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519:, then most senior of Tekuder's commanders on 13 or 28 June. Buqa in turn handed over him to Ahmad who put Gaykhatu in Tödai Khatun's encampment. Despite this, Tekuder continued hostilities and kept advancing on Arghun. This made Buqa to harbor resentment towards Tekuder and grow more sympathetic to Arghun. On the other hand, he lost Tekuder's favor who started to invest his trust in Aq Buqa, another Jalair general.
851:"As the land of the Muslims, that is, Syria and Egypt, is placed between us and you, we will encircle and strangle ("estrengebimus") it. We will send our messengers to ask you to send an army to Egypt, so that us on one side, and you on the other, we can, with good warriors, take it over. Let us know through secure messengers when you would like this to happen. We will chase the
950:. Buscarel was in Rome between July 15 and September 30, 1289, and in Paris in NovemberâDecember 1289. He remitted a letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, answering to Philippe's own letter and promises, offering the city of Jerusalem as a potential prize, and attempting to fix the date of the offensive from the winter of 1290 to spring of 1291:
1737:"This Arghon loved the Christians very much, and several times asked to the Pope and the king of France how they could together destroy all the Sarazins" - Le Templier de Tyr - French original:"Cestu Argon ama mout les crestiens et plusors fois manda au pape et au roy de France trayter coment yaus et luy puissent de tout les Sarazins destruire"
1715:
Prawdin, p. 372. "Argun revived the idea of an alliance with the West, and envoys from the
Ilkhans once more visited European courts. He promised the Christians the Holy Land, and declared that as soon as they had conquered Jerusalem he would have himself baptised there. The Pope sent the envoys on
691:
of the empire upon success. However
Jushkab sent news to Arghun about the treachery. Arghun in his turn sent his new emir Qoncuqbal to arrest Buqa. It's unknown how Rusudan escaped the purge by Arghun but Demetre II was summoned to capital and imprisoned as well. Buqa was put to death on January 16,
961:
If you send your warriors as promised and conquer Egypt, worshiping the sky, then I shall give you
Jerusalem. If any of our warriors arrive later than arranged, all will be futile and no one will benefit. If you care to please give me your impressions, and I would also be very willing to accept any
656:
Arghun saw the government as his own property and didn't approve of Buqa and Aruq's arrogance and excesses, which soon raised them many enemies. Aruq practically ruled
Baghdad as his own appanage, not paying taxes to central government, murdering his critics. Sayyid Imad ud-Din Alavi's murder on 30
673:
taxes. As a result, he gained over 1.5 million dinars from Fars province. His next step came in 1287, when Buqa fell ill. He investigated Aruq in same fashion and started to control
Baghdad's income as well, replacing him with Ordo Qiya. Another replacement came when Buqa's ally Amir Ali Tamghachi
1752:
p. 254: Arghun, grandon of Hulagu, "had resurrected the most cherished dream of his predecessors: to form an alliance with the
Occidentals and thus to trap the Mamluk sultanate in a pincer movement. Regular contacts were established between Tabriz and Rome with a view to organizing a joint
1057:
In August 1291, Pope
Nicholas wrote a letter to Arghun informing him of the plans of Edward I to go on a Crusade to recapture the Holy Land, stating that the Crusade could only be successful with the help of the "powerful arm" of the Mongols. Nicholas repeated an oft-told theme of the Crusader
469:
Arghun started an open rebellion upon his return from
Baghdad to Khorasan in 1283 to gain allegiance of minor nobles and amirs. Tekuder's next step was to send Alinaq with 15.000 men against Arghun on 29 January, while ilkhan himself followed Alinaq on 26 April from his main army composed of
1058:
communications to the
Mongols, asking Arghun to receive baptism and to march against the Mamluks. However Arghun himself had died on March 10, 1291, and Pope Nicholas IV would die in March 1292, putting an end to their attempts at combined action.
958:), saying that if the warriors of Il Khaan invade Egypt you would support them. We would also lend our support by going there at the end of the Tiger yearâs winter , worshiping the sky, and settle in Damascus in the early spring .
946:, a Genoese who had settled in Persia. The objective of the mission was to determine at what date concerted Christian and Mongol efforts could start. Arghun committed to march his troops as soon as the Crusaders had disembarked at
1898:"Only a contingent of 800 Genoese arrived, whom he (Arghun) employed in 1290 in building shipd at Baghdad, with a view to harassing Egyptian commerce at the southern approaches to the Red Sea", p. 169, Peter Jackson,
385:
975:
Buscarello was also bearing a memorandum explaining that the Mongol ruler would prepare all necessary supplies for the
Crusaders, as well as 30,000 horses. Buscarel then went to England to bring Arghun's message to
980:. He arrived in London January 5, 1290. Edward, whose answer has been preserved, answered enthusiastically to the project but remained evasive about its actual implementation, for which he deferred to the Pope.
498:
order also fought in Arghun's army during this battle. Arghun tried to make truce on halfway, which Ahmad against advices of his councillors, refused it. Another embassy sent by Arghun, this time led by his son
965:
I send this to you by Myckeril and say: All will be known by the power of the sky and the greatness of kings. This letter was scribed on the sixth of the early summer in the year of the Ox at Hoândlon."
831:
were to be conquered, he would have himself baptized. Yet by the late 13th century, Western Europe was no longer as interested in the crusading effort, and Arghun's missions were ultimately fruitless.
1080:
would almost certainly have been prolonged. The Mamluks would have been crippled if not destroyed; and the Ilkhanate of Persia would have survived as a power friendly to the Christians and the West"
736:
on 21 September 1289. After his second son YesĂŒ TemĂŒr's death on 18 May 1290, he became rather disassociated from daily affairs of government. He founded the city of Arghuniyya in a suburb of
954:"Under the power of the eternal sky, the message of the great king, Arghun, to the king of France..., said: I have accepted the word that you forwarded by the messengers under Saymer Sagura (
1119:'s widow among other women of witchcraft, who were executed on 19 January 1291 by being thrown into a river. Arghun's health deteriorated on 27 January and was paralyzed. Using opportunity,
708:
After dealing with Buqa, Arghun went for Hulaguid princes, whose loyalties were questionable - Jushkab was arrested and executed on 10 June 1289 while trying to raise an army. Hulachu and
1043:. On January 5, 1291, Nicholas addressed a vibrant prayer to all the Christians to save the Holy Land, and predicators started to rally Christians to follow Edward I in a Crusade.
526:, a strong fortress on 7 July with 100 men. But he was forced to surrender to Alinaq four days later. Victorious Tekuder left Arghun at Alinaq's captivity while himself left for
930:. The seal is that of the Great Khan, with Chinese Script: âèŒććźæ°äč毶â, which means "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People". The paper is of
566:
Arghun was informally enthroned on 11 August 1284 following Tekuder's execution. A series of appointments came after coronation, as was custom - His cousins Jushkab (son of
1139:
In the West, the 13th century saw such a vogue of Mongol things that many new-born children in Italy were named after Genghisid rulers, including Arghun: names such as
661:
herself to his court. It was Jalal ad-Din Arqan, one of her attendants first to reveal the details of murder, after which he was sawed in half. She was ordered to pay
740:
later in 1290 and a Buddhist temple in which he put statues resembling himself. Another city founded by him was Sharuyaz, which was completed during reign of his son
1020:
Arghun sent a fourth mission to European courts in 1290, led by Andrew Zagan (or Chagan), who was accompanied by Buscarel of Gisolfe and a Christian named Sahadin.
2865:
1862:
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to Philip the Fair of France and to Edward I of England. But the mission was fruitless. Western Europe was no longer interested in crusading adventures.
1123:
and his allies made another purge with killing Sa'd al-Dawla and his proteges on 2 April. Arghun finally died on morning of March 7 or March 10, 1291 in
1000:
was also sent, but the enterprise apparently foundered when the Genoese government ultimately disowned the project, and an internal fight erupted at the
2527:
446:, so Qonqurtai and Arghun wouldn't be connected. Qonqurtai was accused of conspiracy and was arrested by TegĂŒder's son-in-law, Alinaq - the viceroy of
700:. Sa'ad was effective in restoring order to the Ilkhanate's government, in part by aggressively denouncing the abuses of the Mongol military leaders.
2860:
1217:
Arghun had ten consorts, 7 of them being khatun and 3 of them being concubines. From his children, only 2 sons and 2 daughters reached to adulthood:
3736:
3199:
1261:Ăljatai Khatun â married firstly to Qunchuqbal, married secondly to Aq Buqa, married thirdly to her stepson, Amir Husayn Jalayir, son of Aq Buqa
1076:
According to the 20th-century historian Runciman, "Had the Mongol alliance been achieved and honestly implemented by the West, the existence of
988:
In 1290, Arghun launched a shipbuilding program in Baghdad, with the intent of having war galleys which would harass the Mamluk commerce in the
1972:
886:
Apparently left without an answer, Arghun sent another embassy to European rulers in 1287, headed by the Ongut Turk Nestorian monk from China
442:
and Arghun's potential alliance. He sent military contingents commanded by Prince Jushkab, Uruq and Qurumushi (son of Hinduqur) to station in
1811:
1683:
The Arts of Ornamental Geometry: A Persian Compendium on Similar and Complementary Interlocking Figures. A Volume Commemorating Alpay Ăzdural
847:. Arghun's letter mentioned the links that Arghun's family had to Christianity, and proposed a combined military conquest of Muslim lands:
59:
Arghun enthroned with his khatun (possibly Quthluq Khatun) in a painting c.1430. BibliothÚque nationale de France (Supplément persan 1113).
2076:
Ta'rÄ«kh-i Shaikh Uwais : (History of Shaikh Uais) : Am important source for the history of AdharbaijÄn in the fourteenth century
1171:, Arghun was "a man given to the worst of villainy, but for all that a friend of the Christians". Arghun was a Buddhist, but as did most
534:
was seeking - he broke into Alinaq's camp and set Arghun free, while killing Alinaq. Tekuder fled west and looted Buqa's encampment near
3343:
2522:
3111:
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travelled from Peking in the East, to Rome, Paris and Bordeaux in the West, meeting with the major rulers of the period, even before
685:(whose daughter Rusudan was married to Buqa's son) were implicated. Buqa promised Jushkab the throne on condition of appointment as
554:
sent by Buqa soon caught up with him and arrested Tekuder. He was turned over to Arghun on 26 July on Ab-i Shur pasturelands, near
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1398:. Translated by Thackston, Wheeler M. Cambridge, MA: The Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations. p. 516.
1235:Ăljatai Khatun (m. 1288) â daughter of Sulamish, son of Tengiz GĂŒregen and Todogaj Khatun, widow of Tengiz (they married in
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to power, who were accused of charges of embezzlement before. However Arghun believed Juvayni brothers were responsible for
3819:
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and Toghan started to conspire with Arghun to depose overpowered Buqa. His first step was to investigate former non-paid
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sent someone to poison him. Another cause of friction was Tekuder's order of arrest of Malik Fakhr ud-Din, governor of
3176:
890:, with the objective of contracting a military alliance to fight the Muslims in the Middle East, and take the city of
681:
Perceiving that he had lost the khan's favour, Buqa organized a conspiracy in Prince Jushkab and Arghun's vassal king
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2274:, vol. 3, translated by Thackston, W.M., Harvard University, Dept. of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations,
2250:
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with the Europeans, against their common foes the Mamluks of Egypt. Arghun had promised his potential allies that if
648:'Chancellor'). Following this, Arghun had a second, this time official coronation ceremony on 7 April 1286.
281:(although pro-Christian). He was known for sending several embassies to Europe in an unsuccessful attempt to form a
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was among the executed people as Arghun tried to avenge his father's supposed murder. The official approval by
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to spend winter of 1282-1283 and restarted the investigation on embezzlement accusation which may have caused
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Bulughan Khatun Muazzama (m. 22 March 1290, d. 5 January 1310) â daughter of Otman, son of Abatai Noyan of
350:
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Qutlugh Khatun (d. 13 March 1288) â daughter of Tengiz GĂŒregen of Oirats and Todogaj Khatun, daughter of
255:
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TARKHAN DYNASTY AT MAKLI HILL, THATTA (PAKISTAN): HISTORY AND ARCHITECTURE OF THE SELECTED MONUMENTS
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on 31 May. Embassy was a success, as Ahmad accepted truce on condition if Arghun sends his brother
2295:
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and other commanders, this attack too was prevented. War officially ended when Arghun returned to
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described as Indian yogis' experience. After 8 months of taking the substance, Arghun fell ill.
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Arghun had developed a great interest in alchemy towards end of his reign. He gave shelters to
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on 7 October 1290. After his relatives, Arghun authorizes Sa'd al-Dawla to execute children of
322:
282:
39:
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worth 700.000 dinars to Sayyed's sons as the result of court. Other emirs, including Tuladai,
511:
as a hostage. Arghun agreed to terms and sent his brother accompanied by two amirs, including
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1200:
Abaqa on a horse. His son Arghun stands beside him under a royal umbrella, with his own son,
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As his predecessor, Arghun often clashed with Golden Horde. He repulsed a raiding party near
682:
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sent a contingent of 800 carpenters and sailors, to help with the shipbuilding. A force of
947:
894:. The responses were positive but vague. Sauma returned in 1288 with positive letters from
733:
721:
619:
491:
428:
2463:
Schein, Sylvia (October 1979). "Gesta Dei per Mongolos 1300. The Genesis of a Non-Event".
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Arghun was one of a long line of Genghis-Khanite rulers who had endeavored to establish a
8:
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Guillame de Tyr (William of Tyre) "Historia rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum" #591
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who claimed to have lived longer than anyone and could offer Arghun the same. The way
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on 17 January 1284 and was executed next day. Another contingent of army was sent to
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who gave a concoction of sulphur and mercury to Arghun was the same substance that
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The throne carrier of God : the life and thought of Ê»AlÄÊŒ ad-Dawla as-SimnÄnÄ«
3576:
2441:
2371:
1866:
1815:
1414:
The Chinese-Uighur Animal Calendar in Persian Historiography of the Mongol Period
1290:
1284:
1164:
926:, with detail of the introduction. The letter was remitted to the French king by
326:
177:
2845:
2414:
1182:
794:
523:
412:
399:
353:). After Abaqa's death in 1282, he was talked out of running against his uncle
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Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West
1561:
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Power, Politics, and Tradition in the Mongol Empire and the Ilkhanate of Iran
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tribe) who was his military commander of encampment and Jochigan Noyan (from
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267:
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1528:
305:. Arghun died before Kököchin arrived, so she instead married Arghun's son,
3550:
2990:
2907:
2883:
2798:
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2635:
1264:Ăljai Timur â married firstly to Tukal, married secondly on 30 May 1296 to
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1001:
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732:
According to Rashid al-Din, Arghun started to use opium after his visit to
658:
551:
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394:
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203:
24:
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2263:, Naomi Walford, (tr.), New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1970.
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870:
770:
369:
19:
For the pre-Hulagu Mongol governor of Persia in the mid-13th century, see
3716:
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1655:
Mantran, Robert (Fossier, Robert, ed.) "A Turkish or Mongolian Islam" in
1230:
Khitai-oghul (also named Sengirges, b. 3 March 1291 - d. 24 January 1298)
1225:
997:
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samples of French opulence that you care to burden your messengers with.
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840:
623:
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tribe) who was his atabeg. He commanded an army at the age of 20 against
294:
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came only 23 February 1286, who not only confirmed Arghun's position as
610:. Buqa, to whom he owed his throne was also awarded with dual office of
3761:
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3020:
3005:
2742:
1330:
1294:
1108:
879:
716:'s revolt in Khorasan. After a trial, they were sent to be executed in
670:
535:
443:
416:
361:. Tekuder was duly chosen as sultan. He is also known as Sultan Ahmad.
318:
302:
274:
225:
20:
2484:
1775:
From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi
1413:
1193:, trying to link Qajars to Qajar Noyan, son of his emir Sartaq Noyan.
785:
were continuously reinforcing their power in Syria. The Mamluk Sultan
3630:
3620:
2985:
2965:
2960:
2919:
2177:"The Monks of Kublai Khan Emperor of China", Sir E. A. Wallis Budge.
1396:
Jami'u't-Tawarikh, Compendium of Chronicles: A History of the Mongols
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fled to Khorasan, to Arghun's encampment while several emirs such as
439:
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Tekuder on the other hand began to be suspicious of his half-brother
432:
290:
270:
1046:
However, the efforts were too little and too late. On May 18, 1291,
427:'s stroke on 5 March 1283. His hatred grew upon hearing rumors that
293:. It was also Arghun who requested a new bride from his great-uncle
3756:
2975:
2835:
2717:
2560:
1762:
Quote in "Histoires des Croisades III", Rene Grousset, p. 700.
1247:
1112:
1089:
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1062:
852:
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712:'s son Qara Noqai were arrested on 30 May 1289, in connection with
591:
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455:
358:
278:
243:
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127:
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History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th Century, Volume 3
1544:
The Mongols in Iran : Qutb Al-DÄ«n ShÄ«rÄzÄ«'s AkhbÄr-i MoghulÄn
1280:
970:
Letter from Arghun to Philippe le Bel, 1289, France royal archives
54:
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3000:
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2737:
2727:
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989:
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In 1289, Arghun sent a third mission to Europe, in the person of
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709:
618:, combining both military and civil administration on his hands.
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The Islamic World to 1600: The Mongol Invasions (The Il-Khanate)
1095:
who would advice him on religious matters. He also befriended a
1027:
proclaimed a new Crusade and negotiated agreements with Arghun,
860:
Extract from the 1285 letter from Arghun to Honorius IV, Vatican
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The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250-1520
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1070:
798:
782:
737:
675:
599:
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487:
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1513:. Albany: State University of New York Press. pp. 18â19.
1069:, but extensive contacts would only resume under Arghun's son
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3615:
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1807:
Boyle, in Camb. Hist. Iran V, pp. 370â71; Budge, pp. 165â97.
1319:
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1005:
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571:
530:, where his main army was stationed. This was an opportunity
459:
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28:
3136:(1205 / 1207 / 1209â10 / 1225â27)
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and Qaitmish EgecÌi (a concubine) in 8 March 1258 (although
3701:
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3015:
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855:, with the help of the Lord, the Pope, and the Great Khan."
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516:
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1329:
Kultak egechi (m. 1271) â daughter of Kihtar Bitigchi of
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in revenge. He continued on to his own pasturelands near
486:. Arghun prevailed on Alinaq in battle on 4 May south to
789:
recaptured Crusader territories, some of which, such as
16:
Ruler of the Mongol empire's Ilkhanate from 1284 to 1291
1876:
1874:
1252:
YesĂŒ TemĂŒr (born between 1271 and 1282, d. 18 May 1290)
1163:) are recorded with a high frequency. According to the
266:; c. 1258 â 10 March 1291) was the fourth ruler of the
345:. He left his father's encampment on 14 July 1279 for
2866:
List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'
1412:
by Charles Melville. See: Melville, Charles (1994) -
1127:. He was buried on a secret location in mountains of
839:
In 1285, Arghun sent an embassy and a letter to Pope
490:
but nevertheless retreated to his lands in Khorasan.
2491:
2261:
The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia
1889:"Histoire des Croisades III", p. 713, Rene Grousset.
1871:
1189:
also claimed his treasure was found during reign of
983:
797:. The Mamluks had captured the northern fortress of
1343:
Qutai â daughter of Qutlugh Buqa, son of Husayn Aqa
843:, a Latin translation of which is preserved in the
1061:Edward I sent an ambassador to Arghun's successor
812:
657:December 1284 angered Buqa to the point summoning
590:and uncle Hulachu were assigned to viceroyalty of
389:"The war of two Il-Khanid rulers, Arghun Khan vs.
2861:Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe
2183:
1242:Uruk Khatun â daughter of Sarija, sister of emir
3791:
2440:
2370:
3281:(1220â22 / 1226â31 / 1237â64)
2413:
2330:
1909:
1907:
1724:
1722:
1508:
1474:"JOVAYNI, ÊżALÄÊŸ-AL-DIN â Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1310:Todai Khatun (m. 7 January 1287) â a lady from
325:states it was in 1262, which is unlikely) near
2462:
2311:
2240:
1771:
1574:
752:
301:across Asia to Arghun was reportedly taken by
2584:
2392:
2349:
1829:, Archives Nationales de France, p. 38, 2007.
1346:Ergene egechi â previously concubine of Abaqa
2764:
1904:
1719:
834:
1991:
1765:
643:
522:Seeing developments, Arghun sook refuge in
2591:
2577:
1848:Alternative translation of Arghun's letter
866:Second mission, to Kings Philip and Edward
776:
53:
2296:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198768593.001.0001
1753:expedition, or at least a concerted one."
2498:God's War: A New History of the Crusades
2266:
2142:Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia
2117:Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia
2051:(Thesis thesis). UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR.
2010:
1958:
1827:Grands Documents de l'Histoire de France
1668:
1607:
1496:
1258:(b. 24 March 1282 - d. 16 December 1316)
1195:
913:
869:
384:
368:
2333:Les Croisades, origines et conséquences
2139:
2089:
1270:Qutlugh Timur Khatun (died in youth in
273:, from 1284 to 1291. He was the son of
3792:
3211:(1277 / 1283 / 1287)
3170:(1236 / 1240 / 1252)
2230:, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010,
2205:
2140:Lambton, Ann K. S. (January 1, 1988).
2115:Lambton, Ann K. S. (January 1, 1988).
1643:
1460:
1393:
922:, in Mongolian language and classical
692:1289. He was succeeded as vizier by a
3530:
3041:
2763:
2610:
2572:
2243:Histoire des Croisades III, 1188-1291
1338:(b. 5 November 1271 - d. 11 May 1304)
765:occurred on 26 March 1289. Headed by
703:
364:
349:where he captured Ăljai Buqa (son of
31:. For the medieval Persian city, see
3042:
2794:Administrative divisions and vassals
2335:(in French). Editions Ouest-France.
2285:
2061:
2044:
1970:
1631:
1619:
1541:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1433:"ARáž ĆȘN KHAN â Encyclopaedia Iranica"
1427:
1425:
1423:
1421:
1050:was conquered by the Mamluks in the
781:During Arghun's reign, the Egyptian
747:
478:in addition to Mongols stationed in
377:as illustrated by Sayf al-Vahidi in
277:, and like his father, was a devout
3061:
2314:The Mongols and the West: 1221-1410
2133:
1772:Morris Rossabi (28 November 2014).
393:" (Tekuder). Folio from a revised,
27:. For the town in Afghanistan, see
13:
1686:. BRILL. 2017-08-28. p. 169.
1115:shamans accused Toghachaq Khatun,
419:'s death by poisoning. He came to
297:. The mission to escort the young
14:
3831:
2598:
2516:
2090:Howorth, Sir Henry Hoyle (1888).
1579:. Edinburgh Univ Pr. p. 31.
1449:
1418:
1279:Seljuk Khatun (m. 1276, d. 1332,
1015:
984:Assembly of a raiding naval force
761:on 5 May 1288. Another attack on
542:on 17 July planning to escape to
333:under care of Sartaq Noyan (from
1185:later claimed descent from him.
909:
793:, had been vassal states of the
674:was removed from governorate of
574:were assigned to viceroyalty of
403:("The Quintessence of Purity"),
2611:
2555:11 August 1284 â 10 March 1291
2108:
2083:
2067:
2055:
2038:
2029:
2016:
2004:
1964:
1952:
1943:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1892:
1883:
1852:
1841:
1832:
1820:
1801:
1792:
1756:
1743:
1731:
1709:
1700:
1674:
1662:
1649:
1637:
1625:
1613:
1601:
1568:
1008:among the Genoese (between the
813:Relations with Christian powers
727:
651:
503:arrived at Tekuder's camp near
23:. For the village in Iran, see
2477:10.1093/ehr/XCIV.CCCLXXIII.805
2353:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
2245:(in French). Editions Perrin.
2210:, Cambridge University Press,
2191:(in French). Editions Perrin.
2094:. Burt Franklin. p. 354.
1750:The Crusades Through Arab Eyes
1535:
1502:
1490:
1466:
1402:
1387:
1369:
1293:(d. 20 April 1286) â widow of
630:, but also Buqa's new title -
75:11 August 1284 â 12 March 1291
1:
3815:13th-century monarchs in Asia
3781:Timeline of the Mongol Empire
3478:Division of the Mongol Empire
2465:The English Historical Review
2208:The Cambridge History of Iran
2161:
2045:Qazi, Muhammad Naeem (2010).
1246:and a great-granddaughter of
312:
2501:. Harvard University Press.
2378:. Collier-Macmillan Canada.
2356:. New York: Schocken Books.
2114:
1997:"He died on March 7, 1291."
1977:. B&R Samizdat Express.
1283:) â daughter of Rukn-ud-din
602:and his cousin Kingshu with
407:, Iran, dated September 1582
7:
3820:Mongolian Buddhist monarchs
2728:Manghit / Mangudai
2446:A history of the Crusades 3
2425:Kodansha International Ltd.
2144:. SUNY Press. p. 286.
2119:. SUNY Press. p. 288.
1778:. BRILL. pp. 385â386.
1542:Lane, George (3 May 2018).
1381:archivesetmanuscrits.bnf.fr
1350:
805:in 1287, and completed the
753:Relations with Golden Horde
466:and Doladai were arrested.
411:Tekuder's election brought
10:
3836:
3531:
3507:Esen BuqaâAyurbarwada war
2228:Religions of the Silk Road
1971:Polo, Marco (2018-03-01).
1305:Dilenchi (died in infancy)
816:
724:and rest of his proteges.
598:being assigned to his son
37:
18:
3778:
3689:
3608:
3541:
3537:
3526:
3470:
3419:
3322:(1223 / 1236â40)
3268:
3245:
3228:(1257 / 1284â88)
3198:
3123:
3068:
3057:
3037:
2928:
2874:
2851:ByzantineâMongol Alliance
2786:
2782:
2759:
2674:
2621:
2617:
2606:
2557:
2548:
2540:
2535:
1212:
1134:
1065:in 1292 in the person of
918:1289 letter of Arghun to
835:First mission to the Pope
639:
435:, whom Arghun appointed.
239:
231:
221:
209:
193:
165:
150:
133:
114:
110:
100:
90:
79:
71:
64:
52:
47:
2331:Lebédel, Claude (2006).
2272:Compendium of Chronicles
2024:The Mongols and the West
1900:The Mongols and the West
1858:For another translation
1509:Elias, Jamal J. (1995).
1363:
1083:
936:French National Archives
934:manufacture. 182x25 cm.
561:
38:Not to be confused with
2804:Invasions and conquests
2723:Paiza / Gerege
2312:Jackson, Peter (2005).
2241:Grousset, René (1935).
1575:Wing, Patrick. (2016).
1394:al-Din, Rashid (1999).
777:Relations with Mamlukes
698:Saâad al-Daula of Abhar
582:'s brother Aruq as his
494:, future Sufi saint of
3461:(1260 / 1301)
3189:(1274 / 1281)
2856:Franco-Mongol alliance
2396:Histoire des Croisades
2393:Richard, Jean (1996).
2350:Maalouf, Amin (1984).
2286:Hope, Michael (2016),
2206:Fisher, W. B. (1968),
1922:Dailliez, pp. 324â325.
1408:Date was converted to
1291:Bulughan Khatun Buzurg
1287:, Seljuk Sultan of Rum
1209:
1206:Rashid-al-Din Hamadani
973:
939:
883:
863:
825:Franco-Mongol alliance
819:Franco-Mongol alliance
408:
382:
381:'s "Majma al-tawarikh"
283:Franco-Mongol alliance
2268:Hamadani, Rashidaddin
1974:Travels of Marco Polo
1880:Jean Richard, p. 468.
1478:www.iranicaonline.org
1437:www.iranicaonline.org
1208:, early 14th century.
1199:
1169:Ricoldo of Montecroce
1010:Guelph and Ghibelline
952:
917:
873:
849:
683:Demetre II of Georgia
388:
372:
260:Traditional Mongolian
3352:Serbia and Bulgaria
2493:Tyerman, Christopher
1357:Timeline of Buddhism
882:'s return from Asia.
874:Arghun's ambassador
722:Shams al-Din Juvayni
620:Shams al-Din Juvayni
586:; while his brother
492:Ala ud-Daula Simnani
429:Shams al-Din Juvayni
3599:Khagans of the Yuan
3328:Poland and Bohemia
3104:Khwarazmian Empire
2829:Society and economy
1067:Geoffrey de Langley
944:Buscarel of Gisolfe
928:Buscarel of Gisolfe
900:Edward I of England
734:Maragha Observatory
317:Arghun was born to
285:against the Muslim
3344:Holy Roman Empire
2799:Banner/Bunchuk/Tug
2174:(Original French).
2168:Le Templier de Tyr
1865:2020-08-09 at the
1814:2008-04-04 at the
1646:, pp. 366â369
1463:, pp. 364â368
1210:
940:
904:Philip IV the Fair
884:
704:Reforms and purges
409:
383:
365:Bid for the throne
256:Mongolian Cyrillic
3787:
3786:
3774:
3773:
3770:
3769:
3522:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3499:KaiduâKublai war
3491:BerkeâHulagu war
3483:Toluid Civil War
3264:
3263:
3033:
3032:
3029:
3028:
2836:House of Borjigin
2755:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2567:
2566:
2558:Succeeded by
2455:978-0-14-013705-7
2448:. Penguin Books.
2323:978-0-582-36896-5
2236:978-0-230-62125-1
2185:Dailliez, Laurent
2151:978-0-887-06133-2
2126:978-0-887-06133-2
1984:978-1-4554-1591-5
1949:Runciman, p. 412.
1913:Runciman, p. 402.
1838:Runciman, p. 401.
1785:978-90-04-28529-3
1728:Runciman, p. 398.
1693:978-90-04-31520-4
1586:978-1-4744-0226-2
1553:978-1-351-38752-1
1220:Principal wives:
1048:Saint-Jean-d'Acre
948:Saint-Jean-d'Acre
748:Foreign relations
646:
249:
248:
3827:
3810:Il-Khan emperors
3585:
3572:
3569:Töregene Khatun
3559:
3539:
3538:
3528:
3527:
3510:
3502:
3494:
3486:
3462:
3454:
3446:
3438:
3430:
3411:
3403:
3395:
3387:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3339:
3331:
3323:
3315:
3307:
3299:
3291:
3283:
3282:
3256:
3237:
3229:
3221:
3213:
3212:
3190:
3180:
3172:
3171:
3162:
3154:
3146:
3138:
3137:
3115:
3107:
3099:
3089:
3081:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3039:
3038:
3001:Shangdu (Xanadu)
2991:Sarai Batu/Berke
2896:Chagatai Khanate
2784:
2783:
2761:
2760:
2619:
2618:
2608:
2607:
2593:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2541:Preceded by
2533:
2532:
2512:
2488:
2471:(373): 805â819.
2459:
2442:Runciman, Steven
2437:
2410:
2389:
2372:Prawdin, Michael
2367:
2346:
2327:
2308:
2282:
2259:Grousset, Rene,
2256:
2220:
2202:
2156:
2155:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2071:
2065:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2042:
2036:
2035:Jackson, p. 176.
2033:
2027:
2020:
2014:
2008:
2002:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1968:
1962:
1956:
1950:
1947:
1941:
1940:Jackson, p. 169.
1938:
1932:
1929:
1923:
1920:
1914:
1911:
1902:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1869:
1856:
1850:
1845:
1839:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1805:
1799:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1769:
1763:
1760:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1735:
1729:
1726:
1717:
1713:
1707:
1706:Tyerman, p. 817.
1704:
1698:
1697:
1678:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1653:
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1599:
1598:
1572:
1566:
1565:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1443:
1429:
1416:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1373:
1143:("Great Khan"),
1031:of Armenia, the
1025:Pope Nicholas IV
971:
924:Mongolian script
896:Pope Nicholas IV
888:Rabban Bar Sauma
876:Rabban Bar Sauma
861:
647:
644:
641:
540:Takht-i Suleyman
413:Juvayni brothers
329:. He grew up in
265:
140:
124:
122:
86:23 February 1286
80:Confirmation by
57:
45:
44:
3835:
3834:
3830:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3790:
3789:
3788:
3783:
3766:
3685:
3604:
3583:
3570:
3557:
3533:
3514:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3466:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3428:
3415:
3409:
3401:
3393:
3385:
3377:
3369:
3361:
3353:
3345:
3337:
3329:
3321:
3313:
3305:
3304:Volga Bulgaria
3297:
3289:
3280:
3278:
3260:
3254:
3241:
3235:
3227:
3219:
3210:
3208:
3194:
3188:
3178:
3169:
3167:
3160:
3159:Southern China
3152:
3144:
3143:Northern China
3135:
3133:
3119:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3087:
3079:
3053:
3052:
3025:
2924:
2901:House of Ăgedei
2870:
2841:House of Ăgedei
2809:Destructiveness
2778:
2777:
2747:
2684:
2670:
2613:
2602:
2597:
2563:
2554:
2546:
2519:
2509:
2456:
2434:
2415:Rossabi, Morris
2407:
2386:
2364:
2343:
2324:
2306:
2253:
2218:
2199:
2164:
2159:
2152:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2113:
2109:
2102:
2088:
2084:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2060:
2056:
2043:
2039:
2034:
2030:
2022:Peter Jackson,
2021:
2017:
2009:
2005:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1969:
1965:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1939:
1935:
1931:Schein, p. 809.
1930:
1926:
1921:
1917:
1912:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1872:
1867:Wayback Machine
1857:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1837:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1816:Wayback Machine
1806:
1802:
1798:Rossabi, p. 99.
1797:
1793:
1786:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1748:
1744:
1736:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1705:
1701:
1694:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1654:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1630:
1626:
1618:
1614:
1606:
1602:
1587:
1573:
1569:
1554:
1540:
1536:
1521:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1471:
1467:
1459:
1450:
1441:
1439:
1431:
1430:
1419:
1407:
1403:
1392:
1388:
1375:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1353:
1318:and previously
1285:Kilij Arslan IV
1215:
1204:, in his arms.
1137:
1103:described this
1086:
1018:
986:
972:
969:
920:Philip the Fair
912:
868:
862:
859:
837:
821:
815:
807:Fall of Tripoli
779:
773:on 2 May 1290.
755:
750:
730:
706:
654:
564:
397:edition of the
367:
315:
268:Mongol empire's
263:
235:Qaitmish EgecÌi
202:
188:
186:
184:
183:Bulughan Khatun
182:
180:
178:Bulughan Khatun
176:
174:
172:
170:
161:
155:
142:
138:
126:
120:
118:
60:
43:
36:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3833:
3823:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3785:
3784:
3779:
3776:
3775:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3767:
3765:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3693:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3606:
3605:
3603:
3602:
3592:
3587:
3582:Oghul Qaimish
3579:
3574:
3566:
3561:
3553:
3547:
3545:
3535:
3534:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3504:
3496:
3488:
3480:
3474:
3472:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3456:
3448:
3440:
3432:
3423:
3421:
3417:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3405:
3397:
3389:
3381:
3373:
3365:
3357:
3349:
3341:
3333:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3301:
3293:
3285:
3274:
3272:
3266:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3259:
3258:
3249:
3247:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3239:
3231:
3223:
3215:
3204:
3202:
3196:
3195:
3193:
3192:
3183:
3182:
3174:
3164:
3156:
3148:
3140:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3118:
3117:
3109:
3101:
3093:
3092:
3091:
3074:
3072:
3063:
3055:
3054:
3051:
3050:
3047:
3043:
3035:
3034:
3031:
3030:
3027:
3026:
3024:
3023:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2932:
2930:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2916:
2915:
2905:
2904:
2903:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2880:
2878:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2846:Mongol Armenia
2843:
2838:
2832:
2831:
2826:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2790:
2788:
2780:
2779:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2769:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2675:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2615:
2614:
2604:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2565:
2564:
2559:
2556:
2547:
2542:
2538:
2537:
2536:Regnal titles
2531:
2530:
2525:
2523:Khan genealogy
2518:
2517:External links
2515:
2514:
2513:
2507:
2489:
2460:
2454:
2438:
2432:
2411:
2405:
2390:
2384:
2368:
2362:
2347:
2341:
2328:
2322:
2309:
2304:
2283:
2264:
2257:
2251:
2238:
2224:Foltz, Richard
2221:
2216:
2203:
2197:
2181:
2175:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2150:
2132:
2125:
2107:
2101:978-1296812676
2100:
2082:
2066:
2054:
2037:
2028:
2015:
2003:
2001:, p. 376.
1990:
1983:
1963:
1951:
1942:
1933:
1924:
1915:
1903:
1891:
1882:
1870:
1851:
1840:
1831:
1819:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1764:
1755:
1742:
1730:
1718:
1708:
1699:
1692:
1673:
1661:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1612:
1600:
1585:
1567:
1552:
1546:. p. 60.
1534:
1519:
1501:
1489:
1465:
1448:
1417:
1401:
1386:
1377:"Consultation"
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1352:
1349:
1348:
1347:
1344:
1341:
1340:
1339:
1323:
1322:
1308:
1307:
1306:
1297:
1288:
1277:
1276:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1259:
1253:
1240:
1233:
1232:
1231:
1214:
1211:
1183:Arghun dynasty
1136:
1133:
1085:
1082:
1017:
1016:Fourth mission
1014:
985:
982:
967:
911:
908:
867:
864:
857:
836:
833:
817:Main article:
814:
811:
778:
775:
754:
751:
749:
746:
729:
726:
705:
702:
653:
650:
563:
560:
524:Kalat-e Naderi
515:to custody of
400:Safvat al-safa
366:
363:
314:
311:
247:
246:
241:
237:
236:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
218:
213:
207:
206:
197:
191:
190:
189:Oljatai Khatun
187:Argana Aghachi
169:Quthluq Khatun
167:
163:
162:
156:
152:
148:
147:
141:(aged 33)
137:March 10, 1291
135:
131:
130:
116:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
84:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
62:
61:
58:
50:
49:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3832:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3782:
3777:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3694:
3692:
3688:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:Chagatai Khan
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3607:
3600:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3567:
3565:
3562:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3540:
3536:
3529:
3525:
3511:
3505:
3503:
3497:
3495:
3489:
3487:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3475:
3473:
3469:
3463:
3457:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3439:
3433:
3431:
3425:
3424:
3422:
3418:
3412:
3406:
3404:
3398:
3396:
3390:
3388:
3382:
3380:
3374:
3372:
3366:
3364:
3360:Latin Empire
3358:
3356:
3350:
3348:
3342:
3340:
3334:
3332:
3326:
3324:
3318:
3316:
3310:
3308:
3302:
3300:
3294:
3292:
3286:
3284:
3276:
3275:
3273:
3271:
3267:
3257:
3251:
3250:
3248:
3244:
3238:
3232:
3230:
3224:
3222:
3216:
3214:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3184:
3181:
3175:
3173:
3165:
3163:
3157:
3155:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3139:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3122:
3116:
3110:
3108:
3102:
3100:
3094:
3090:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2933:
2931:
2927:
2921:
2918:
2914:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2889:Northern Yuan
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2814:Imperial Seal
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2791:
2789:
2785:
2781:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2707:Pax Mongolica
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2673:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2600:Mongol Empire
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2562:
2553:
2552:
2545:
2539:
2534:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2508:0-674-02387-0
2504:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2466:
2461:
2457:
2451:
2447:
2443:
2439:
2435:
2433:4-7700-1650-6
2429:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2406:2-213-59787-1
2402:
2398:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2385:1-4128-0519-8
2381:
2377:
2376:Mongol Empire
2373:
2369:
2365:
2363:0-8052-0898-4
2359:
2355:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2342:2-7373-4136-1
2338:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2307:
2305:9780198768593
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2252:2-262-02569-X
2248:
2244:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2217:0-521-06935-1
2213:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2198:2-262-02006-X
2194:
2190:
2189:Les Templiers
2186:
2182:
2180:
2176:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2122:
2118:
2111:
2103:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2079:. p. 43.
2078:
2077:
2070:
2063:
2058:
2050:
2049:
2041:
2032:
2025:
2019:
2013:, p. 575
2012:
2011:Hamadani 1998
2007:
2000:
1994:
1986:
1980:
1976:
1975:
1967:
1961:, p. 574
1960:
1959:Hamadani 1998
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1855:
1849:
1844:
1835:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1804:
1795:
1787:
1781:
1777:
1776:
1768:
1759:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1712:
1703:
1695:
1689:
1685:
1684:
1677:
1671:, p. 572
1670:
1669:Hamadani 1998
1665:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1634:, p. 161
1633:
1628:
1622:, p. 136
1621:
1616:
1610:, p. 562
1609:
1608:Hamadani 1998
1604:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1571:
1563:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1520:0-585-04596-8
1516:
1512:
1505:
1499:, p. 551
1498:
1497:Hamadani 1998
1493:
1479:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1438:
1434:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1415:
1411:
1405:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1368:
1359:(see 1285 CE)
1358:
1355:
1354:
1345:
1342:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1332:
1328:
1327:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1269:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1223:
1222:
1221:
1218:
1207:
1203:
1202:Mahmud Ghazan
1198:
1194:
1192:
1191:Qajar dynasty
1188:
1184:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1173:Turco-Mongols
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1132:
1131:on 12 March.
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1102:
1101:Rashid al-Din
1098:
1094:
1091:
1081:
1079:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1059:
1055:
1053:
1052:Siege of Acre
1049:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1021:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
981:
979:
978:King Edward I
966:
963:
959:
957:
951:
949:
945:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
916:
910:Third mission
907:
905:
901:
897:
893:
889:
881:
877:
872:
856:
854:
848:
846:
842:
832:
830:
826:
820:
810:
808:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
774:
772:
768:
764:
760:
745:
743:
739:
735:
725:
723:
719:
715:
711:
701:
699:
695:
690:
689:
684:
679:
677:
672:
668:
664:
660:
649:
637:
633:
629:
625:
621:
617:
616:amir al-umara
613:
612:sahib-i divan
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
473:
467:
465:
461:
457:
454:, from where
453:
449:
445:
441:
436:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
406:
402:
401:
396:
392:
387:
380:
376:
371:
362:
360:
356:
355:Ahmad Tekuder
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
323:Rashid al-Din
320:
310:
308:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
269:
261:
257:
253:
245:
242:
238:
234:
230:
227:
224:
220:
217:
214:
212:
208:
205:
201:
198:
196:
192:
185:Qultak Agachi
179:
175:Saljuk Khatun
168:
164:
160:
154:12 March 1291
153:
149:
146:
136:
132:
129:
117:
113:
109:
106:
103:
99:
96:
93:
89:
85:
83:
78:
74:
70:
67:
63:
56:
51:
46:
41:
34:
30:
26:
22:
3675:
3551:Genghis Khan
3320:Kievan Rus'
3298:(1237â1300s)
3290:(1237â1300s)
3134:Western Xia
3096:Qara Khitai
2929:Major cities
2908:Golden Horde
2884:Yuan dynasty
2771:Organization
2705:
2656:Khong Tayiji
2549:
2497:
2468:
2464:
2445:
2419:
2395:
2375:
2351:
2332:
2313:
2287:
2271:
2260:
2242:
2227:
2207:
2188:
2141:
2135:
2116:
2110:
2091:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2057:
2047:
2040:
2031:
2023:
2018:
2006:
1998:
1993:
1973:
1966:
1954:
1945:
1936:
1927:
1918:
1899:
1894:
1885:
1854:
1843:
1834:
1826:
1822:
1803:
1794:
1774:
1767:
1758:
1749:
1745:
1733:
1711:
1702:
1682:
1676:
1664:
1656:
1651:
1639:
1627:
1615:
1603:
1576:
1570:
1543:
1537:
1510:
1504:
1492:
1481:. Retrieved
1477:
1468:
1440:. Retrieved
1436:
1404:
1395:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1325:Concubines:
1324:
1219:
1216:
1181:
1156:
1155:(Arghun) or
1152:
1144:
1140:
1138:
1087:
1075:
1060:
1056:
1045:
1022:
1019:
1002:Persian Gulf
987:
974:
964:
960:
953:
941:
885:
850:
838:
822:
780:
756:
731:
728:End of reign
707:
686:
680:
659:Abish Khatun
655:
652:Fall of Buqa
631:
615:
611:
606:being their
565:
544:Golden Horde
521:
480:Mughan plain
468:
437:
410:
398:
391:Sultan Ahmad
379:Hafiz-i Abru
316:
251:
250:
181:Qutai Khatun
173:Todai Khatun
139:(1291-03-10)
125:8 March 1258
25:Arghun, Iran
3805:1291 deaths
3800:1258 births
3626:Sartaq Khan
3595:Kublai Khan
3590:Möngke Khan
3564:Ăgedei Khan
3543:Great Khans
3509:(1314â1318)
3501:(1268â1301)
3453:(1260â1323)
3437:(1253â1256)
3420:Middle East
3314:(1238â1239)
3255:(1221â1327)
3114:(1219â1256)
3106:(1219â1221)
3088:(1264â1308)
3080:(1207-1308)
2946:Azov (Azaq)
2612:Terminology
2316:. Longman.
2170:(c. 1300),
2064:, p. 8
1644:Fisher 1968
1461:Fisher 1968
1314:, widow of
1266:Qutlughshah
1226:Hulagu Khan
1187:Hasan Fasai
1177:Islamic Law
1167:missionary
1012:factions).
998:arbaletiers
906:of France.
841:Honorius IV
696:physician,
663:blood money
550:. However,
395:Safavid-era
373:Arghun and
351:Mubarakshah
295:Kublai Khan
252:Arghun Khan
171:Uruk Khatun
91:Predecessor
3794:Categories
3762:Nogai Khan
3646:Ăzbeg Khan
3577:GĂŒyĂŒk Khan
3471:Civil wars
3459:Palestine
3368:Lithuania
3288:Circassia
3021:Xacitarxan
3006:Soltaniyeh
2743:Darughachi
2399:. Fayard.
2162:References
1577:Jalayirids
1562:1035158115
1483:2020-04-25
1442:2020-04-25
1141:Can Grande
1109:Marco Polo
1037:Ethiopians
880:Marco Polo
444:Diyar Bakr
417:his father
319:Abaqa Khan
313:Early life
303:Marco Polo
275:Abaqa Khan
121:1258-03-08
21:Arghun Aqa
3631:Orda Khan
3621:Batu Khan
3485:(1260â64)
3429:(1241â43)
3427:Anatolia
3402:(1287â88)
3394:(1285â86)
3386:(1264â65)
3378:(1259â60)
3370:(1258â59)
3346:(1241â42)
3338:(1241â42)
3330:(1240â41)
3306:(1229â36)
3296:Chechnya
3236:(1300â02)
3200:Southeast
3179:(1253â56)
3161:(1235â79)
3153:(1231â60)
3145:(1211â34)
3098:(1216â18)
3086:Sakhalin
3046:Campaigns
2996:Saray-JĂŒk
2986:Samarkand
2961:Karakorum
2920:Ilkhanate
2678:Political
2444:(1987) .
2374:(1961) .
2062:Hope 2016
2026:, p. 315.
1659:, p. 298.
1632:Hope 2016
1620:Hope 2016
1595:948403225
1410:Gregorian
1312:Khongirad
1301:Khongirad
1165:Dominican
1121:Taghachar
1113:Tengriist
1105:alchemist
1041:Georgians
1033:Jacobites
1029:Hetoum II
1023:In 1291,
956:Bar Sauma
892:Jerusalem
829:Jerusalem
809:in 1289.
801:in 1285,
771:Bilasuvar
767:Taghachar
671:Salghurid
667:Taghachar
632:chingsang
536:Sultaniya
496:Kubrawiya
484:Bilasuvar
476:Georgians
472:Armenians
464:Taghachar
440:Qonqurtai
425:Ata Malik
343:Negudaris
291:Holy Land
271:Ilkhanate
258:: ĐŃĐłŃĐœ;
101:Successor
3757:Boroldai
3737:Khubilai
3717:Bo'orchu
3690:Military
3584:(regent)
3571:(regent)
3558:(regent)
3443:Baghdad
3392:Hungary
3336:Hungary
3279:Georgia
3226:Vietnam
3078:Siberia
2976:Maragheh
2876:Khanates
2824:Religion
2819:Military
2768:Politics
2718:Kurultai
2681:Military
2561:Gaykhatu
2495:(2006).
2417:(1992).
2280:41120851
2270:(1998),
2187:(1972).
1863:Archived
1812:Archived
1529:42628593
1351:See also
1248:Ong Khan
1237:levirate
1090:Buddhist
1078:Outremer
1063:Gaikhatu
1039:and the
1004:port of
968:â
858:â
853:Saracens
803:Lattakia
795:Il Khans
759:Shamakhi
596:Khorasan
592:Anatolia
588:Gaykhatu
552:Qaraunas
509:Gaykhatu
456:Gaykhatu
359:kurultai
331:Khorasan
327:Baylaqan
299:Kököchin
279:Buddhist
244:Buddhism
240:Religion
216:Borjigin
128:Baylaqan
105:Gaykhatu
3727:Boroqul
3722:Guo Kan
3712:Negudar
3697:Subutai
3597: (
3435:Alamut
3408:Serbia
3400:Poland
3384:Thrace
3376:Poland
3312:Alania
3177:Yunnan
3112:Persia
3070:Central
3049:Battles
2956:Bolghar
2951:Bukhara
2936:Almalik
2738:Kheshig
2666:Tarkhan
2544:Tekuder
1999:Steppes
1316:Tekuder
1272:Baghdad
1256:ĂljaitĂŒ
1244:Irinjin
1157:Cassano
1117:Tekuder
994:Genoese
990:Red Sea
845:Vatican
791:Tripoli
787:Qalawun
783:Mamluks
763:Derbent
742:ĂljaitĂŒ
718:Damghan
710:Yoshmut
636:Chinese
576:Baghdad
568:Jumghur
556:Maragha
548:Derbent
528:Kalpush
448:Georgia
421:Baghdad
375:Tekuder
357:in the
347:Seistan
289:in the
287:Mamluks
211:Dynasty
204:ĂljaitĂŒ
143:BÄឥÄa,
95:Tekuder
66:Il-Khan
33:Arrajan
3707:Muqali
3681:Ghazan
3676:Arghun
3666:Hulegu
3556:Tolui
3532:People
3493:(1262)
3451:Syria
3445:(1258)
3410:(1291)
3362:(1242)
3354:(1242)
3270:Europe
3253:India
3234:Burma
3220:(1293)
3209:Burma
3187:Japan
3168:Tibet
3151:Korea
3011:Tabriz
2981:Qarshi
2941:Avarga
2787:Topics
2691:Jarlig
2651:Jinong
2646:Khanum
2641:Khatun
2631:Khagan
2623:Titles
2551:Ilkhan
2505:
2485:565554
2483:
2452:
2430:
2403:
2382:
2360:
2339:
2320:
2302:
2278:
2249:
2234:
2214:
2195:
2179:Online
2172:Online
2148:
2123:
2098:
1981:
1809:Source
1782:
1690:
1593:
1583:
1560:
1550:
1527:
1517:
1336:Ghazan
1331:Dörben
1213:Family
1161:Ghazan
1153:Argone
1149:Hulagu
1145:Alaone
1135:Legacy
1071:Ghazan
1035:, the
992:. The
932:Korean
902:, and
799:Margat
738:Tabriz
714:Nawruz
694:Jewish
676:Tabriz
638::
628:ilkhan
624:Kublai
604:Nawruz
600:Ghazan
570:) and
513:Nawruz
505:Semnan
501:Ghazan
488:Qazvin
452:Jazira
405:Shiraz
339:Bargut
335:Jalair
307:Ghazan
232:Mother
222:Father
200:Ghazan
166:Spouse
151:Burial
82:Kublai
48:Arghun
3752:Kadan
3747:Bayan
3732:Jelme
3671:Abaqa
3661:Kebek
3641:Toqta
3636:Berke
3616:Jochi
3609:Khans
3246:South
3218:Java
2971:Majar
2913:Wings
2733:TĂŒmen
2713:Yassa
2696:Ărtöö
2661:Noyan
2481:JSTOR
1364:Notes
1320:Abaqa
1295:Abaqa
1281:NiÄde
1129:Sojas
1125:Arran
1093:lamas
1084:Death
1006:Basra
572:Baydu
562:Reign
482:near
460:Baydu
264:á á ·á á €á š
226:Abaqa
195:Issue
159:Sojas
157:near
145:Arran
72:Reign
40:Argun
29:Urgun
3702:Jebe
3656:Duwa
3125:East
3062:Asia
3016:Ukek
2966:Dadu
2774:Life
2701:Orda
2636:Khan
2503:ISBN
2450:ISBN
2428:ISBN
2401:ISBN
2380:ISBN
2358:ISBN
2337:ISBN
2318:ISBN
2300:ISBN
2276:OCLC
2247:ISBN
2232:ISBN
2212:ISBN
2193:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2121:ISBN
2096:ISBN
1979:ISBN
1860:here
1780:ISBN
1688:ISBN
1591:OCLC
1581:ISBN
1558:OCLC
1548:ISBN
1525:OCLC
1515:ISBN
1097:yogi
688:naib
645:lit.
614:and
608:emir
584:emir
580:Buqa
546:via
532:Buqa
517:Buqa
474:and
458:and
134:Died
115:Born
3742:Aju
2473:doi
2292:doi
1151:),
433:Ray
3796::
2479:.
2469:94
2467:.
2423:.
2298:,
2290:,
2226:,
1906:^
1873:^
1721:^
1589:.
1556:.
1523:.
1476:.
1451:^
1435:.
1420:^
1379:.
1179:.
1073:.
1054:.
898:,
744:.
678:.
642:;
640:äžçž
594:,
578:,
558:.
309:.
262::
3601:)
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2436:.
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2388:.
2366:.
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2326:.
2294::
2255:.
2201:.
2154:.
2129:.
2104:.
1987:.
1788:.
1696:.
1597:.
1564:.
1531:.
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1147:(
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35:.
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