2582:
polity). The brief analysis of the lists of treaty partners as well as the geographical description in the Sefire
Treaties, furthermore, appears to suggest that "all Aram" may indicate the highest level of identity among different Aramean polities, above the tribe, the city-state and the individual ruling families, even if not all Aramean speakers, all Aramean tribes or states were included in this "all Aram". 119 The phrase more likely refers to a group of polities that shared common Aramean cultural and social features, perhaps all with Aramean tribal structures internally in addition to the use of varieties of the Aramean language, who chose to pick Aram as a common denominator in this context. 120 How inclusive or exclusive this phrase is in reality cannot be judged. Finally, while the nature of the Aramean identity is largely cultural and perhaps ethnic, the presence of political elements is also likely. Although a united Aramean polity, as the one suggested by B. Mazar (1962), might not be fully tenable, the fact that "all Aram", with Arpad as its representative, can serve as a party in international treaties indicates that the Arameans as an cultural community may have engaged in joint political acts, at least conceptually.
1924:
636:
345:
946:
333:
1416:
2493:, p. 15-16In the 8th century B.C. Aramaic inscriptions of Sefire (KAI 222–224) expressions “All Aram” and “Upper and Lower Aram” were variously interpreted but it can be safely argued that “All Aram” refers to a geographical area that included the territories of the Aramaean and non-Aramaean kingdoms united in the coalition against Matiʾel of Arpad, and that roughly covers the boundaries of modern Syria, while “Upper and Lower Aram” may refer to North and South Syria, respectively.
2971:, p. 290: "The destruction of the Assyrian empire did not wipe out its population. They were predominantly peasant farmers, and since Assyria contains some of the best wheat land in the Near East, descendants of the Assyrian peasants would, as opportunity permitted, build new villages over the old cities and carry on with agricultural life, remembering traditions of the former cities. After seven or eight centuries and various vicissitudes, these people became Christians."
1224:(native) terms that were used in the Hebrew Bible. In Septuagint, the region of Aram was commonly labelled as "Syria", and the Arameans were labelled as "Syrians". When reflecting on traditional influences of Greek terminology on English translations of the Septuagint, American orientalist Robert W. Rogers noted in 1921 that it was unfortunate that the change also affected later English versions. In Greek sources, two writers spoke particularly clearly on the Arameans.
2237:
Within it, both ethnic Greeks and ethnic
Syrians, whether speaking Greek or Aramaic, deemed ancient (As)Syrians/Arameans among their ethnos civic founders (if not ethnic ancestors), but their historical narratives were often informed by Greek influences and categories. In this sense, Syrians of the Roman imperial era, and even Assyrians or Arameans beyond the frontier, posited links to various ancient Greek or Syrian "founders," with or without positing ethnic descent.
931:
6161:
2302:
Greeks from the West, followed by the Arabs, the
Ghasanis, who came from the Hauran in the hinterland. In short, Christian Syrians are not genealogically Arabs, even if there is some Arab blood flowing in their veins. Yet they are considered Arabs because they speak Arabic, they procreate in an Arab land and they live according to Arab morals. Thus, Syria became an Arab country after the Islamic occupation.
1435:
1272:. The Phoenician god Baʿalšamem was even incorporated into the Aramean tradition. Identifying distinct elements of the Aramean heritage in later times is challenging because of the diverse influences on their culture. For example, the earliest Syriac legal documents contain legal formulae that could be considered Aramean, but they could also be interpreted as
1369:(969) and thus liberated local Aramaic-speaking Christian communities from the Muslim rule. Byzantines favoured Eastern Orthodoxy, but the leadership of the Antiochian Oriental Orthodox Patriarchate succeeded in reaching agreement with the Byzantine authorities and thus secured religious tolerance. The Byzantines extended their rule up to
1354:. Those processes affected not only Islamized Aramaic-speakers but also some of those who remained Christians, which created local communities of Arabic-speaking Christians of Syriac Christian origin who spoke Arabic in their public and domestic life but continued to belong to churches that used the liturgical Aramaic/Syriac language.
1008:. The Assyrians named their Aramean colonies Eber Nari but still used the term "Aramean" to describe many of its peoples. The Assyrians conducted forced deportations of hundreds of thousands of Arameans to both Assyria and Babylonia, where a migrant population already existed. Conversely, the Aramaic language was adopted as the
2451:
Bit-Gabbari, Bit-Hazaili; the
Semitic word "Bit" means "House of," followed by the name of a founding figure). Most scholars who study the Arameans speak of their origins in terms of "tribes" and tribal leaders who took advantage of political instability in the region during certain time periods to expand their territory.
2301:
The
Syrians today, Zaydan continued, are divided by their origin into two groups: Muslims and Christians. Most of the Muslims are Arabs. As for the Christians, the majority are descendants of the Arameans, the Arabs and the Greeks. The Arameans were the original inhabitants of the land, then came the
1349:
not only as the dominant language of
Islamic prayer and worship but also as a common language of public and domestic life. The acceptance of Arabic language became the main vessel of the gradual Arabization of Aramean communities throughout the Near East and ultimately resulted in their fragmentation
2157:
The spread of the
Aramaic language from its Syrian homeland resulted in large part from Aramean migration and expansion, and was abetted by the Neo-Assyrian policy of deportation operative during the gth to the 7th cen turies. These factors led to the so-called Aramaization of Assyria and Babylonia,
1821:
What is known of the religion of the
Aramean groups is derived from excavated objects and temples and by Aramaic literary sources, as well as the names they had. Their religion did not feature any particular deity that could be called an Aramean god or goddess. It appears from their inscriptions and
2581:
What is certain is that no united, pan-Aramean national state ever existed, yet clearly "Aram" served as a common identity marker and (self-)designation, although possibly with different meanings (e.g. as a region, as a collective noun for the people; or another appellation of the
Damascus-centered
2236:
As Greek politai became a sub-category for a wider group of
Syrians, the Greek peer polity network of Syria and, more broadly, the Roman imperial Syrian ethnos maintained cognitive and performative commonality, even if it did not always enjoy political solidarity or engage in unified mass action.
984:
Assyrian annals from the end of the Middle Assyrian Empire c. 1050 BCE and the rise of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in 911 BCE contain numerous descriptions of battles between Arameans and the Assyrian army. The Assyrians launched repeated raids into Aramean lands, Babylonia, Ancient Iran, Elam, Asia
2478:
Each Aramean tribal group was called by the family name, 'Bit' (house), following a coastal Phoenician writing system. The most important Aramaic kingdoms were established at Halaf (Kingdom of Guzana - the Kingdom of Bit-Bahiani), Ahmar (the Kingdom of Bit-Adini), Damascus (the Kingdom of Aram
766:
and Aramean states in ancient Syria, the existing information on the ethnic composition of the regional states in ancient Syria primarily concerns the rulers and so the ethnolingustic situation of the majority of the population of the states is unclear. Furthermore, they mean that the material
1401:
culture of Syria is a topic of interest among scholars but is never referred to simply as "Aramean". Scholars have difficulty in identifying and isolating characteristic Aramean elements in the culture. Even in North Syria, where more substantial evidence is available, scholars still find it
977:). That indicates that the Arameans had risen to dominance amongst the nomads. Among scholars, the relationship between the Akhlame and the Arameans is a matter of conjecture. By the late 12th century BCE, the Arameans had been firmly established in Syria; however, they were conquered by the
158:. The policy of population displacement and relocation that was applied throughout Assyrian domains also affected Arameans, many of whom were resettled by Assyrian authorities. That caused a wider dispersion of Aramean communities throughout various regions of the Near East, and the range of
2450:
Groups of family members lived near one another, and the social structure was probably focused on the identity of a primarymale figure in the family ("patriarchal") and possibly even traced its roots to some local tribal ancestor, after which the group was named (e.g., Bit Adini, Bit-Agusi,
2354:
Tiglath-pileser III stated: 13 those means whom I deported, ed (and) settled the turtanu, 10,000 (to) the province of the palace herald, thousand (to) the province of the chief cupbearer, ...thousand (to) the province of the land] Barha(l)zi, (and) 5,000 (to) the province of the land
2081:
The origin of the Aramean tribal groups in this area still remains unclear, in spite of the several hypotheses proposed.? Aramean tribal groups are attested at least from the eleventh century as new occupants of strategic areas in the Jezirah, northern Mesopotamia, and the Syrian
1798:
as a broader multidisciplinary field, encompassing the study of the cultural and historical heritage of Aramaic. The linguistic and historical aspects of Aramaic studies have been further expanded since the 19th century through archaeological excavations of ancient sites in the
2316:, p. 51:However, we must be clear at the outset: the Arameans were never, in fact, a single nation or group; rather, Aram was a region with local centers of power spread throughout contemporary Syria, Jordan, and Lebanon, at major cities such as Damascus and Hamath.
4399:
1177:(305–30 BCE). Since earlier times, ancient Greeks commonly used "Syrian" labels as designations for Arameans and heir lands, but it was during the Hellenistic (Seleucid-Ptolemaic) period that the term "Syria" was finally defined to designate the regions west of the
510:
diminished in size until fully-nomadic pastoralist lifestyles came to dominate much of the region. The highly mobile competitive tribesmen, with their sudden raids, continually threatened long-distance trade and interfered with the collection of taxes and tribute.
2328:, p. 23:It is nonetheless difficult if not impossible to establish a coherent ethnic category "Aramean" on the basis of extra-linguistic identity markers such as material culture, lifestyle (including cuisine), or religion and other cultural core traditions.
2383:
The cultural identity of Syria varied historically; but from at least the beginning of the Iron Age (ca. 1200 B.C.), the Arameans increasingly dominated the region. Aramean kingdoms like Aram-Damascus, Aram-zobah, and Hamath appear repeatedly in the biblical
1923:
1124:. The Egyptians, having entered the region in a belated attempt to aid their former Assyrian masters, fought the Babylonians, initially with the help of remnants of the Assyrian army, in the region for decades before they were finally vanquished.
1168:
marked the beginning of a new era in the history of the entire Near East, including the regions inhabited by Arameans. By the late 4th century BCE, two newly created Hellenistic states emerged as main pretenders for regional supremacy: the
2398:, p. 15"It is interesting to note in this context that later Aramaean dynasts never refer to themselves as Aramaeans or to their country as Aram, with the exception of the king of Aram-Damascus since his kingdom was also called Aram."
470:
were actually referring to the Arameans; thus, it is believed to originally be a toponym without any ethnic connotations. The earliest undisputed historical attestation of Arameans as a people appears much later, in the inscriptions of
2522:
The qualifier "all" in "all Aram" is clearly of some sociological significance; it implies a certain kind of collective unity. One is immediately re-minded of the Deuteronomistic use of "all" in "all Israel (kol yisra'el) from Dan to
1406:
and Aramaeans, interacted in the region, one material culture with "mixed" elements resulted. The material culture appears to be so homogeneous that it "shows no clear distinctions between states dominated by Luwians or Aramaeans".
4427:
2425:, p. 16"So Aram is a geographical term that refers at times to part and at others to all of the Syrian territory in the Iron Age, hence the appellation "Aramaeans" given to the 1st - millennium B.C. inhabitants of Syria"
245:. That makes it almost impossible to establish a coherent ethnic category of "Aramean" based on extra-linguistic identity markers such as material culture, lifestyle or religion. The people of Aram were called “Arameans” in
3569:
1518:". The early writings exhibit variation and anticipate the enormous linguistic diversity within the Aramaic language group. Despite the variation, they are connected by common literary forms and formulaic expressions.
193:. Thus, their integration into the Greek-speaking world had begun a long time before Christianity became established. Some scholars suggest that Arameans who accepted Christianity were referred to as Syrians by the
2554:
By mid-century, the Syrian chiefdoms, through a system of alliances, affirmed their Aramean identity as "All Aram", consisting of the states in "Upper and Lower Aram", and together defied the Assyrian Empire.70
1012:
of the Neo-Assyrian Empire in the 8th century BCE, and the native Assyrians and Babylonians began to make a gradual language shift towards Aramaic as the most common language of public life and administration.
299:. As a result of linguistic Aramization, a wider Aramaic-speaking area was created throughout the central regions of the Near East that exceeded the boundaries of Aramean ethnic communities. During the later
1927:
Limestone relief; stele. This unusual stele depicts an unidentified Aramaean king holding a tulip in one hand while grasping a staff or a spear in the other hand. 11th century BCE. From Tell es-Salihiyeh,
1107:
Eber-Nari was then ruled by the succeeding Neo-Babylonian Empire, which was initially headed by a short-lived Chaldean dynasty. The Aramean regions became a battleground between the Babylonians and the
2196:, p. 76:Ever since the time of christianization those Arameans who embraced the new religion have been referred to as the Syrians, a name of Greek origin which they eventually accepted themselves.
1052:
in 612 BCE and finally defeat it between 605 and 599 BCE. During the war against Assyria, hordes of horse-borne Scythian and Cimmerian marauders ravaged through the Levant and all the way into Egypt.
1326:
labels as designations for Aramaic-speakers and their language was very common among ancient Greeks, and under their influence, the practice also became common among the Romans and Byzantines.
257:
to refer to themselves or their country, with the exception of the king of Aram-Damascus since his kingdom was also called Aram. "Arameans" is merely an appellation of the geographical term
7147:
7142:
6193:
1402:
difficult to identify what is genuinely Aramean from what is borrowed from other cultures. Widespread scholarly opinion still maintains that since several ethnic groups, such as
1514:
and thus share a common origin. The earliest direct witnesses of Aramaic, which were composed between the 10th and 8th centuries BC, are unanimously subsumed under the term "
1016:
The Neo Assyrian Empire descended into a series of brutal internal wars from 626 BCE that weakened it greatly. That allowed a coalition of many its former subject peoples (
1244:, defines the regions of "Aram's sons" as the Tranchonitis, Damascus "midway between Palestine and Coelo-Syria", Armenia, Bactria, and the Mesene around Spasini Charax.
1161:
as the main language of public life and administration. Provincial administrative structures also remained the same, and the name Eber Nari still applied to the region.
276:. Each tribe's name signified the house or ancestral lineage to which it belonged. The term "Aram" sometimes referred only to a part and other times to the whole of the
4547:
1157:(539–332 BCE). However, little changed from the Neo-Assyrian and Neo-Babylonian times, as the Persians, seeing themselves as successors of previous empires, maintained
818:, was discovered in northern Israel and is famous for being perhaps the earliest non-Israelite extra-biblical historical reference to the Israelite royal dynasty, the
1252:
The ancient Arameans lived in a close relationship with other distinct societies in the region. Throughout much of their history, they were heavily influenced by the
561:
The Arameans would appear to be one part of the larger generic Ahlamû group rather than synonymous with the Ahlamu. The presence of the Ahlamû is attested during the
1650:
patriarchates were dominated by Greek episcopate and Greek linguistic and cultural traditions. The use of the Aramaic language in liturgical and literary life among
450:(c. 1300 BCE). There is no consensus on the origin and meaning of the word "Aram", one of the most accepted suggestions being that it is derived from a Semitic root
989:
to keep its trade routes open. The Aramean city-states, like much of the Near East and Asia Minor, were subjugated by the Neo Assyrian Empire from the reign of
6186:
1188:
In the 3rd century BCE, various narratives related to the history of earlier Aramean states became accessible to wider audiences after the translation of the
1055:
As a result of migratory processes, various Aramean groups were settled throughout the ancient Near East, and their presence is recorded in the regions of
993:
in 911 BCE, who cleared Arameans and other tribal peoples from the borders of Assyria and began to expand in all directions. The process was continued by
458:
meaning "white antelopes" or "white bulls". However, there are no historical, archaeological or linguistic evidences that those early uses of the terms
1307:, known in Aramaic as Urhay. However, it is not easy in either pre-Christian or Christian periods to trace purely-Aramean elements in Edessan culture.
1322:
labels for Arameans and their language started to gain acceptance among an Aramaic-speaking literary and ecclesiastical elites. The practice of using
6179:
5778:"The Role of Religious Freedom in the Context of the Accession Negotiations between the European Union and Turkey – The Example of the Arameans"
522:-speaking people who had appeared during the 25th century BCE, destroyed the hitherto dominant state of Ebla, founded the powerful state of
723:
4400:"Christianity in Edessa and the Syriac-Speaking World: Mani, Bar Daysan, and Ephraem, the Struggle for Allegiance on the Aramean Frontier"
699:, its last great ruler in 1056 BCE. The Assyrian withdrawal allowed the Arameans and others to gain independence and take firm control of
482:, but their numbers seem to vary according to climatic conditions and the force of neighbouring states inducing permanent settlement. The
1373:(1031) but were forced into a general retreat from Syria during the course of the 11th century and were pushed back by the newly-arrived
884:, also known as Beth Eden. North of Sam'al was the Aramean state of Bit Gabbari, which was sandwiched between the post-Hittite states of
5908:
East and West in the Medieval Eastern Mediterranean I: Antioch from the Byzantine Reconquest until the End of the Crusader Principality
5734:"The Battle of Ramoth-gilead and the Rise of the Aramean Hegemony in the Southern Levant during the Second Half of the 9th Century BCE"
1658:
descent persisted throughout the Middle Ages until the 14th century, as exemplified in the use of a specific regional dialect known as
893:
1944:
was formulated, and several scholarly theses were proposed regarding the development of the language and the history of the Arameans.
1881:
The Arameans who lived outside their homelands apparently followed the traditions of the countries in which they settled. The King of
7167:
1738:
4253:"The Political History and Historical Geography of the Aramean, Chaldean, and Arab Tribes in Babylonia in the Neo-Assyrian Period"
288:
have been variously interpreted but can suggest a degree of political and cultural unity among some of the polities in the area.
5507:
5469:
1794:, the study of the Aramaic language, both ancient and modern, was initiated among Western scholars. This led to the formation of
751:
4691:
3571:
The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000–300 BC) (Cambridge World Archaeology)
3516:
4667:
4578:
3984:
3876:
3669:"The Arabization Process in Upper Mesopotamia in the Eighth Century A.D.: The Case of the Mosulis in the Chronicle of Zūqnīn"
4826:
241:
The Arameans were not a single nation or group; rather, Aram was a region with local centers of power spread throughout the
5916:
4038:
272:, meaning "house of", such as "Bit Adini". This naming convention was influenced by the writing system used by the coastal
1918:
1264:
are among the earliest examples of Aramaic writing. In the western regions, Aramean states had close contact with Israel,
6839:
127:, first documented in historical sources from the late 12th century BC. Their homeland, often referred to as the land of
1486:, which was formerly unattested in Syria-Palestine. The language is considered a sister branch of the idiom used in the
782:(late 11th to 10th centuries BC) fought against the small Aramean states ranged across the northern frontier of Israel:
7116:
5699:
5606:
361:
4679:"The Middle Euphrates, Iraq: Assyrian-Babylonian interactions in an Aramaean territory in the early 1st millennium BC"
7162:
6142:
6119:
6083:
6049:
6000:
5977:
5956:
5851:
5828:
5789:
5722:
5676:
5652:
5629:
5583:
5458:
5435:
5375:
5321:
5270:
5247:
5224:
5201:
5178:
5127:
5018:
4951:
4925:
4901:
4865:
4795:
4772:
4746:
4723:
4644:
4623:
4602:
4523:
4502:
4479:
4468:"Christian Lore and the Arabic Qur'an: The Companions of the Cave in Surat al-Kahf and in Syriac Christian Tradition"
4277:
4241:
4159:
4103:
3944:
3814:
3791:
3768:
3745:
3710:
3623:
3600:
3579:
2737:
2574:
2547:
2515:
2471:
2443:
2376:
2347:
2229:
2150:
2126:
2102:
2074:
2050:
4115:"The Assyrian-Aramaean interaction in the upper Khabur: The archaeological evidence from Tell Barri Iron Age layers"
490:
pastoralists to spend longer and longer periods with their flocks. Urban settlements (hitherto largely inhabited by
5900:
1976:
539:
4935:
4911:
4364:"From Aramaic to Arabic: The Languages of the Monasteries of Palestine in the Byzantine and Early Islamic Periods"
442:
in the northern mountains. Other early references to a place or people of "Aram" have appeared at the archives of
1607:
1564:
3517:"Arameans in the Middle East and Israel: Historical Background, Modern National Identity, and Government Policy"
865:, attacked Israel in the early 11th century BCE but were defeated. Meanwhile, Arameans moved to the east of the
4205:
3970:
1889:, an Aramean ruler (9th century BCE) was decorated with orthostates and with statues that display a mixture of
17:
5139:"A Struggle for Genocide Recognition: How the Aramean, Assyrian, and Chaldean Diasporas Link Past and Present"
209:
of Aramaic-speaking communities throughout the Near East. That ultimately resulted in their fragmentation and
6203:
5138:
1659:
1389:, created new challenges for local Aramaic-speaking Christians, both Oriental Orthodox and Eastern Orthodox.
1121:
1109:
4440:"St. Ephraem, Bar Daysān and the Clash of Madrāshê in Aram: Readings in St. Ephraem's Hymni contra Haereses"
635:
5711:"The Memory of Sayfo and Its Relation to the Identity of Contemporary Assyrian/Aramean Christians in Syria"
565:(1365–1020 BCE), which already ruled many of the lands in which the Ahlamû arose in the Babylonian city of
6171:
2727:
7060:
6834:
4877:"My Father was a Wandering Aramean: Biblical Views of the Ancestral Relationship between Israel and Aram"
869:
and into Babylonia, where an Aramean usurper was crowned king of Babylon under the name Adad-apal-iddin.
822:. In the early 11th century BCE, much of Israel came under foreign rule for eight years according to the
519:
214:
6108:"Reflections on Hazael's Empire in Light of Recent Study in the Biblical and Ancient Near Eastern Texts"
1116:, which had been installed by the Assyrians as vassals after they had defeated and ejected the previous
1083:. Population transfers, conducted during the Neo-Assyrian Empire and followed by the gradual linguistic
534:. However, they seem to have been displaced or wholly absorbed by the appearance of a people called the
6215:
1216:. Influenced by Greek terminology, translators decided to adopt ancient Greek custom of using "Syrian"
285:
6131:"The Onomastics of the Chaldean, Aramean, and Arabian Tribes in Babylonia during the First Millennium"
1135:, the Assyrian-born last king of Babylon, who had himself overthrown the Chaldean dynasty in 556 BCE.
6165:
5803:
5546:"Arabization versus Islamization in the Palestinian Melkite Community during the Early Muslim Period"
4535:"New Light on Linguistic Diversity in Pre-Achaemenid Aramaic: Wandering Arameans or Language Spread?"
1885:, for instance, employed Phoenician sculptors and ivory-carvers. In Tell Halaf-Guzana, the palace of
1772:
1686:
1158:
1096:
925:
89:
5688:"Keeping it in the Family? Jacob and his Aramean Heritage according to Jewish and Christian Sources"
5715:
Sayfo 1915: An Anthology of Essays on the Genocide of Assyrians/Arameans during the First World War
5550:
Sharing the Sacred: Religious Contacts and Conflicts in the Holy Land: First-fifteenth Centuries CE
5331:Öztemiz den Butter, Mutay (2017). "Cultural Boundaries and Homeland among the Arameans (Syriacs)".
2275:
The only people that remain who might be considered lineal descendants of the Aramean race are the
648:
31:
973:). Shortly afterward, the Ahlamû disappear from Assyrian annals and are replaced by the Arameans (
7157:
6318:
5844:
The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery
5782:
The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery
4822:
1940:
as a distinctive field, dedicated to the study of the Aramaic language. By the 19th century, the
1382:
1001:, who destroyed many of the small Aramean tribes and conquered Aramean lands for the Assyrians.
850:
4230:"Ethnicity in the Assyrian Empire: A View from the Nisbe (III): Arameans and Related Tribalists"
2271:
Journal of the Transactions of the Victoria Institute, Or Philosophical Society of Great Britain
1287:
in the 1st century BCE, Aramean lands became the frontier region between two empires, Roman and
5969:
The Syriac Chronicle of Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahrē: A Study in the History of Historiography
4735:"Arameans and Aramaic in Transition – Western Influences and the Roots of Aramean Christianity"
4025:
1366:
1334:
978:
966:
684:
562:
395:
198:
81:
6037:
5816:
5777:
5446:
4711:
4655:
4467:
3958:
3756:
6864:
6812:
6461:
5988:
5839:
5617:
3720:
2007:
2002:
1914:
1827:
1816:
1682:
254:
218:
167:
6427:
4266:"Are Syrians Arameans? Some Preliminary Remarks on Syriac Ethnic Identity in Late Antiquity"
1361:
gradually reconquered much of northern Syria and upper Mesopotamia, including the cities of
538:
by the 13th century BCE and disappear from history. Ahlamû appears to be a generic term for
150:
which reached its height in the second half of the 9th century BCE during the reign of King
6936:
6930:
6476:
6343:
5885:
5799:
1671:
1459:
1447:
1127:
The Babylonians remained masters of the Aramean lands only until 539 BCE, when the Persian
945:
106:
57:
5508:"Mallpânâ dilan Suryâyâ Ephrem in the Works of Philoxenus of Mabbog: Respect and Distance"
4039:"Christian Aramaism: The Birth and Growth of Aramaic Scholarship in the Sixteenth Century"
3914:
1337:
in the 7th century. In the religious sphere of life, Aramaic-speaking Christians (such as
486:
seems to coincide with increasing aridity, which weakened neighbouring states and induced
344:
8:
6999:
6961:
6807:
5119:
Memory and Identity in the Syriac Cave of Treasures: Rewriting the Bible in Sasanian Iran
4331:
3888:"Notes on Arameans and Chaldeans in Southern Babylonia in the Early Seventh Century B.C."
1933:
1791:
1768:
1599:
1595:
1575:
1544:
1503:
1463:
1420:
1370:
1304:
1165:
1005:
872:
During the 11th and the 10th centuries BCE, the Arameans conquered Sam'al and renamed it
854:
695:
since the first half of the 14th century BCE, began to shrink rapidly after the death of
630:
478:
Nomadic pastoralists have long played a prominent role in the history and economy of the
155:
2939:
1587:
1236:, writes: "Those people whom we Greeks call Syrioi, call themselves Aramaioi". Further,
814:, and Aram-Damascus. An Aramean king's account dating at least two centuries later, the
154:. During the 8th century BC, local Aramaean city-states were gradually conquered by the
7050:
5532:
5494:
5398:
5296:
5104:
5096:
5060:
5052:
4993:
4985:
4756:
4570:
4463:
4435:
4419:
4395:
4383:
4359:
4347:
4319:
4311:
4136:
4080:
4021:
4009:
3980:
3954:
3930:
3910:
3898:
3853:
3845:
1997:
1823:
1812:
1784:
1667:
1634:) was the primary liturgical language of Aramaic Christianity, it also became known as
1552:
1495:
1300:
1064:
767:
culture shows no distinctions between states dominated by the Luwians or the Arameans.
664:
514:
The people who had long been the prominent population in what is now Syria (called the
419:
6368:
5280:
1555:, Aramaic in its varying dialects remained unchallenged as the common language of all
1510:, on the other hand. All three branches can be subsumed under the more general rubric
332:
7137:
7065:
7040:
6748:
6223:
6138:
6135:
Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C
6115:
6079:
6045:
6029:
Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C
5996:
5973:
5952:
5847:
5824:
5785:
5718:
5695:
5672:
5662:
5648:
5625:
5602:
5579:
5536:
5498:
5454:
5431:
5371:
5317:
5266:
5243:
5220:
5197:
5174:
5123:
5108:
5064:
5014:
4997:
4947:
4944:
Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C
4921:
4897:
4861:
4791:
4768:
4742:
4719:
4663:
4640:
4619:
4598:
4574:
4519:
4498:
4475:
4423:
4323:
4273:
4257:
Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C
4237:
4217:"Moving around Babylon: On the Aramean and Chaldean Presence in Southern Mesopotamia"
4201:
4155:
4099:
4013:
3966:
3940:
3872:
3857:
3810:
3787:
3764:
3741:
3706:
3690:
Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C
3686:"Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Cuneiform Sources from the Late Babylonian Period"
3619:
3616:
Arameans, Chaldeans, and Arabs in Babylonia and Palestine in the First Millennium B.C
3596:
3575:
2733:
2570:
2543:
2511:
2467:
2439:
2372:
2343:
2225:
2146:
2122:
2098:
2070:
2046:
1948:
1932:
The legacy of ancient Arameans became of particular interest for scholars during the
1647:
1623:
1583:
1522:
1511:
1315:
1261:
1209:
1154:
1128:
1092:
1072:
1068:
1060:
1021:
986:
969:
inscription of Tiglath-Pileser I, which refers to subjugating the "Ahlamû-Arameans" (
831:
598:
547:
543:
472:
265:
171:
143:
124:
6075:
A Political History of the Arameans: From Their Origins to the End of Their Polities
1415:
7075:
7045:
7019:
6849:
6627:
6590:
6099:
Wandering Arameans: Arameans Outside Syria: Textual and Archaeological Perspectives
5931:
5878:
Wandering Arameans: Arameans Outside Syria: Textual and Archaeological Perspectives
5738:
Wandering Arameans: Arameans Outside Syria: Textual and Archaeological Perspectives
5522:
5484:
5153:
5088:
5044:
4977:
4881:
Wandering Arameans: Arameans Outside Syria: Textual and Archaeological Perspectives
4562:
4539:
Wandering Arameans: Arameans Outside Syria: Textual and Archaeological Perspectives
4451:
4411:
4375:
4303:
4182:
4126:
3999:
3837:
1960:
1548:
1507:
1475:
1467:
1453:
1439:
1386:
1358:
1292:
1174:
1144:
994:
651:(1200–900 BCE), which saw great upheavals and mass movements of peoples across the
407:
316:
292:
213:. Today, their cultural and linguistic heritage continues to be recognized by some
5901:"On the Syriac Orthodox in the Principality of Antioch during the Crusader Period"
5758:"Aramaeans and Assyrians in North-Western Syria: Material Evidence from Tell Afis"
5595:"The Aramaeans of Syria: Some Considerations on their Origin and Material Culture"
1983:
of Arameans in some other countries were also brought to international attention.
7090:
7085:
7080:
7030:
6390:
6281:
6130:
6107:
6073:
5967:
5944:
5889:
5862:
5746:
5710:
5687:
5666:
5640:
5594:
5571:
5425:
5421:
5411:
5365:
5345:
5309:
5258:
5235:
5212:
5189:
5166:
5117:
5072:
5028:
5006:
4939:
4915:
4889:
4853:
4841:
4783:
4760:
4734:
4634:
4613:
4590:
4513:
4490:
4287:
4265:
4229:
4195:
4093:
3934:
3866:
3802:
3779:
3735:
3724:
3698:
3668:
3651:
3611:
1980:
1937:
1910:
1855:
1835:
1795:
1690:
1675:
1615:
1603:
1556:
1428:
1346:
1299:
Empires. Several minor states also existed in frontier regions, most notably the
1288:
1205:
1170:
1056:
1033:
998:
901:
759:
483:
73:
6095:"Tiglath-Pileser I and the Initial Conflicts of the Assyrians with the Arameans"
4234:
At the Dawn of History: Ancient Near Eastern Studies in Honour of J. N. Postgate
4049:
2567:
Nation and Empire as Two Trends of Political Organization in the Iron Age Levant
950:
264:
Aramean tribal groups were identified by family names that often began with the
7111:
7011:
6844:
6601:
6511:
6471:
6451:
6303:
6243:
5361:
4961:
4455:
4415:
1851:
1579:
1311:
1296:
1277:
1193:
1080:
1029:
990:
823:
696:
676:
307:
periods, minor Aramaic-speaking states emerged, the most notable of them being
277:
120:
6010:
Woźniak, Marta (2015). "The Modem Arameans: In Search for National Identity".
3590:
7152:
7131:
6916:
6760:
6526:
6385:
5935:
5773:
5527:
5489:
4811:
Bulletin of the International Organization for Septuagint and Cognate Studies
4439:
4186:
4004:
2535:
2503:
1992:
1750:
1742:
1539:
1378:
1351:
1229:
1213:
1076:
939:
905:
846:
835:
815:
707:
683:
and led to the genesis of new peoples and polities across those regions. The
574:
455:
357:
258:
230:
210:
182:
163:
147:
128:
6516:
5563:
The Crisis Years: The 12th Century B.C. from beyond the Danube to the Tigris
5427:
The Geography of Strabo: An English Translation, with Introduction and Notes
2911:
7015:
7007:
6728:
6722:
6596:
6579:
6555:
6486:
6422:
6233:
6201:
2258:
labeled these Maronites al-Anbat to indicate their Aramaic (Syriac) origin.
2255:
1890:
1780:
1698:
1374:
1342:
1273:
1189:
1087:
of non-Aramean populations, created a specific situation in the regions of
819:
803:
787:
672:
668:
618:
487:
415:
304:
250:
202:
186:
178:
5559:"The 12th Century B.C. in Syria: The Problem of the Rise of the Aramaeans"
589:
and Ahlamû mercenaries. In the next century, the Ahlamû cut the road from
166:
of public life and administration, particularly during the periods of the
6879:
6790:
6780:
6636:
6565:
6496:
6491:
6323:
6112:
Writing and Rewriting History in Ancient Israel and Near Eastern Cultures
6038:"The Late Bronze Age/Iron Age Transition and the Origins of the Arameans"
5157:
4515:
A Cultural History of Aramaic: From the Beginnings to the Advent of Islam
2158:
a process that gained momentum in the latter days of the Assyrian Empire.
2022:
1590:
dialects. Among these were the Aramaic dialects of the ancient region of
1515:
1330:
1284:
1017:
958:
909:
652:
602:
531:
523:
479:
443:
300:
296:
206:
5451:
After Bardaisan: Studies on Continuity and Change in Syriac Christianity
5402:
5386:
5300:
5284:
4351:
4335:
4140:
4084:
4068:
3902:
3887:
1567:
in the 7th century AD, when the language became gradually superseded by
1521:
As early as the 8th century BCE, Aramaic competed with the East Semitic
1470:. Aramaic first appeared in history during the opening centuries of the
7035:
6967:
6948:
6765:
6533:
6441:
6363:
6273:
6228:
5864:
Bible Lands: Their Modern Customs and Manners Illustrative of Scripture
5558:
5100:
4989:
4965:
4387:
1871:
1734:
1487:
1225:
1201:
1197:
1045:
1041:
913:
885:
877:
791:
739:
735:
731:
727:
719:
692:
656:
606:
551:
139:
42:
5951:. Vol. 1. Sheffield: Sheffield Academic Press. pp. 237–251.
5692:
The Exegetical Encounter between Jews and Christians in Late Antiquity
5599:
The Books of Kings: Sources, Composition, Historiography and Reception
5076:
5056:
4807:"The Aramaic Background of the Seventy: Language, Culture and History"
4739:
Research on Israel and Aram: Autonomy, Independence and Related Issues
4315:
4291:
4270:
Research on Israel and Aram: Autonomy, Independence and Related Issues
4149:
4131:
4114:
3849:
3825:
3574:. Cambridge University Press; Illustrated edition (February 9, 2004).
2881:
1482:
to alphabetic scribal culture and the rise of a novel style of public
7095:
7025:
6953:
6891:
6884:
6859:
6795:
6775:
6770:
6641:
6612:
6506:
6466:
6328:
5032:
2280:
2012:
1867:
1800:
1758:
1534:
1530:
1498:, which comprises languages further south in the speech area such as
1483:
1479:
1265:
1256:
culture of Mesopotamia and the surrounding areas. Bilingual texts in
1253:
1241:
1221:
1178:
1148:
1132:
1037:
881:
873:
866:
715:
700:
688:
614:
578:
527:
365:
315:, the birthplace of Edessan Aramaic, which later came to be known as
273:
222:
190:
38:
6684:
6660:
6094:
5873:
5733:
5641:"The Formation and Decline of the Aramaean States in Iron Age Syria"
5545:
5092:
4981:
4876:
4806:
4678:
4534:
4379:
1689:
branch continue to serve as the spoken and written languages of the
930:
6982:
6942:
6740:
6584:
6544:
6538:
6292:
6286:
6238:
6060:
6024:
5995:. Oxford: United Kingdom Inter-Disciplinary Press. pp. 73–83.
5048:
4566:
4307:
4252:
3841:
3685:
3634:
2611:
2017:
1894:
1882:
1776:
1694:
1591:
1471:
1398:
1362:
1338:
1237:
858:
660:
594:
586:
499:
439:
435:
281:
226:
112:
5757:
4363:
4216:
4170:
2587:
1610:
into Aramaic and by the 4th century, the local Aramaic dialect of
1574:
The vernacular dialects of Eastern Old Aramaic, spoken during the
1220:
as designations for Arameans and their lands and thus abandon the
1004:
In 732 BCE, Aram-Damascus fell and was conquered by Assyrian King
138:
At the beginning of the 1st millennium BCE, several Aramean-ruled
7070:
6869:
6701:
6670:
6608:
6560:
6481:
6417:
6353:
6348:
6308:
6298:
3524:
1964:
1898:
1847:
1843:
1762:
1726:
1718:
1651:
1526:
1424:
1403:
1257:
1182:
1088:
1049:
827:
779:
763:
747:
680:
640:
610:
590:
582:
491:
388:
308:
246:
159:
5572:"The Aramaean Kingdoms of Syria: Origin and Formation Processes"
5367:
Gnostica, Judaica, Catholica: Collected Essays of Gilles Quispel
4683:
Parcours d'Orient: Recueil de textes offert à Christine Kepinski
1947:
In modern times, Aramean identity is held mainly by a number of
423:
30:
This article is about the ancient Arameans. For other uses, see
7055:
6987:
6977:
6972:
6911:
6906:
6818:
6785:
6711:
6665:
6646:
6574:
6501:
6446:
6436:
6432:
6402:
6396:
6373:
6263:
6258:
6248:
6207:
6160:
3159:
3157:
2599:
2276:
1972:
1968:
1952:
1886:
1863:
1859:
1839:
1754:
1746:
1730:
1722:
1710:
1611:
1568:
1537:
in various dialects. By around 800 BCE, Aramaic had become the
1499:
1491:
1474:, when several newly-emerging chiefdoms decided to use it as a
1269:
1233:
1217:
935:
889:
842:
811:
807:
799:
755:
743:
711:
570:
566:
535:
507:
503:
495:
447:
369:
312:
242:
194:
162:
also widened. It gained significance and eventually became the
151:
5413:
A Book of Old Testament Lessons for Public Reading in Churches
4095:
The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, the Last Aramaeans
1458:
Arameans were mostly defined by their use of the West Semitic
908:. One of their earliest semi-independent kingdoms in northern
841:
Further north, the Arameans gained possession of post-Hittite
253:, but the terms “Aramean” and “Aram” were never used by later
97:
65:
6921:
6901:
6896:
6874:
6824:
6800:
6706:
6694:
6689:
6654:
6631:
6550:
6521:
6456:
6412:
6358:
6338:
5645:
State Formation and State Decline in the Near and Middle East
3985:"St. Ephrem in the Eyes of Later Syriac Liturgical Tradition"
3426:
3424:
2893:
1956:
1831:
1714:
1560:
1117:
1113:
1025:
862:
795:
783:
775:
555:
411:
373:
132:
117:
4048:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 421–436. Archived from
3939:(2nd revised ed.). Kalamazoo: Cistercian Publications.
3936:
The Luminous Eye: The Spiritual World Vision of Saint Ephrem
3868:
A Political History of Post-Kassite Babylonia, 1158-722 B.C.
3154:
3106:
3022:
7148:
States and territories disestablished in the 8th century BC
6854:
6829:
6678:
6622:
6617:
6407:
6380:
6333:
6313:
6253:
5470:"Past and Present Perceptions of Syriac Literary Tradition"
4784:"Chant as the Articulation of Christian Aramean Spirithood"
3965:. Detroit: Wayne State University Press. pp. 212–234.
3496:
2974:
2623:
2406:
2404:
2204:
2202:
1875:
1706:
1702:
1655:
897:
771:
617:
and "the mountain of the Ahlamû", apparently the region of
399:
284:. The expressions “All Aram” and “Upper and Lower Aram” in
3544:
3472:
3421:
3253:
3229:
3058:
2998:
2920:
2806:
2782:
2758:
2647:
2479:
Damascus) and North of Aleppo (the Kingdom of Bit-Agushi).
1775:
branch, is now spoken by Muslims and Christians solely in
1434:
965:
The first certain reference to the Arameans appears in an
181:, Aramaic-speaking communities had undergone considerable
7143:
States and territories established in the 12th century BC
6716:
4597:. Roma: Pontificio Istituto Orientale. pp. 469–498.
3656:
Bulletin of the Canadian Society for Mesopotamian Studies
3409:
3385:
3373:
3349:
3181:
3169:
3130:
3046:
3010:
2986:
2950:
2707:
2683:
2659:
2635:
643:
and Aramean (orange shades) states in the 8th century BCE
6025:"Glimpses on the Lives of Deportees in Rural Babylonia."
5810:. Vol. 1. Grand Rapids: Eerdmans. pp. 114–115.
5136:
4765:
Semitica: Serta philologica Constantino Tsereteli dicata
3757:"Othniel, Cushan-Rishathaim, and the Date of the Exodus"
3484:
3361:
3265:
3241:
3217:
3205:
3118:
3034:
2401:
2199:
1138:
706:
Some of the major Aramean-speaking city states included
5989:"Far from Aram-Nahrin: The Suryoye Diaspora Experience"
5289:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
4917:
The Aramaeans: Their Ancient History, Culture, Religion
4662:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 431–450.
4615:
The Chronicle of Zuqnīn, Parts III and IV: A.D. 488-775
4591:"Arabisms in Part IV of the Syriac Chronicle of Zuqnin"
3763:. Eugene: Wipf and Stock Publishers. pp. 117–132.
3737:
The Aramaic Language: Its Distribution and Subdivisions
3567:
3532:
3325:
3094:
2887:
2842:
2830:
2818:
2794:
2770:
2746:
2187:
1462:(1100 BCE – 200 CE), which was first written using the
1247:
4618:. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies.
4030:
Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage
3448:
3397:
2871:
2869:
2854:
2484:
1377:, who took Antioch (1084). The later establishment of
849:
River and became strong enough to dissociate with the
4790:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 187–207.
4788:
The Oxford Handbook of Music and World Christianities
3761:
Beyond the Jordan: Studies in Honor of W. Harold Mare
3337:
3313:
3193:
3142:
1345:, which created a base for gradual acceptance of the
1099:, a dialect of Akkadian, but later accepted Aramaic.
454:, "to be high". Newer suggestions interprets it as a
6137:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 261–336.
5993:
Border Terrains: World Diasporas in the 21st Century
5748:
Arameans, Aramaic and the Aramaic Literary Tradition
4946:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 123–147.
4685:. Oxford: Archaeopress publishing. pp. 107–120.
4223:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 91–112.
3592:
Introduction to Aramean and Syriac Studies: A Manual
3436:
3301:
3289:
3277:
3070:
2962:
2695:
2671:
2319:
2175:
2163:
2143:
Studies in the Aramaic Legal Papyri from Elephantine
1979:
as a distinctive minority. Questions related to the
1717:, and to a lesser extent, in migrant communities in
1478:. The process coincided with a change from syllabic
542:
who appeared during the 13th century BCE across the
422:(c. 2250 BCE) mentions that he captured "Dubul, the
6114:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 79–102.
6101:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 195–228.
6031:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 247–260.
5880:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 229–280.
5717:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 305–326.
5137:Mutlu-Numansen, Sofia; Ossewaarde, Marinus (2019).
2866:
2729:
The Eastern Mediterranean in the Age of Ramesses II
2725:
2416:
2389:
1919:
Terms for Syriac Christians § Aramean identity
1551:. Although it was marginalized by Greek during the
526:in the Levant and during the 19th century BCE also
5647:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 61–76.
5330:
4966:"The Aramean Empire and Its Relations with Israel"
4660:The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology
4404:Journal of the Canadian Society for Syriac Studies
4259:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 87–121.
3460:
3082:
2337:
2307:
1547:, which continued during the Achaemenid period as
647:The emergence of the Arameans occurred during the
261:given to 1st-millennium BC inhabitants of Syria.
5917:"Michael the Syrian and Syriac Orthodox Identity"
5740:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 81–98.
5552:. Jerusalem: Yad Izhak Ben Zvi. pp. 149–162.
5453:. Louvain: Peeters Publishers. pp. 269–285.
5447:"Jacob of Edessa and the Early History of Edessa"
4883:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 39–52.
4656:"The Church of the East until the Eighth Century"
4541:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 19–38.
4444:The Harp: A Review of Syriac and Oriental Studies
3692:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 31–55.
3618:. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 1–29.
7129:
4940:"The Aramaeans in the West (13th–8th centuries)"
4474:. London-New York: Routledge. pp. 109–137.
4032:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press. pp. 96–97.
1291:, and later between their successor states, the
957:depicting an Israelite victory over the army of
746:, as well as the Aramean tribal polities of the
5387:"The National Problem in Syria and Mesopotamia"
577:(1274–1245 BCE) is recorded as having defeated
540:Semitic wanderers and nomads of varying origins
131:, originally covered central regions of modern
6061:"War and Peace in the Origins of the Arameans"
6044:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 131–174.
5910:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers. pp. 95–124.
5285:"Die Namen der aramäischen Nation und Sprache"
4236:. Winona Lake: Eisenbrauns. pp. 133–178.
4171:"Syriac Historiography and Identity Formation"
4112:
3635:"Aramean Origins: The Evidence from Babylonia"
3612:"Geshur: The Southwesternmost Aramean Kingdom"
1874:, the supreme deity of Canaan, in addition to
1185:", which designated the regions further east.
6187:
5081:Iraq: British Institute for the Study of Iraq
4263:
4221:Babylon: Wissenskultur in Orient und Okzident
3514:
3163:
1741:communities in the West, particularly in the
1638:and was later defined by Western scholars as
5972:. Uppsala-Stockholm: University of Uppsala.
5798:
4741:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 433–446.
4692:"The Edessan Milieu and the Birth of Syriac"
4272:. Tübingen: Mohr Siebeck. pp. 457–484.
3915:"Three Thousand Years of Aramaic Literature"
2534:
1427:(2nd century AD) with inscriptions in early
6067:. Münster: Ugarit Verlag. pp. 861–874.
4154:. Oxford University Press. pp. 51–73.
2366:
1771:, the only surviving modern variety of the
1442:in the 1st century, and its gradual decline
438:form), in the course of a campaign against
6194:
6180:
5965:
5860:
5694:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 205–220.
5601:. Leiden-Boston: Brill. pp. 273–300.
5578:. Louvain: Peeters Press. pp. 61–76.
5565:. Dubuque: Kendall-Hunt. pp. 157–164.
4676:
4636:Aram and Israel during the Jehuite Dynasty
4330:
3754:
2899:
2193:
919:
834:, who was titled in the Bible as ruler of
518:during their tenure) were the Amorites, a
5784:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 157–170.
5526:
5488:
5430:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
4854:"Society, Institutions, Law, and Economy"
4755:
4130:
4003:
3740:. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht.
3696:
3652:"A Legacy of Syria: The Aramaic Language"
3112:
3028:
2502:
2410:
2294:
1822:their names that the Arameans worshipped
1701:. These languages are primarily found in
1466:but over time modified to a specifically-
1153:The Arameans were later conquered by the
687:(1365–1050 BCE), which had dominated the
402:listing geographical names, and the term
5914:
5898:
5871:
5744:
5685:
5256:
4934:
4910:
4761:"The Modern Assyrians - Name and Nation"
4632:
4462:
4434:
4394:
4358:
4193:
4091:
3885:
3864:
3683:
3649:
3367:
3331:
3259:
3076:
2980:
2860:
2848:
2836:
2824:
2800:
2776:
2752:
2689:
2665:
2629:
2593:
2222:Syrian Identity in the Greco-Roman World
2208:
1922:
1642:. This laid the foundation for the term
1433:
1414:
1208:that was the most important city of the
1102:
944:
929:
634:
201:in the 7th century were followed by the
142:were established throughout the ancient
6105:
6092:
6071:
6058:
6035:
6009:
5986:
5846:. Münster: LIT Verlag. pp. 47–56.
5360:
5279:
5071:
5027:
4887:
4804:
4781:
4148:Doak, Brian R. (2020). "The Arameans".
4036:
3871:Roma: Pontificium Institutum Biblicum.
3729:. London-New York: Ward, Lock & Co.
3719:
3666:
3588:
3502:
3490:
3478:
3430:
3343:
3235:
3124:
3064:
3004:
2926:
2875:
2812:
2788:
2764:
2713:
2653:
2617:
2464:A History of Syria in One Hundred Sites
2043:The Oxford Dictionary of Late Antiquity
27:Ancient Semitic people in the Near East
14:
7130:
6065:Krieg und Frieden im Alten Vorderasien
6022:
5942:
5891:The New and Revised Outline of History
5814:
5772:
5751:. Tel Aviv: Bar Ilan University Press.
5505:
5467:
5444:
5420:
5409:
5343:
5233:
5210:
5187:
4821:
4732:
4709:
4689:
4653:
4611:
4588:
4545:
4532:
4511:
4488:
4046:Seeking Out the Wisdom of the Ancients
3953:
3929:
3823:
3777:
3632:
3550:
3454:
3415:
3391:
3379:
3355:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3199:
3187:
3175:
3148:
3136:
3088:
3052:
3016:
2992:
2956:
2701:
2641:
2605:
2325:
2181:
2169:
111:
6175:
6128:
5945:"Aram and Aramaean in the Septuagint"
5884:
5837:
5755:
5731:
5661:
5638:
5615:
5592:
5569:
5556:
5543:
5384:
5307:
5164:
5115:
5004:
4960:
4874:
4767:. Torino: Zamorani. pp. 99–114.
4250:
4227:
4214:
4168:
4066:
4020:
3979:
3909:
3800:
3733:
3595:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Handbooks.
3538:
3442:
3403:
3271:
3247:
3223:
3211:
3040:
2968:
2732:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 63.
2677:
2490:
2422:
2395:
1139:Under Achaemenid and Hellenistic rule
1048:) to attack Assyria in 616 BCE, sack
5924:Church History and Religious Culture
5708:
4851:
4834:Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies
4639:. Berlin-Boston: Walter de Gruyter.
4286:
4175:Church History and Religious Culture
4147:
3609:
3466:
3100:
2905:
2313:
1318:, the Ancient Greek custom of using
1248:Early Christianity and Arab conquest
762:and Schwartz note that in assessing
418:(c. 2300 BCE). One of the annals of
93:
61:
5894:. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan.
5823:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 297–318.
5762:Syria: Archéologie, Art et Histoire
5316:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 255–271.
5265:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 273–296.
5242:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 378–390.
5219:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 329–338.
5196:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 127–203.
5013:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 109–125.
4896:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 319–328.
4718:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 391–402.
4472:The Quran in its Historical Context
3963:Eusebius, Christianity, and Judaism
3809:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 366–377.
3786:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 205–253.
3705:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 339–365.
1212:and was one of the main centres of
77:
24:
7117:Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions
6202:Ancient states and regions in the
5867:. New York: Harper & Brothers.
5671:. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
5391:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
4497:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–107.
4073:Studies: An Irish Quarterly Review
4069:"Hellenism and the Aramean People"
3959:"Eusebius and Syriac Christianity"
3826:"Arameans, Aramaic, and the Bible"
2273:. Victoria Institute. p. 51.
1626:known as Edessan Aramaic (Syriac:
857:. The Arameans, together with the
25:
7179:
6153:
5624:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 11–36.
5515:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
5477:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
4860:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 37–70.
4699:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
4098:. Piscataway, NJ: Gorgias Press.
3992:Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies
1936:and resulted in the emergence of
1602:. In the first centuries AD, the
1200:, the translation was created in
880:, which became the chief town of
624:
394:appears in an inscription at the
7168:Ancient peoples of the Near East
6159:
6106:Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2020).
6093:Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2017).
6072:Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2016).
6059:Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2014).
6036:Younger, Kenneth Lawson (2007).
5966:Witakowski, Witold, ed. (1987).
5808:The Encyclopedia of Christianity
4194:Drijvers, Hendrik J. W. (1980).
3568:Akkerman & Schwartz (2003).
3508:
1594:, one of which later became the
1586:empires, developed into various
1333:process was initiated after the
343:
331:
295:was developed and used to write
5745:Sokoloff, Michael, ed. (1983).
5576:Essays on Syria in the Iron Age
5173:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 1–9.
5037:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4555:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4336:"The Aramean God Rammān/Rimmōn"
4296:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
4092:Courtois, Sebastien de (2004).
4026:"Christian Palestinian Aramaic"
3830:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2932:
2719:
2559:
2528:
2496:
2456:
2428:
2360:
2331:
2288:
2263:
2242:
2214:
2119:Ancient Egypt and the Near East
1870:deities such as the storm-god,
1565:Islamic conquest of Mesopotamia
1533:and then spread throughout the
961:, described in 1 Kings 20:26–34
225:and the Aramean inhabitants of
5821:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
5622:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
5314:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
5263:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
5240:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
5217:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
5194:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
5171:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
5146:Holocaust and Genocide Studies
5011:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
4920:. Leuven: Peeters Publishers.
4894:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
4858:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
4827:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms?"
4716:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
4495:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
3807:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
3784:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
3703:The Aramaeans in Ancient Syria
2135:
2111:
2087:
2059:
2035:
1341:in Palestine) were exposed to
985:Minor, and even as far as the
703:in the late 11th century BCE.
13:
1:
5861:Van-Lennep, Henry J. (1875).
4292:"Assyria and Syria: Synonyms"
4264:Frenschkowski, Marco (2019).
4113:D'Agostino, Anacleto (2009).
3755:Billington, Clyde E. (2005).
3684:Beaulieu, Paul-Alain (2013).
2508:Biblical Ideas of Nationality
2028:
1660:Christian Palestinian Aramaic
6369:Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia
5838:Teule, Herman G. B. (2012).
4548:"The Ancient Name of Edessa"
4228:Fales, Frederick M. (2017).
4215:Fales, Frederick M. (2011).
4037:Burnett, Stephen G. (2005).
3801:Botta, Alejandro F. (2014).
3697:Berlejung, Angelika (2014).
3650:Aufrecht, Walter E. (2001).
2888:Akkerman & Schwartz 2003
2726:Marc Van De Mieroop (2009).
1260:and the Assyrian dialect of
360:, a pair of 7th century BCE
236:
98:
66:
7:
5915:Weltecke, Dorothea (2009).
5899:Weltecke, Dorothea (2006).
5815:Streck, Michael P. (2014).
5416:. New York: Abingdon Press.
4677:Hausleiter, Arnulf (2016).
4197:Cults and Beliefs at Edessa
3824:Bowman, Raymond A. (1948).
2620:, p. 109-220, 549–654.
1986:
1806:
1410:
1283:After the establishment of
1095:, who originally spoke the
830:defeated the forces led by
770:Biblical sources tell that
414:, occurs frequently in the
10:
7184:
5949:The World of the Aramaeans
5756:Soldi, Sebastiano (2009).
5668:The Might That Was Assyria
5620:. In Herbert Niehr (ed.).
5506:Rompay, Lucas van (2004).
5468:Rompay, Lucas van (2000).
5445:Rompay, Lucas van (1999).
5410:Rogers, Robert W. (1921).
5344:Palmer, Andrew N. (2003).
4970:The Biblical Archaeologist
4840:(2): 37–43. Archived from
4654:Hauser, Stefan R. (2019).
4633:Hasegawa, Shuichi (2012).
4612:Harrak, Amir, ed. (1999).
4456:10.31826/9781463233105-026
4416:10.31826/jcsss-2009-020104
4340:Israel Exploration Journal
4151:Ancient Israel's Neighbors
4067:Coyne, John J. A. (1914).
3886:Brinkman, John A. (1977).
3865:Brinkman, John A. (1968).
3667:Bcheiry, Iskandar (2010).
3639:Archiv für Orientforschung
3560:
2436:Ancient Israel's Neighbors
2338:Jan Dušek; Jana Mynářová.
2067:Sargon II, King of Assyria
1908:
1810:
1630:). Since Edessan Aramaic (
1451:
1445:
1392:
1181:, as opposed to the term "
1142:
923:
628:
601:(1244–1208 BCE) conquered
382:
322:
286:Sefire treaty inscriptions
85:
36:
29:
7104:
6998:
6739:
6272:
6214:
6023:Wunsch, Cornelia (2013).
5872:Vittmann, Günter (2017).
5686:Salvesen, Alison (2009).
5257:Nissinen, Martti (2014).
2916:Encyclopaedia Britannica.
2596:, p. 25-54, 347–407.
1904:
1357:In the 10th century, the
1303:, centred in the city of
1097:ancient Assyrian language
926:Assyrian conquest of Aram
7163:Semitic-speaking peoples
5943:Wevers, John W. (2001).
5936:10.1163/187124109X408023
5528:10.31826/hug-2011-070107
5490:10.31826/hug-2010-030105
5370:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
5234:Niehr, Herbert (2014c).
5211:Niehr, Herbert (2014b).
5188:Niehr, Herbert (2014a).
5122:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
5077:"Assyrians and Arameans"
4733:Healey, John F. (2019).
4710:Healey, John F. (2014).
4690:Healey, John F. (2007).
4518:. Leiden-Boston: Brill.
4187:10.1163/187124109X408014
4005:10.31826/hug-2010-020103
3778:Bonatz, Dominik (2014).
3633:Arnold, Bill T. (2011).
2608:, p. 16-45, 53–103.
2250:The Maronites in history
1559:of the region until the
338:Sin zir Ibni inscription
233:near Damascus in Syria.
37:Not to be confused with
32:Aramean (disambiguation)
5987:Woźniak, Marta (2012).
5165:Niehr, Herbert (2014).
4888:Lemaire, André (2014).
4533:Gzella, Holger (2017).
4512:Gzella, Holger (2015).
4489:Gzella, Holger (2014).
3726:The World's Inhabitants
3589:Akopian, Arman (2017).
2944:Encyclopædia Britannica
1787:of southwestern Syria.
1494:, on the one hand, and
1383:Principality of Antioch
920:Under Neo-Assyrian rule
876:,. They also conquered
146:. The most notable was
6962:Luwian-Aramaean states
6078:. Atlanta: SBL Press.
6042:Ugarit at Seventy-Five
5840:"Who Are the Syriacs?"
5639:Sader, Hélène (2016).
5616:Sader, Hélène (2014).
5593:Sader, Hélène (2010).
5570:Sader, Hélène (2000).
5557:Sader, Hélène (1992).
5385:Power, Edmond (1919).
5116:Minov, Sergey (2020).
4782:Jarjour, Tala (2016).
4595:Symposium Syriacum VII
4169:Debié, Muriel (2009).
3515:Eti Weissblei (2017).
2569:. Brill. p. 117.
1929:
1588:Eastern Middle Aramaic
1443:
1431:
979:Middle Assyrian Empire
962:
942:
685:Middle Assyrian Empire
644:
563:Middle Assyrian Empire
199:early Muslim conquests
170:(612–539 BCE) and the
113:[ʔɑːrɑːˈmɑːje]
6813:Neo-Babylonian Empire
6397:Canaanite city-states
5800:Spieckermann, Hermann
5709:Sato, Noriko (2018).
5544:Rubin, Milka (1998).
5308:Novák, Mirko (2014).
5033:"A Wandering Aramean"
5005:Merlo, Paolo (2014).
4875:Levin, Yigal (2017).
4852:Kühn, Dagmar (2014).
4805:Joosten, Jan (2010).
4589:Harrak, Amir (1998).
4546:Harrak, Amir (1992).
4491:"Language and Script"
4368:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
4251:Frame, Grant (2013).
3734:Beyer, Klaus (1986).
2342:. Brill. p. 82.
2095:The Ancient Assyrians
2008:Luwian-Aramean states
2003:Israelite-Aramean War
1926:
1915:Neo-Aramaic languages
1909:Further information:
1817:Mesopotamian religion
1683:Neo-Aramaic languages
1622:) had evolved into a
1452:Further information:
1437:
1418:
1173:(305–64 BCE) and the
1143:Further information:
1103:Neo-Babylonian Empire
948:
933:
638:
446:(c. 1900 BCE) and at
398:-speaking kingdom of
168:Neo-Babylonian Empire
7096:Tanukhid confederacy
6931:New Kingdom of Egypt
6168:at Wikimedia Commons
5732:Sergi, Omer (2017).
4332:Greenfield, Jonas C.
2510:. pp. 150–165.
2254:Lammens states that
1951:, from southeastern
1878:(‘Atta) and others.
1460:Old Aramaic language
1448:Old Aramaic language
1438:Initial area of the
1419:Ancient mosaic from
362:Aramaic inscriptions
221:groups, such as the
219:Neo-Aramaic speaking
107:Syriac pronunciation
6808:Neo-Assyrian Empire
6591:Paleo-Syrian states
6129:Zadok, Ran (2013).
5874:"Arameans in Egypt"
5346:"Paradise Restored"
4757:Heinrichs, Wolfhart
4712:"Aramaean Heritage"
4464:Griffith, Sidney H.
4436:Griffith, Sidney H.
4396:Griffith, Sidney H.
4360:Griffith, Sidney H.
4022:Brock, Sebastian P.
3981:Brock, Sebastian P.
3955:Brock, Sebastian P.
3931:Brock, Sebastian P.
3911:Brock, Sebastian P.
3610:Arav, Rami (2013).
2912:"Aramaean (people)"
1977:recognised Arameans
1934:early modern period
1792:early modern period
1769:Western Neo-Aramaic
1644:Syriac Christianity
1600:Syriac Christianity
1596:liturgical language
1545:Neo-Assyrian Empire
1464:Phoenician alphabet
1381:states (1098), the
1166:Alexander the Great
1006:Tiglath-Pileser III
855:post-Hittite states
649:Bronze Age collapse
631:Syro-Hittite states
621:in northern Syria.
156:Neo-Assyrian Empire
7051:Herodian Tetrarchy
6012:Parole de l'Orient
5663:Saggs, Henry W. F.
5350:Oriens Christianus
5333:Parole de l'Orient
5158:10.1093/hgs/dcz045
3721:Bettany, George T.
3673:Parole de l'Orient
3553:, p. 157-170.
3505:, p. 483–496.
3481:, p. 113-131.
3433:, p. 421-436.
3418:, p. 317-326.
3394:, p. 391–402.
3382:, p. 115–127.
3358:, p. 433–446.
3274:, p. 286-288.
3250:, p. 110-111.
3238:, p. 455-475.
3226:, p. 149-162.
3214:, p. 256-257.
3190:, p. 209–214.
3178:, p. 391-392.
3164:Frenschkowski 2019
3139:, p. 237-251.
3115:, p. 106-107.
3103:, p. 281–285.
3067:, p. 106-107.
3055:, p. 378-390.
3043:, p. 366-377.
3031:, p. 339-365.
3019:, p. 329-338.
3007:, p. 319-328.
2995:, p. 297-318.
2983:, p. 273-296.
2959:, p. 247–260.
2929:, p. 501-548.
2902:, p. 117–132.
2815:, p. 307-372.
2791:, p. 425-500.
2767:, p. 549-654.
2656:, p. 655-740.
2644:, p. 104-211.
2632:, p. 409-489.
2438:. pp. 54–55.
2369:Holman Bible Atlas
2297:Reviving Phoenicia
1998:Arameans in Israel
1930:
1842:(whom they called
1813:Canaanite religion
1785:Qalamoun mountains
1664:Palestinian Syriac
1584:Achaemenid Persian
1553:Hellenistic period
1444:
1432:
1301:Kingdom of Osroene
1240:, who was born in
963:
943:
665:East Mediterranean
645:
516:Land of the Amurru
420:Naram-Sin of Akkad
7125:
7124:
7066:Nabataean Kingdom
7041:Hasmonean dynasty
7036:Ghassanid Kingdom
6749:Achaemenid Empire
6585:Ib'al Confederacy
6224:Kish civilization
6164:Media related to
5886:Wells, Herbert G.
5236:"Northern Arabia"
4669:978-0-19-936904-1
4200:. Leiden: Brill.
4132:10.4000/syria.507
3878:978-88-7653-243-6
3262:, p. 95-124.
2716:, p. 35-108.
2367:Thomas V Brisco.
1949:Syriac Christians
1739:Assyrian diaspora
1713:and northeastern
1624:literary language
1523:Akkadian language
1512:Northwest Semitic
1316:Early Middle Ages
1210:Hellenistic world
1204:, the capital of
1164:The conquests of
1155:Achaemenid Empire
1129:Achaemenid Empire
1093:ancient Assyrians
912:was Bît-Bahiâni (
832:Cushan-Rishathaim
599:Tukulti-Ninurta I
548:Arabian Peninsula
544:ancient Near East
520:Northwest Semitic
473:Tiglath Pileser I
364:found in 1891 in
249:texts and in the
172:Achaemenid Empire
16:(Redirected from
7175:
7076:Palmyrene Empire
7046:Herodian kingdom
7020:Byzantine Empire
6835:Israel (Samaria)
6196:
6189:
6182:
6173:
6172:
6163:
6148:
6125:
6102:
6089:
6068:
6055:
6032:
6019:
6006:
5983:
5962:
5939:
5930:(1–3): 115–125.
5921:
5911:
5905:
5895:
5881:
5868:
5857:
5834:
5811:
5795:
5769:
5752:
5741:
5728:
5705:
5682:
5658:
5635:
5612:
5589:
5566:
5553:
5540:
5530:
5512:
5502:
5492:
5474:
5464:
5441:
5422:Roller, Duane W.
5417:
5406:
5381:
5357:
5340:
5327:
5304:
5295:(1–2): 113–131.
5281:Nöldeke, Theodor
5276:
5253:
5230:
5207:
5184:
5161:
5143:
5133:
5112:
5073:Millard, Alan R.
5068:
5029:Millard, Alan R.
5024:
5001:
4957:
4936:Lipiński, Edward
4931:
4912:Lipiński, Edward
4907:
4884:
4871:
4848:
4846:
4831:
4818:
4801:
4778:
4752:
4729:
4706:
4696:
4686:
4673:
4650:
4629:
4608:
4585:
4583:
4577:. Archived from
4552:
4542:
4529:
4508:
4485:
4459:
4431:
4426:. Archived from
4391:
4355:
4327:
4288:Frye, Richard N.
4283:
4260:
4247:
4224:
4211:
4190:
4165:
4144:
4134:
4109:
4088:
4063:
4061:
4060:
4054:
4043:
4033:
4017:
4007:
3989:
3976:
3950:
3926:
3906:
3882:
3861:
3820:
3797:
3774:
3751:
3730:
3716:
3693:
3680:
3663:
3646:
3629:
3606:
3585:
3554:
3548:
3542:
3541:, p. 47-56.
3536:
3530:
3529:
3521:
3512:
3506:
3500:
3494:
3493:, p. 73–83.
3488:
3482:
3476:
3470:
3464:
3458:
3452:
3446:
3440:
3434:
3428:
3419:
3413:
3407:
3406:, p. 96–97.
3401:
3395:
3389:
3383:
3377:
3371:
3365:
3359:
3353:
3347:
3341:
3335:
3329:
3323:
3317:
3311:
3305:
3299:
3293:
3287:
3281:
3275:
3269:
3263:
3257:
3251:
3245:
3239:
3233:
3227:
3221:
3215:
3209:
3203:
3197:
3191:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3167:
3161:
3152:
3146:
3140:
3134:
3128:
3127:, p. 53–72.
3122:
3116:
3110:
3104:
3098:
3092:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3068:
3062:
3056:
3050:
3044:
3038:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3008:
3002:
2996:
2990:
2984:
2978:
2972:
2966:
2960:
2954:
2948:
2947:
2936:
2930:
2924:
2918:
2909:
2903:
2897:
2891:
2885:
2879:
2873:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2846:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2822:
2816:
2810:
2804:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2780:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2743:
2723:
2717:
2711:
2705:
2699:
2693:
2692:, p. 25–27.
2687:
2681:
2675:
2669:
2668:, p. 26-40.
2663:
2657:
2651:
2645:
2639:
2633:
2627:
2621:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2584:
2563:
2557:
2556:
2536:J. Brian Peckham
2532:
2526:
2525:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2393:
2387:
2386:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2340:Aramaean Borders
2335:
2329:
2323:
2317:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2267:
2261:
2260:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2218:
2212:
2211:, p. 11–31.
2206:
2197:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2063:
2057:
2056:
2039:
1963:, especially in
1942:Aramean question
1737:, as well as in
1668:Palestine region
1648:Eastern Orthodox
1640:Classical Syriac
1549:Imperial Aramaic
1476:written language
1468:Aramaic alphabet
1454:Aramaic language
1440:Aramaic language
1387:County of Edessa
1359:Byzantine Empire
1175:Ptolemaic Empire
1159:Imperial Aramaic
1145:Imperial Aramaic
995:Ashurnasirpal II
949:Illustration by
506:peoples) in the
410:term for nearby
347:
335:
317:Classical Syriac
293:Aramaic alphabet
215:Syriac-Christian
205:and the gradual
115:
110:
103:
95:
90:Classical Syriac
87:
79:
71:
63:
21:
7183:
7182:
7178:
7177:
7176:
7174:
7173:
7172:
7128:
7127:
7126:
7121:
7100:
7091:Sasanian Empire
7086:Seleucid Empire
7081:Parthian Empire
7031:Emesene Dynasty
6994:
6840:Israel (united)
6755:Aramaean states
6735:
6282:Akkadian Empire
6268:
6210:
6200:
6156:
6151:
6145:
6122:
6086:
6052:
6003:
5980:
5959:
5919:
5903:
5854:
5831:
5792:
5725:
5702:
5679:
5655:
5632:
5609:
5586:
5510:
5472:
5461:
5438:
5378:
5362:Quispel, Gilles
5324:
5273:
5250:
5227:
5204:
5181:
5141:
5130:
5093:10.2307/4200184
5021:
4982:10.2307/3210938
4962:Mazar, Benjamin
4954:
4928:
4904:
4868:
4844:
4829:
4823:Joseph, John B.
4798:
4775:
4749:
4726:
4694:
4670:
4647:
4626:
4605:
4581:
4550:
4526:
4505:
4482:
4380:10.2307/1291760
4280:
4244:
4208:
4181:(1–3): 93–114.
4162:
4106:
4058:
4056:
4052:
4041:
3987:
3973:
3947:
3919:ARAM Periodical
3879:
3817:
3794:
3771:
3748:
3713:
3626:
3603:
3582:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3549:
3545:
3537:
3533:
3519:
3513:
3509:
3501:
3497:
3489:
3485:
3477:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:, p. 3-16.
3453:
3449:
3441:
3437:
3429:
3422:
3414:
3410:
3402:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3378:
3374:
3370:, p. 5–20.
3366:
3362:
3354:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3318:
3314:
3306:
3302:
3294:
3290:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3258:
3254:
3246:
3242:
3234:
3230:
3222:
3218:
3210:
3206:
3198:
3194:
3186:
3182:
3174:
3170:
3162:
3155:
3147:
3143:
3135:
3131:
3123:
3119:
3111:
3107:
3099:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3075:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3027:
3023:
3015:
3011:
3003:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2979:
2975:
2967:
2963:
2955:
2951:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2925:
2921:
2910:
2906:
2900:Billington 2005
2898:
2894:
2886:
2882:
2874:
2867:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2835:
2831:
2823:
2819:
2811:
2807:
2799:
2795:
2787:
2783:
2775:
2771:
2763:
2759:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2724:
2720:
2712:
2708:
2700:
2696:
2688:
2684:
2676:
2672:
2664:
2660:
2652:
2648:
2640:
2636:
2628:
2624:
2616:
2612:
2604:
2600:
2592:
2588:
2577:
2565:
2564:
2560:
2550:
2533:
2529:
2518:
2501:
2497:
2489:
2485:
2474:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2446:
2434:
2433:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2409:
2402:
2394:
2390:
2379:
2365:
2361:
2350:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2295:Asher Kaufman.
2293:
2289:
2269:
2268:
2264:
2252:. p. 177.
2248:
2247:
2243:
2232:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2207:
2200:
2194:Witakowski 1987
2192:
2188:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2153:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2121:. p. 140.
2117:
2116:
2112:
2105:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2077:
2069:. p. 179.
2065:
2064:
2060:
2053:
2045:. p. 234.
2041:
2040:
2036:
2031:
1989:
1981:minority rights
1938:Aramaic studies
1921:
1911:Aramaic studies
1907:
1819:
1809:
1796:Aramaic studies
1709:, southeastern
1705:, northwestern
1687:Eastern Aramaic
1604:Christian Bible
1557:Semitic peoples
1456:
1450:
1429:Edessan Aramaic
1413:
1395:
1347:Arabic language
1268:, and northern
1250:
1232:, as quoted by
1206:Ptolemaic Egypt
1171:Seleucid Empire
1151:
1141:
1105:
1081:Northern Arabia
999:Shalmaneser III
955:La Sainte Bible
928:
922:
633:
627:
484:Late Bronze Age
475:(c. 1100 BCE).
434:is seemingly a
385:
380:
379:
378:
377:
353:
352:
351:
350:Si Gabbor stele
348:
340:
339:
336:
325:
255:Aramean dynasts
239:
174:(539–330 BCE).
164:common language
123:in the ancient
105:
46:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7181:
7171:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7158:Ancient Levant
7155:
7150:
7145:
7140:
7123:
7122:
7120:
7119:
7114:
7112:Amarna letters
7108:
7106:
7102:
7101:
7099:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7023:
7012:Roman Republic
7004:
7002:
6996:
6995:
6993:
6992:
6991:
6990:
6985:
6980:
6975:
6970:
6958:
6957:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6933:
6928:
6927:
6926:
6925:
6924:
6919:
6914:
6909:
6904:
6899:
6889:
6888:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6804:
6803:
6798:
6793:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6763:
6751:
6745:
6743:
6737:
6736:
6734:
6733:
6732:
6731:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6704:
6699:
6698:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6675:
6674:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6651:
6650:
6649:
6644:
6639:
6634:
6625:
6620:
6615:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6572:
6571:
6570:
6569:
6568:
6558:
6553:
6541:
6539:Hittite Empire
6536:
6531:
6530:
6529:
6524:
6519:
6514:
6509:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6469:
6464:
6459:
6454:
6449:
6444:
6439:
6430:
6425:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6405:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6377:
6376:
6371:
6366:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6336:
6331:
6326:
6321:
6316:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6293:Amorite states
6289:
6284:
6278:
6276:
6270:
6269:
6267:
6266:
6261:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6220:
6218:
6212:
6211:
6199:
6198:
6191:
6184:
6176:
6170:
6169:
6155:
6154:External links
6152:
6150:
6149:
6143:
6126:
6120:
6103:
6090:
6084:
6069:
6056:
6050:
6033:
6020:
6007:
6001:
5984:
5978:
5963:
5957:
5940:
5912:
5896:
5882:
5869:
5858:
5852:
5835:
5829:
5812:
5796:
5790:
5774:Sommer, Renate
5770:
5753:
5742:
5729:
5723:
5706:
5701:978-9004177277
5700:
5683:
5677:
5659:
5653:
5636:
5630:
5613:
5608:978-9004177291
5607:
5590:
5584:
5567:
5554:
5541:
5503:
5465:
5459:
5442:
5436:
5424:, ed. (2014).
5418:
5407:
5382:
5376:
5358:
5341:
5328:
5322:
5310:"Architecture"
5305:
5277:
5271:
5254:
5248:
5231:
5225:
5208:
5202:
5185:
5179:
5167:"Introduction"
5162:
5152:(3): 412–428.
5134:
5128:
5113:
5087:(1): 101–108.
5069:
5049:10.1086/372792
5043:(2): 153–155.
5025:
5019:
5002:
4958:
4952:
4932:
4926:
4908:
4902:
4885:
4872:
4866:
4849:
4847:on 2020-07-15.
4819:
4802:
4796:
4779:
4773:
4753:
4747:
4730:
4724:
4707:
4687:
4674:
4668:
4651:
4645:
4630:
4624:
4609:
4603:
4586:
4584:on 2014-08-09.
4567:10.1086/373553
4561:(3): 209–214.
4543:
4530:
4524:
4509:
4503:
4486:
4480:
4460:
4432:
4430:on 2018-12-11.
4392:
4356:
4346:(4): 195–198.
4328:
4308:10.1086/373570
4302:(4): 281–285.
4284:
4278:
4261:
4248:
4242:
4225:
4212:
4206:
4191:
4166:
4160:
4145:
4110:
4104:
4089:
4064:
4034:
4018:
3977:
3971:
3951:
3945:
3927:
3907:
3897:(2): 304–325.
3883:
3877:
3862:
3842:10.1086/370861
3821:
3815:
3798:
3792:
3775:
3769:
3752:
3746:
3731:
3717:
3711:
3694:
3681:
3664:
3647:
3630:
3624:
3607:
3601:
3586:
3580:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3543:
3531:
3507:
3495:
3483:
3471:
3459:
3447:
3445:, p. 1-9.
3435:
3420:
3408:
3396:
3384:
3372:
3360:
3348:
3336:
3334:, p. 149.
3324:
3322:, p. 226.
3312:
3300:
3288:
3276:
3264:
3252:
3240:
3228:
3216:
3204:
3202:, p. 395.
3192:
3180:
3168:
3166:, p. 468.
3153:
3151:, p. 139.
3141:
3129:
3117:
3113:Heinrichs 1993
3105:
3093:
3081:
3069:
3057:
3045:
3033:
3029:Berlejung 2014
3021:
3009:
2997:
2985:
2973:
2961:
2949:
2931:
2919:
2904:
2892:
2890:, p. 367.
2880:
2865:
2853:
2851:, p. 135.
2841:
2839:, p. 319.
2829:
2827:, p. 119.
2817:
2805:
2803:, p. 163.
2793:
2781:
2779:, p. 249.
2769:
2757:
2755:, p. 347.
2745:
2738:
2718:
2706:
2694:
2682:
2680:, p. 277.
2670:
2658:
2646:
2634:
2622:
2610:
2598:
2586:
2575:
2558:
2548:
2527:
2516:
2495:
2483:
2472:
2455:
2444:
2427:
2415:
2413:, p. 339.
2411:Berlejung 2014
2400:
2388:
2377:
2359:
2348:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2287:
2262:
2241:
2230:
2224:. p. 17.
2213:
2198:
2186:
2184:, p. 444.
2174:
2172:, p. 443.
2162:
2151:
2134:
2127:
2110:
2103:
2097:. p. 13.
2086:
2075:
2058:
2051:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1988:
1985:
1906:
1903:
1808:
1805:
1636:Edessan Syriac
1580:Neo-Babylonian
1525:and script in
1490:city-state of
1446:Main article:
1412:
1409:
1394:
1391:
1312:Late Antiquity
1278:Neo-Babylonian
1249:
1246:
1194:Greek language
1140:
1137:
1104:
1101:
991:Adad-nirari II
953:from the 1866
921:
918:
824:Book of Judges
820:House of David
792:Aram-Bêt-Rehob
728:Aram-Bet Rehob
697:Ashur-bel-kala
677:Ancient Greece
629:Main article:
626:
625:Aramean states
623:
581:, King of the
530:, in southern
384:
381:
355:
354:
349:
342:
341:
337:
330:
329:
328:
327:
326:
324:
321:
291:A distinctive
238:
235:
121:Semitic people
26:
18:Aramean states
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7180:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7159:
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7139:
7136:
7135:
7133:
7118:
7115:
7113:
7110:
7109:
7107:
7103:
7097:
7094:
7092:
7089:
7087:
7084:
7082:
7079:
7077:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7067:
7064:
7062:
7059:
7057:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7039:
7037:
7034:
7032:
7029:
7027:
7024:
7021:
7017:
7013:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7001:
7000:Classical Age
6997:
6989:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6979:
6976:
6974:
6971:
6969:
6966:
6965:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6941:
6940:
6939:
6938:
6934:
6932:
6929:
6923:
6920:
6918:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6908:
6905:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6895:
6894:
6893:
6890:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6876:
6873:
6871:
6868:
6866:
6863:
6862:
6861:
6858:
6856:
6853:
6851:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6833:
6831:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6821:
6820:
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6802:
6799:
6797:
6794:
6792:
6789:
6787:
6784:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6762:
6761:Aram-Damascus
6759:
6758:
6757:
6756:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6738:
6730:
6727:
6726:
6725:
6724:
6720:
6718:
6715:
6713:
6710:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6700:
6696:
6693:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6682:
6681:
6680:
6676:
6672:
6669:
6667:
6664:
6662:
6659:
6658:
6657:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6645:
6643:
6640:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6629:
6626:
6624:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6610:
6607:
6603:
6600:
6599:
6598:
6595:
6594:
6593:
6592:
6588:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6567:
6564:
6563:
6562:
6559:
6557:
6554:
6552:
6549:
6548:
6547:
6546:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6523:
6520:
6518:
6515:
6513:
6510:
6508:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6498:
6495:
6493:
6490:
6488:
6485:
6483:
6480:
6478:
6475:
6473:
6470:
6468:
6465:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6455:
6453:
6450:
6448:
6445:
6443:
6440:
6438:
6434:
6431:
6429:
6426:
6424:
6421:
6419:
6416:
6414:
6411:
6409:
6406:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6375:
6372:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6360:
6357:
6355:
6352:
6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6335:
6332:
6330:
6327:
6325:
6322:
6320:
6319:First Babylon
6317:
6315:
6312:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6296:
6295:
6294:
6290:
6288:
6285:
6283:
6280:
6279:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6265:
6262:
6260:
6257:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6221:
6219:
6217:
6213:
6209:
6205:
6197:
6192:
6190:
6185:
6183:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6167:
6162:
6158:
6157:
6146:
6144:9783447065443
6140:
6136:
6132:
6127:
6123:
6121:9783447113632
6117:
6113:
6109:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6091:
6087:
6085:9781628370843
6081:
6077:
6076:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6057:
6053:
6051:9781575061436
6047:
6043:
6039:
6034:
6030:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6008:
6004:
6002:9781848881174
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5981:
5979:9789155419677
5975:
5971:
5970:
5964:
5960:
5958:9781841271583
5954:
5950:
5946:
5941:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5925:
5918:
5913:
5909:
5902:
5897:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5870:
5866:
5865:
5859:
5855:
5853:9783643902689
5849:
5845:
5841:
5836:
5832:
5830:9789004229433
5826:
5822:
5818:
5813:
5809:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5791:9783643902689
5787:
5783:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5754:
5750:
5749:
5743:
5739:
5735:
5730:
5726:
5724:9781463207304
5720:
5716:
5712:
5707:
5703:
5697:
5693:
5689:
5684:
5680:
5678:9780312035112
5674:
5670:
5669:
5664:
5660:
5656:
5654:9783447105651
5650:
5646:
5642:
5637:
5633:
5631:9789004229433
5627:
5623:
5619:
5614:
5610:
5604:
5600:
5596:
5591:
5587:
5585:9789042908789
5581:
5577:
5573:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5542:
5538:
5534:
5529:
5524:
5521:(1): 83–105.
5520:
5516:
5509:
5504:
5500:
5496:
5491:
5486:
5483:(1): 71–103.
5482:
5478:
5471:
5466:
5462:
5460:9789042907355
5456:
5452:
5448:
5443:
5439:
5437:9781139952491
5433:
5429:
5428:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5414:
5408:
5404:
5400:
5397:(29): 77–94.
5396:
5392:
5388:
5383:
5379:
5377:9789047441823
5373:
5369:
5368:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5338:
5334:
5329:
5325:
5323:9789004229433
5319:
5315:
5311:
5306:
5302:
5298:
5294:
5290:
5286:
5282:
5278:
5274:
5272:9789004229433
5268:
5264:
5260:
5255:
5251:
5249:9789004229433
5245:
5241:
5237:
5232:
5228:
5226:9789004229433
5222:
5218:
5214:
5209:
5205:
5203:9789004229433
5199:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5180:9789004229433
5176:
5172:
5168:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5147:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5129:9789004445512
5125:
5121:
5120:
5114:
5110:
5106:
5102:
5098:
5094:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5074:
5070:
5066:
5062:
5058:
5054:
5050:
5046:
5042:
5038:
5034:
5030:
5026:
5022:
5020:9789004229433
5016:
5012:
5008:
5003:
4999:
4995:
4991:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4976:(4): 97–120.
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4953:9783447065443
4949:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4929:
4927:9789042908598
4923:
4919:
4918:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4903:9789004229433
4899:
4895:
4891:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4873:
4869:
4867:9789004229433
4863:
4859:
4855:
4850:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4828:
4824:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4808:
4803:
4799:
4797:9780199859993
4793:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4776:
4774:9788871580241
4770:
4766:
4762:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4748:9783161577192
4744:
4740:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4725:9789004229433
4721:
4717:
4713:
4708:
4705:(2): 115–127.
4704:
4700:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4661:
4657:
4652:
4648:
4646:9783110283488
4642:
4638:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4625:9780888442864
4621:
4617:
4616:
4610:
4606:
4604:9788872103197
4600:
4596:
4592:
4587:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4564:
4560:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4531:
4527:
4525:9789004285101
4521:
4517:
4516:
4510:
4506:
4504:9789004229433
4500:
4496:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4481:9781134109456
4477:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4453:
4449:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4433:
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4337:
4333:
4329:
4325:
4321:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4281:
4279:9783161577192
4275:
4271:
4267:
4262:
4258:
4254:
4249:
4245:
4243:9781575064710
4239:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4222:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4203:
4199:
4198:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4176:
4172:
4167:
4163:
4161:9780190690632
4157:
4153:
4152:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4125:(86): 17–41.
4124:
4120:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4105:9781593330774
4101:
4097:
4096:
4090:
4086:
4082:
4079:(10): 64–91.
4078:
4074:
4070:
4065:
4055:on 2021-08-27
4051:
4047:
4040:
4035:
4031:
4027:
4023:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4001:
3997:
3993:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3974:
3968:
3964:
3960:
3956:
3952:
3948:
3946:9780879075248
3942:
3938:
3937:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3896:
3892:
3889:
3884:
3880:
3874:
3870:
3869:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3839:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3822:
3818:
3816:9789004229433
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3795:
3793:9789004229433
3789:
3785:
3781:
3776:
3772:
3770:9781597520690
3766:
3762:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3747:9783525535738
3743:
3739:
3738:
3732:
3728:
3727:
3722:
3718:
3714:
3712:9789004229433
3708:
3704:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3670:
3665:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3648:
3644:
3640:
3636:
3631:
3627:
3625:9783447065443
3621:
3617:
3613:
3608:
3604:
3602:9781463238933
3598:
3594:
3593:
3587:
3583:
3581:9780521796668
3577:
3573:
3572:
3566:
3565:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3535:
3527:
3526:
3518:
3511:
3504:
3499:
3492:
3487:
3480:
3475:
3469:, p. 57.
3468:
3463:
3456:
3451:
3444:
3439:
3432:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3412:
3405:
3400:
3393:
3388:
3381:
3376:
3369:
3368:Griffith 2002
3364:
3357:
3352:
3346:, p. 80.
3345:
3340:
3333:
3332:Aufrecht 2001
3328:
3321:
3316:
3310:, p. 16.
3309:
3304:
3298:, p. 72.
3297:
3292:
3286:, p. 71.
3285:
3280:
3273:
3268:
3261:
3260:Weltecke 2006
3256:
3249:
3244:
3237:
3232:
3225:
3220:
3213:
3208:
3201:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3150:
3145:
3138:
3133:
3126:
3121:
3114:
3109:
3102:
3097:
3090:
3085:
3078:
3077:Lipiński 2000
3073:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3049:
3042:
3037:
3030:
3025:
3018:
3013:
3006:
3001:
2994:
2989:
2982:
2981:Nissinen 2014
2977:
2970:
2965:
2958:
2953:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2908:
2901:
2896:
2889:
2884:
2877:
2872:
2870:
2863:, p. 78.
2862:
2861:Lipiński 2000
2857:
2850:
2849:Lipiński 2000
2845:
2838:
2837:Lipiński 2000
2833:
2826:
2825:Lipiński 2000
2821:
2814:
2809:
2802:
2801:Lipiński 2000
2797:
2790:
2785:
2778:
2777:Lipiński 2000
2773:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2753:Lipiński 2000
2749:
2741:
2739:9781444332209
2735:
2731:
2730:
2722:
2715:
2710:
2704:, p. 56.
2703:
2698:
2691:
2690:Lipiński 2000
2686:
2679:
2674:
2667:
2666:Lipiński 2000
2662:
2655:
2650:
2643:
2638:
2631:
2630:Lipiński 2000
2626:
2619:
2614:
2607:
2602:
2595:
2594:Lipiński 2000
2590:
2583:
2578:
2576:9789004685581
2572:
2568:
2562:
2555:
2551:
2549:9781646021222
2545:
2541:
2537:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2517:9781575060651
2513:
2509:
2505:
2504:Steven Grosby
2499:
2492:
2487:
2480:
2475:
2473:9781784913823
2469:
2466:. p. 5.
2465:
2459:
2452:
2447:
2445:9780190690618
2441:
2437:
2431:
2424:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2405:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2378:9781433670312
2374:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2349:9789004398535
2345:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2282:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2259:
2257:
2251:
2245:
2238:
2233:
2231:9781107244566
2227:
2223:
2217:
2210:
2209:Griffith 1997
2205:
2203:
2195:
2190:
2183:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2154:
2152:9789004294233
2148:
2144:
2138:
2130:
2128:9780761499572
2124:
2120:
2114:
2106:
2104:9781472848079
2100:
2096:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2076:9780884142232
2072:
2068:
2062:
2054:
2052:9780192562463
2048:
2044:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1993:Aramean kings
1991:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1955:and parts of
1954:
1950:
1945:
1943:
1939:
1935:
1925:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1853:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1830:gods such as
1829:
1825:
1818:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1751:Great Britain
1748:
1744:
1743:United States
1740:
1736:
1733:, Jordan and
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1541:
1540:lingua franca
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1441:
1436:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1417:
1408:
1405:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1355:
1353:
1352:acculturation
1348:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1335:Arab conquest
1332:
1327:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1308:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1281:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1245:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1215:
1214:Hellenization
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1160:
1156:
1150:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1091:proper among
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1010:lingua franca
1007:
1002:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
987:Mediterranean
982:
980:
976:
972:
971:Ahlame Armaia
968:
960:
956:
952:
947:
941:
940:Aram-Damascus
937:
934:Aramean king
932:
927:
917:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
851:Indo-European
848:
844:
839:
837:
836:Aram-Naharaim
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
816:Tel Dan stele
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
768:
765:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
708:Aram-Damascus
704:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
642:
637:
632:
622:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
592:
588:
584:
580:
576:
575:Shalmaneser I
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
481:
476:
474:
469:
465:
461:
457:
456:broken plural
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
390:
375:
371:
367:
363:
359:
358:Neirab steles
346:
334:
320:
318:
314:
311:, centred on
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
278:Syrian region
275:
271:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
234:
232:
228:
224:
220:
216:
212:
211:acculturation
208:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
183:Hellenization
180:
175:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
148:Aram-Damascus
145:
141:
136:
134:
130:
126:
122:
119:
114:
108:
102:
101:
91:
83:
82:Ancient Greek
75:
70:
69:
59:
55:
51:
44:
40:
33:
19:
7016:Roman Empire
7008:Ancient Rome
6960:
6935:
6817:
6754:
6753:
6721:
6677:
6653:
6589:
6543:
6395:
6291:
6234:Chagar Bazar
6134:
6111:
6098:
6074:
6064:
6041:
6028:
6015:
6011:
5992:
5968:
5948:
5927:
5923:
5907:
5890:
5877:
5863:
5843:
5820:
5807:
5781:
5765:
5761:
5747:
5737:
5714:
5691:
5667:
5644:
5621:
5598:
5575:
5562:
5549:
5518:
5514:
5480:
5476:
5450:
5426:
5412:
5394:
5390:
5366:
5353:
5349:
5336:
5332:
5313:
5292:
5288:
5262:
5239:
5216:
5193:
5170:
5149:
5145:
5118:
5084:
5080:
5040:
5036:
5010:
5007:"Literature"
4973:
4969:
4943:
4916:
4893:
4880:
4857:
4842:the original
4837:
4833:
4814:
4810:
4787:
4764:
4738:
4715:
4702:
4698:
4682:
4659:
4635:
4614:
4594:
4579:the original
4558:
4554:
4538:
4514:
4494:
4471:
4447:
4443:
4428:the original
4407:
4403:
4371:
4367:
4343:
4339:
4299:
4295:
4269:
4256:
4233:
4220:
4196:
4178:
4174:
4150:
4122:
4118:
4094:
4076:
4072:
4057:. Retrieved
4050:the original
4045:
4029:
3995:
3991:
3962:
3935:
3922:
3918:
3894:
3890:
3867:
3836:(2): 65–90.
3833:
3829:
3806:
3783:
3760:
3736:
3725:
3702:
3689:
3676:
3672:
3659:
3655:
3642:
3638:
3615:
3591:
3570:
3546:
3534:
3523:
3510:
3503:Woźniak 2015
3498:
3491:Woźniak 2012
3486:
3479:Nöldeke 1871
3474:
3462:
3450:
3438:
3431:Burnett 2005
3411:
3399:
3387:
3375:
3363:
3351:
3344:Quispel 2008
3339:
3327:
3315:
3303:
3291:
3279:
3267:
3255:
3243:
3236:Bcheiry 2010
3231:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3183:
3171:
3144:
3132:
3125:Joosten 2010
3120:
3108:
3096:
3084:
3072:
3065:Millard 1983
3060:
3048:
3036:
3024:
3012:
3005:Lemaire 2014
3000:
2988:
2976:
2964:
2952:
2943:
2934:
2927:Younger 2016
2922:
2915:
2907:
2895:
2883:
2876:Younger 2016
2856:
2844:
2832:
2820:
2813:Younger 2016
2808:
2796:
2789:Younger 2016
2784:
2772:
2765:Younger 2016
2760:
2748:
2728:
2721:
2714:Younger 2016
2709:
2697:
2685:
2673:
2661:
2654:Younger 2016
2649:
2637:
2625:
2618:Younger 2016
2613:
2601:
2589:
2580:
2566:
2561:
2553:
2539:
2530:
2521:
2507:
2498:
2486:
2477:
2463:
2458:
2449:
2435:
2430:
2418:
2391:
2382:
2368:
2362:
2353:
2339:
2333:
2321:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2256:al-Baladhuri
2253:
2249:
2244:
2235:
2221:
2216:
2189:
2177:
2165:
2156:
2142:
2137:
2118:
2113:
2094:
2089:
2080:
2066:
2061:
2042:
2037:
1946:
1941:
1931:
1901:influences.
1891:Mesopotamian
1880:
1828:Mesopotamian
1820:
1789:
1767:
1699:Mizrahi Jews
1680:
1663:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1576:Neo-Assyrian
1573:
1538:
1520:
1457:
1396:
1375:Seljuk Turks
1356:
1343:Islamization
1328:
1323:
1319:
1309:
1282:
1274:Neo-Assyrian
1251:
1190:Hebrew Bible
1187:
1163:
1152:
1126:
1122:25th Dynasty
1110:26th Dynasty
1106:
1084:
1054:
1015:
1009:
1003:
997:and his son
983:
975:Aramu, Arimi
974:
970:
964:
954:
951:Gustave Doré
871:
840:
804:Mount Hermon
800:Aram-Ma'akah
769:
744:Aram-Ma'akah
705:
673:Ancient Iran
669:North Africa
646:
619:Jebel Bishri
569:and even at
560:
515:
513:
488:transhumance
477:
467:
463:
459:
451:
431:
427:
416:Ebla tablets
403:
396:East Semitic
391:
386:
290:
269:
263:
251:Hebrew Bible
240:
203:Islamization
187:Romanization
179:Christianity
176:
137:
99:
67:
53:
49:
47:
6781:Bit Bahiani
6566:Tell Hadidi
5817:"Babylonia"
5213:"Phoenicia"
4450:: 447–472.
3998:(1): 5–25.
3925:(1): 11–23.
3699:"Palestine"
3551:Sommer 2012
3455:Gzella 2015
3416:Gzella 2015
3392:Healey 2014
3380:Healey 2007
3356:Healey 2019
3320:Brock 1992b
3308:Brock 1992a
3296:Gzella 2014
3284:Gzella 2014
3200:Healey 2014
3188:Harrak 1992
3176:Healey 2014
3149:Rogers 1921
3137:Wevers 2001
3089:Gzella 2015
3053:Niehr 2014c
3017:Niehr 2014b
2993:Streck 2014
2957:Wunsch 2013
2702:Gzella 2015
2642:Gzella 2015
2606:Gzella 2015
2523:Beersheba."
2326:Gzella 2017
2182:Healey 2019
2170:Healey 2019
2023:Paddan Aram
1975:officially
1971:. In 2014,
1790:During the
1721:, Georgia,
1681:Descendant
1672:Transjordan
1516:Old Aramaic
1331:Arabization
1310:During the
1285:Roman Syria
1196:. Known as
1085:Aramization
1018:Babylonians
910:Mesopotamia
653:Middle East
532:Mesopotamia
480:Middle East
301:Hellenistic
297:Old Aramaic
280:during the
274:Phoenicians
207:Arabization
140:city-states
58:Old Aramaic
7132:Categories
6968:Carchemish
6949:Nabataeans
6766:Aram Rehob
6534:Carchemish
6344:Third Mari
6324:Third Ebla
6274:Bronze Age
6229:Tell Halaf
6216:Copper Age
6018:: 483–496.
5804:"Arameans"
5339:: 303–314.
5190:"Religion"
4890:"Anatolia"
4207:9004060502
4059:2021-05-23
3972:0814323618
3933:(1992a) .
3891:Orientalia
3679:: 455–475.
3662:: 145–155.
3645:: 179–185.
3539:Teule 2012
3443:Niehr 2014
3404:Brock 2011
3272:Sader 2010
3248:Debié 2009
3224:Rubin 1998
3212:Minov 2020
3041:Botta 2014
2969:Saggs 1984
2678:Sader 2010
2491:Sader 2014
2423:Sader 2014
2396:Sader 2014
2029:References
1868:Phoenecian
1811:See also:
1735:Azerbaijan
1608:translated
1504:Phoenician
1488:Bronze-Age
1365:(934) and
1228:, born in
1226:Posidonius
1202:Alexandria
1198:Septuagint
1131:overthrew
1046:Cimmerians
1042:Sagartians
924:See also:
914:Tell Halaf
886:Carchemish
878:Til Barsip
874:Bît-Agushi
853:-speaking
784:Aram-Sôvah
740:Bet-Halupe
736:Bet-Zamani
732:Aram-Zobah
724:Bit-Hadipe
720:Bet-Bagyan
693:Asia Minor
657:Asia Minor
607:Hanigalbat
552:Asia Minor
116:), were a
62:𐤀𐤓𐤌𐤉𐤀
43:Aromanians
7061:Macedonia
7026:Commagene
6954:Qedarites
6892:Phoenicia
6860:Philistia
6776:Bit Agusi
6771:Bit-Adini
6613:Tall Bazi
6507:Phoenicia
6477:Jerusalem
6329:Ekallatum
5768:: 97–118.
5618:"History"
5537:212688667
5499:212688244
5259:"Assyria"
5109:192959948
5065:161083532
4998:165844359
4575:162190342
4424:212688584
4374:: 11–31.
4324:161323237
4014:212688898
3957:(1992b).
3858:162226854
3467:Doak 2020
3101:Frye 1992
2940:"Akhlame"
2540:Phoenicia
2314:Doak 2020
2281:Maronites
2013:Maronites
1959:, in the
1824:Canaanite
1801:Near East
1781:Jubb'adin
1759:Australia
1691:Assyrians
1535:Near East
1531:Babylonia
1496:Canaanite
1484:epigraphy
1480:cuneiform
1293:Byzantine
1266:Phoenicia
1254:cuneiform
1242:Jerusalem
1222:endonymic
1192:into the
1179:Euphrates
1149:Eber Nari
1133:Nabonidus
1073:Palestine
1069:Phoenicia
1061:Babylonia
1038:Scythians
1034:Parthians
1022:Chaldeans
959:Ben-Hadad
904:state of
882:Bît-Adini
867:Euphrates
863:Ammonites
760:Akkermans
716:Bet-Adini
701:Eber-Nari
689:Near East
615:Euphrates
579:Shattuara
528:Babylonia
366:Al-Nayrab
237:Etymology
231:Jubb’adin
223:Maronites
191:Near East
144:Near East
125:Near East
78:אֲרַמִּים
54:Aramaeans
39:Armenians
7138:Arameans
6983:Palistin
6943:Itureans
6741:Iron Age
6545:Hurrians
6287:Alashiya
6239:Hamoukar
6166:Arameans
5888:(1920).
5802:(1999).
5776:(2012).
5665:(1984).
5403:30092955
5364:(2008).
5301:43366019
5283:(1871).
5075:(1983).
5031:(1980).
4964:(1962).
4938:(2013).
4914:(2000).
4825:(1997).
4817:: 53–72.
4759:(1993).
4466:(2007).
4438:(2006).
4410:: 5–20.
4398:(2002).
4362:(1997).
4352:27925588
4334:(1976).
4290:(1992).
4141:20723917
4085:30092466
4024:(2011).
3983:(1999).
3913:(1989).
3903:43074768
3723:(1888).
2355:Mazamua.
2018:Mhallami
1987:See also
1961:diaspora
1928:Damascus
1883:Damascus
1864:Canaaite
1807:Religion
1777:Maaloula
1695:Mandeans
1652:Melkites
1592:Osrhoene
1472:Iron Age
1411:Language
1399:Iron Age
1385:and the
1379:Crusader
1363:Melitene
1339:Melkites
1314:and the
1289:Parthian
1262:Akkadian
1238:Josephus
1065:Anatolia
1030:Persians
967:Assyrian
902:Georgian
900:and the
894:Khattina
861:and the
859:Edomites
679:and the
661:Caucasus
639:Various
597:. Also,
595:Hattusas
585:and his
496:Canaaite
440:Simurrum
436:genitive
282:Iron Age
247:Assyrian
227:Maaloula
86:Ἀραμαῖοι
68:Aramayya
50:Arameans
7105:Sources
7071:Osroene
6870:Ascalon
6845:Jericho
6723:Nuhašše
6671:Suteans
6609:Armanum
6561:Mitanni
6556:Nuhašše
6517:Shechem
6497:Megiddo
6492:Lakisha
6482:Kenites
6472:Jericho
6452:Dimasqu
6423:Aštartu
6418:Ascalon
6354:Palmyra
6309:Andarig
6299:Alalakh
6244:Jericho
6206:of the
6204:history
5356:: 1–46.
5101:4200184
4990:3210938
4388:1291760
3803:"Egypt"
3561:Sources
3525:Knesset
2384:record.
2277:Droozes
2082:steppe.
1965:Germany
1899:Hurrian
1895:Hittite
1848:Shamash
1844:Astarte
1783:in the
1773:Western
1763:Germany
1727:Lebanon
1719:Armenia
1685:of the
1666:in the
1543:of the
1527:Assyria
1508:Moabite
1425:Osroene
1404:Luwians
1393:Culture
1367:Antioch
1297:Sasanid
1258:Aramaic
1183:Assyria
1120:-ruled
1089:Assyria
1057:Assyria
1050:Nineveh
847:Orontes
845:on the
828:Othniel
810:in the
802:around
786:in the
780:Solomon
748:Gambulu
681:Balkans
613:on the
611:Rapiqum
591:Babylon
587:Hittite
583:Mitanni
504:Ugarite
500:Hittite
492:Amorite
428:A-ra-me
408:Eblaite
392:A-ra-mu
389:toponym
383:Origins
323:History
309:Osroene
268:prefix
266:Semitic
189:in the
177:Before
160:Aramaic
100:Aramaye
7056:Iturea
6988:Pattin
6978:Luhuti
6973:Kummuh
6912:Tartus
6865:Ashdod
6819:Canaan
6796:Sam'al
6791:Hamath
6786:Geshur
6712:Ugarit
6702:Tadmor
6685:ʿApiru
6666:Aḫlamū
6661:ʿApiru
6647:Tuttul
6602:Aleppo
6575:Naziba
6512:Qadesh
6502:Midian
6487:Kumidi
6462:Gibeon
6442:Beruta
6437:Hauran
6433:Bashan
6428:Azzati
6403:Amalek
6374:Yamhad
6364:Ṭābetu
6349:Mukish
6304:Amurru
6264:Urkesh
6259:Ugarit
6249:Byblos
6208:Levant
6141:
6118:
6082:
6048:
5999:
5976:
5955:
5850:
5827:
5788:
5721:
5698:
5675:
5651:
5628:
5605:
5582:
5535:
5497:
5457:
5434:
5401:
5374:
5320:
5299:
5269:
5246:
5223:
5200:
5177:
5126:
5107:
5099:
5063:
5057:545123
5055:
5017:
4996:
4988:
4950:
4924:
4900:
4864:
4794:
4771:
4745:
4722:
4666:
4643:
4622:
4601:
4573:
4522:
4501:
4478:
4422:
4386:
4350:
4322:
4316:545826
4314:
4276:
4240:
4204:
4158:
4139:
4102:
4083:
4012:
3969:
3943:
3901:
3875:
3856:
3850:542672
3848:
3813:
3790:
3767:
3744:
3709:
3622:
3599:
3578:
2736:
2573:
2546:
2514:
2470:
2442:
2375:
2346:
2228:
2149:
2125:
2101:
2073:
2049:
1973:Israel
1969:Sweden
1953:Turkey
1917:, and
1905:Legacy
1887:Kapara
1862:, and
1860:Nergal
1852:Tammuz
1840:Ishtar
1755:Sweden
1747:Canada
1731:Israel
1723:Russia
1711:Turkey
1656:Jewish
1646:. The
1632:Urhaya
1628:Urhaya
1616:Syriac
1612:Edessa
1582:, and
1569:Arabic
1506:, and
1500:Hebrew
1492:Ugarit
1421:Edessa
1371:Edessa
1324:Syrian
1320:Syrian
1305:Edessa
1270:Arabia
1234:Strabo
1230:Apamea
1218:labels
1118:Nubian
936:Hazael
890:Gurgum
843:Hamath
826:until
812:Hauran
808:Geshur
798:) and
764:Luwian
756:Puqudu
742:, and
712:Hamath
663:, the
659:, the
641:Luwian
571:Dilmun
567:Nippur
554:, and
546:, the
536:Ahlamu
508:Levant
502:, and
448:Ugarit
406:, the
370:Aleppo
313:Edessa
243:Levant
197:. The
195:Greeks
152:Hazael
118:tribal
94:ܐܪ̈ܡܝܐ
74:Hebrew
6937:Arabs
6922:Sidon
6907:Gebal
6902:Arwad
6897:Amrit
6875:Ekron
6850:Judah
6825:Ammon
6801:Zobah
6707:Tunip
6695:Shutu
6690:Shasu
6655:Suhum
6642:Nagar
6632:Terqa
6628:Khana
6551:Urshu
6522:Sidon
6467:Hazor
6457:Gezer
6447:Gebal
6413:Arwad
6391:Barga
6359:Qatna
6339:Kurda
5920:(PDF)
5904:(PDF)
5533:S2CID
5511:(PDF)
5495:S2CID
5473:(PDF)
5399:JSTOR
5297:JSTOR
5142:(PDF)
5105:S2CID
5097:JSTOR
5061:S2CID
5053:JSTOR
4994:S2CID
4986:JSTOR
4845:(PDF)
4830:(PDF)
4695:(PDF)
4582:(PDF)
4571:S2CID
4551:(PDF)
4420:S2CID
4384:JSTOR
4348:JSTOR
4320:S2CID
4312:JSTOR
4137:JSTOR
4119:Syria
4081:JSTOR
4053:(PDF)
4042:(PDF)
4010:S2CID
3988:(PDF)
3899:JSTOR
3854:S2CID
3846:JSTOR
3780:"Art"
3520:(PDF)
1957:Syria
1832:Hadad
1715:Syria
1676:Sinai
1620:Urhay
1561:Arabs
1114:Egypt
1077:Egypt
1026:Medes
906:Tabal
796:Rehov
788:Beqaa
776:David
752:Litau
556:Egypt
468:Arame
460:Aramu
432:Arame
412:Idlib
374:Syria
368:near
305:Roman
133:Syria
52:, or
7153:Shem
6917:Tyre
6885:Gaza
6880:Gath
6855:Moab
6830:Edom
6729:Niya
6679:Amqu
6637:Mari
6623:Emar
6618:Ebla
6597:Armi
6580:Niya
6527:Tyre
6408:Arqa
6386:Aram
6381:Amqu
6334:Emar
6314:Apum
6254:Ebla
6139:ISBN
6116:ISBN
6080:ISBN
6046:ISBN
5997:ISBN
5974:ISBN
5953:ISBN
5848:ISBN
5825:ISBN
5786:ISBN
5719:ISBN
5696:ISBN
5673:ISBN
5649:ISBN
5626:ISBN
5603:ISBN
5580:ISBN
5455:ISBN
5432:ISBN
5372:ISBN
5318:ISBN
5267:ISBN
5244:ISBN
5221:ISBN
5198:ISBN
5175:ISBN
5124:ISBN
5015:ISBN
4948:ISBN
4922:ISBN
4898:ISBN
4862:ISBN
4792:ISBN
4769:ISBN
4743:ISBN
4720:ISBN
4664:ISBN
4641:ISBN
4620:ISBN
4599:ISBN
4520:ISBN
4499:ISBN
4476:ISBN
4274:ISBN
4238:ISBN
4202:ISBN
4156:ISBN
4100:ISBN
3967:ISBN
3941:ISBN
3873:ISBN
3811:ISBN
3788:ISBN
3765:ISBN
3742:ISBN
3707:ISBN
3620:ISBN
3597:ISBN
3576:ISBN
2734:ISBN
2571:ISBN
2544:ISBN
2512:ISBN
2468:ISBN
2440:ISBN
2373:ISBN
2344:ISBN
2279:and
2226:ISBN
2147:ISBN
2123:ISBN
2099:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2047:ISBN
1967:and
1897:and
1876:Anat
1858:and
1826:and
1815:and
1779:and
1761:and
1707:Iran
1703:Iraq
1697:and
1674:and
1606:was
1529:and
1397:The
1350:and
1295:and
1147:and
1079:and
1044:and
898:Unqi
778:and
772:Saul
754:and
691:and
609:and
603:Mari
524:Mari
464:Armi
444:Mari
424:ensí
404:Armi
400:Ebla
387:The
356:The
303:and
259:Aram
229:and
185:and
129:Aram
48:The
6717:Upu
5932:doi
5523:doi
5485:doi
5154:doi
5089:doi
5045:doi
4978:doi
4563:doi
4452:doi
4412:doi
4376:doi
4304:doi
4183:doi
4127:doi
4000:doi
3838:doi
1856:Bel
1846:),
1836:Sin
1662:or
1654:of
1598:of
1423:in
1329:An
1276:or
1112:of
938:of
916:).
593:to
466:or
452:rwm
430:" (
426:of
270:Bit
217:or
41:or
7134::
7018:-
7014:-
6133:.
6110:.
6097:.
6063:.
6040:.
6027:.
6016:40
6014:.
5991:.
5947:.
5928:89
5926:.
5922:.
5906:.
5876:.
5842:.
5819:.
5806:.
5780:.
5766:86
5764:.
5760:.
5736:.
5713:.
5690:.
5643:.
5597:.
5574:.
5561:.
5548:.
5531:.
5517:.
5513:.
5493:.
5479:.
5475:.
5449:.
5393:.
5389:.
5354:87
5352:.
5348:.
5337:43
5335:.
5312:.
5293:25
5291:.
5287:.
5261:.
5238:.
5215:.
5192:.
5169:.
5150:33
5148:.
5144:.
5103:.
5095:.
5085:45
5083:.
5079:.
5059:.
5051:.
5041:39
5039:.
5035:.
5009:.
4992:.
4984:.
4974:25
4972:.
4968:.
4942:.
4892:.
4879:.
4856:.
4838:11
4836:.
4832:.
4815:43
4813:.
4809:.
4786:.
4763:.
4737:.
4714:.
4703:10
4701:.
4697:.
4681:.
4658:.
4593:.
4569:.
4559:51
4557:.
4553:.
4537:.
4493:.
4470:.
4448:21
4446:.
4442:.
4418:.
4406:.
4402:.
4382:.
4372:51
4370:.
4366:.
4344:26
4342:.
4338:.
4318:.
4310:.
4300:51
4298:.
4294:.
4268:.
4255:.
4232:.
4219:.
4179:89
4177:.
4173:.
4135:.
4123:86
4121:.
4117:.
4075:.
4071:.
4044:.
4028:.
4008:.
3994:.
3990:.
3961:.
3921:.
3917:.
3895:46
3893:.
3852:.
3844:.
3832:.
3828:.
3805:.
3782:.
3759:.
3701:.
3688:.
3677:35
3675:.
3671:.
3660:36
3658:.
3654:.
3643:52
3641:.
3637:.
3614:.
3522:.
3423:^
3156:^
2942:.
2914:.
2868:^
2579:.
2552:.
2542:.
2538:.
2520:.
2506:.
2476:.
2448:.
2403:^
2381:.
2371:.
2352:.
2299:.
2234:.
2201:^
2155:.
2145:.
2079:.
1913:,
1893:,
1872:El
1854:,
1850:,
1838:,
1834:,
1803:.
1765:.
1757:,
1753:,
1749:,
1745:,
1729:,
1725:,
1693:,
1678:.
1670:,
1618::
1578:,
1571:.
1563:'
1502:,
1280:.
1075:,
1071:,
1067:,
1063:,
1059:,
1040:,
1036:,
1032:,
1028:,
1024:,
1020:,
981:.
896:,
892:,
888:,
838:.
806:,
790:,
774:,
758:.
750:,
738:,
734:,
730:,
726:,
722:,
718:,
714:,
710:,
675:,
671:,
667:,
655:,
605:,
573:.
558:.
550:,
498:,
494:,
462:,
372:,
319:.
135:.
104:,
96:,
92::
88:;
84::
80:;
76::
72:;
64:,
60::
7022:)
7010:(
6945:?
6630:/
6611:/
6435:/
6195:e
6188:t
6181:v
6147:.
6124:.
6088:.
6054:.
6005:.
5982:.
5961:.
5938:.
5934::
5856:.
5833:.
5794:.
5727:.
5704:.
5681:.
5657:.
5634:.
5611:.
5588:.
5539:.
5525::
5519:7
5501:.
5487::
5481:3
5463:.
5440:.
5405:.
5395:8
5380:.
5326:.
5303:.
5275:.
5252:.
5229:.
5206:.
5183:.
5160:.
5156::
5132:.
5111:.
5091::
5067:.
5047::
5023:.
5000:.
4980::
4956:.
4930:.
4906:.
4870:.
4800:.
4777:.
4751:.
4728:.
4672:.
4649:.
4628:.
4607:.
4565::
4528:.
4507:.
4484:.
4458:.
4454::
4414::
4408:2
4390:.
4378::
4354:.
4326:.
4306::
4282:.
4246:.
4210:.
4189:.
4185::
4164:.
4143:.
4129::
4108:.
4087:.
4077:3
4062:.
4016:.
4002::
3996:2
3975:.
3949:.
3923:1
3905:.
3881:.
3860:.
3840::
3834:7
3819:.
3796:.
3773:.
3750:.
3715:.
3628:.
3605:.
3584:.
3528:.
3091:.
3079:.
2946:.
2878:.
2742:.
2283:.
2131:.
2107:.
2055:.
1866:-
1614:(
794:(
376:.
109::
56:(
45:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.