Arctic Ocean - Knowledge

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now overtaken the atmospheric flux in the eastern Eurasian Basin. Over the same period the weakening halocline stratification has coincided with increasing upper ocean currents thought to be associated with declining sea ice, indicate increasing mixing in this region. In contrast direct measurements of mixing in the western Arctic indicate the Atlantic water heat remains isolated at intermediate depths even under the 'perfect storm' conditions of the

1813: 2579: 66: 5926: 699: 2263:, possibly resulting in global warming in a positive feedback mechanism. Research shows that the Arctic may become ice-free in the summer for the first time in human history by 2040. Estimates vary for when the last time the Arctic was ice-free: 65 million years ago when fossils indicate that plants existed there to as recently as 5,500 years ago; ice and ocean cores going back 8,000 years to the 1689: 1888: 715: 2565: 1727:. During the winter, cold Alaskan winds blow over the Chukchi Sea, freezing the surface water and pushing this newly formed ice out to the Pacific. The speed of the ice drift is roughly 1–4 cm/s. This process leaves dense, salty waters in the sea that sink over the continental shelf into the western Arctic Ocean and create a halocline. 1839:(6,023,200 sq mi). The seasonal variations are about 7,000,000 km (2,702,700 sq mi), with the maximum in April and minimum in September. The sea ice is affected by wind and ocean currents, which can move and rotate very large areas of ice. Zones of compression also arise, where the ice piles up to form pack ice. 1796:(SLP) ridge over Greenland that drives strong northerly winds through the Fram Strait, facilitating ice export. In the summer, the SLP contrast is smaller, producing weaker winds. A final example of seasonal pressure system movement is the low pressure system that exists over the Nordic and Barents Seas. It is an extension of the 1800:, which creates cyclonic ocean circulation in this area. The low shifts to centre over the North Pole in the summer. These variations in the Arctic all contribute to ice drift reaching its weakest point during the summer months. There is also evidence that the drift is associated with the phase of the Arctic Oscillation and 1938:

of sea water, in contrast to fresh water, increases as it nears the freezing point and thus it tends to sink. It is generally necessary that the upper 100–150 m (330–490 ft) of ocean water cools to the freezing point for sea ice to form. In the winter, the relatively warm ocean water exerts

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However, over the past couple of decades a combination of the warming and the shoaling of Atlantic water are leading to the increasing influence of Atlantic water heat in melting sea ice in the eastern Arctic. The most recent estimates, for 2016–2018, indicate the oceanic heat flux to the surface has

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There is considerable seasonal variation in how much pack ice of the Arctic ice pack covers the Arctic Ocean. Much of the Arctic ice pack is also covered in snow for about 10 months of the year. The maximum snow cover is in March or April—about 20–50 cm (7.9–19.7 in) over the frozen ocean.

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Much of the Arctic Ocean is covered by sea ice that varies in extent and thickness seasonally. The mean extent of the Arctic sea ice has been continuously decreasing in the last decades, declining at a rate of currently 12.85% per decade since 1980 from the average winter value of 15,600,000 km

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counter-clockwise. This is the highest volumetric inflow to the Arctic Ocean, equalling about 10 times that of the Pacific inflow, and it creates the Arctic Ocean Boundary Current. It flows slowly, at about 0.02 m/s. Atlantic Water has the same salinity as Arctic Bottom Water but is much warmer

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Because of sea ice and remote conditions, the geology of the Arctic Ocean is still poorly explored. The Arctic Coring Expedition drilling shed some light on the Lomonosov Ridge, which appears to be continental crust separated from the Barents-Kara Shelf in the Paleocene and then starved of sediment.

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As noted, the process of ice formation and movement is a key driver in Arctic Ocean circulation and the formation of water masses. With this dependence, the Arctic Ocean experiences variations due to seasonal changes in sea ice cover. Sea ice movement is the result of wind forcing, which is related

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The final defined water mass in the Arctic Ocean is called Arctic Surface Water and is found in the depth range of 150–200 m (490–660 ft). The most important feature of this water mass is a section referred to as the sub-surface layer. It is a product of Atlantic water that enters through

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Water enters from both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans and can be divided into three unique water masses. The deepest water mass is called Arctic Bottom Water and begins around 900 m (3,000 ft) depth. It is composed of the densest water in the World Ocean and has two main sources: Arctic

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Buixadé Farré, Albert; Stephenson, Scott R.; Chen, Linling; Czub, Michael; Dai, Ying; Demchev, Denis; Efimov, Yaroslav; Graczyk, Piotr; Grythe, Henrik; Keil, Kathrin; Kivekäs, Niku; Kumar, Naresh; Liu, Nengye; Matelenok, Igor; Myksvoll, Mari; O'Leary, Derek; Olsen, Julia; Pavithran .A.P., Sachin;

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55 million years ago, when the global climate underwent a warming of approximately 5–8 °C (9–14 °F), the region reached an average annual temperature of 10–20 °C (50–68 °F). The surface waters of the northernmost Arctic Ocean warmed, seasonally at least, enough to support

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On 16 July 2015, five nations (United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, Denmark/Greenland) signed a declaration committing to keep their fishing vessels out of a 1.1 million square mile zone in the central Arctic Ocean near the North Pole. The agreement calls for those nations to refrain from

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Waters originating in the Pacific and Atlantic both exit through the Fram Strait between Greenland and Svalbard Island, which is about 2,700 m (8,900 ft) deep and 350 km (220 mi) wide. This outflow is about 9 Sv. The width of the Fram Strait is what allows for both inflow and

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In large parts of the Arctic Ocean, the top layer (about 50 m ) is of lower salinity and lower temperature than the rest. It remains relatively stable because the salinity effect on density is bigger than the temperature effect. It is fed by the freshwater input of the big Siberian and

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Igor V. Polyakov1, Andrey V. Pnyushkov, Matthew B. Alkire, Igor M. Ashik, Till M. Baumann, Eddy C. Carmack, Ilona Goszczko, John Guthrie, Vladimir V. Ivanov, Torsten Kanzow, Richard Krishfield, Ronald Kwok, Arild Sundfjord, James Morison, Robert Rember, Alexander Yulin (2017). Greater role for

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Polyakov, I., Rippeth, T., Fer, I., Baumann, T., Carmack, E., Ivanov, V., Janout, M. A., Padman, L., Pnyushkov, A. & Rember, R (2020). Intensification of Near-Surface Currents and Shear in the Eastern Arctic Ocean: A More Dynamic Eastern Arctic Ocean, Geophysical Research Letters, 47(16),

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This water is met by Greenland Sea Deep Water, which forms during the passage of winter storms. As temperatures cool dramatically in the winter, ice forms, and intense vertical convection allows the water to become dense enough to sink below the warm saline water below. Arctic Bottom Water is

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Lenn, Y. D., Wiles, P. J., Torres-Valdes, S., Abrahamsen, E. P., Rippeth, T. P., Simpson, J. H., Bacon, S., Laxon, S. W., Polyakov, I., Ivanov, V. & Kirillov, S. (2009). Vertical mixing at intermediate depths in the Arctic boundary current. Geophysical Research Letters. 36, p.

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Polyakov, I., Rippeth, T., Fer, I., Alkire, M., Baumann, T., Carmack, E., Ivanov, V., Janout, M. A., Padman, L., Pnyushkov, A. & Rember, R (2020). Weakening of the cold halocline layer exposes sea ice to oceanic heat in the eastern Arctic Ocean. Journal of Climate, 33(18),

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period, the Canadian Basin opened, and tectonic activity due to the assembly of Alaska caused hydrocarbons to migrate toward what is now Prudhoe Bay. At the same time, sediments shed off the rising Canadian Rockies built out the large Mackenzie Delta.

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The Thule Tradition lasted from about 200 BC to AD 1600, arising around the Bering Strait and later encompassing almost the entire Arctic region of North America. The Thule people were the ancestors of the Inuit, who now live in Alaska,

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Global warming has increased encounters between polar bears and humans. Reduced sea ice due to melting is causing polar bears to search for new sources of food. Beginning in December 2018 and coming to an apex in February 2019,

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Era, the subduction of the Pacific plate, the collision of India with Eurasia, and the continued opening of the North Atlantic created new hydrocarbon traps. The seafloor began spreading from the Gakkel Ridge in the

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system—is a pressure system that drives the anticyclonic motion of the Beaufort Gyre. During the summer, this area of high pressure is pushed out closer to its Siberian and Canadian sides. In addition, there is a

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Barton, B., Lenn, Y-D. & Lique, C. (2018). Observed atlantification of the Barents Sea causes the Polar Front to limit the expansion of winter sea ice, Journal of Physical Oceanography, 28(8), 1849-1866

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critically important because of its outflow, which contributes to the formation of Atlantic Deep Water. The overturning of this water plays a key role in global circulation and the moderation of climate.

1433:. Of these three, the Siberian Shelf is the largest such shelf in the world; it holds large oil and gas reserves. The Chukchi shelf forms the border between Russian and the United States as stated in the 442:", where the Sun only set for three hours each day and the water was replaced by a congealed substance "on which one can neither walk nor sail". He was probably describing loose sea ice known today as " 1660:

Density structure of the upper 1,200 m (3,900 ft) in the Arctic Ocean. Profiles of temperature and salinity for the Amundsen Basin, the Canadian Basin and the Greenland Sea are sketched.

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Leu, E.; Søreide, J. E.; et al. (2011). "Consequences of changing sea-ice cover for primary and secondary producers in the European Arctic shelf seas: Timing, quantity, and quality".

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The political dead zone near the centre of the sea is also the focus of a mounting dispute between the United States, Russia, Canada, Norway, and Denmark. It is significant for the global

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inflow from rivers and streams, and limited connection and outflow to surrounding oceanic waters with higher salinities. The summer shrinking of the ice has been quoted at 50%. The US

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canyons and is subjected to intense mixing on the Siberian Shelf. As it is entrained, it cools and acts a heat shield for the surface layer on account of weak mixing between layers.

3668: 8478: 270:(NSIDC) uses satellite data to provide a daily record of Arctic sea ice cover and the rate of melting compared to an average period and specific past years, showing a continuous 4768: 3914:

Petersen, Edward; Raspotnik, Andreas; Ryzhov, Ivan; Solski, Jan; Suo, Lingling; Troein, Caroline; Valeeva, Vilena; van Rijckevorsel, Jaap; Wighting, Jonathan (16 October 2014).

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shelf water and Greenland Sea Deep Water. Water in the shelf region that begins as inflow from the Pacific passes through the narrow Bering Strait at an average rate of 0.8

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in western Greenland and extreme northeastern Canada. Icebergs are not sea ice but may become embedded in the pack ice. Icebergs pose a hazard to ships, of which the

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The crystalline basement rocks of mountains around the Arctic Ocean were recrystallized or formed during the Ellesmerian orogeny, the regional phase of the larger

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Because of its relative isolation from other oceans, the Arctic Ocean has a uniquely complex system of water flow. It resembles some hydrological features of the

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on the eastern side. Pacific water also exits along the west coast of Greenland and the Hudson Strait (1–2 Sv), providing nutrients to the Canadian Archipelago.

1681:), the water of which quasi floats on the saltier, denser, deeper ocean water. Between this lower salinity layer and the bulk of the ocean lies the so-called 274:

extent. In September 2012, the Arctic ice extent reached a new record minimum. Compared to the average extent (1979–2000), the sea ice had diminished by 49%.

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Sluijs, A.; Schouten, S.; Pagani, M.; Woltering, M.; Brinkhuis, H.; Damsté, J.S.S.; Dickens, G.R.; Huber, M.; Reichart, G.J.; Stein, R.; et al. (2006).

3219: 3782:, Williams, W. & Bacon, S (2016). Wind-driven mixing at intermediate depths in an ice-free Arctic Ocean. Geophysical Research Letters, 43(18), 9749-9756 2488:

breaking down and outgassing methane into the atmosphere, causing further warming. Melting of this ice may release large quantities of methane, a powerful

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fishing there until there is better scientific knowledge about the marine resources and until a regulatory system is in place to protect those resources.

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Fer, I. (2009). Weak vertical diffusion allows maintenance of cold halocline in the central Arctic. Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters 2(3):148–152.

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This lack of knowledge of what lay north of the shifting barrier of ice gave rise to a number of conjectures. In England and other European nations, the

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from October to May. Before the advent of modern icebreakers, ships sailing the Arctic Ocean risked being trapped or crushed by sea ice (although the

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K. Aagaard and R. A. Woodgate, Polar Science Center, Applied Physics Laboratory University of Washington, January 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

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moved along to the northeast by transform faults. Additional spreading helped to create the "triple-junction" of the Alpha-Mendeleev Ridge in the

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The Arctic Ocean occupies a roughly circular basin and covers an area of about 14,056,000 km (5,427,000 sq mi), almost the size of

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Lenn, Y., Rippeth, T. P., Old, C., Bacon, S., Polyakov, I., Ivanov, V. & Holemann, J (2011). Journal of Physical Oceanography. 41(3), 531-547

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caused local authorities to declare a state of emergency. Dozens of polar bears were seen entering homes, public buildings and inhabited areas.

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a moderating influence, even when covered by ice. This is one reason why the Arctic does not experience the extreme temperatures seen on the

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to a number of meteorological conditions that the Arctic experiences throughout the year. For example, the Beaufort High—an extension of the

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have extensively monitored the Arctic Ocean. Scientific settlements were established on the drift ice and carried thousands of kilometres by

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It may contain up to 10 billion barrels of oil. The Gakkel Ridge rift is also poorly understand and may extend into the Laptev Sea.

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Shellito, C.J.; Sloan, L.C.; Huber, M. (2003). "Climate model sensitivity to atmospheric CO2 levels in the Early-Middle Paleogene".

3695: 1759:. Water in the Beaufort Gyre is far less saline than that of the Chukchi Sea due to inflow from large Canadian and Siberian rivers. 10544: 9021: 6236: 4711: 4576: 2655: 1923:

The temperature of the surface water of the Arctic Ocean is fairly constant at approximately −1.8 °C (28.8 °F), near the

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Kosobokova, K. N.; Hopcroft, R. R. (2011). "Patterns of zooplankton diversity through the depths of the Arctic's central basins".

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periods led to significant sediment deposition, creating many of the reservoirs for current day oil and gas deposits. During the

676: 188: 187:. It spans an area of approximately 14,060,000 km (5,430,000 sq mi) and is the coldest of the world's oceans. The 44: 4820: 2070:. The composition of higher trophic levels in the Arctic Ocean varies with region (Atlantic side vs. Pacific side) and with the 10678: 10351: 10237: 8193: 7791: 7379: 5840: 4071:"The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum: A Perturbation of Carbon Cycle, Climate, and Biosphere with Implications for the Future" 2608: 2394: 10346: 10280: 8985: 5292: 4688: 4654: 4320: 4027: 3958: 3641: 3426: 3392: 3358: 3324: 3290: 3256: 3196: 3038: 2728: 2401: 166: 10683: 10658: 10341: 10305: 10244: 6931: 3006: 1951: 7796: 2718: 10693: 10334: 10329: 10275: 8879: 8560: 8382: 8272: 8041: 6630: 6579: 5823: 5709: 4540: 3916:"Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: Routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure" 1584:

oceanic crust material erupted out of a branch of Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The Amerasia Basin may have opened first, with the

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In the depth range of 150–900 m (490–2,950 ft) is a water mass referred to as Atlantic Water. Inflow from the

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on open water increases, as does possible salt-water damage to vegetation on shore at locations such as the Mackenzie

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enters through the Fram Strait, cooling and sinking to form the deepest layer of the halocline, where it circles the

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both claimed to have seen part of this elusive body of water. Even quite late in the century, the eminent authority

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characterized by persistent cold and relatively narrow annual temperature ranges. Winters are characterized by the

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Different authorities put various marginal seas in either the Arctic Ocean or the Atlantic Ocean, including:

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The Battle for the Next Energy Frontier: The Russian Polar Expedition and the Future of Arctic Hydrocarbons

2603: 2442: 2347: 2294: 2227: 1882: 1768: 568: 1496:, and basins. The average depth of the Arctic Ocean is 1,038 m (3,406 ft). The deepest point is 993: 9736: 8615: 8237: 8071: 8012: 7966: 6195: 6084: 5393: 5335: 5138: 5071: 2982: 2435: 2340: 1422: 1418: 613: 17: 4070: 2850: 2443: 2348: 1656: 386:

spread across Arctic North America between 500 BC and AD 1500. The Dorset were the last major

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Atlantic inflows on sea-ice loss in the Eurasian Basin of the Arctic Ocean. Science, 356(6335), 285-291

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Human habitation in the North American polar region goes back at least 17,000–50,000 years, during the

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in the Arctic Ocean. The section sketches the different water masses along a vertical section from

1288: 981: 636:, with air support. The first nautical transit of the north pole was made in 1958 by the submarine 81: 9062: 6250: 4791: 2444: 2439: 2349: 2344: 1703:, referring to its deep waters having only limited communication through the Fram Strait with the 10531: 10222: 10129: 9806: 9516: 9511: 9015: 8678: 7831: 7705: 7625: 7134: 6961: 6163: 5209: 5028: 2995: 2524: 1950:

The climate of the Arctic region has varied significantly during the Earth's history. During the

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The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by the land masses of Eurasia (Russia and Norway), North America (

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is limited to the spring and summer months (March/April to September). Important consumers of

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melts and freezes; its salinity is the lowest on average of the five major oceans, due to low

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outflow on the Atlantic side of the Arctic Ocean. Because of this, it is influenced by the

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As an approximation, the Arctic Ocean may be regarded as an estuary of the Atlantic Ocean.

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is one of the most famous. The ocean is virtually icelocked from October to June, and the

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On the sea ice of the Arctic Ocean temporary logistic stations may be installed, Here, a

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frequently occurs. Reduction of the area of Arctic sea ice reduces the planet's average

1730: 1035:—1.23 million km (0.47 million sq mi) (sometimes not included) 10412: 10033: 9996: 9874: 9320: 9242: 9202: 9177: 8654: 8546: 8527: 8091: 8066: 7608: 7502: 7466: 7442: 7333: 7180: 7155: 7151: 7141: 7047: 7025: 7004: 6885: 6875: 6622: 6510: 6438: 6111: 6102: 6094: 6005: 5985: 5883: 5513: 5453: 5257: 5181: 5171: 5066: 4881:"Radioactive contamination from Fukushima found as far north as Alaska's Bering Strait" 4451: 4267: 4153: 2962: 2899: 2075: 2005: 1793: 1550: 1169: 1103: 587: 576: 543: 489: 326: 304: 4505: 4192: 3845: 508:

featured an extensive "Oceanus Septentrionalis" at the northern edge of their charts.

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side and the Greenland Scotland Ridge on the Atlantic side. It is mostly covered by

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Some Thoughts on the Freezing and Melting of Sea Ice and Their Effects on the Ocean

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because it may hold 25% or more of the world's undiscovered oil and gas resources.

2204: 2095: 2082:, an Atlantic-influenced Arctic shelf sea, are mainly sub-Arctic species including 1864: 1846: 1532: 1215: 1195: 864: 10668: 10460: 9961: 9949: 9934: 9889: 9839: 9779: 9721: 9682: 9670: 9663: 9572: 9389: 9372: 9347: 9033: 8980: 8965: 8871: 8866: 8790: 8755: 8691: 8590: 8505: 8472: 8204: 7987: 7979: 7948: 7864: 7824: 7578: 7534: 7474: 7398: 7368: 7363: 7323: 7301: 7249: 7185: 7175: 7126: 6848: 6833: 6686: 6655: 6617: 6367: 6295: 6289: 6212: 6177: 6037: 5917: 5789: 5518: 5428: 5345: 5340: 5084: 4898: 4849: 4827: 4580: 4536: 4512: 4417: 4371: 4346: 4206: 3934: 3920: 3915: 3895: 3876: 3699: 3460: 3002: 2969: 2923: 2790: 2252: 2231: 1965:

Currently, the Arctic region is warming twice as fast as the rest of the planet.

1821: 1735: 1678: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1477: 1461: 1457: 1445: 850: 605: 477: 255: 7556: 5078:

Daily Arctic Ocean Rawinsonde Data from Soviet Drifting Ice Stations (1954–1990)

2926:, Greenland Research Centre, National Museum of Denmark, accessed 14 April 2010. 2804:"Arctic Sea Ice News and Analysis | Sea ice data updated daily with one-day lag" 1330: 722:

region; of note, the region's southerly border on this map is depicted by a red

438:

recorded an account of a journey northward in 325 BC, to a land he called "

10605: 10554: 10453: 10417: 10397: 10380: 10320: 10084: 9976: 9954: 9944: 9796: 9774: 9658: 9653: 9638: 9633: 9560: 9506: 9458: 9429: 9335: 9325: 9007: 8990: 8943: 8902: 8892: 8861: 8720: 8710: 8602: 8552: 8417: 8367: 8340: 8285: 8081: 8076: 7925: 7778: 7632: 7594: 7551: 7484: 7458: 7412: 7385: 7358: 7328: 7271: 7229: 7219: 7099: 7092: 6989: 6969: 6781: 6741: 6672: 6468: 6443: 6398: 6362: 6356: 6348: 6308: 6303: 6277: 6257: 6025: 5714: 5676: 5465: 5272: 5199: 4681:"Arctic Russian Town Declares Polar Bear Invasion Emergency After 52 Wander In" 4596: 4118:"Abrupt reversal in ocean overturning during the Palaeocene/Eocene warm period" 2734: 2489: 2290: 2200: 2134: 1956: 1860: 1776: 1712: 1704: 1574: 1520: 1493: 1473: 1430: 1205: 1183: 1146: 965: 900: 680: 564: 528: 383: 341: 204: 124: 114: 4447: 3476:. Canadian Armed Forces Arctic Training Centre. 10 August 2007. Archived from 1973: 1912:

are only common on the Atlantic side. Summers are characterized by continuous

1873:

drifted through the Arctic Ocean untended for decades despite these hazards).

10652: 10634: 10621: 10579: 10448: 10440: 10407: 10144: 10094: 9986: 9981: 9971: 9821: 9784: 9692: 9687: 9589: 9494: 8970: 8912: 8907: 8897: 8847: 8842: 8818: 8762: 8639: 8633: 8628: 8227: 8138: 8131: 7886: 7681: 7660: 7528: 7306: 7276: 7244: 7239: 7076: 6982: 6865: 6660: 6473: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6313: 6222: 6057: 5863: 5779: 5764: 5593: 5555: 5458: 5423: 5383: 5262: 5229: 4830: 4490: 4473: 4298: 4218: 4102: 2593: 2556: 2314: 2215: 2184: 2142: 2103: 2099: 2067: 2013: 1924: 1901: 1797: 1788: 1756: 1670: 1637: 1516: 1489: 1469: 1209: 1201: 1177: 1128: 1124: 1074: 1038: 1007: 1003: 999: 625: 599: 516: 512: 505: 465: 451: 235: 231: 142: 134: 89: 31: 5018: 4347:"In the dark: A review of ecosystem processes during the Arctic polar night" 3477: 2887: 1018:

is sometimes considered part of the Greenland Sea, and sometimes separate.)

476:

were unsure whether to draw the region around the North Pole as land (as in

10483: 10422: 10402: 10102: 10074: 9829: 9567: 9501: 9470: 9419: 9291: 9220: 9157: 9147: 9001: 8995: 8607: 8571: 8437: 8264: 8214: 8153: 8007: 7695: 7646: 7496: 7318: 7281: 7261: 7202: 6736: 6724: 6667: 6595: 6496: 6393: 6387: 6284: 6272: 6145: 6123: 6047: 5734: 5626: 5588: 5565: 4263: 4149: 4003: 3978: 3888: 2895: 2703: 2584: 2528: 2087: 1997: 1917: 1751: 1528: 1524: 1508: 1465: 1339: 1068: 1011: 747:, which has a land area of 16,377,742 km (6,323,482 sq mi). 672: 427: 395: 387: 192: 129: 75: 1611:

Epoch, causing the Lomonosov Ridge to move farther from land and subside.

1248: 10539: 10498: 10429: 10134: 10023: 9966: 9894: 9844: 9731: 9707: 9596: 9434: 9352: 9330: 9306: 9152: 9142: 9038: 8938: 8886: 8704: 8491: 8279: 7654: 7586: 7348: 7207: 7170: 7070: 7062: 6870: 6206: 5888: 5799: 5774: 5749: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5508: 5448: 3220:"IHO Publication S-23 Limits of Oceans and Seas; Chapter 9: Arctic Ocean" 2453: 2359: 2302: 2298: 2256: 2193: 2156: 2079: 2025: 2001: 1905: 1869: 1854: 1816:

Sea cover in the Arctic Ocean, showing the median, 2005 and 2007 coverage

1724: 1645: 1512: 1501: 1497: 1485: 1366: 1294: 1092: 1086: 1062: 1026: 1015: 825: 797: 687: 583: 520: 473: 263: 259: 208: 5077: 4863:"A Top-Secret US Military Base Will Melt Out of the Greenland Ice Sheet" 4255: 4247: 4141: 3953:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 168–172. 3112: 2162: 739:. The coastline is 45,390 km (28,200 mi) long. It is the only 10069: 10038: 9864: 9859: 9523: 9484: 9446: 9364: 9237: 9122: 9117: 8837: 8740: 8724: 8566: 8499: 8400: 7809: 7758: 7718: 7040: 6766: 6694: 6636: 6029: 5997: 5613: 5583: 5307: 2623: 2493: 2115: 1989: 1978: 1940: 1831: 1826: 1674: 1641: 1633: 1566: 1481: 1372: 1120: 1116: 1108: 1056: 1032: 793: 736: 707: 703: 644: 609: 330: 215: 48: 4821:

400 million cubic meters of radioactive waste threaten the Arctic area

4381: 4022:(2nd ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 56–59. 3869: 2803: 2550: 2211:, fish, seals and whales can all be found in abundance in the region. 1812: 1628: 1531:(between the Gakkel Ridge and the continental shelf that includes the 10516: 10175: 10149: 10079: 10057: 10050: 9834: 9611: 9545: 9441: 9264: 9247: 9132: 9127: 9101: 8359: 7196: 6748: 6531: 5729: 5653: 5631: 5403: 5302: 5282: 5108: 4047: 3898:. Arctic.atmos.uiuc.edu (23 September 2007). Retrieved on 2011-03-06. 2628: 2618: 2531:'s contaminants in Greenland, and radioactive contamination from the 2485: 2461: 2275: 2189: 2152: 2130: 2059: 2009: 1685:, in which both salinity and temperature rise with increasing depth. 1682: 1604: 1554: 1376: 1284: 1164: 1153: 1080: 964:

Note: Some parts of the areas listed in the table are located in the

686:

Since 1954 commercial airlines have flown over the Arctic Ocean (see

681:

Allied commitment to resupply the Soviet Union via its northern ports

560: 524: 435: 353: 300: 5941: 5009: 2274:

Warming temperatures in the Arctic may cause large amounts of fresh

1476:, which is 4,000–4,500 m (13,100–14,800 ft) deep, and the 1145:

The main islands and archipelagos in the Arctic Ocean are, from the

230:

and North America, and the borders follow topographic features: the

39: 10043: 9648: 9584: 9555: 9465: 9424: 9232: 9212: 9092: 8291: 5618: 5398: 4843:

Plutonium in the Russian Arctic, or How We Learned to Love the Bomb

4583:

Richard Black, 7 October 2005. BBC News. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

3631: 3474:"Backgrounder – Expanding Canadian Forces Operations in the Arctic" 2916: 2521: 2146: 2107: 1928: 1913: 1720: 1708: 1666: 1599: 1562: 1558: 1360: 1349: 1335: 1326: 1266: 1221: 1050: 811: 665: 633: 629: 455: 375: 251: 207:. It is also seen as the northernmost part of the all-encompassing 5470: 5102: 4170: 3579:

Piskarev, Alexey; Poselov, Victor; Kaminsky, Valery, eds. (2019).

1962:) requiring surface temperatures of over 22 °C (72 °F). 65: 10015: 9753: 9643: 9601: 9489: 9301: 9296: 9225: 8918: 8298: 6563: 6539: 6527: 5759: 5608: 5598: 5443: 5438: 5418: 5408: 5056: 5045: 2851:"The Late Pleistocene Dispersal of Modern Humans in the Americas" 2578: 2481: 2477: 2469: 2457: 2283: 2091: 2083: 2071: 2029: 1935: 1909: 1850: 1842: 1693: 1380: 1280: 1159: 760: 643:, and the first surface nautical transit occurred in 1977 by the 443: 431: 411: 390:

culture in the Arctic before the migration east from present-day

379: 308: 239: 227: 200: 7085: 5123: 2066:

form an important link between the primary producers and higher

1652:

is stable, deeper water masses are denser than the layers above.

750: 698: 10521: 9625: 9579: 9286: 9273: 7164: 6489: 5784: 5754: 5724: 5686: 5658: 5603: 5317: 5154: 4712:"Watch: Polar bear in Russian archipelago peeks inside a house" 4321:"The Arctic Is Warming Twice as Fast as The Rest of The Planet" 3912: 3222:. International Hydrographic Organization. 2002. Archived from 2268: 2260: 2122: 1608: 1577: 1507:

The two major basins are further subdivided by ridges into the

1384: 1320: 1298: 1261: 1238: 973: 927: 913: 756: 744: 719: 657: 497: 447: 391: 243: 3279:

Lewis, Edward Lyn; Jones, E. Peter; et al., eds. (2000).

3149: 1688: 10372: 10267: 9811: 9109: 9093: 6550: 5744: 5475: 4528:

Yenikeyeff, Shamil and Krysiek, Timothy Fenton (August 2007)

3800: 3113:"Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity" 2465: 2126: 2111: 2055: 2051: 1581: 1400: 1394: 1029:—1.4 million km (0.54 million sq mi) 740: 594:

included a description of the Open Polar Sea in his textbook

501: 439: 430:

remained largely unexplored and their geography conjectural.

399: 102: 3248:

Blackwell's concise encyclopedia of environmental management

9406: 3804: 2480:, and the cold conditions it sustains, serves to stabilize 1310: 969: 582:

In the United States in the 1850s and 1860s, the explorers

5109:"Daily report of Arctic ice cover based on satellite data" 4069:

McInerney, Francesca A.; Wing, Scott L. (25 April 2011).

3167: 714: 527:, their northern limits were not so clear. The makers of 504:) caused water to win out, and by 1723 mapmakers such as 4852:

Bradley Moran, John N. Smith. Retrieved 7 December 2006.

4792:"A Storehouse of Greenhouse Gases Is Opening in Siberia" 2848: 2278:

to enter the north Atlantic, possibly disrupting global

7755: 3979:"Arctic climate change as manifest in cyclone behavior" 3578: 3079: 2500:

cycle and marine genera and species to become extinct.

468:'s 1780s map of the Arctic features a "Northern Ocean". 311:

to northwestern North America (Alaska), leading to the

5093:

Images from Web Cams deployed in spring on an ice floe

2137:, because it warms faster than the rest of the world. 2121:

Endangered marine species in the Arctic Ocean include

2094:. In ice-covered regions of the central Arctic Ocean, 1417:, including the Canadian Arctic shelf, underlying the 4833:, Bellona, 24 August 2001. Retrieved 7 December 2006. 4287:"Climate Change Is Ravaging the Arctic, Report Finds" 3908: 3906: 3904: 3846:"Arctic Sea Ice Minimum | NASA Global Climate Change" 1041:—1.205 million km (465,000 sq mi) 523:(1596), though, since these were often surrounded by 414:, Nunavik (northern Quebec), Labrador and Greenland. 30:"Arctic Sea" redirects here. For the cargo ship, see 4634:. National Snow & Ice Data Center. February 2012 4116:

Nunes, Flavia; Norris, Richard D. (1 January 2006).

2944:. Department of Anthropology, University of Waterloo 2688:(2nd ed.). New York: Wiley. 1980. p. 501. 2546: 980:

and other parts without specific names and excludes

43:

The Arctic Ocean, with borders as delineated by the

4655:"Warmer Arctic with Less Ice Increases Storm Surge" 4474:"Climate effects on Barents Sea ecosystem dynamics" 4471: 3047: 2484:deposits on and near the shoreline, preventing the 1996:Due to the pronounced seasonality of 2–6 months of 957: 954: 946: 943: 935: 932: 921: 918: 907: 904: 894: 891: 883: 880: 872: 869: 858: 855: 844: 841: 833: 830: 819: 816: 805: 802: 624:The first surface crossing of the ocean was led by 579:of the region from 1818 to 1845 in search of this. 183:is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five 4754: 4752: 4433: 4429: 4427: 3901: 3029:(2007 ed.). New York: Penguin Books. p. 3022: 2983:"Channel 4, "Sir Wally Herbert dies" 13 June 2007" 2141:are abundant in the waters of the Arctic, and the 710:map of the Arctic Ocean and the surrounding lands. 4709: 4467: 4465: 4173:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 3977:Simmonds, Ian; Burke, Craig; Keay, Kevin (2008). 3976: 2653: 1511:(between Beaufort Shelf of North America and the 511:The few expeditions to penetrate much beyond the 10650: 4710:Abellan Matamoros, Cristina (13 February 2019). 4632:"Has the Arctic Ocean always had ice in summer?" 4395: 2825:"Understanding the Arctic sea ice: Polar Portal" 2098:is a central predator of primary consumers. The 5240:United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 4749: 4612:. National Snow & Ice Data Center. May 2011 4424: 3340: 3089:. wwf.pandora.org (World Wildlife Foundation). 2516:of the Arctic Ocean from, for example, Russian 2468:became extinct, representing 96% of all marine 2433: 2338: 1413:The ocean's Arctic shelf comprises a number of 191:(IHO) recognizes it as an ocean, although some 4789: 4652: 4462: 3632:Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J. (1982). 3408: 3272: 2723:(2nd ed.). Delhi: Daya Publishing House. 2717:Tomczak, Matthias; Godfrey, J. Stuart (2003). 2716: 759:and the U.S. state of Alaska), Greenland, and 675:, the European region of the Arctic Ocean was 515:in that era added only small islands, such as 9078: 5957: 5139: 5099:Data from instruments deployed on an ice floe 4758: 4075:Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 4068: 3972: 3970: 3889:Polar Sea Ice Cap and Snow – Cryosphere Today 2020:in the central Arctic Ocean and the adjacent 1834:is refueled on the pack ice at 86°N, 76°43‘W. 1437:. The whole area is subject to international 751:Surrounding land and exclusive economic zones 242:throughout the year and almost completely in 160: 94:Map with five-oceans (approximate boundaries) 4284: 4164: 4017: 3948: 3545: 2282:. Potentially severe changes in the Earth's 683:was opposed by German naval and air forces. 446:" or "bergy bits"; his "Thule" was probably 5551:Effects of global warming on marine mammals 5215:Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route 5057:Arctic Great Rivers Observatory (ArcticGRO) 4344: 4115: 3347:Earle, Sylvia A.; Glover, Linda K. (2008). 3346: 2614:List of rivers of the Americas by coastline 2452:The Permian–Triassic extinction event (the 987: 55:, off the map) and all other marginal seas. 9085: 9071: 5964: 5950: 5146: 5132: 5097:NOAA Near-realtime North Pole Weather Data 4569: 4567: 4212: 3967: 3614: 3612: 3610: 3608: 3606: 3604: 3602: 3414: 3353:. National Geographic Books. p. 112. 3306: 3278: 3178: 2996:North Pole drifting stations (1930s–1980s) 2757:"'Arctic Ocean' – Encyclopædia Britannica" 2649: 2647: 2645: 1519:(between the Alpha and Lomonosov Ridges), 1504:, at about 5,550 m (18,210 ft). 1071:—476,000 km (184,000 sq mi) 1065:—620,000 km (240,000 sq mi) 1059:—662,000 km (256,000 sq mi) 1053:—926,000 km (358,000 sq mi) 1047:—987,000 km (381,000 sq mi) 167: 153: 88: 74: 64: 4732: 4602: 4489: 4380: 4370: 4285:Pierre-Louis, Kendra (10 December 2019). 4002: 3933: 3850:Climate Change: Vital Signs of the Planet 3659: 3657: 3655: 3653: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3374: 3282:The Freshwater Budget of the Arctic Ocean 3238: 2972:Andre Engels. Retrieved 16 December 2006. 2877: 2849:Goebel T, Waters MR, O'Rourke DH (2008). 2221: 994:Borders of the oceans § Arctic Ocean 9022:Pole of Inaccessibility research station 4952:Discovery in Russian and Siberian Waters 4610:"When will the Arctic lose its sea ice?" 4018:Serreze, Mark C; Barry, Roger G (2014). 3949:Serreze, Mark C; Barry, Roger G (2014). 3688: 3686: 3548:"Geological History of the Arctic Ocean" 2929: 2289:As the extent of sea ice diminishes and 2255:is thinning, and a seasonal hole in the 2161: 2151: 1972: 1886: 1825: 1811: 1729: 1687: 1655: 1627: 1095:—64,000 km (25,000 sq mi) 1089:—81,263 km (31,376 sq mi) 1083:—90,000 km (35,000 sq mi) 1077:—93,000 km (36,000 sq mi) 713: 697: 602:is quite thick and persists year-round. 533: 460: 317: 281:Decrease of old Arctic Sea ice 1982–2007 276: 69: 38: 8597:Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 4646: 4564: 3879:. Nsidc.org. Retrieved on 6 March 2011. 3599: 3582:Geologic Structures of the Arctic Basin 2642: 2008:of photosynthesizing organisms such as 189:International Hydrographic Organization 70:Earth's ocean, showing common divisions 45:International Hydrographic Organization 14: 10651: 3778:Lincoln, B., Rippeth, T., Lenn, Y-D., 3650: 3618: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3415:Day, Trevor; Garratt, Richard (2006). 3312: 3184: 3129: 3020: 3016: 3014: 2720:Regional Oceanography: an Introduction 2609:International Arctic Science Committee 2496:, causing further warming in a strong 2392: 2385: 2376: 2371: 2320: 1845:occasionally break away from northern 1451: 1021:The largest seas in the Arctic Ocean: 1006:and to the Atlantic Ocean through the 9066: 7741: 5983: 5971: 5945: 5127: 4923: 4899:"Arctic deal bans North Pole fishing" 4687:. The Weather Company. Archived from 4624: 3683: 3671:from the original on 12 November 2013 3380: 3244: 3132:"The World's Biggest Oceans and Seas" 2842: 2686:General oceanography: an introduction 2456:) may have been caused by release of 2420: 2413: 2406: 2399: 2240: 998:The Arctic Ocean is connected to the 612:crossing of the Arctic Ocean, in the 344:of Greenland (2500–800 BC); the 4733:Stambaugh, Alex (12 February 2019). 4593:Russia the next climate recalcitrant 4318: 4312: 4205:Drill cores were recovered from the 3510:from the original on 7 December 2006 3093:from the original on 29 October 2010 3007:Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution 2364: 2356: 2170: 1896:Changes in ice between 1990 and 1999 1448:extends from the Chukchi Sea Shelf. 1435:USSR–USA Maritime Boundary Agreement 226:. The Arctic Ocean is surrounded by 8383:Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 6580:Norse colonization of North America 5925: 5770:Northern indigenous Russian peoples 4759:Connor, Steve (23 September 2008). 4541:Oxford Institute for Energy Studies 4472:Dalpadado, P.; et al. (2012). 4095:10.1146/annurev-earth-040610-133431 3793:"Continued Sea Ice Decline in 2005" 3500:"The Mariana Trench – Oceanography" 3442: 3421:. Infobase Publishing. p. 21. 3387:. Taylor & Francis. p. 8. 3319:. Infobase Publishing. p. 57. 3285:. Springer. pp. 101, 282–283. 3011: 2358:Marine extinction intensity during 2293:, the effect of storms such as the 1900:The Arctic Ocean is contained in a 1545:Petroleum exploration in the Arctic 1141:List of islands in the Arctic Ocean 571:, longtime Second Secretary of the 199:. It has also been described as an 24: 7912:United States Exploring Expedition 5829:Arctic Refuge drilling controversy 4944: 4761:"Exclusive: The methane time bomb" 4726: 4703: 4679:Brackett, Ron (11 February 2019). 3843: 2533:Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster 2429: 2334: 2133:, and it is especially exposed to 484:'s map of 1595) or water (as with 303:allowed people to move across the 25: 10705: 8986:Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station 8354:Australasian Antarctic Expedition 5153: 5117:National Snow and Ice Data Center 4996: 4771:from the original on 3 April 2009 4678: 4504:Reynolds, Paul (25 October 2005) 3634:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 3384:Descriptive Physical Oceanography 3191:. Psychology Press. p. 459. 3185:Wright, John (30 November 2001). 2503: 1802:Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation 1484:of the ocean bottom is marked by 1408: 596:The Physical Geography of the Sea 268:National Snow and Ice Data Center 10593: 10592: 9925:West South Central United States 8880:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 8273:Amundsen's South Pole expedition 5924: 5913: 5912: 5499:Arctic Climate Impact Assessment 5356:Queen Elizabeth Islands Subplate 5235:Territorial claims in the Arctic 4790:Mrasek, Volker (17 April 2008). 4595:Peter Wilson, 17 November 2008, 3803:; photo by Nathaniel B. Palmer, 2935: 2577: 2563: 2549: 2181:Territorial claims in the Arctic 1952:Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum 1557:Era. Regional subsidence in the 290: 10140:Latin America and the Caribbean 10006:Latin America and the Caribbean 5205:Arctic cooperation and politics 4917: 4891: 4873: 4855: 4836: 4814: 4802:from the original on 1 May 2009 4783: 4672: 4653:Lauren Morello (5 March 2013). 4586: 4546: 4522: 4498: 4389: 4345:Berge, J.; et al. (2015). 4338: 4278: 4199: 4109: 4062: 4036: 4011: 3942: 3882: 3863: 3837: 3785: 3772: 3762: 3752: 3742: 3733: 3724: 3714: 3705: 3572: 3539: 3522: 3492: 3466: 3316:Encyclopedia of World Geography 3212: 3188:The New York Times Almanac 2002 3160: 3142: 3123: 3105: 2989: 2975: 2956: 2599:Arctic cooperation and politics 2177:Natural resources of the Arctic 1849:, and icebergs are formed from 1618: 619: 554: 27:Ocean in the north polar region 5313:Populated places in the Arctic 5103:International Polar Foundation 4924:Rosen, Yereth (16 July 2015). 4554:"Erreur HTTP 404 - Non trouvé" 4478:ICES Journal of Marine Science 4319:Crew, Bec (15 December 2016). 3251:. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 7. 2910: 2817: 2796: 2777: 2749: 2710: 2678: 2311:a mass invasion of polar bears 538:The Arctic region showing the 214:The Arctic Ocean includes the 13: 1: 10679:Landforms of the Arctic Ocean 8259:Japanese Antarctic Expedition 8194:Scottish Antarctic Expedition 7742: 5836:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean 5361:Southeast Bathurst Fault Zone 4965:Ray, L., and B. Bacon, eds., 4193:10.1016/S0031-0182(02)00718-6 3844:Change, NASA Global Climate. 3245:Calow, Peter (12 July 1999). 3021:Wright, John W., ed. (2006). 2917:"The Prehistory of Greenland" 2635: 2464:. An estimated 52% of marine 2247:Atlantification of the Arctic 2236:Pollution in the Arctic Ocean 1711:side and anticyclonic in the 1623: 364: 357: 334: 9607:Middle East and North Africa 9312:Middle East and North Africa 8616:Soviet Antarctic Expeditions 8432:Shackleton–Rowett Expedition 8238:French Antarctic Expeditions 8168:Swedish Antarctic Expedition 8054:Belgian Antarctic Expedition 6172:Lady Franklin Bay Expedition 5541:Climate change in the Arctic 5293:Impact craters of the Arctic 4599:. Retrieved 3 November 2016. 4574:Earth – melting in the heat? 4418:10.1016/j.pocean.2011.02.004 4372:10.1016/j.pocean.2015.08.005 3935:10.1080/1088937X.2014.965769 3130:Melina, Remy (4 June 2010). 2656:"Introduction to the Oceans" 2604:Extreme points of the Arctic 2520:dump sites in the Kara Sea, 2295:Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 2228:Climate change in the Arctic 2054:, as well as ice-associated 1883:Climate change in the Arctic 1769:Great Arctic Cyclone of 2012 1237:There are several ports and 693: 218:region in the middle of the 7: 10684:Geography of Northeast Asia 10659:Islands of the Arctic Ocean 7701:Nuclear-powered icebreakers 7380:Austro-Hungarian Expedition 6245:Andrée's balloon expedition 5394:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 5336:Canadian Arctic Rift System 5072:Central Intelligence Agency 5034:GPX (secondary coordinates) 4982:Picture Atlas of the Arctic 3553:. GEO ExPro. Archived from 3350:Ocean: An Illustrated Atlas 2542: 2166:Walruses on Arctic ice floe 1419:Canadian Arctic Archipelago 352:of northeastern Canada and 222:and extends south to about 110:Main five oceans division: 51:(some of which is south of 10: 10710: 10694:Geography of North America 9900:Northeastern United States 6902:Franklin's lost expedition 6602:Christian IV's expeditions 5984: 5389:British Arctic Territories 5051:Arctic Environmental Atlas 4506:The Arctic's New Gold Rush 3795:. Graph by Robert Simmon, 3060:. rst2.edu. Archived from 3025:The New York Times Almanac 2654:Pidwirny, Michael (2006). 2324: 2244: 2225: 2174: 1968: 1880: 1876: 1819: 1807: 1632:Distribution of the major 1542: 1538: 1138: 1134: 991: 632:expedition from Alaska to 458:have also been suggested. 398:, ancestors of the modern 313:Settlement of the Americas 285: 29: 10588: 10530: 10507: 10474: 10438: 10371: 10265: 10173: 10164: 10093: 10014: 9820: 9624: 9405: 9363: 9272: 9263: 9211: 9168: 9108: 8719: 8450: 8037: 7777: 7754: 7750: 7737: 7256:Great Northern Expedition 7150: 6932:Rae–Richardson expedition 6681: 6526: 6132:British Arctic Expedition 6024: 5996: 5992: 5979: 5907: 5854: 5811: 5695: 5667: 5574: 5489: 5374: 5326: 5248: 5225:Inuit Circumpolar Council 5190: 5162: 5029:GPX (primary coordinates) 5004:Map all coordinates using 4448:10.1007/s12526-010-0057-9 4020:The Arctic Climate System 3951:The Arctic Climate System 3087:"Arctic Ocean Fast Facts" 2968:18 September 2008 at the 2514:radioactive contamination 2149:that lives in the ocean. 2129:. The area has a fragile 2004:in the Arctic Ocean, the 1573:The rifting apart of the 1423:Russian continental shelf 779: 776: 768: 417: 322:Thule archaeological site 10381:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 9385:Transantarctic Mountains 8540:British Antarctic Survey 8534:Captain Arturo Prat Base 7779:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 5536:Arctic methane emissions 5012:Download coordinates as: 4714:. euronews.com. Euronews 4398:Progress of Oceanography 4351:Progress in Oceanography 3894:23 February 2011 at the 3693:Arctic Ocean Circulation 3381:Reddy, M. P. M. (2001). 3001:13 November 2017 at the 2327:Clathrate gun hypothesis 2313:into the archipelago of 2269:last intraglacial period 1955:tropical lifeforms (the 1863:of ships are subject to 1289:Nanisivik Naval Facility 1232: 988:Subareas and connections 982:Exclusive Economic Zones 771:exclusive economic zones 608:was the first to make a 350:Independence II cultures 299:. At this time, falling 197:Arctic Mediterranean Sea 82:thermohaline circulation 10674:Extreme points of Earth 10130:Caribbean South America 9016:Pole of inaccessibility 8679:Antarctic Treaty System 7020:2nd Grinnell expedition 5210:Arctic Ocean Conference 5091:NOAA North Pole Web Cam 5083:19 January 2014 at the 4848:2 February 2017 at the 4826:16 October 2007 at the 3875:2 February 2020 at the 3698:15 January 2013 at the 3459:4 December 2022 at the 2888:10.1126/science.1153569 2789:8 November 2017 at the 2761:Encyclopedia Britannica 2527:such as Novaya Zemlya, 2145:is the only species of 1523:(between Lomonosov and 1464:, divides the deep sea 1174:Queen Elizabeth Islands 1099:Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea 730: 254:vary seasonally as the 9910:Southern United States 9713:Scandinavian Peninsula 5869:Arctic shipping routes 4928:. Alaska Dispatch News 4737:. edition.cnn.com. CNN 4491:10.1093/icesjms/fss063 4004:10.1175/2008JCLI2366.1 3829:: CS1 maint: others ( 2510:environmental concerns 2447: 2352: 2280:ocean current patterns 2267:or 125,000 during the 2222:Environmental concerns 2167: 2159: 1993: 1897: 1835: 1817: 1748:North Atlantic Current 1739: 1696: 1661: 1653: 1172:(Canada, includes the 727: 711: 592:Matthew Fontaine Maury 551: 469: 323: 282: 56: 10386:Antarctic Convergence 9930:Western United States 8686:Transglobe Expedition 8585:Operation Deep Freeze 7994:Challenger expedition 6860:Coppermine expedition 6381:Drifting ice stations 5824:Petroleum exploration 5504:Arctic dipole anomaly 5481:North American Arctic 5434:Northwest Territories 5220:Ilulissat Declaration 5024:GPX (all coordinates) 4980:Thorén, Ragnar V.A., 3546:Whaley, Jane (2007). 3463:. CIA World Fact Book 3313:McColl, R.W. (2005). 3055:"Oceans of the World" 2660:physicalgeography.net 2446: 2373:Millions of years ago 2351: 2245:Further information: 2165: 2155: 2139:Lion's mane jellyfish 1976: 1960:Apectodinium augustum 1895: 1829: 1815: 1733: 1691: 1659: 1631: 1315:Nuuk Port and Harbour 1303:Northwest Territories 1241:on the Arctic Ocean. 717: 701: 662:drifting ice stations 537: 464: 408:Northwest Territories 321: 280: 246:. The Arctic Ocean's 140:Further subdivision: 42: 9452:Greater Central Asia 5894:Transpolar Sea Route 4579:30 June 2018 at the 4535:7 April 2012 at the 4511:5 April 2018 at the 2305:become more likely. 2205:polymetallic nodules 2102:in the Arctic Ocean— 2035:Calanus finmarchicus 1640:over the geographic 1190:New Siberian Islands 968:. Other consists of 577:promoted exploration 486:Martin Waldseemüller 329:groups included the 297:Wisconsin glaciation 10689:Geography of Europe 10631: / 10598:Continents of Earth 10125:Brazilian Highlands 9534:Indian subcontinent 9395:Antarctic Peninsula 9193:Southern Hemisphere 9188:Northern Hemisphere 8856:South magnetic pole 7522:Brusilov expedition 6631:Danish colonization 6069:North magnetic pole 5795:Arctic Winter Games 5561:Polar amplification 5529:ecology and history 5288:Greenland ice sheet 4950:Neatby, Leslie H., 4436:Marine Biodiversity 4410:2011PrOce..90...18L 4363:2015PrOce.139..258B 4248:10.1038/nature04668 4240:2006Natur.441..610S 4209:, presently at 87°N 4185:2003PPP...193..113S 4142:10.1038/nature04386 4134:2006Natur.439...60N 4087:2011AREPS..39..489M 3995:2008JCli...21.5777S 2922:16 May 2008 at the 2870:2008Sci...319.1497G 2321:Clathrate breakdown 2076:Secondary consumers 2047:Calanus hyperboreus 1941:Antarctic continent 1452:Underwater features 1415:continental shelves 1399:East Siberian Sea: 1224:(Norway, including 660:and Russian manned 616:from 1893 to 1896. 546:within it, and the 529:navigational charts 519:(11th century) and 480:'s map of 1507, or 361: 2400–1800 BC 248:surface temperature 220:Northern Hemisphere 10413:Great Barrier Reef 10034:Mainland Australia 9742:Apennine Peninsula 9203:Western Hemisphere 9178:Eastern Hemisphere 8547:Operation Windmill 8528:Operation Highjump 7503:Rusanov expedition 7408:A. E. Nordenskiöld 7152:North East Passage 6956:McClure expedition 5884:Northern Sea Route 5514:Arctic oscillation 5258:Arctic Archipelago 5182:History of whaling 5172:Arctic exploration 5067:The World Factbook 4291:The New York Times 4050:on 17 January 2010 3983:Journal of Climate 3799:, and Walt Meier, 3226:on 2 February 2014 2942:Arctic Archaeology 2864:(5869): 1497–502. 2666:on 9 December 2006 2525:nuclear test sites 2448: 2353: 2286:might then ensue. 2241:Arctic ice melting 2207:, sand and gravel 2168: 2160: 2006:primary production 1994: 1898: 1836: 1818: 1794:sea level pressure 1740: 1697: 1662: 1654: 1586:Chukchi Borderland 1551:Caledonian orogeny 1439:territorial claims 1204:(Russia, includes 1170:Arctic Archipelago 1104:Queen Victoria Sea 952:Arctic Ocean total 889:Mainland Greenland 728: 712: 588:Isaac Israel Hayes 567:" was persistent. 552: 544:Northern Sea Route 490:Northern Sea Route 470: 338: 3200–850 BC 327:Early Paleo-Eskimo 324: 305:Bering land bridge 283: 272:decline in sea ice 115:Antarctic/Southern 57: 10614: 10613: 10494:Mediterranean Rim 10367: 10366: 10306:Mediterranean Sea 10160: 10159: 10113:Amazon Rainforest 9940:Canadian Prairies 9905:Pacific Northwest 9766:Iberian Peninsula 9551:Arabian Peninsula 9378:Antarctic Plateau 9138:Three/Four Worlds 9060: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9052: 9051: 8514:Operation Tabarin 8376:Far Eastern Party 8222:Nimrod Expedition 7733: 7732: 7729: 7728: 7292:M. Pronchishcheva 7214:Siberian Cossacks 6683:Northwest Passage 6016:Research stations 5973:Polar exploration 5939: 5938: 5899:Search and rescue 5879:Northwest Passage 5874:Northeast Passage 5819:Natural resources 5710:Subarctic peoples 5682:Arctic vegetation 5546:Climate of Alaska 5366:Ungava Fault Zone 5351:Innuitian orogeny 5268:Arctic Cordillera 4885:The Straits Times 4234:(7093): 610–613. 4029:978-1-107-03717-5 3960:978-1-107-03717-5 3811:on 7 October 2006 3797:Earth Observatory 3702:. Polar Discovery 3643:978-1-4832-7877-3 3560:on 3 October 2022 3504:marianatrench.com 3428:978-0-8160-5327-8 3394:978-90-5410-706-4 3360:978-1-4262-0319-0 3326:978-0-8160-5786-3 3292:978-0-7923-6439-9 3258:978-0-632-04951-6 3198:978-1-57958-348-4 3040:978-0-14-303820-7 2938:"Thule Tradition" 2730:978-81-7035-306-5 2518:radioactive waste 2498:positive feedback 2381: 2171:Natural resources 2118:—prey upon fish. 2064:primary consumers 2041:Calanus glacialis 2018:primary producers 1893: 1781:Norwegian Current 1701:Mediterranean Sea 1665:Canadian rivers ( 1466:North Polar Basin 1427:Chukchi Sea Shelf 1275:Port of Churchill 1045:East Siberian Sea 962: 961: 677:heavily contested 573:British Admiralty 548:Northwest Passage 540:Northeast Passage 494:Northwest Passage 482:Gerardus Mercator 185:oceanic divisions 177: 176: 47:(IHO), including 16:(Redirected from 10701: 10646: 10645: 10643: 10642: 10641: 10636: 10632: 10629: 10628: 10627: 10624: 10596: 10595: 10575:Global Southwest 10570:Global Southeast 10560:Global Northwest 10555:Global Northeast 10545:Global Heartland 10489:Indian Ocean Rim 10171: 10170: 10063:Island Melanesia 9754:Balkan Peninsula 9529:Himalayan states 9476:Russian Far East 9270: 9269: 9198:Water Hemisphere 9087: 9080: 9073: 9064: 9063: 8561:Ronne Expedition 8046: 8040: 7904:Dumont d'Urville 7752: 7751: 7739: 7738: 7287:V. Pronchishchev 5994: 5993: 5981: 5980: 5966: 5959: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5928: 5927: 5916: 5915: 5803: 5802:(New Year's Day) 5298:Innuitian Region 5148: 5141: 5134: 5125: 5124: 5120: 4967:The Arctic Ocean 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4921: 4915: 4914: 4912: 4910: 4895: 4889: 4888: 4887:. 28 March 2019. 4877: 4871: 4870: 4859: 4853: 4840: 4834: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4809: 4807: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4756: 4747: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4707: 4701: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4676: 4670: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4650: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4628: 4622: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4590: 4584: 4571: 4562: 4561: 4550: 4544: 4526: 4520: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4484:(7): 1303–1316. 4469: 4460: 4459: 4431: 4422: 4421: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4384: 4374: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4225: 4216: 4210: 4203: 4197: 4196: 4168: 4162: 4161: 4113: 4107: 4106: 4066: 4060: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4046:. 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Archived from 3789: 3783: 3780:Timmermans, M-L. 3776: 3770: 3766: 3760: 3756: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3737: 3731: 3728: 3722: 3718: 3712: 3709: 3703: 3690: 3681: 3680: 3678: 3676: 3661: 3648: 3647: 3629: 3616: 3597: 3596: 3576: 3570: 3569: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3552: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3534: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3506:. 4 April 2003. 3496: 3490: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3470: 3464: 3451: 3440: 3439: 3437: 3435: 3412: 3406: 3405: 3403: 3401: 3378: 3372: 3371: 3369: 3367: 3344: 3338: 3337: 3335: 3333: 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3242: 3236: 3235: 3233: 3231: 3216: 3210: 3209: 3207: 3205: 3182: 3176: 3175: 3164: 3158: 3157: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3121: 3120: 3109: 3103: 3102: 3100: 3098: 3083: 3077: 3076: 3074: 3072: 3066: 3059: 3051: 3045: 3044: 3028: 3018: 3009: 2993: 2987: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2960: 2954: 2953: 2951: 2949: 2936:Park, Robert W. 2933: 2927: 2914: 2908: 2907: 2881: 2855: 2846: 2840: 2839: 2837: 2835: 2821: 2815: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2800: 2794: 2781: 2775: 2774: 2769: 2767: 2753: 2747: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2733:. Archived from 2714: 2708: 2707: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2662:. Archived from 2651: 2587: 2582: 2581: 2573: 2571:Geography portal 2568: 2567: 2566: 2559: 2554: 2553: 2425: 2418: 2411: 2404: 2397: 2390: 2383: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2368: 2362: 2265:last warm period 1894: 1847:Ellesmere Island 1723:and reaches the 1533:Franz Josef Land 1458:underwater ridge 1216:Franz Josef Land 1196:Severnaya Zemlya 878:Mainland Iceland 865:Jan Mayen Island 777:Country segment 766: 765: 424:European history 369: 366: 362: 359: 339: 336: 169: 162: 155: 95: 92: 85: 78: 71: 68: 59: 58: 21: 10709: 10708: 10704: 10703: 10702: 10700: 10699: 10698: 10649: 10648: 10639: 10637: 10633: 10630: 10625: 10622: 10620: 10618: 10617: 10615: 10610: 10584: 10526: 10503: 10470: 10434: 10363: 10352:South China Sea 10261: 10204:Central America 10156: 10089: 10010: 9962:Northern Mexico 9950:Northern Canada 9935:Atlantic Canada 9890:Mountain states 9816: 9671:European Russia 9664:Southern Russia 9620: 9573:Iranian Plateau 9401: 9390:West Antarctica 9373:East Antarctica 9359: 9259: 9207: 9183:Land Hemisphere 9164: 9104: 9091: 9061: 9048: 8723: 8715: 8591:McMurdo Station 8460:Modern research 8458: 8446: 8181:O. Nordenskjöld 8044: 8038: 8033: 7949:Ross expedition 7773: 7746: 7725: 7154: 7146: 6687:Northern Canada 6685: 6677: 6530: 6522: 6028: 6020: 5988: 5975: 5970: 5940: 5935: 5903: 5889:Polar air route 5850: 5841:Protected areas 5807: 5801: 5691: 5663: 5570: 5485: 5429:Northern Canada 5370: 5346:Greenland Plate 5341:Eurekan orogeny 5322: 5244: 5186: 5177:Arctic research 5158: 5152: 5107: 5085:Wayback Machine 5053:Interactive map 5042: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038: 4999: 4947: 4945:Further reading 4942: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4922: 4918: 4908: 4906: 4897: 4896: 4892: 4879: 4878: 4874: 4869:. 9 March 2019. 4861: 4860: 4856: 4850:Wayback Machine 4841: 4837: 4828:Wayback Machine 4819: 4815: 4805: 4803: 4788: 4784: 4774: 4772: 4765:The Independent 4757: 4750: 4740: 4738: 4731: 4727: 4717: 4715: 4708: 4704: 4694: 4692: 4691:on 6 March 2019 4677: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4659:Climate Central 4651: 4647: 4637: 4635: 4630: 4629: 4625: 4615: 4613: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4591: 4587: 4581:Wayback Machine 4572: 4565: 4552: 4551: 4547: 4537:Wayback Machine 4527: 4523: 4513:Wayback Machine 4503: 4499: 4470: 4463: 4432: 4425: 4394: 4390: 4343: 4339: 4329: 4327: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4283: 4279: 4223: 4217: 4213: 4207:Lomonosov Ridge 4204: 4200: 4169: 4165: 4128:(7072): 60–63. 4114: 4110: 4067: 4063: 4053: 4051: 4044:"NSIDC sea ice" 4042: 4041: 4037: 4030: 4016: 4012: 3975: 3968: 3961: 3947: 3943: 3921:Polar Geography 3911: 3902: 3896:Wayback Machine 3887: 3883: 3877:Wayback Machine 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3842: 3838: 3822: 3821: 3814: 3812: 3791: 3790: 3786: 3777: 3773: 3767: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3743: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3725: 3719: 3715: 3710: 3706: 3700:Wayback Machine 3691: 3684: 3674: 3672: 3663: 3662: 3651: 3644: 3630: 3619: 3600: 3593: 3577: 3573: 3563: 3561: 3557: 3550: 3544: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3498: 3497: 3493: 3483: 3481: 3472: 3471: 3467: 3461:Wayback Machine 3452: 3443: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3413: 3409: 3399: 3397: 3395: 3379: 3375: 3365: 3363: 3361: 3345: 3341: 3331: 3329: 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2329: 2323: 2291:sea level rises 2253:Arctic ice pack 2249: 2243: 2238: 2232:Ozone depletion 2226:Main articles: 2224: 2201:placer deposits 2187: 2173: 1971: 1957:dinoflagellates 1887: 1885: 1879: 1824: 1822:Arctic ice pack 1810: 1736:Kennedy Channel 1626: 1621: 1598:Throughout the 1590:Late Cretaceous 1547: 1541: 1478:Amerasian Basin 1462:Lomonosov Ridge 1454: 1446:Chukchi Plateau 1411: 1235: 1143: 1137: 1113: 996: 990: 851:Svalbard Island 839:Mainland Norway 753: 733: 696: 622: 614:Fram Expedition 606:Fridtjof Nansen 557: 478:Johannes Ruysch 420: 368: 800–1 BC 367: 360: 337: 293: 288: 173: 97: 96: 93: 86: 79: 72: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10707: 10697: 10696: 10691: 10686: 10681: 10676: 10671: 10666: 10661: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10606:Physical Earth 10589: 10586: 10585: 10583: 10582: 10577: 10572: 10567: 10562: 10557: 10552: 10547: 10542: 10536: 10534: 10528: 10527: 10525: 10524: 10519: 10513: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10502: 10501: 10496: 10491: 10486: 10480: 10478: 10472: 10471: 10469: 10468: 10463: 10458: 10457: 10456: 10445: 10443: 10436: 10435: 10433: 10432: 10427: 10426: 10425: 10420: 10418:Mariana Trench 10415: 10405: 10400: 10398:Atlantic Ocean 10395: 10390: 10389: 10388: 10377: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10365: 10364: 10362: 10361: 10359:Southern Ocean 10356: 10355: 10354: 10349: 10347:East China Sea 10339: 10338: 10337: 10327: 10326: 10325: 10324: 10323: 10318: 10313: 10303: 10298: 10293: 10288: 10281:Atlantic Ocean 10278: 10272: 10270: 10263: 10262: 10260: 10259: 10258: 10257: 10252: 10242: 10241: 10240: 10235: 10225: 10220: 10215: 10214: 10213: 10208: 10207: 10206: 10201: 10186: 10180: 10178: 10168: 10162: 10161: 10158: 10157: 10155: 10154: 10153: 10152: 10142: 10137: 10132: 10127: 10122: 10117: 10116: 10115: 10110: 10099: 10097: 10091: 10090: 10088: 10087: 10085:Remote Oceania 10082: 10077: 10072: 10067: 10066: 10065: 10055: 10054: 10053: 10048: 10047: 10046: 10041: 10036: 10020: 10018: 10012: 10011: 10009: 10008: 10003: 10002: 10001: 10000: 9999: 9994: 9979: 9974: 9969: 9964: 9959: 9958: 9957: 9955:Western Canada 9952: 9947: 9945:Eastern Canada 9942: 9937: 9932: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9912: 9907: 9902: 9897: 9892: 9887: 9882: 9877: 9872: 9867: 9862: 9852: 9847: 9842: 9837: 9832: 9826: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9793: 9792: 9787: 9782: 9772: 9771: 9770: 9769: 9768: 9758: 9757: 9756: 9746: 9745: 9744: 9734: 9729: 9719: 9718: 9717: 9716: 9715: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9690: 9680: 9679: 9678: 9673: 9668: 9667: 9666: 9661: 9659:South Caucasus 9656: 9654:North Caucasus 9646: 9636: 9630: 9628: 9622: 9621: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9616: 9615: 9614: 9609: 9604: 9594: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9577: 9576: 9575: 9565: 9564: 9563: 9561:South Caucasus 9553: 9543: 9542: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9521: 9520: 9519: 9514: 9504: 9499: 9498: 9497: 9492: 9482: 9481: 9480: 9479: 9478: 9463: 9462: 9461: 9456: 9455: 9454: 9439: 9438: 9437: 9432: 9430:Aralkum Desert 9427: 9417: 9411: 9409: 9403: 9402: 9400: 9399: 9398: 9397: 9387: 9382: 9381: 9380: 9369: 9367: 9361: 9360: 9358: 9357: 9356: 9355: 9350: 9345: 9344: 9343: 9338: 9328: 9318: 9317: 9316: 9315: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9284: 9278: 9276: 9267: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9257: 9256: 9255: 9245: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9221:Africa-Eurasia 9217: 9215: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9205: 9200: 9195: 9190: 9185: 9180: 9174: 9172: 9166: 9165: 9163: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9155: 9150: 9145: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9106: 9105: 9090: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9067: 9058: 9057: 9054: 9053: 9050: 9049: 9047: 9046: 9041: 9036: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9012: 9011: 9010: 9008:Vostok Station 8998: 8993: 8988: 8983: 8978: 8973: 8968: 8963: 8962: 8961: 8959:Cherry-Garrard 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8924: 8923: 8922: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8890: 8876: 8875: 8874: 8869: 8864: 8852: 8851: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8835: 8823: 8822: 8821: 8809: 8808: 8807: 8799:Southern Cross 8795: 8794: 8793: 8780: 8779: 8778: 8765: 8760: 8759: 8758: 8745: 8744: 8743: 8729: 8727: 8721:Farthest South 8717: 8716: 8714: 8713: 8708: 8701: 8700: 8699: 8694: 8682: 8675: 8674: 8673: 8672: 8671: 8659: 8658: 8657: 8645: 8644: 8643: 8636: 8631: 8612: 8611: 8610: 8605: 8593: 8588: 8581: 8580: 8579: 8574: 8569: 8557: 8556: 8555: 8543: 8536: 8531: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8510: 8509: 8508: 8496: 8495: 8494: 8482: 8475: 8470: 8464: 8462: 8448: 8447: 8445: 8444: 8443: 8442: 8428: 8427: 8426: 8418:Ross Sea party 8414: 8405: 8404: 8403: 8398: 8393: 8379: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8365: 8350: 8345: 8344: 8343: 8338: 8333: 8328: 8323: 8318: 8304: 8303: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8283: 8269: 8268: 8267: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8248: 8234: 8233: 8232: 8218: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8202: 8190: 8189: 8188: 8183: 8178: 8164: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8143: 8142: 8141: 8136: 8122: 8121: 8120: 8115: 8112:Southern Cross 8105:Southern Cross 8101: 8100: 8099: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8049: 8047: 8035: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8029: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8010: 8005: 7990: 7985: 7984: 7983: 7970: 7964: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7930: 7929: 7928: 7923: 7908: 7907: 7906: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7868: 7867: 7855: 7854: 7853: 7851:Bellingshausen 7841: 7834: 7829: 7828: 7827: 7814: 7813: 7812: 7799: 7794: 7789: 7783: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7772: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7748: 7747: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7730: 7727: 7726: 7724: 7723: 7722: 7721: 7710: 7698: 7693: 7686: 7679: 7678: 7677: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7651: 7650: 7649: 7637: 7636: 7635: 7623: 7618: 7613: 7612: 7611: 7599: 7598: 7597: 7583: 7582: 7581: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7548: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7518: 7517: 7516: 7511: 7499: 7494: 7493: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7463: 7462: 7461: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7440: 7435: 7417: 7416: 7415: 7410: 7395: 7394: 7393: 7388: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7310: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7279: 7274: 7269: 7264: 7252: 7247: 7242: 7237: 7232: 7227: 7222: 7217: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7193: 7188: 7183: 7178: 7173: 7168: 7160: 7158: 7156:Russian Arctic 7148: 7147: 7145: 7144: 7139: 7138: 7137: 7123: 7122: 7121: 7116: 7102: 7097: 7096: 7095: 7081: 7080: 7079: 7067: 7066: 7065: 7052: 7051: 7050: 7038: 7037: 7036: 7031: 7016: 7015: 7014: 7002: 6997: 6992: 6987: 6986: 6985: 6980: 6972: 6967: 6952: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6928: 6923: 6922: 6921: 6913: 6898: 6897: 6896: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6845: 6844: 6831: 6830: 6829: 6816: 6815: 6814: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6785: 6784: 6771: 6770: 6769: 6756: 6751: 6746: 6745: 6744: 6739: 6727: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6707: 6702: 6697: 6691: 6689: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6664: 6663: 6658: 6646: 6641: 6640: 6639: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6598: 6593: 6591:Snæbjörn galti 6588: 6583: 6576: 6571: 6566: 6561: 6554: 6547: 6542: 6536: 6534: 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6519: 6518: 6513: 6508: 6493: 6486: 6476: 6471: 6466: 6458: 6448: 6447: 6446: 6441: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6412: 6411: 6406: 6401: 6396: 6384: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6370: 6365: 6353: 6352: 6351: 6337: 6328: 6327: 6326: 6321: 6316: 6311: 6306: 6292: 6287: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6275: 6260: 6255: 6254: 6253: 6241: 6240: 6239: 6227: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6192: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6180: 6168: 6167: 6166: 6161: 6156: 6148: 6143: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6099: 6098: 6097: 6092: 6087: 6082: 6077: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6045: 6040: 6034: 6032: 6026:Farthest North 6022: 6021: 6019: 6018: 6013: 6008: 6003: 5990: 5989: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5968: 5961: 5954: 5946: 5937: 5936: 5934: 5933: 5921: 5908: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5896: 5891: 5886: 5881: 5876: 5871: 5866: 5860: 5858: 5852: 5851: 5849: 5848: 5846:Transportation 5843: 5838: 5833: 5832: 5831: 5821: 5815: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5806: 5805: 5797: 5792: 5787: 5782: 5777: 5772: 5767: 5762: 5757: 5752: 5747: 5742: 5737: 5732: 5727: 5722: 5717: 5712: 5707: 5705:Arctic peoples 5701: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5684: 5679: 5677:Arctic ecology 5673: 5671: 5665: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5656: 5651: 5650: 5649: 5644: 5639: 5634: 5629: 5621: 5616: 5611: 5606: 5601: 5596: 5591: 5586: 5580: 5578: 5572: 5571: 5569: 5568: 5563: 5558: 5553: 5548: 5543: 5538: 5533: 5532: 5531: 5526: 5519:Arctic sea ice 5516: 5511: 5506: 5501: 5495: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5462: 5461: 5454:Russian Arctic 5451: 5446: 5441: 5436: 5431: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5411: 5406: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5380: 5378: 5372: 5371: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5343: 5338: 5332: 5330: 5324: 5323: 5321: 5320: 5315: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5295: 5290: 5285: 5283:Arctic Cyclone 5280: 5275: 5273:Arctic ecology 5270: 5265: 5260: 5254: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5243: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5200:Arctic Council 5196: 5194: 5188: 5187: 5185: 5184: 5179: 5174: 5168: 5166: 5160: 5159: 5151: 5150: 5143: 5136: 5128: 5122: 5121: 5105: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5075: 5059: 5054: 5048: 5046:Arctic Council 5037: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5002: 5001: 5000: 4998: 4997:External links 4995: 4994: 4993: 4978: 4963: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4916: 4905:. 16 July 2015 4890: 4872: 4854: 4835: 4813: 4796:Spiegel Online 4782: 4748: 4725: 4702: 4671: 4645: 4623: 4601: 4597:The Australian 4585: 4563: 4545: 4521: 4497: 4461: 4423: 4404:(1–4): 18–32. 4388: 4337: 4311: 4277: 4211: 4198: 4179:(1): 113–123. 4163: 4108: 4081:(1): 489–516. 4061: 4035: 4028: 4010: 3966: 3959: 3941: 3928:(4): 298–324. 3900: 3881: 3862: 3836: 3784: 3771: 3761: 3751: 3741: 3732: 3723: 3713: 3704: 3682: 3649: 3642: 3617: 3598: 3591: 3571: 3538: 3521: 3491: 3480:on 2 June 2008 3465: 3441: 3427: 3407: 3393: 3373: 3359: 3339: 3325: 3305: 3291: 3271: 3257: 3237: 3211: 3197: 3177: 3172:listofseas.com 3168:"List of seas" 3159: 3141: 3122: 3104: 3078: 3046: 3039: 3010: 2988: 2974: 2955: 2928: 2909: 2841: 2829:polarportal.dk 2816: 2795: 2776: 2748: 2729: 2709: 2694: 2677: 2640: 2639: 2637: 2634: 2632: 2631: 2626: 2621: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2601: 2596: 2590: 2589: 2588: 2574: 2560: 2544: 2541: 2512:relate to the 2505: 2504:Other concerns 2502: 2490:greenhouse gas 2451: 2428: 2355: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2325:Main article: 2322: 2319: 2242: 2239: 2223: 2220: 2172: 2169: 2135:climate change 2104:marine mammals 2100:apex predators 2068:trophic levels 1970: 1967: 1925:freezing point 1878: 1875: 1861:superstructure 1820:Main article: 1809: 1806: 1777:Coriolis force 1713:Canadian Basin 1705:Atlantic Basin 1650:stratification 1625: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1607:Epoch and the 1575:supercontinent 1540: 1537: 1521:Amundsen Basin 1490:abyssal plains 1474:Eurasian Basin 1470:oceanic basins 1453: 1450: 1431:Siberian Shelf 1410: 1409:Arctic shelves 1407: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1403: 1397: 1391: 1369: 1363: 1354: 1353: 1352: 1344: 1343: 1342: 1333: 1318: 1307: 1306: 1305: 1292: 1278: 1259: 1258: 1257: 1252: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1219: 1213: 1206:Severny Island 1199: 1193: 1187: 1184:Wrangel Island 1181: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1147:prime meridian 1139:Main article: 1136: 1133: 1112: 1111: 1106: 1101: 1096: 1090: 1084: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1054: 1048: 1042: 1036: 1030: 1023: 992:Main article: 989: 986: 966:Atlantic Ocean 960: 959: 956: 953: 949: 948: 945: 942: 938: 937: 934: 931: 924: 923: 920: 917: 910: 909: 906: 903: 897: 896: 893: 890: 886: 885: 882: 879: 875: 874: 871: 868: 861: 860: 857: 854: 847: 846: 843: 840: 836: 835: 832: 829: 822: 821: 818: 815: 808: 807: 804: 801: 790: 789: 786: 782: 781: 778: 774: 773: 752: 749: 732: 729: 695: 692: 628:in 1969, in a 621: 618: 565:Open Polar Sea 556: 553: 419: 416: 384:Dorset culture 346:Independence I 342:Saqqaq culture 292: 289: 287: 284: 205:Atlantic Ocean 193:oceanographers 175: 174: 172: 171: 164: 157: 149: 146: 145: 138: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 106: 105: 99: 98: 87: 73: 63: 62: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10706: 10695: 10692: 10690: 10687: 10685: 10682: 10680: 10677: 10675: 10672: 10670: 10667: 10665: 10662: 10660: 10657: 10656: 10654: 10647: 10644: 10607: 10603: 10599: 10591: 10590: 10587: 10581: 10578: 10576: 10573: 10571: 10568: 10566: 10563: 10561: 10558: 10556: 10553: 10551: 10548: 10546: 10543: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10535: 10533: 10529: 10523: 10520: 10518: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10500: 10497: 10495: 10492: 10490: 10487: 10485: 10482: 10481: 10479: 10477: 10473: 10467: 10464: 10462: 10459: 10455: 10452: 10451: 10450: 10447: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10437: 10431: 10428: 10424: 10421: 10419: 10416: 10414: 10411: 10410: 10409: 10408:Pacific Ocean 10406: 10404: 10401: 10399: 10396: 10394: 10391: 10387: 10384: 10383: 10382: 10379: 10378: 10376: 10374: 10370: 10360: 10357: 10353: 10350: 10348: 10345: 10344: 10343: 10342:Pacific Ocean 10340: 10336: 10333: 10332: 10331: 10328: 10322: 10319: 10317: 10314: 10312: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10304: 10302: 10299: 10297: 10296:Caribbean Sea 10294: 10292: 10289: 10287: 10284: 10283: 10282: 10279: 10277: 10274: 10273: 10271: 10269: 10264: 10256: 10253: 10251: 10248: 10247: 10246: 10243: 10239: 10238:by population 10236: 10234: 10231: 10230: 10229: 10226: 10224: 10221: 10219: 10216: 10212: 10211:South America 10209: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10195: 10194:North America 10192: 10191: 10190: 10187: 10185: 10182: 10181: 10179: 10177: 10172: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10151: 10148: 10147: 10146: 10145:Southern Cone 10143: 10141: 10138: 10136: 10133: 10131: 10128: 10126: 10123: 10121: 10120:Andean States 10118: 10114: 10111: 10109: 10106: 10105: 10104: 10101: 10100: 10098: 10096: 10095:South America 10092: 10086: 10083: 10081: 10078: 10076: 10073: 10071: 10068: 10064: 10061: 10060: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10040: 10037: 10035: 10032: 10031: 10030: 10027: 10026: 10025: 10022: 10021: 10019: 10017: 10013: 10007: 10004: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9988: 9985: 9984: 9983: 9980: 9978: 9975: 9973: 9970: 9968: 9965: 9963: 9960: 9956: 9953: 9951: 9948: 9946: 9943: 9941: 9938: 9936: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9926: 9923: 9921: 9918: 9916: 9913: 9911: 9908: 9906: 9903: 9901: 9898: 9896: 9893: 9891: 9888: 9886: 9883: 9881: 9878: 9876: 9873: 9871: 9868: 9866: 9863: 9861: 9858: 9857: 9856: 9853: 9851: 9848: 9846: 9843: 9841: 9838: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9827: 9825: 9823: 9822:North America 9819: 9813: 9810: 9808: 9805: 9803: 9800: 9798: 9795: 9791: 9788: 9786: 9785:Low Countries 9783: 9781: 9778: 9777: 9776: 9773: 9767: 9764: 9763: 9762: 9761:South-western 9759: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9750: 9749:South-eastern 9747: 9743: 9740: 9739: 9738: 9737:South-central 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9727:Mediterranean 9725: 9724: 9723: 9720: 9714: 9711: 9710: 9709: 9706: 9704: 9701: 9699: 9696: 9694: 9693:British Isles 9691: 9689: 9686: 9685: 9684: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9672: 9669: 9665: 9662: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9651: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9641: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9631: 9629: 9627: 9623: 9613: 9610: 9608: 9605: 9603: 9600: 9599: 9598: 9595: 9591: 9590:Levantine Sea 9588: 9586: 9583: 9582: 9581: 9578: 9574: 9571: 9570: 9569: 9566: 9562: 9559: 9558: 9557: 9554: 9552: 9549: 9548: 9547: 9544: 9540: 9537: 9535: 9532: 9530: 9527: 9526: 9525: 9522: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9491: 9488: 9487: 9486: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9469: 9468: 9467: 9464: 9460: 9457: 9453: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9445: 9444: 9443: 9440: 9436: 9433: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9422: 9421: 9418: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9408: 9404: 9396: 9393: 9392: 9391: 9388: 9386: 9383: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9374: 9371: 9370: 9368: 9366: 9362: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9337: 9334: 9333: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9324: 9323: 9322: 9319: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9294: 9293: 9290: 9289: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9282:Mediterranean 9280: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9262: 9254: 9251: 9250: 9249: 9246: 9244: 9241: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9204: 9201: 9199: 9196: 9194: 9191: 9189: 9186: 9184: 9181: 9179: 9176: 9175: 9173: 9171: 9167: 9159: 9156: 9154: 9151: 9149: 9146: 9144: 9141: 9140: 9139: 9136: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9088: 9083: 9081: 9076: 9074: 9069: 9068: 9065: 9045: 9042: 9040: 9037: 9035: 9032: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9013: 9009: 9006: 9005: 9004: 9003: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8987: 8984: 8982: 8979: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8931: 8930: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8916: 8914: 8911: 8909: 8906: 8904: 8901: 8899: 8896: 8894: 8891: 8889: 8888: 8884: 8883: 8882: 8881: 8877: 8873: 8870: 8868: 8865: 8863: 8860: 8859: 8858: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8846: 8844: 8841: 8839: 8836: 8834: 8831: 8830: 8829: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8817: 8816: 8815: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8801: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8789: 8788: 8787: 8786: 8781: 8777: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8764: 8761: 8757: 8754: 8753: 8752: 8751: 8746: 8742: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8728: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8702: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8689: 8688: 8687: 8683: 8681: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8667: 8666: 8665: 8664: 8660: 8656: 8653: 8652: 8651: 8650: 8646: 8642: 8641: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8627: 8626: 8625: 8624: 8620: 8619: 8618: 8617: 8613: 8609: 8606: 8604: 8601: 8600: 8599: 8598: 8594: 8592: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8568: 8565: 8564: 8563: 8562: 8558: 8554: 8551: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8544: 8542: 8541: 8537: 8535: 8532: 8530: 8529: 8525: 8521: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8502: 8501: 8497: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8483: 8481: 8480: 8476: 8474: 8471: 8469: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8441: 8440: 8436: 8435: 8434: 8433: 8429: 8425: 8422: 8421: 8420: 8419: 8415: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8406: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8387: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8378: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8366: 8364: 8363: 8358: 8357: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8342: 8339: 8337: 8334: 8332: 8329: 8327: 8324: 8322: 8319: 8317: 8316: 8312: 8311: 8310: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8300: 8296: 8294: 8293: 8289: 8287: 8284: 8282: 8281: 8277: 8276: 8275: 8274: 8270: 8266: 8263: 8262: 8261: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8249: 8247: 8246: 8242: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8235: 8231: 8230: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8223: 8219: 8217: 8216: 8212: 8208: 8207: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8197: 8196: 8195: 8191: 8187: 8184: 8182: 8179: 8177: 8176: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155: 8151: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8144: 8140: 8139:Discovery Hut 8137: 8135: 8134: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8123: 8119: 8116: 8114: 8113: 8109: 8108: 8107: 8106: 8102: 8098: 8095: 8093: 8090: 8088: 8085: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8062: 8058: 8057: 8056: 8055: 8051: 8050: 8048: 8043: 8036: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8003: 7998: 7997: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7989: 7986: 7981: 7977: 7976: 7971: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7959: 7958: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7942: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7936: 7931: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7921: 7916: 7915: 7914: 7913: 7909: 7905: 7902: 7901: 7900: 7899: 7895: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7846: 7842: 7840: 7839: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7826: 7823: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7808: 7807: 7806: 7805: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7793: 7790: 7788: 7785: 7784: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7740: 7736: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7711: 7709: 7708: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7691: 7687: 7685: 7684: 7680: 7676: 7673: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7669:A. Sibiryakov 7666: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7648: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7642: 7641:Glavsevmorput 7638: 7634: 7631: 7630: 7629: 7628: 7624: 7622: 7619: 7617: 7614: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7605: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7593: 7592: 7591: 7590: 7589: 7584: 7580: 7577: 7576: 7575: 7574: 7573: 7567: 7566: 7565: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7530: 7526: 7525: 7524: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7506: 7505: 7504: 7500: 7498: 7495: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7470: 7469: 7464: 7460: 7457: 7456: 7455: 7454: 7453: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7427: 7426: 7425: 7423: 7418: 7414: 7411: 7409: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7383: 7382: 7381: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7278: 7275: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7258: 7257: 7253: 7251: 7248: 7246: 7243: 7241: 7238: 7236: 7233: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7221: 7218: 7216: 7215: 7211: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7198: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7184: 7182: 7179: 7177: 7174: 7172: 7169: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7161: 7159: 7157: 7153: 7149: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7129: 7124: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7111: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7094: 7091: 7090: 7089: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7072: 7068: 7064: 7061: 7060: 7059: 7058: 7053: 7049: 7046: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7029: 7024: 7023: 7022: 7021: 7017: 7013: 7010: 7009: 7008: 7007: 7003: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6991: 6988: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6978: 6973: 6971: 6968: 6966: 6965: 6960: 6959: 6958: 6957: 6953: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6943:J. Richardson 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6934: 6933: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6920: 6919: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6890: 6889: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6861: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6843: 6840: 6839: 6838: 6837: 6832: 6828: 6825: 6824: 6823: 6822: 6817: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6783: 6780: 6779: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6768: 6765: 6764: 6763: 6762: 6757: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6734: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6726: 6723: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6706: 6705:M. Corte-Real 6703: 6701: 6700:G. Corte-Real 6698: 6696: 6693: 6692: 6690: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6659: 6657: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6647: 6645: 6642: 6638: 6635: 6634: 6633: 6632: 6628: 6624: 6623:C. Richardson 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6581: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6559: 6555: 6553: 6552: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6529: 6525: 6517: 6514: 6512: 6509: 6507: 6505: 6501: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6492: 6491: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6483: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6456: 6455: 6449: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6436: 6435: 6434: 6433: 6432:Georgiy Sedov 6428: 6426: 6425: 6421: 6419: 6418: 6414: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6400: 6397: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6390: 6389: 6385: 6383: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6366: 6364: 6361: 6360: 6359: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6334: 6329: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6319:Riiser-Larsen 6317: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6307: 6305: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6286: 6283: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6270: 6269: 6268: 6267: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6208: 6204: 6203: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6193: 6189: 6186: 6184: 6181: 6179: 6176: 6175: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6155: 6154: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6141: 6136: 6135: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6086: 6083: 6081: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6071: 6070: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6041: 6039: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6031: 6027: 6023: 6017: 6014: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6002: 5999: 5998: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5967: 5962: 5960: 5955: 5953: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5932: 5931: 5922: 5920: 5919: 5910: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5897: 5895: 5892: 5890: 5887: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5870: 5867: 5865: 5864:Arctic Bridge 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5842: 5839: 5837: 5834: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5825: 5822: 5820: 5817: 5816: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5798: 5796: 5793: 5791: 5788: 5786: 5783: 5781: 5778: 5776: 5773: 5771: 5768: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5758: 5756: 5753: 5751: 5748: 5746: 5743: 5741: 5738: 5736: 5733: 5731: 5728: 5726: 5723: 5721: 5718: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5708: 5706: 5703: 5702: 5700: 5698: 5694: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5666: 5660: 5657: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5645: 5643: 5640: 5638: 5635: 5633: 5630: 5628: 5625: 5624: 5622: 5620: 5617: 5615: 5612: 5610: 5607: 5605: 5602: 5600: 5597: 5595: 5594:Bowhead whale 5592: 5590: 5587: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5564: 5562: 5559: 5557: 5556:Polar climate 5554: 5552: 5549: 5547: 5544: 5542: 5539: 5537: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5525: 5522: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5500: 5497: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5460: 5457: 5456: 5455: 5452: 5450: 5447: 5445: 5442: 5440: 5437: 5435: 5432: 5430: 5427: 5425: 5422: 5420: 5417: 5415: 5412: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5402: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5384:Arctic Alaska 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5373: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5347: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5337: 5334: 5333: 5331: 5329: 5325: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5304: 5301: 5299: 5296: 5294: 5291: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5263:Arctic Circle 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5253: 5251: 5247: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5233: 5231: 5230:Saami Council 5228: 5226: 5223: 5221: 5218: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5189: 5183: 5180: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5170: 5169: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5156: 5149: 5144: 5142: 5137: 5135: 5130: 5129: 5126: 5118: 5114: 5110: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5069: 5068: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5043: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5013: 5008: 5007:OpenStreetMap 5005: 4991: 4990:0-8214-0124-6 4987: 4983: 4979: 4976: 4975:0-333-31017-9 4972: 4968: 4964: 4961: 4960:0-8214-0124-6 4957: 4953: 4949: 4948: 4927: 4920: 4904: 4900: 4894: 4886: 4882: 4876: 4868: 4867:VICE Magazine 4864: 4858: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4839: 4832: 4831:Thomas Nilsen 4829: 4825: 4822: 4817: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4770: 4766: 4762: 4755: 4753: 4736: 4729: 4713: 4706: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4675: 4660: 4656: 4649: 4633: 4627: 4611: 4605: 4598: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4578: 4575: 4570: 4568: 4559: 4555: 4549: 4542: 4538: 4534: 4531: 4525: 4518: 4514: 4510: 4507: 4501: 4492: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4466: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4430: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4383: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4326: 4322: 4315: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4288: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4202: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4143: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4112: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4065: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4031: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3973: 3971: 3962: 3956: 3952: 3945: 3936: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3922: 3917: 3909: 3907: 3905: 3897: 3893: 3890: 3885: 3878: 3874: 3871: 3870:Sea Ice Index 3866: 3851: 3847: 3840: 3832: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3781: 3775: 3769:e2020GL089469 3765: 3755: 3745: 3736: 3727: 3717: 3708: 3701: 3697: 3694: 3689: 3687: 3670: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3656: 3654: 3645: 3639: 3635: 3628: 3626: 3624: 3622: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3594: 3592:9783319777429 3588: 3584: 3583: 3575: 3556: 3549: 3542: 3531: 3525: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3495: 3479: 3475: 3469: 3462: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3419: 3411: 3396: 3390: 3386: 3385: 3377: 3362: 3356: 3352: 3351: 3343: 3328: 3322: 3318: 3317: 3309: 3294: 3288: 3284: 3283: 3275: 3260: 3254: 3250: 3249: 3241: 3225: 3221: 3215: 3200: 3194: 3190: 3189: 3181: 3173: 3169: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3145: 3137: 3133: 3126: 3118: 3114: 3108: 3092: 3088: 3082: 3063: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3032: 3027: 3026: 3017: 3015: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2997: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2964: 2959: 2943: 2939: 2932: 2925: 2921: 2918: 2913: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2852: 2845: 2830: 2826: 2820: 2805: 2799: 2792: 2788: 2785: 2780: 2773: 2762: 2758: 2752: 2736: 2732: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2713: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2641: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2622: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2612: 2610: 2607: 2605: 2602: 2600: 2597: 2595: 2594:Arctic Bridge 2592: 2591: 2586: 2580: 2575: 2572: 2561: 2558: 2557:Oceans portal 2552: 2547: 2540: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2523: 2519: 2515: 2511: 2501: 2499: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2432: 2424: 2417: 2410: 2403: 2396: 2389: 2382: 2361: 2337: 2328: 2318: 2316: 2315:Novaya Zemlya 2312: 2306: 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2248: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2219: 2217: 2216:energy market 2212: 2210: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2195: 2191: 2186: 2185:Marine mammal 2182: 2178: 2164: 2158: 2154: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2143:banded gunnel 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2085: 2081: 2077: 2073: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2048: 2043: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2031: 2028:, especially 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2014:phytoplankton 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1980: 1975: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1953: 1948: 1944: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1921: 1919: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1902:polar climate 1884: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1857: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1814: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1798:Icelandic Low 1795: 1790: 1789:Siberian High 1784: 1782: 1778: 1772: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1757:Beaufort Gyre 1753: 1749: 1744: 1737: 1732: 1728: 1726: 1722: 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1672: 1668: 1658: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1638:Bering Strait 1635: 1630: 1616: 1612: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1579: 1576: 1571: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1546: 1536: 1534: 1530: 1527:ridges), and 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517:Makarov Basin 1514: 1510: 1505: 1503: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1442: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1402: 1398: 1396: 1392: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1359:Barents Sea: 1358: 1357: 1355: 1351: 1348: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1337: 1334: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1323: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1264: 1263: 1260: 1256: 1253: 1250: 1247: 1246: 1244: 1243: 1242: 1240: 1227: 1223: 1220: 1217: 1214: 1211: 1210:Yuzhny Island 1207: 1203: 1202:Novaya Zemlya 1200: 1197: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1179: 1178:Baffin Island 1175: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1155: 1152: 1151: 1150: 1148: 1142: 1132: 1130: 1129:Hudson Strait 1126: 1125:Norwegian Sea 1122: 1118: 1110: 1107: 1105: 1102: 1100: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1082: 1079: 1076: 1075:Amundsen Gulf 1073: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1061: 1058: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1039:Greenland Sea 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1022: 1019: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1008:Greenland Sea 1005: 1004:Bering Strait 1001: 1000:Pacific Ocean 995: 985: 983: 979: 975: 971: 967: 951: 950: 940: 939: 930:United States 929: 926: 925: 915: 912: 911: 902: 899: 898: 888: 887: 877: 876: 866: 863: 862: 852: 849: 848: 838: 837: 827: 824: 823: 813: 810: 809: 799: 795: 792: 791: 787: 784: 783: 775: 772: 767: 764: 762: 758: 748: 746: 743:smaller than 742: 738: 725: 721: 716: 709: 705: 700: 691: 689: 684: 682: 678: 674: 669: 667: 663: 659: 654: 652: 651: 646: 642: 641: 635: 631: 627: 626:Wally Herbert 617: 615: 611: 607: 603: 601: 600:polar ice cap 597: 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 570: 566: 562: 549: 545: 541: 536: 532: 530: 526: 522: 518: 517:Novaya Zemlya 514: 513:Arctic Circle 509: 507: 506:Johann Homann 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474:cartographers 467: 466:Emanuel Bowen 463: 459: 457: 453: 452:Faroe Islands 450:, though the 449: 445: 441: 440:Eschate Thule 437: 433: 429: 428:polar regions 425: 415: 413: 409: 403: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 381: 377: 373: 355: 351: 347: 343: 332: 328: 320: 316: 314: 310: 306: 302: 298: 291:North America 279: 275: 273: 269: 265: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 241: 237: 233: 232:Bering Strait 229: 225: 221: 217: 212: 210: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 170: 165: 163: 158: 156: 151: 150: 148: 147: 144: 143:Marginal seas 141: 136: 133: 131: 128: 126: 123: 121: 118: 116: 113: 112: 111: 108: 107: 104: 103:Earth's ocean 101: 100: 91: 84:seawater flow 83: 77: 67: 61: 60: 54: 53:57°N latitude 50: 46: 41: 37: 33: 32:MV Arctic Sea 19: 10664:Arctic Ocean 10616: 10604: / 10602:List of seas 10600: / 10565:Global South 10550:Global North 10484:Atlantic Rim 10423:Ring of Fire 10403:Indian Ocean 10393:Arctic Ocean 10392: 10335:Persian Gulf 10330:Indian Ocean 10311:Adriatic Sea 10276:Arctic Ocean 10108:Amazon Basin 10103:Amazon Plain 10075:Near Oceania 9880:Mid-Atlantic 9830:Aridoamerica 9790:Northwestern 9703:Northwestern 9676:Southeastern 9568:Greater Iran 9507:Southeastern 9502:Pacific Asia 9471:Pacific Asia 9459:Northeastern 9415:Asia–Pacific 9158:Fourth World 9148:Second World 9014: 9002:Pole of Cold 9000: 8926: 8917: 8885: 8878: 8854: 8825: 8811: 8805:Borchgrevink 8797: 8784: 8769: 8749: 8734: 8703: 8684: 8677: 8661: 8647: 8638: 8621: 8614: 8595: 8583: 8559: 8545: 8538: 8526: 8512: 8498: 8484: 8477: 8438: 8430: 8416: 8409: 8407: 8389: 8381: 8374: 8361: 8352: 8314: 8306: 8297: 8290: 8278: 8271: 8257: 8245:Pourquoi-Pas 8244: 8236: 8228: 8220: 8215:Orcadas Base 8213: 8205: 8192: 8186:C. A. Larsen 8174: 8166: 8152: 8145: 8132: 8124: 8118:Borchgrevink 8111: 8103: 8060: 8052: 8027:C. A. Larsen 8020: 8001: 7992: 7974: 7956: 7947: 7934: 7919: 7910: 7897: 7858: 7844: 7837: 7818: 7803: 7713: 7706: 7689: 7682: 7668: 7653: 7639: 7626: 7601: 7587: 7585: 7571: 7569: 7563: 7561: 7527: 7520: 7501: 7467: 7465: 7451: 7449: 7431: 7421: 7419: 7399: 7397: 7378: 7254: 7212: 7195: 7163: 7127: 7125: 7105: 7104: 7084: 7083: 7069: 7056: 7041: 7027: 7018: 7005: 6976: 6964:Investigator 6963: 6954: 6930: 6917: 6909: 6900: 6887: 6858: 6835: 6820: 6805: 6775: 6760: 6730: 6649: 6629: 6600: 6596:Erik the Red 6578: 6556: 6549: 6506:submersibles 6503: 6497:Arktika 2007 6495: 6488: 6481: 6478: 6462: 6453: 6450: 6431: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6386: 6379: 6355: 6341: 6340: 6332: 6330: 6296: 6294: 6265: 6262: 6251:S. A. Andrée 6243: 6230: 6205: 6197: 6194: 6170: 6152: 6139: 6130: 6112: 6103: 6101: 6067: 6000: 5923: 5911: 5800:Quviasukvik 5589:Beluga whale 5566:Polar vortex 5278:Arctic Ocean 5277: 5112: 5065: 5062:Arctic Ocean 5011: 5010: 5003: 4981: 4966: 4951: 4930:. Retrieved 4919: 4907:. Retrieved 4902: 4893: 4884: 4875: 4866: 4857: 4838: 4816: 4804:. Retrieved 4795: 4785: 4773:. Retrieved 4764: 4739:. Retrieved 4728: 4716:. Retrieved 4705: 4693:. Retrieved 4689:the original 4684: 4674: 4662:. Retrieved 4658: 4648: 4636:. Retrieved 4626: 4614:. Retrieved 4604: 4588: 4557: 4548: 4524: 4516: 4500: 4481: 4477: 4439: 4435: 4401: 4397: 4391: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4330:11 September 4328:. Retrieved 4325:ScienceAlert 4324: 4314: 4304:11 September 4302:. Retrieved 4290: 4280: 4256:11250/174280 4231: 4227: 4214: 4201: 4176: 4172: 4166: 4125: 4121: 4111: 4078: 4074: 4064: 4052:. 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Retrieved 2664:the original 2659: 2585:Water portal 2537: 2529:Camp Century 2507: 2476: 2307: 2303:storm surges 2301:as stronger 2288: 2273: 2250: 2213: 2188: 2120: 2045: 2039: 2033: 1998:midnight sun 1995: 1984: 1964: 1959: 1949: 1945: 1933: 1922: 1918:midnight sun 1899: 1868: 1855: 1841: 1837: 1785: 1773: 1765: 1761: 1752:Arctic Basin 1745: 1741: 1717: 1698: 1663: 1619:Oceanography 1613: 1597: 1572: 1548: 1529:Nansen Basin 1509:Canada Basin 1506: 1455: 1443: 1412: 1393:Laptev Sea: 1340:Longyearbyen 1236: 1144: 1114: 1069:Beaufort Sea 1020: 1012:Labrador Sea 997: 963: 754: 734: 685: 673:World War II 670: 656:Since 1937, 655: 649: 639: 623: 620:20th century 604: 595: 581: 558: 555:19th century 510: 471: 426:, the north 422:For much of 421: 404: 396:Thule people 388:Paleo-Eskimo 325: 307:that joined 294: 213: 196: 195:call it the 181:Arctic Ocean 180: 178: 139: 119: 109: 36: 10638: / 10580:Global West 10540:Global East 10499:Pacific Rim 10441:waterbodies 10430:World Ocean 10255:New Zealand 10135:The Guianas 10024:Australasia 9967:West Indies 9895:New England 9875:Great Lakes 9845:Mesoamerica 9732:Middle East 9708:Scandinavia 9597:Middle East 9435:Caspian Sea 9341:Great Lakes 9321:Sub-Saharan 9307:Middle East 9170:Hemispheres 9153:Third World 9143:First World 9096:'s primary 8705:Lake Vostok 8655:Tryoshnikov 8577:Schlossbach 8468:Christensen 8410:James Caird 8331:E. R. Evans 8097:Dobrowolski 8067:de Gerlache 7769:Expeditions 7655:Aviaarktika 7609:Samoylovich 7480:Kolomeitsev 7374:Middendorff 7334:Gedenshtrom 6754:I. Fyodorov 6516:Chilingarov 6404:E. Fyodorov 6011:Expeditions 5930:WikiProject 5509:Arctic haze 5449:Nunatsiavut 4741:15 February 4718:14 February 4685:weather.com 4357:: 258–271. 4054:10 February 3675:12 November 3564:26 November 3434:26 November 3400:26 November 3366:26 November 3332:26 November 3298:26 November 3264:29 November 3204:29 November 2834:1 September 2809:1 September 2492:, into the 2454:Great Dying 2360:Phanerozoic 2257:ozone layer 2194:natural gas 2157:Minke whale 2116:polar bears 2080:Barents Sea 2052:euphausiids 2026:zooplankton 2002:polar night 1979:polar bears 1906:polar night 1725:Chukchi Sea 1646:Fram Strait 1513:Alpha Ridge 1502:Fram Strait 1498:Molloy Hole 1494:ocean deeps 1486:fault block 1367:Arkhangelsk 1365:White Sea: 1309:Greenland: 1295:Tuktoyaktuk 1255:Prudhoe Bay 1226:Bear Island 1093:Lincoln Sea 1087:Pechora Sea 1063:Chukchi Sea 1027:Barents Sea 1016:Iceland Sea 955:14,056,000 826:Barents Sea 798:Chukchi Sea 708:topographic 704:bathymetric 688:Polar route 584:Elisha Kane 569:John Barrow 521:Spitzbergen 370:); and the 264:fresh water 260:evaporation 209:world ocean 18:Arctic seas 10653:Categories 10321:Ionian Sea 10316:Aegean Sea 10286:Baltic Sea 10218:Antarctica 10070:Micronesia 10039:New Guinea 9997:Portuguese 9920:West Coast 9870:East Coast 9865:Bible Belt 9860:Appalachia 9539:Subregions 9447:Inner Asia 9365:Antarctica 9265:Continents 9238:Antarctica 9213:Landmasses 9123:Down Under 9118:Arab World 9102:subregions 8928:Terra Nova 8833:Shackleton 8776:J. C. Ross 8735:Resolution 8725:South Pole 8500:New Swabia 8424:Mackintosh 8396:Shackleton 8315:Terra Nova 8308:Terra Nova 8042:Heroic Age 8002:Challenger 7962:J. C. Ross 7872:Bransfield 7804:Resolution 7719:icebreaker 7683:Chelyuskin 7424:expedition 7402:Expedition 7344:Matyushkin 7302:Kh. Laptev 7297:Chelyuskin 7191:Heemskerck 7181:Chancellor 7176:Willoughby 7171:Koch boats 7114:Stefansson 7048:McClintock 7012:Inglefield 6854:J. C. Ross 6761:Resolution 6613:Cunningham 6511:Sagalevich 6200:expedition 6159:Stephenson 6119:C. F. Hall 6106:expedition 6080:J. C. Ross 6043:Heemskerck 6030:North Pole 5614:Polar bear 5584:Arctic fox 5414:Inuvialuit 5308:North Pole 5192:Government 4638:2 November 4616:3 November 4382:10037/8602 3815:7 December 3514:2 December 3154:WorldAtlas 3097:28 October 3071:28 October 2695:0471021024 2670:7 December 2636:References 2624:Seven Seas 2494:atmosphere 2462:clathrates 2276:melt-water 2209:aggregates 2175:See also: 2022:shelf seas 1990:North Pole 1881:See also: 1832:Twin Otter 1642:North Pole 1634:water mass 1624:Water flow 1567:Cretaceous 1543:See also: 1482:bathymetry 1421:, and the 1373:Labytnangi 1371:Kara Sea: 1325:Mainland: 1121:Baffin Bay 1117:Hudson Bay 1109:Wandel Sea 1057:Laptev Sea 1033:Hudson Bay 958:5,427,000 944:1,500,000 922:1,166,552 919:3,021,355 905:2,276,594 901:East Coast 892:2,278,113 831:1,199,008 817:1,058,129 803:2,088,075 794:Laptev Sea 737:Antarctica 645:icebreaker 331:Pre-Dorset 301:sea levels 216:North Pole 49:Hudson Bay 10517:Antarctic 10301:Irish Sea 10291:Black Sea 10250:Australia 10199:Caribbean 10176:continent 10150:Patagonia 10080:Polynesia 10058:Melanesia 10051:Zealandia 10029:Australia 9915:Southwest 9835:Caribbean 9612:Near East 9253:submerged 9248:Zealandia 9243:Australia 9133:Old World 9128:New World 9027:Tolstikov 8813:Discovery 8783:HMS 8768:HMS 8750:Adventure 8748:HMS 8733:HMS 8669:Tolstikov 8390:Endurance 8175:Antarctic 8160:Drygalski 8133:Discovery 8126:Discovery 8087:Arctowski 8000:HMS 7973:HMS 7967:Abernethy 7955:HMS 7933:USS 7920:Vincennes 7918:USS 7898:Astrolabe 7838:San Telmo 7819:Adventure 7817:HMS 7802:HMS 7797:Kerguelen 7759:Continent 7744:Antarctic 7621:Urvantsev 7579:Vilkitsky 7432:Jeannette 7430:USS 7422:Jeannette 7386:Weyprecht 7364:Pakhtusov 7314:Chichagov 7307:D. Laptev 7250:Permyakov 7225:Stadukhin 7220:Perfilyev 7197:Mangazeya 7135:H. Larsen 7100:Rasmussen 7055:HMS 7026:USS 6975:HMS 6962:HMS 6926:Collinson 6916:HMS 6908:HMS 6886:HMS 6834:HMS 6819:HMS 6804:HMS 6789:Mackenzie 6776:Discovery 6774:HMS 6759:HMS 6731:Discovery 6710:Frobisher 6673:Rasmussen 6586:Gunnbjörn 6532:Greenland 6461:USS 6452:USS 6324:Ellsworth 6266:Roosevelt 6196:Nansen's 6153:Discovery 6151:HMS 6138:HMS 6085:Abernethy 6053:Marmaduke 5856:Transport 5740:Icelandic 5730:Karelians 5654:Snowy owl 5404:Greenland 5303:Nordicity 5250:Geography 5113:nsidc.org 4442:: 29–50. 4299:0362-4331 4103:0084-6597 3759:8107-8123 3484:17 August 2874:CiteSeerX 2629:Subarctic 2619:Nordicity 2486:clathrate 2190:Petroleum 2131:ecosystem 2096:polar cod 2062:). These 2060:amphipods 2010:ice algae 1988:near the 1981:approach 1721:Sverdrups 1683:halocline 1679:Mackenzie 1648:. As the 1605:Paleocene 1555:Paleozoic 1468:into two 1377:Salekhard 1285:Nanisivik 1271:Churchill 1249:Utqiaġvik 1165:Greenland 1154:Jan Mayen 1081:White Sea 694:Geography 666:ice floes 372:Groswater 354:Greenland 256:ice cover 80:Earth's 10635:90°N 0°E 10044:Tasmania 9992:Hispanic 9855:Northern 9802:Germanic 9780:Atlantic 9722:Southern 9683:Northern 9649:Caucasus 9585:Dead Sea 9556:Caucasus 9524:Southern 9517:Maritime 9512:Mainland 9485:Northern 9466:Far East 9425:Aral Sea 9348:Southern 9292:Northern 9039:A. Fuchs 8996:V. Fuchs 8976:McKinley 8939:E. Evans 8898:Bjaaland 8893:Amundsen 8843:Marshall 8756:Furneaux 8608:V. Fuchs 8572:E. Ronne 8567:F. Ronne 8506:Ritscher 8360:SY 8348:Filchner 8292:Framheim 8286:Amundsen 8092:Racoviță 8077:Amundsen 8072:Lecointe 7941:Ringgold 7935:Porpoise 7825:Furneaux 7661:Shevelev 7616:Begichev 7595:Amundsen 7557:Nagórski 7535:Brusilov 7529:Sv. Anna 7443:Melville 7413:Palander 7369:Tsivolko 7329:Sannikov 7324:Billings 7267:Chirikov 7186:Barentsz 7128:St. Roch 7119:Bartlett 7093:Amundsen 7077:Sverdrup 6977:Resolute 6866:Franklin 6794:Kotzebue 6661:Sverdrup 6644:Scoresby 6618:Lindenov 6469:Plaisted 6454:Nautilus 6399:Shirshov 6373:Belyakov 6368:Baydukov 6342:Nautilus 6304:Amundsen 6264:SS 6223:Sverdrup 6218:Johansen 6188:Brainard 6183:Lockwood 6038:Barentsz 5918:Category 5790:Yukaghir 5750:Gwich'in 5720:Chukotka 5619:Reindeer 5399:Finnmark 5087:at NSIDC 5081:Archived 4984:(1969), 4969:(1982), 4954:(1973), 4903:BBC News 4846:Archived 4824:Archived 4800:Archived 4769:Archived 4577:Archived 4558:ec.gc.ca 4533:Archived 4509:Archived 4456:23452656 4264:16752441 4150:16397495 3892:Archived 3873:Archived 3825:cite web 3696:Archived 3669:Archived 3508:Archived 3457:Archived 3091:Archived 2999:Archived 2966:Archived 2920:Archived 2904:36149744 2896:18339930 2787:Archived 2741:22 April 2543:See also 2522:Cold War 2123:walruses 2106:such as 2086:, young 2030:copepods 2024:include 1985:Honolulu 1929:seawater 1914:daylight 1910:Cyclones 1870:Baychimo 1851:glaciers 1843:Icebergs 1709:Eurasian 1600:Cenozoic 1563:Triassic 1559:Jurassic 1488:ridges, 1361:Murmansk 1350:Akureyri 1346:Iceland 1336:Svalbard 1327:Kirkenes 1267:Manitoba 1251:(Barrow) 1239:harbours 1222:Svalbard 1218:(Russia) 1198:(Russia) 1192:(Russia) 1186:(Russia) 1156:(Norway) 1051:Kara Sea 978:Channels 947:580,000 936:196,454 933:508,814 908:878,998 895:879,584 884:291,936 881:756,112 873:112,815 870:292,189 867:, Norway 859:310,776 856:804,907 853:, Norway 845:361,159 842:935,397 834:462,940 828:, Russia 820:408,546 814:, Russia 812:Kara Sea 806:806,210 800:, Russia 724:isotherm 640:Nautilus 634:Svalbard 630:dog sled 610:nautical 525:pack-ice 456:Shetland 444:growlers 436:Massilia 376:Labrador 262:, heavy 252:salinity 125:Atlantic 10245:Oceania 10233:by area 10189:America 10166:Islands 10016:Oceania 9885:Midwest 9840:Central 9807:Romance 9775:Western 9644:Balkans 9639:Eastern 9634:Central 9602:Mashriq 9546:Western 9490:Siberia 9442:Eastern 9420:Central 9353:Western 9326:Central 9302:Mashriq 9297:Maghreb 9287:Saharan 9233:America 9226:Eurasia 9098:regions 9044:Messner 8991:Hillary 8971:Balchen 8919:Polheim 8913:Wisting 8791:Crozier 8763:Weddell 8741:J. Cook 8711:Kapitsa 8692:Fiennes 8634:Klenova 8603:Hillary 8553:Ketchum 8479:BANZARE 8454:· 8299:Polheim 8265:Shirase 8251:Charcot 8061:Belgica 7980:Crozier 7892:Morrell 7887:Weddell 7865:Lazarev 7810:J. Cook 7764:History 7714:Arktika 7690:Krassin 7675:Voronin 7647:Schmidt 7633:Ushakov 7572:Vaygach 7540:Albanov 7509:Rusanov 7490:Kolchak 7485:Matisen 7459:Makarov 7438:De Long 7339:Wrangel 7319:Lyakhov 7272:Malygin 7230:Dezhnev 7057:Pandora 7028:Advance 6995:Kennedy 6990:Belcher 6983:Kellett 6970:McClure 6894:Beechey 6888:Blossom 6881:Simpson 6849:Crozier 6842:Hoppner 6799:J. Ross 6767:J. Cook 6715:Gilbert 6608:J. Hall 6574:Ingólfr 6564:Naddodd 6558:Vikings 6545:Brendan 6540:Pytheas 6528:Iceland 6482:Arktika 6474:Herbert 6439:Badygin 6409:Krenkel 6394:Papanin 6363:Chkalov 6349:Wilkins 6314:Wisting 6258:F. Cook 6164:Markham 6124:Bessels 6113:Polaris 6104:Polaris 6075:J. Ross 6058:Carolus 6006:History 5812:Economy 5760:Koryaks 5715:Chukchi 5697:Culture 5627:bearded 5609:Narwhal 5599:Lemming 5524:decline 5491:Climate 5444:Nunavut 5439:Nunavik 5419:Karelia 5409:Iceland 5376:Regions 5328:Geology 5164:History 4932:16 July 4909:16 July 4695:3 March 4664:8 March 4406:Bibcode 4359:Bibcode 4272:4412522 4236:Bibcode 4181:Bibcode 4158:4301227 4130:Bibcode 4083:Bibcode 3991:Bibcode 2963:Pytheas 2866:Bibcode 2858:Science 2704:6200221 2482:methane 2478:Sea ice 2470:species 2458:methane 2284:climate 2092:capelin 2084:herring 2078:in the 2074:cover. 2072:sea-ice 2058:(e.g., 1969:Biology 1936:density 1877:Climate 1856:Titanic 1808:Sea ice 1694:copepod 1671:Yenisei 1553:in the 1539:Geology 1500:in the 1381:Dudinka 1356:Russia 1301:in the 1281:Nunavut 1245:Alaska 1160:Iceland 1135:Islands 1014:. (The 1002:by the 974:Straits 769:Arctic 761:Iceland 650:Arktika 563:of an " 492:or the 432:Pytheas 412:Nunavut 394:of the 380:Nunavik 340:); the 309:Siberia 286:History 240:sea ice 236:Pacific 234:on the 228:Eurasia 203:of the 201:estuary 135:Pacific 10669:Oceans 10532:Global 10522:Arctic 10461:Rivers 10439:Other 10373:Oceans 10228:Europe 10184:Africa 9977:French 9850:Middle 9812:Slavic 9797:Celtic 9698:Nordic 9688:Baltic 9626:Europe 9580:Levant 9274:Africa 9110:Worlds 8954:Bowers 8949:Wilson 8908:Hassel 8903:Helmer 8872:Mackay 8862:Mawson 8827:Nimrod 8785:Terror 8770:Erebus 8697:Burton 8492:Rymill 8368:Mawson 8362:Aurora 8341:Lashly 8326:Wilson 8229:Nimrod 8206:Scotia 8013:Murray 7988:Cooper 7975:Terror 7957:Erebus 7926:Wilkes 7877:Palmer 7845:Vostok 7792:Bouvet 7716:-class 7696:Gakkel 7564:Taymyr 7545:Konrad 7514:Kuchin 7452:Yermak 7359:Lavrov 7277:Ovtsyn 7262:Bering 7240:Ivanov 7203:Hudson 7165:Pomors 7142:Cowper 7107:Karluk 7006:Isabel 7000:Bellot 6950:Austin 6918:Terror 6910:Erebus 6806:Griper 6782:Clerke 6742:Baffin 6725:Hudson 6656:Nansen 6569:Garðar 6490:Barneo 6357:ANT-25 6333:Italia 6309:Nobile 6278:Henson 6237:Amedeo 6213:Nansen 6178:Greely 6048:Hudson 5986:Arctic 5785:Yakuts 5780:Selkup 5765:Nenets 5755:Khanty 5725:Evenks 5687:Tundra 5659:Walrus 5647:ringed 5642:ribbon 5637:hooded 5604:Muskox 5318:Tundra 5157:topics 5155:Arctic 4988: 4973: 4958: 4806:14 May 4775:14 May 4454: 4297: 4270: 4262: 4228:Nature 4156: 4148: 4122:Nature 4101: 4026: 3957: 3721:L05601 3640: 3589: 3425: 3418:Oceans 3391: 3357: 3323: 3289: 3255: 3230:1 July 3195: 3037: 2948:1 June 2902: 2894: 2876: 2766:2 July 2727: 2702: 2692: 2508:Other 2466:genera 2416:Late D 2261:albedo 2234:, and 2197:fields 2183:, and 2147:gunnel 2127:whales 2114:, and 2112:whales 2090:, and 2050:) and 2044:, and 1977:Three 1609:Eocene 1578:Pangea 1525:Gakkel 1472:: the 1460:, the 1389:Dikson 1385:Igarka 1321:Norway 1299:Inuvik 1262:Canada 1149:west: 1127:, and 1123:, the 928:Arctic 916:Canada 914:Arctic 788:sq mi 757:Canada 745:Russia 720:Arctic 679:: the 658:Soviet 542:, the 498:Cathay 496:, to " 472:Early 448:Norway 418:Europe 392:Alaska 382:. 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