:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1958:
1952:
1951:Jackson, p. 169.
1949:
1943:
1940:
1934:
1931:
1925:
1922:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1880:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1850:
1847:
1841:
1835:
1829:
1816:
1810:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1780:
1774:
1771:
1765:
1758:
1752:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1718:
1717:Tyerman, p. 817.
1715:
1709:
1708:
1689:
1683:
1677:
1671:
1664:
1658:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1628:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1583:
1577:
1576:
1550:
1544:
1543:
1517:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1496:
1495:
1481:
1475:
1469:
1458:
1457:
1455:
1454:
1440:
1427:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1396:
1395:
1384:
1154:("Great Khan"),
1042:of Armenia, the
1036:Pope Nicholas IV
982:
935:Mongolian script
907:Pope Nicholas IV
899:Rabban Bar Sauma
887:Rabban Bar Sauma
872:
658:
655:
652:
551:Takht-i Suleyman
424:Juvayni brothers
340:. He grew up in
276:
151:
135:
133:
97:23 February 1286
91:Confirmation by
68:
56:
55:
21:
3846:
3845:
3841:
3840:
3839:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3801:
3800:
3799:
3794:
3777:
3696:
3615:
3594:
3581:
3568:
3544:
3525:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3477:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3426:
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3380:
3372:
3364:
3356:
3348:
3340:
3332:
3324:
3316:
3315:Volga Bulgaria
3308:
3300:
3291:
3289:
3271:
3265:
3252:
3246:
3238:
3230:
3221:
3219:
3205:
3199:
3189:
3180:
3178:
3171:
3170:Southern China
3163:
3155:
3154:Northern China
3146:
3144:
3130:
3124:
3116:
3108:
3098:
3090:
3064:
3063:
3036:
2935:
2912:House of Ăgedei
2881:
2852:House of Ăgedei
2820:Destructiveness
2789:
2788:
2758:
2695:
2681:
2624:
2613:
2608:
2574:
2565:
2557:
2530:
2520:
2467:
2445:
2426:Rossabi, Morris
2418:
2397:
2375:
2354:
2335:
2317:
2264:
2229:
2210:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2149:
2145:
2138:
2124:
2120:
2113:
2099:
2095:
2084:
2083:
2079:
2071:
2067:
2054:
2050:
2045:
2041:
2033:Peter Jackson,
2032:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1980:
1976:
1968:
1964:
1959:
1955:
1950:
1946:
1942:Schein, p. 809.
1941:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1899:
1895:
1890:
1883:
1878:Wayback Machine
1868:
1864:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1844:
1836:
1832:
1827:Wayback Machine
1817:
1813:
1809:Rossabi, p. 99.
1808:
1804:
1797:
1781:
1777:
1772:
1768:
1759:
1755:
1747:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1716:
1712:
1705:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1678:
1674:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1598:
1584:
1580:
1565:
1551:
1547:
1532:
1518:
1514:
1506:
1502:
1493:
1491:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1450:
1442:
1441:
1430:
1418:
1414:
1403:
1399:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1377:
1364:
1329:and previously
1296:Kilij Arslan IV
1226:
1215:, in his arms.
1148:
1114:described this
1097:
1029:
997:
983:
980:
931:Philip the Fair
923:
879:
873:
870:
848:
832:
826:
818:Fall of Tripoli
790:
784:on 2 May 1290.
766:
761:
741:
717:
665:
575:
408:edition of the
378:
326:
279:Mongol empire's
274:
246:Qaitmish EgecÌi
213:
199:
197:
195:
194:Bulughan Khatun
193:
191:
189:Bulughan Khatun
187:
185:
183:
181:
172:
166:
153:
149:
137:
131:
129:
71:
54:
47:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3844:
3834:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3813:
3796:
3795:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3782:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3704:
3702:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3649:
3644:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3623:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3603:
3598:
3593:Oghul Qaimish
3590:
3585:
3577:
3572:
3564:
3558:
3556:
3546:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3531:
3530:
3527:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3515:
3507:
3499:
3491:
3485:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3467:
3459:
3451:
3443:
3434:
3432:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3424:
3416:
3408:
3400:
3392:
3384:
3376:
3368:
3360:
3352:
3344:
3336:
3328:
3320:
3312:
3304:
3296:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3270:
3269:
3260:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3250:
3242:
3234:
3226:
3215:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3204:
3203:
3194:
3193:
3185:
3175:
3167:
3159:
3151:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3120:
3112:
3104:
3103:
3102:
3085:
3083:
3074:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3045:
3042:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2904:
2903:
2902:
2891:
2889:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2857:Mongol Armenia
2854:
2849:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2801:
2799:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2767:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2698:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2638:
2636:
2626:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2606:
2599:
2592:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2567:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2547:Regnal titles
2542:
2541:
2536:
2534:Khan genealogy
2529:
2528:External links
2526:
2525:
2524:
2518:
2500:
2471:
2465:
2449:
2443:
2422:
2416:
2401:
2395:
2379:
2373:
2358:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2320:
2315:
2294:
2275:
2268:
2262:
2249:
2235:Foltz, Richard
2232:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2192:
2186:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2161:
2143:
2136:
2118:
2112:978-1296812676
2111:
2093:
2077:
2065:
2048:
2039:
2026:
2014:
2012:, p. 376.
2001:
1994:
1974:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1935:
1926:
1914:
1902:
1893:
1881:
1862:
1851:
1842:
1830:
1811:
1802:
1795:
1775:
1766:
1753:
1741:
1729:
1719:
1710:
1703:
1684:
1672:
1659:
1647:
1635:
1623:
1611:
1596:
1578:
1563:
1557:. p. 60.
1545:
1530:
1512:
1500:
1476:
1459:
1428:
1412:
1397:
1388:"Consultation"
1378:
1376:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1358:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1334:
1333:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1308:
1299:
1288:
1287:
1286:
1279:
1273:
1270:
1264:
1251:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1225:
1222:
1194:Arghun dynasty
1147:
1144:
1096:
1093:
1028:
1027:Fourth mission
1025:
996:
993:
978:
922:
919:
878:
875:
868:
847:
844:
828:Main article:
825:
822:
789:
786:
765:
762:
760:
757:
740:
737:
716:
713:
664:
661:
574:
571:
535:Kalat-e Naderi
526:to custody of
411:Safvat al-safa
377:
374:
325:
322:
258:
257:
252:
248:
247:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
229:
224:
218:
217:
208:
202:
201:
200:Oljatai Khatun
198:Argana Aghachi
180:Quthluq Khatun
178:
174:
173:
167:
163:
159:
158:
152:(aged 33)
148:March 10, 1291
146:
142:
141:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
95:
88:
87:
84:
80:
79:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3808:
3806:
3793:
3788:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3705:
3703:
3699:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3662:Chagatai Khan
3660:
3658:
3655:
3653:
3650:
3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
3638:
3635:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3624:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3571:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3557:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3540:
3536:
3522:
3516:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3500:
3498:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3468:
3466:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3450:
3444:
3442:
3436:
3435:
3433:
3429:
3423:
3417:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3401:
3399:
3393:
3391:
3385:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3371:Latin Empire
3369:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3351:
3345:
3343:
3337:
3335:
3329:
3327:
3321:
3319:
3313:
3311:
3305:
3303:
3297:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3268:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3249:
3243:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3227:
3225:
3217:
3216:
3214:
3212:
3208:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3174:
3168:
3166:
3160:
3158:
3152:
3150:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3127:
3121:
3119:
3113:
3111:
3105:
3101:
3095:
3094:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3078:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2938:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2901:
2900:Northern Yuan
2898:
2897:
2896:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2825:Imperial Seal
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2773:
2769:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2719:
2718:Pax Mongolica
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2691:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2611:Mongol Empire
2605:
2600:
2598:
2593:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2556:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2537:
2535:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2519:0-674-02387-0
2515:
2511:
2510:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2444:4-7700-1650-6
2440:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2417:2-213-59787-1
2413:
2409:
2408:
2402:
2398:
2396:1-4128-0519-8
2392:
2388:
2387:Mongol Empire
2384:
2380:
2376:
2374:0-8052-0898-4
2370:
2366:
2365:
2359:
2355:
2353:2-7373-4136-1
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2321:
2318:
2316:9780198768593
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2295:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2263:2-262-02569-X
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2228:0-521-06935-1
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2209:2-262-02006-X
2205:
2201:
2200:Les Templiers
2197:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2164:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2139:
2133:
2129:
2122:
2114:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2090:. p. 43.
2089:
2088:
2081:
2074:
2069:
2061:
2060:
2052:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2024:, p. 575
2023:
2022:Hamadani 1998
2018:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1991:
1987:
1986:
1978:
1972:, p. 574
1971:
1970:Hamadani 1998
1966:
1957:
1948:
1939:
1930:
1921:
1919:
1912:
1906:
1897:
1888:
1886:
1879:
1875:
1872:
1866:
1860:
1855:
1846:
1839:
1834:
1828:
1824:
1821:
1815:
1806:
1798:
1792:
1788:
1787:
1779:
1770:
1762:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1736:
1734:
1723:
1714:
1706:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1688:
1682:, p. 572
1681:
1680:Hamadani 1998
1676:
1669:
1663:
1656:
1651:
1645:, p. 161
1644:
1639:
1633:, p. 136
1632:
1627:
1621:, p. 562
1620:
1619:Hamadani 1998
1615:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1593:
1589:
1582:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1531:0-585-04596-8
1527:
1523:
1516:
1510:, p. 551
1509:
1508:Hamadani 1998
1504:
1490:
1486:
1480:
1473:
1468:
1466:
1464:
1449:
1445:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1401:
1393:
1389:
1383:
1379:
1370:(see 1285 CE)
1369:
1366:
1365:
1356:
1353:
1348:
1345:
1344:
1343:
1339:
1338:
1337:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1300:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1260:
1256:
1252:
1249:
1245:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1218:
1214:
1213:Mahmud Ghazan
1209:
1205:
1203:
1202:Qajar dynasty
1199:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1184:Turco-Mongols
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1142:on 12 March.
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Rashid al-Din
1109:
1105:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1070:
1066:
1064:
1063:Siege of Acre
1060:
1055:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
990:
989:King Edward I
977:
974:
970:
968:
962:
960:
956:
948:
944:
940:
936:
932:
927:
921:Third mission
918:
916:
912:
908:
904:
900:
892:
888:
883:
867:
865:
859:
857:
853:
843:
841:
837:
831:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
785:
783:
779:
775:
771:
756:
754:
750:
746:
736:
734:
730:
726:
722:
712:
710:
706:
701:
700:
695:
690:
688:
683:
679:
675:
671:
660:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
627:amir al-umara
624:
623:sahib-i divan
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
570:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
478:
476:
472:
468:
465:, from where
464:
460:
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
417:
413:
412:
407:
403:
398:
391:
387:
382:
373:
371:
367:
366:Ahmad Tekuder
363:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
334:Rashid al-Din
331:
321:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
280:
272:
268:
264:
256:
253:
249:
245:
241:
238:
235:
231:
228:
225:
223:
219:
216:
212:
209:
207:
203:
196:Qultak Agachi
190:
186:Saljuk Khatun
179:
175:
171:
165:12 March 1291
164:
160:
157:
147:
143:
140:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
96:
94:
89:
85:
81:
78:
74:
67:
62:
57:
52:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
3686:
3562:Genghis Khan
3331:Kievan Rus'
3309:(1237â1300s)
3301:(1237â1300s)
3145:Western Xia
3107:Qara Khitai
2940:Major cities
2919:Golden Horde
2895:Yuan dynasty
2782:Organization
2716:
2667:Khong Tayiji
2560:
2508:
2479:
2475:
2456:
2430:
2406:
2386:
2362:
2343:
2324:
2298:
2282:
2271:
2253:
2238:
2218:
2199:
2152:
2146:
2127:
2121:
2102:
2096:
2086:
2080:
2068:
2058:
2051:
2042:
2034:
2029:
2017:
2009:
2004:
1984:
1977:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1910:
1905:
1896:
1865:
1854:
1845:
1837:
1833:
1814:
1805:
1785:
1778:
1769:
1760:
1756:
1744:
1722:
1713:
1693:
1687:
1675:
1667:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1614:
1587:
1581:
1554:
1548:
1521:
1515:
1503:
1492:. Retrieved
1488:
1479:
1451:. Retrieved
1447:
1415:
1406:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1336:Concubines:
1335:
1230:
1227:
1192:
1167:
1166:(Arghun) or
1163:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1098:
1086:
1071:
1067:
1056:
1033:
1030:
1013:Persian Gulf
998:
985:
975:
971:
964:
952:
896:
861:
849:
833:
791:
767:
742:
739:End of reign
718:
697:
691:
670:Abish Khatun
666:
663:Fall of Buqa
642:
626:
622:
617:being their
576:
555:Golden Horde
532:
491:Mughan plain
479:
448:
421:
409:
402:Sultan Ahmad
390:Hafiz-i Abru
327:
262:
261:
192:Qutai Khatun
184:Todai Khatun
150:(1291-03-10)
136:8 March 1258
36:Arghun, Iran
3816:1291 deaths
3811:1258 births
3637:Sartaq Khan
3606:Kublai Khan
3601:Möngke Khan
3575:Ăgedei Khan
3554:Great Khans
3520:(1314â1318)
3512:(1268â1301)
3464:(1260â1323)
3448:(1253â1256)
3431:Middle East
3325:(1238â1239)
3266:(1221â1327)
3125:(1219â1256)
3117:(1219â1221)
3099:(1264â1308)
3091:(1207-1308)
2957:Azov (Azaq)
2623:Terminology
2327:. Longman.
2181:(c. 1300),
2075:, p. 8
1655:Fisher 1968
1472:Fisher 1968
1325:, widow of
1277:Qutlughshah
1237:Hulagu Khan
1198:Hasan Fasai
1188:Islamic Law
1178:missionary
1023:factions).
1009:arbaletiers
917:of France.
852:Honorius IV
707:physician,
674:blood money
561:. However,
406:Safavid-era
384:Arghun and
362:Mubarakshah
306:Kublai Khan
263:Arghun Khan
182:Uruk Khatun
102:Predecessor
18:Arghun Khan
3805:Categories
3773:Nogai Khan
3657:Ăzbeg Khan
3588:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3482:Civil wars
3470:Palestine
3379:Lithuania
3299:Circassia
3032:Xacitarxan
3017:Soltaniyeh
2754:Darughachi
2410:. Fayard.
2173:References
1588:Jalayirids
1573:1035158115
1494:2020-04-25
1453:2020-04-25
1152:Can Grande
1120:Marco Polo
1048:Ethiopians
891:Marco Polo
455:Diyar Bakr
428:his father
330:Abaqa Khan
324:Early life
314:Marco Polo
286:Abaqa Khan
132:1258-03-08
32:Arghun Aqa
3642:Orda Khan
3632:Batu Khan
3496:(1260â64)
3440:(1241â43)
3438:Anatolia
3413:(1287â88)
3405:(1285â86)
3397:(1264â65)
3389:(1259â60)
3381:(1258â59)
3357:(1241â42)
3349:(1241â42)
3341:(1240â41)
3317:(1229â36)
3307:Chechnya
3247:(1300â02)
3211:Southeast
3190:(1253â56)
3172:(1235â79)
3164:(1231â60)
3156:(1211â34)
3109:(1216â18)
3097:Sakhalin
3057:Campaigns
3007:Saray-JĂŒk
2997:Samarkand
2972:Karakorum
2931:Ilkhanate
2689:Political
2455:(1987) .
2385:(1961) .
2073:Hope 2016
2037:, p. 315.
1670:, p. 298.
1643:Hope 2016
1631:Hope 2016
1606:948403225
1421:Gregorian
1323:Khongirad
1312:Khongirad
1176:Dominican
1132:Taghachar
1124:Tengriist
1116:alchemist
1052:Georgians
1044:Jacobites
1040:Hetoum II
1034:In 1291,
967:Bar Sauma
903:Jerusalem
840:Jerusalem
820:in 1289.
812:in 1285,
782:Bilasuvar
778:Taghachar
682:Salghurid
678:Taghachar
643:chingsang
547:Sultaniya
507:Kubrawiya
495:Bilasuvar
487:Georgians
483:Armenians
475:Taghachar
451:Qonqurtai
436:Ata Malik
354:Negudaris
302:Holy Land
282:Ilkhanate
269:: ĐŃĐłŃĐœ;
112:Successor
3768:Boroldai
3748:Khubilai
3728:Bo'orchu
3701:Military
3595:(regent)
3582:(regent)
3569:(regent)
3454:Baghdad
3403:Hungary
3347:Hungary
3290:Georgia
3237:Vietnam
3089:Siberia
2987:Maragheh
2887:Khanates
2835:Religion
2830:Military
2779:Politics
2729:Kurultai
2692:Military
2572:Gaykhatu
2506:(2006).
2428:(1992).
2291:41120851
2281:(1998),
2198:(1972).
1874:Archived
1823:Archived
1540:42628593
1362:See also
1259:Ong Khan
1248:levirate
1101:Buddhist
1089:Outremer
1074:Gaikhatu
1050:and the
1015:port of
979:â
869:â
864:Saracens
814:Lattakia
806:Il Khans
770:Shamakhi
607:Khorasan
603:Anatolia
599:Gaykhatu
563:Qaraunas
520:Gaykhatu
467:Gaykhatu
370:kurultai
342:Khorasan
338:Baylaqan
310:Kököchin
290:Buddhist
255:Buddhism
251:Religion
227:Borjigin
139:Baylaqan
116:Gaykhatu
3738:Boroqul
3733:Guo Kan
3723:Negudar
3708:Subutai
3608: (
3446:Alamut
3419:Serbia
3411:Poland
3395:Thrace
3387:Poland
3323:Alania
3188:Yunnan
3123:Persia
3081:Central
3060:Battles
2967:Bolghar
2962:Bukhara
2947:Almalik
2749:Kheshig
2677:Tarkhan
2555:Tekuder
2010:Steppes
1327:Tekuder
1283:Baghdad
1267:ĂljaitĂŒ
1255:Irinjin
1168:Cassano
1128:Tekuder
1005:Genoese
1001:Red Sea
856:Vatican
802:Tripoli
798:Qalawun
794:Mamluks
774:Derbent
753:ĂljaitĂŒ
729:Damghan
721:Yoshmut
647:Chinese
587:Baghdad
579:Jumghur
567:Maragha
559:Derbent
539:Kalpush
459:Georgia
432:Baghdad
386:Tekuder
368:in the
358:Seistan
300:in the
298:Mamluks
222:Dynasty
215:ĂljaitĂŒ
154:BÄឥÄa,
106:Tekuder
77:Il-Khan
44:Arrajan
3718:Muqali
3692:Ghazan
3687:Arghun
3677:Hulegu
3567:Tolui
3543:People
3504:(1262)
3462:Syria
3456:(1258)
3421:(1291)
3373:(1242)
3365:(1242)
3281:Europe
3264:India
3245:Burma
3231:(1293)
3220:Burma
3198:Japan
3179:Tibet
3162:Korea
3022:Tabriz
2992:Qarshi
2952:Avarga
2798:Topics
2702:Jarlig
2662:Jinong
2657:Khanum
2652:Khatun
2642:Khagan
2634:Titles
2562:Ilkhan
2516:
2496:565554
2494:
2463:
2441:
2414:
2393:
2371:
2350:
2331:
2313:
2289:
2260:
2245:
2225:
2206:
2190:Online
2183:Online
2159:
2134:
2109:
1992:
1820:Source
1793:
1701:
1604:
1594:
1571:
1561:
1538:
1528:
1347:Ghazan
1342:Dörben
1224:Family
1172:Ghazan
1164:Argone
1160:Hulagu
1156:Alaone
1146:Legacy
1082:Ghazan
1046:, the
1003:. The
943:Korean
913:, and
810:Margat
749:Tabriz
725:Nawruz
705:Jewish
687:Tabriz
649::
639:ilkhan
635:Kublai
615:Nawruz
611:Ghazan
581:) and
524:Nawruz
516:Semnan
512:Ghazan
499:Qazvin
463:Jazira
416:Shiraz
350:Bargut
346:Jalair
318:Ghazan
243:Mother
233:Father
211:Ghazan
177:Spouse
162:Burial
93:Kublai
59:Arghun
3763:Kadan
3758:Bayan
3743:Jelme
3682:Abaqa
3672:Kebek
3652:Toqta
3647:Berke
3627:Jochi
3620:Khans
3257:South
3229:Java
2982:Majar
2924:Wings
2744:TĂŒmen
2724:Yassa
2707:Ărtöö
2672:Noyan
2492:JSTOR
1375:Notes
1331:Abaqa
1306:Abaqa
1292:NiÄde
1140:Sojas
1136:Arran
1104:lamas
1095:Death
1017:Basra
583:Baydu
573:Reign
493:near
471:Baydu
275:á á ·á á €á š
237:Abaqa
206:Issue
170:Sojas
168:near
156:Arran
83:Reign
51:Argun
40:Urgun
3713:Jebe
3667:Duwa
3136:East
3073:Asia
3027:Ukek
2977:Dadu
2785:Life
2712:Orda
2647:Khan
2514:ISBN
2461:ISBN
2439:ISBN
2412:ISBN
2391:ISBN
2369:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2311:ISBN
2287:OCLC
2258:ISBN
2243:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2132:ISBN
2107:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1871:here
1791:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1602:OCLC
1592:ISBN
1569:OCLC
1559:ISBN
1536:OCLC
1526:ISBN
1108:yogi
699:naib
656:lit.
625:and
619:emir
595:emir
591:Buqa
557:via
543:Buqa
528:Buqa
485:and
469:and
145:Died
126:Born
3753:Aju
2484:doi
2303:doi
1162:),
444:Ray
3807::
2490:.
2480:94
2478:.
2434:.
2309:,
2301:,
2237:,
1917:^
1884:^
1732:^
1600:.
1567:.
1534:.
1487:.
1462:^
1446:.
1431:^
1390:.
1190:.
1084:.
1065:.
909:,
755:.
689:.
653:;
651:äžçž
605:,
589:,
569:.
320:.
273::
3612:)
2603:e
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2486::
2469:.
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2420:.
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2305::
2266:.
2212:.
2165:.
2140:.
2115:.
1998:.
1799:.
1707:.
1608:.
1575:.
1542:.
1497:.
1456:.
1394:.
1285:)
1250:)
1170:(
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645:(
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46:.
20:)
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