2211:
2318:(IET). The IEEE claims to produce 30% of the world's literature in electrical engineering, has over 360,000 members worldwide and holds over 3,000 conferences annually. The IET publishes 21 journals, has a worldwide membership of over 150,000, and claims to be the largest professional engineering society in Europe. Obsolescence of technical skills is a serious concern for electrical engineers. Membership and participation in technical societies, regular reviews of periodicals in the field and a habit of continued learning are therefore essential to maintaining proficiency. An MIET(Member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology) is recognised in Europe as an Electrical and computer (technology) engineer.
47:
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2000:
2120:, or electrical and electronic engineering. The same fundamental principles are taught in all programs, though emphasis may vary according to title. The length of study for such a degree is usually four or five years and the completed degree may be designated as a Bachelor of Science in Electrical/Electronics Engineering Technology,
2174:
At many schools, electronic engineering is included as part of an electrical award, sometimes explicitly, such as a
Bachelor of Engineering (Electrical and Electronic), but in others, electrical and electronic engineering are both considered to be sufficiently broad and complex that separate degrees
1617:
like gallium arsenide and indium phosphide) to obtain the desired transport of electronic charge and control of current. The field of microelectronics involves a significant amount of chemistry and material science and requires the electronic engineer working in the field to have a very good working
465:
proposed an electrostatic telegraph system. Between 1803 and 1804, he worked on electrical telegraphy, and in 1804, he presented his report at the Royal
Academy of Natural Sciences and Arts of Barcelona. Salva's electrolyte telegraph system was very innovative though it was greatly influenced by and
2763:
In May 2014 there were around 175,000 people working as electrical engineers in the US. In 2012, Australia had around 19,000 while in Canada, there were around 37,000 (as of 2007), constituting about 0.2% of the labour force in each of the three countries. Australia and Canada reported that 96% and
1202:
that connects a variety of generators together with users of their energy. Users purchase electrical energy from the grid, avoiding the costly exercise of having to generate their own. Power engineers may work on the design and maintenance of the power grid as well as the power systems that connect
1132:
One of the properties of electricity is that it is very useful for energy transmission as well as for information transmission. These were also the first areas in which electrical engineering was developed. Today, electrical engineering has many subdisciplines, the most common of which are listed
2513:
are used. In some disciplines, safety can be a particular concern with instrumentation. For instance, medical electronics designers must take into account that much lower voltages than normal can be dangerous when electrodes are directly in contact with internal body fluids. Power transmission
2337:, electrical engineers have contributed to the development of a wide range of technologies. They design, develop, test, and supervise the deployment of electrical systems and electronic devices. For example, they may work on the design of telecommunications systems, the operation of
2865:
Using these discoveries a number of inventors or rather 'adapters' appeared, taking this new knowledge, transforming it into useful ideas with commercial utility; the first of these 'products' was the use of electricity to transmit information between distant points, the electric
3876:
The metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is the most commonly used active device in the very large-scale integration of digital integrated circuits (VLSI). During the 1970s these components revolutionized electronic signal processing, control systems and
2286:
that they expect all members to abide by or risk expulsion. In this way these organizations play an important role in maintaining ethical standards for the profession. Even in jurisdictions where certification has little or no legal bearing on work, engineers are subject to
733:
system. Early on, he sent wireless signals over a distance of one and a half miles. In
December 1901, he sent wireless waves that were not affected by the curvature of the Earth. Marconi later transmitted the wireless signals across the Atlantic between Poldhu,
2277:
The advantages of licensure vary depending upon location. For example, in the United States and Canada "only a licensed engineer may seal engineering work for public and private clients". This requirement is enforced by state and provincial legislation such as
4797:
5552:
Sustainable Energy Supply in Asia: Proceedings of the
International Conference, Asia Energy Vision 2020, Organised by the Indian Member Committee, World Energy Council Under the Institution of Engineers (India), During November 15–17, 1996 at New
2202:. In the United Kingdom and some other European countries, Master of Engineering is often considered to be an undergraduate degree of slightly longer duration than the Bachelor of Engineering rather than a standalone postgraduate degree.
2518:
may in principle be similar to their low voltage equivalents, safety and calibration issues make them very different. Many disciplines of electrical engineering use tests specific to their discipline. Audio electronics engineers use
2710:
542:
founded the world's first department of electrical engineering in 1882 and introduced the first-degree course in electrical engineering in 1883. The first electrical engineering degree program in the United States was started at
2152:. Initially such topics cover most, if not all, of the subdisciplines of electrical engineering. At some schools, the students can then choose to emphasize one or more subdisciplines towards the end of their courses of study.
483:) where he was regarded by other members as the first of their cohort. By the end of the 19th century, the world had been forever changed by the rapid communication made possible by the engineering development of land-lines,
1860:
of larger electrical systems. For example, a thermocouple might be used to help ensure a furnace's temperature remains constant. For this reason, instrumentation engineering is often viewed as the counterpart of control.
478:
created an electric telegraph system in 1816 and documented his vision of how the world could be transformed by electricity. Over 50 years later, he joined the new
Society of Telegraph Engineers (soon to be renamed the
2234:. After completing a certified degree program the engineer must satisfy a range of requirements (including work experience requirements) before being certified. Once certified the engineer is designated the title of
526:
in 1893. The publication of these standards formed the basis of future advances in standardization in various industries, and in many countries, the definitions were immediately recognized in relevant legislation.
4805:
1902:. Computer engineers may also work on a system's software. However, the design of complex software systems is often the domain of software engineering, which is usually considered a separate discipline.
1055:
at
Fairchild in 1968. Since then, the MOSFET has been the basic building block of modern electronics. The mass-production of silicon MOSFETs and MOS integrated circuit chips, along with continuous
725:, and detected them by using simple electrical devices. Other physicists experimented with these new waves and in the process developed devices for transmitting and detecting them. In 1895,
466:
based upon two discoveries made in Europe in 1800—Alessandro Volta's electric battery for generating an electric current and
William Nicholson and Anthony Carlyle's electrolysis of water.
458:, using 24 different wires, one for each letter of the alphabet. This telegraph connected two rooms. It was an electrostatic telegraph that moved gold leaf through electrical conduction.
2210:
1295:. Typically, if the power of the transmitted signal is insufficient once the signal arrives at the receiver's antenna(s), the information contained in the signal will be corrupted by
5242:
3920:
1207:
power systems and may supply the grid with additional power, draw power from the grid, or do both. Power engineers may also work on systems that do not connect to the grid, called
2545:
For many engineers, technical work accounts for only a fraction of the work they do. A lot of time may also be spent on tasks such as discussing proposals with clients, preparing
7596:
2093:
1133:
below. Although there are electrical engineers who focus exclusively on one of these subdisciplines, many deal with a combination of them. Sometimes, certain fields, such as
2198:
or a mixture of the two. The Doctor of
Philosophy and Engineering Doctorate degrees consist of a significant research component and are often viewed as the entry point to
5171:
872:
followed, beginning the computing era. The arithmetic performance of these machines allowed engineers to develop completely new technologies and achieve new objectives.
470:
may be considered the first example of electrical engineering. Electrical engineering became a profession in the later 19th century. Practitioners had created a global
552:
2615:
need electrical engineers to deal with many aspects of the project including the power distribution, the instrumentation, and the manufacture and installation of the
932:
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3185:
2607:
produced major work on the mathematics of transmission on telegraph cables. Electrical engineers are often required on major science projects. For instance, large
1667:, in which case the signal varies according to a series of discrete values representing the information. For analog signals, signal processing may involve the
6687:
3054:
133:
Technical knowledge, management skills, advanced mathematics, systems design, physics, abstract thinking, analytical thinking, philosophy of logic (see also
1526:
in 1959, electronic circuits were constructed from discrete components that could be manipulated by humans. These discrete circuits consumed much space and
7754:
7749:
6700:
A wiki-based site with many resources about the history of IEEE, its members, their professions and electrical and informational technologies and sciences.
2531:. Likewise, information technology have their own test sets, often specific to a particular data format, and the same is true of television broadcasting.
665:
contributed to the theoretical basis of alternating current engineering. The spread in the use of AC set off in the United States what has been called the
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or on site at a mine. During their working life, electrical engineers may find themselves supervising a wide range of individuals including scientists,
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7505:
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at BTL in 1959. It was the first truly compact transistor that could be miniaturised and mass-produced for a wide range of uses. It revolutionized the
134:
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2720:
2311:
291:
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to create nozzles for high definition printing. In the future it is hoped the devices will help build tiny implantable medical devices and improve
1975:
systems, and optical disc systems (e.g. CD and DVD). Photonics builds heavily on optical technology, supplemented with modern developments such as
1108:, released in 1971. The Intel 4004 was designed and realized by Federico Faggin at Intel with his silicon-gate MOS technology, along with Intel's
4061:
1507:. Later, in post-war years, as consumer devices began to be developed, the field grew to include modern television, audio systems, computers, and
551:
to produce the world's first electrical engineering graduates in 1885. The first course in electrical engineering was taught in 1883 in
Cornell's
3445:
2391:
programs when designing electrical systems. Nevertheless, the ability to sketch ideas is still invaluable for quickly communicating with others.
2034:
is the subject within electrical engineering that deals with the multi-disciplinary design issues of complex electrical and mechanical systems.
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3098:
255:. Many of these disciplines overlap with other engineering branches, spanning a huge number of specializations including hardware engineering,
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7741:
3392:
5250:
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4236:
3146:
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1272:. The choice of modulation affects the cost and performance of a system and these two factors must be balanced carefully by the engineer.
474:
network, and the first professional electrical engineering institutions were founded in the UK and the US to support the new discipline.
5001:
3738:
2450:
components. Perhaps the most important technical skills for electrical engineers are reflected in university programs, which emphasize
1906:
represent a tiny fraction of the devices a computer engineer might work on, as computer-like architectures are now found in a range of
1610:
levels. Modern devices are already in the nanometer regime, with below 100 nm processing having been standard since around 2002.
4756:
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2572:
of engineers are just as varied as the types of work they do. Electrical engineers may be found in the pristine lab environment of a
2315:
1424:
to design autonomous systems using control algorithms which interpret sensory feedback to control actuators that move robots such as
295:
287:
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out all but a single station, is just one example of such a circuit. Another example to research is a pneumatic signal conditioner.
1347:
that will cause these systems to behave in the desired manner. To implement such controllers, electronics control engineers may use
729:
began work on a way to adapt the known methods of transmitting and detecting these "Hertzian waves" into a purpose built commercial
2684:
1702:
and it is rapidly expanding with new applications in every field of electrical engineering such as communications, control, radar,
3842:
The Si MOSFET has revolutionized the electronics industry and as a result impacts our daily lives in almost every conceivable way.
1613:
Microelectronic components are created by chemically fabricating wafers of semiconductors such as silicon (at higher frequencies,
7446:
7308:
4199:
713:
including the possibility of invisible airborne waves (later called "radio waves"). In his classic physics experiments of 1888,
7846:
4887:
2442:(the design of integrated circuits), but are largely irrelevant to engineers working with macroscopic electrical systems. Even
879:
published "A Mathematical Theory of
Communication" which mathematically describes the passage of information with uncertainty (
837:(which also uses the magnetron) under the direction of Dr Wimperis, culminating in the operation of the first radar station at
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In the 19th century, research into the subject started to intensify. Notable developments in this century include the work of
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Electrical engineers work in a very wide range of industries and the skills required are likewise variable. These range from
1963:, and other equipment that uses the properties of electromagnetic radiation. Other prominent applications of optics include
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4002:
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3921:"13 Sextillion & Counting: The Long & Winding Road to the Most Frequently Manufactured Human Artifact in History"
900:
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17:
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or sometimes for use on their own as a general electronic component. The most common microelectronic components are
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7483:
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3521:
Rojas, Raúl (2002). "The history of Konrad Zuse's early computing machines". In Rojas, Raúl; Hashagen, Ulf (eds.).
3081:
383:, who discovered in 1820 that an electric current produces a magnetic field that will deflect a compass needle; of
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A wide range of instrumentation is used by electrical engineers. For simple control circuits and alarms, a basic
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2282:'s Engineers Act. In other countries, no such legislation exists. Practically all certifying bodies maintain a
1220:
484:
1031:
chips. The earliest experimental MOS IC chip to be fabricated was built by Fred Heiman and Steven Hofstein at
278:
in electrical engineering, electronic or electrical and electronic engineering. Practicing engineers may have
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Electrical engineering has an intimate relationship with the physical sciences. For instance, the physicist
2550:
2523:
consisting of a signal generator and a meter, principally to measure level but also other parameters such as
2510:
2050:
1887:
1360:
654:
309:. The tools and equipment that an individual engineer may need are similarly variable, ranging from a simple
2998:
2049:
have predicted the emergence of very small electromechanical devices. Already, such small devices, known as
1283:
needed for such systems. These two are sometimes combined to form a two-way communication device known as a
675:
backed AC system and a Thomas Edison backed DC power system, with AC being adopted as the overall standard.
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7691:
6755:
2705:
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2321:
In Australia, Canada, and the United States, electrical engineers make up around 0.25% of the labor force.
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discipline concerned with the study, design, and application of equipment, devices, and systems which use
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2861:"Distant Writing: A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 2. Introduction"
2129:
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1802:
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Once the transmission characteristics of a system are determined, telecommunication engineers design the
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852:, the world's first fully functional and programmable computer using electromechanical parts. In 1943,
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in a circuit), the theories employed by engineers generally depend upon the work they do. For example,
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1972:
1948:
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founded the first chair of electrical engineering in Great Britain. Professor Mendell P. Weinbach at
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Hybrid Nanocomposites for Nanotechnology: Electronic, Optical, Magnetic and Biomedical Applications
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established the first Department of Electrical Engineering in the United States. In the same year,
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860:, the world's first fully functional, electronic, digital and programmable computer. In 1946, the
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was a prominent early electrical scientist, and was the first to draw a clear distinction between
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Sale, Anthony E. (2002). "The Colossus of Bletchley Park". In Rojas, Raúl; Hashagen, Ulf (eds.).
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gradually started to offer electrical engineering programs to their students all over the world.
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Schmidt, Rüdiger, "The LHC accelerator and its challenges", in Kramer M.; Soler, F.J.P. (eds),
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deals with the generation, transmission, amplification, modulation, detection, and analysis of
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Practical applications and advances in such fields created an increasing need for standardized
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The development of MOS integrated circuit technology in the 1960s led to the invention of the
343:: a device that detects the presence of statically charged objects. In 1762 Swedish professor
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White, H. D.; Lokerson, D. C. (1971). "The Evolution of IMP Spacecraft Mosfet Data Systems".
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and were limited in speed, although they are still common in some applications. By contrast,
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Electricity has been a subject of scientific interest since at least the early 17th century.
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to shift the information to a carrier frequency suitable for transmission; this is known as
606:
196:. It emerged as an identifiable occupation in the latter half of the 19th century after the
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description of how such systems will work. Today most engineering work involves the use of
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Signal processing is a very mathematically oriented and intensive area forming the core of
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Fundamental Concepts in Electrical and Computer Engineering with Practical Design Problems
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2938:
Ronalds, B.F. (July 2016). "Francis Ronalds (1788–1873): The First Electrical Engineer?".
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List of mechanical, electrical and electronic equipment manufacturing companies by revenue
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of signals for telecommunications. For digital signals, signal processing may involve the
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Studies of InAIAs/InGaAs and GaInP/GaAs heterostructure FET's for high speed applications
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2299:. An engineer's work must also comply with numerous other rules and regulations, such as
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switched on the world's first large-scale electric power network that provided 110 volts—
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3301:. Vol. 45. IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Research. pp. 2267–2273.
2226:
In most countries, a bachelor's degree in engineering represents the first step towards
1725:
DSP processor ICs are found in many types of modern electronic devices, such as digital
1063:), has since led to revolutionary changes in technology, economy, culture and thinking.
577:
During these decades the use of electrical engineering increased dramatically. In 1882,
570:
established the electrical engineering department in 1886. Afterwards, universities and
530:
During these years, the study of electricity was largely considered to be a subfield of
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skills are important. Most engineering projects involve some form of documentation and
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1012:(metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor, or MOS transistor) was invented by
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3038:. School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell. Spring 1994 . Archived from
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rod, illustrating the total internal reflection of light in a multi-mode optical fiber
1918:. Computer engineers are involved in many hardware and software aspects of computing.
1714:
as many already existing analog systems are replaced with their digital counterparts.
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2431:
2360:
2304:
2251:
2231:
2058:
2015:
1984:
1899:
1838:
1811:
1790:
1742:
1652:
1631:
1619:
1542:. This allowed for the powerful computers and other electronic devices we see today.
1485:
1288:
1195:
1150:
994:
799:
726:
687:
658:
535:
283:
256:
240:
232:
220:
197:
157:
106:
90:
4884:
4315:
2959:
1198:. In many regions of the world, governments maintain an electrical network called a
7079:
6988:
4704:
4303:
4173:
3714:
3342:
3320:
3263:"Milestones: First Millimeter-wave Communication Experiments by J.C. Bose, 1894–96"
3039:
2947:
2912:
2659:
2604:
2514:
engineering also has great safety concerns due to the high voltages used; although
2490:
2376:
2141:
1903:
1829:, and temperature. The design of such instruments requires a good understanding of
1782:
1778:
1762:
1738:
1692:
1684:
1578:
1574:
1551:
1317:
1280:
1040:
1032:
959:
880:
830:
779:
768:
662:
638:
622:
610:
586:
495:
408:
400:
384:
352:
268:
211:
Electrical engineering is divided into a wide range of different fields, including
205:
193:
86:
2916:
2833:
1182:
of electricity as well as the design of a range of related devices. These include
7242:
6691:
6653:
6632:
6611:
6590:
6569:
6548:
6527:
6506:
6485:
6464:
6443:
6422:
6401:
6380:
6325:
Distributed Antenna Systems: Open Architecture for Future Wireless Communications
6233:
6149:
5803:
5677:
5656:
5440:
4902:
4891:
4876:
4086:
3855:
3831:
3349:
3187:
Companion Encyclopedia of the History and Philosophy of the Mathematical Sciences
3130:
2860:
2581:
2168:
2160:
2109:
2046:
1976:
1907:
1895:
1754:
1688:
1603:
1555:
1410:
1356:
1292:
1052:
975:
745:
634:
475:
420:
372:
306:
275:
236:
3475:
2010:
is an engineering discipline which deals with the convergence of electrical and
1807:
1663:, in which case the signal varies continuously according to the information, or
339:. He is credited with establishing the term "electricity". He also designed the
7198:
7183:
7147:
5146:
2951:
2502:
2443:
2407:
2354:
2255:
2164:
2062:
1845:
and altitude to enable pilots the control of aircraft analytically. Similarly,
1726:
1719:
1703:
1568:
1527:
1508:
1414:
1399:
1391:
1372:
1340:
1321:
1312:
1257:
1229:
1191:
1101:
1067:
1060:
1056:
1036:
1013:
876:
822:
714:
618:
582:
302:
264:
102:
5442:
Feedback Systems: An Introduction for Scientists and Engineers, Second Edition
4708:
3978:
Reliability of High Mobility SiGe Channel MOSFETs for Future CMOS Applications
3808:
3571:
3324:
2446:
may not be relevant to a person designing telecommunications systems that use
2178:
Some electrical engineers choose to study for a postgraduate degree such as a
913:
547:(MIT) in the physics department under Professor Charles Cross, though it was
367:
271:, renewable energies, mechatronics/control, and electrical materials science.
7891:
6694:
in-depth look at Electrical Engineering – online courses with video lectures.
5089:
4307:
4185:
4177:
3654:
Advanced Materials Innovation: Managing Global Technology in the 21st century
3077:
2300:
2270:
1980:
1951:. The application of optics deals with design of optical instruments such as
1879:
1660:
1648:
requires signal processing to get a red, green, and blue value at each pixel.
1586:
1481:
1249:
1117:
1113:
1083:
853:
849:
826:
803:
764:
594:
578:
388:
348:
5679:
Evolving technology and market structure: studies in Schumpeterian economics
5269:
4869:
3682:
1225:
1116:
and Busicom's Masatoshi Shima. The microprocessor led to the development of
614:
7325:
5172:"Electrical Engineer Career Information for Migrants | Victoria, Australia"
2498:
2288:
2283:
2102:
2007:
1988:
1846:
1680:
1641:
1534:
packed a large number—often millions—of tiny electrical components, mainly
1367:
has a wide range of applications from the flight and propulsion systems of
1296:
1164:
1109:
1071:
1048:
1044:
998:
951:
869:
783:
739:
642:
519:
392:
356:
344:
52:
6299:
A Century of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at MIT, 1882–1982
3056:
A tradition of leadership and innovation: a history of Cornell Engineering
2291:. In cases where an engineer's work fails he or she may be subject to the
2155:
2098:
1636:
7610:
7122:
6734:
2596:
2585:
2399:
2394:
2042:
1770:
1559:
1325:
1284:
1276:
1256:. Transmissions across free space require information to be encoded in a
1183:
1017:
936:
845:
814:
646:
602:
396:
244:
189:
185:
181:
78:
7399:
6592:
Probability, Statistics, and Random Processes for Electrical Engineering
5658:
Electric Power Generation, Transmission, and Distribution, Third Edition
5031:
2903:
Ronalds, B.F. (2016). "Sir Francis Ronalds and the Electric Telegraph".
2644:
1821:
deals with the design of devices to measure physical quantities such as
7137:
4798:"What is the difference between electrical and electronic engineering?"
4581:
4266:
Nanowire Transistors: Physics of Devices and Materials in One Dimension
2577:
2554:
2541:
at the Misawa Air Base Misawa Security Operations Center, Misawa, Japan
2482:
2423:
2214:
Belgian electrical engineers inspecting the rotor of a 40,000 kilowatt
2195:
2027:
2019:
1956:
1915:
1842:
1750:
1676:
1589:
1535:
1504:
1477:
1406:
is continuously monitored and fed back to the system which adjusts the
1395:
1376:
1261:
1245:
1211:
power systems, which in some cases are preferable to on-grid systems.
1199:
1105:
990:
943:
918:
787:
718:
605:, developed rapidly in the 1880s and 1890s with transformer designs by
149:
5571:
Dodds, Christopher; Kumar, Chandra; Veering, Bernadette (March 2014).
4640:
Fundamentals of Computer Engineering: Logic Design and Microprocessors
3393:"1901: Semiconductor Rectifiers Patented as "Cat's Whisker" Detectors"
2194:. The master's and engineer's degrees may consist of either research,
974:
were relatively bulky devices that were difficult to manufacture on a
7431:
6948:
6403:
Numerical and Analytical Methods with MATLAB for Electrical Engineers
5369:
5299:
5209:
5119:
4036:
3896:
2905:
International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology
2515:
2415:
2250:), Chartered Professional Engineer (in Australia and New Zealand) or
1960:
1940:
1931:
1668:
1607:
1597:
1465:
1075:
818:
436:
404:
340:
332:
310:
252:
114:
4425:
683:
7472:
7462:
7320:
6028:
Obaidat, Mohammad S.; Denko, Mieso; Woungang, Isaac (9 June 2011).
4294:
Faggin, Federico (2009). "The Making of the First Microprocessor".
4062:"Dr. Dawon Kahng, 61, Inventor in Field of Solid-State Electronics"
2630:
2451:
2427:
2411:
2384:
2380:
2342:
2247:
2199:
2077:
1822:
1593:
1469:
1461:
1421:
1417:
can be used to determine how the system responds to such feedback.
1387:
928:
735:
630:
161:
4954:
3548:
The First Computers—History and Architectures History of Computing
3523:
The First Computers—History and Architectures History of Computing
709:
during the 1850s had shown the relationship of different forms of
7606:
4545:
4348:
Engineering: Issues, Challenges and Opportunities for Development
4237:"1971: Microprocessor Integrates CPU Function onto a Single Chip"
3295:"The work of Jagadis Chandra Bose: 100 years of mm-wave research"
2497:
may suffice. Where time-varying signals need to be studied, the
2486:
2465:
2372:
2310:
Professional bodies of note for electrical engineers include the
2215:
2137:
2011:
1830:
1564:
1491:
Prior to the Second World War, the subject was commonly known as
1232:
are a crucial component in the analysis of satellite information.
1104:
in the early 1970s. The first single-chip microprocessor was the
1024:, becoming the most widely used electronic device in the world.
838:
531:
523:
507:
169:
153:
6052:
America at the Fair: Chicago's 1893 World's Columbian Exposition
5465:
Bayoumi, Magdy A.; Swartzlander, Earl E. Jr. (31 October 1994).
3739:"1960 – Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) Transistor Demonstrated"
2261:
1856:
Often instrumentation is not used by itself, but instead as the
1428:, autonomous drones and others used in a variety of industries.
6235:
Lord Kelvin, His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units
5613:
Fredlund, D. G.; Rahardjo, H.; Fredlund, M. D. (30 July 2012).
5056:
2569:
2546:
2538:
2346:
2279:
2054:
1944:
1935:
1875:
1857:
1814:
provide pilots with the tools to control aircraft analytically.
1656:
1009:
997:
in 1958 and the monolithic integrated circuit chip invented by
904:
807:
503:
451:
248:
110:
6703:
5991:
The Mechanical Response of Common Nanoscale Contact Geometries
5946:
McDavid, Richard A.; Echaore-McDavid, Susan (1 January 2009).
5430:
Electronic Motion Pictures: A History of the Television Camera
2777:
2534:
2094:
Education and training of electrical and electronics engineers
1737:, camcorders and digital cameras, automobile control systems,
1495:
and basically was restricted to aspects of communications and
1442:
286:
or an international standards organization. These include the
5805:
Safety of Electromedical Devices: Law – Risks – Opportunities
4921:. U S Department of Labor, Jist Works. 1 March 2008. p.
4602:
Manual on the Use of Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement
3760:
3758:
3756:
3165:
2470:
2419:
1968:
1919:
1766:
1746:
1730:
1500:
1496:
1473:
1403:
1287:. A key consideration in the design of transmitters is their
1159:
861:
834:
795:
515:
498:. They led to the international standardization of the units
4533:
3147:"Department History – Electrical & Computer Engineering"
3016:
1999:
1894:
Computer engineering deals with the design of computers and
767:
junctions to detect radio waves, when he patented the radio
4437:
4377:
4132:
2612:
2439:
2266:
2023:
1952:
1539:
1079:
499:
6697:
5868:
Introduction to Microelectromechanical Systems Engineering
4725:
4569:
3753:
3687:
Greatest Engineering Achievements of the Twentieth Century
3231:
1853:
to measure the temperature difference between two points.
1581:
of very small electronic circuit components for use in an
1452:
Electronic engineering involves the design and testing of
553:
Sibley College of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanic Arts
7604:
6613:
Instrumentation and Measurement in Electrical Engineering
4778:
4737:
4401:
2406:
Although most electrical engineers will understand basic
1774:
760:
511:
6085:
Severs, Jeffrey; Leise, Christopher (24 February 2011).
5612:
4680:
4587:
3975:
Franco, Jacopo; Kaczer, Ben; Groeseneken, Guido (2013).
3949:"Tortoise of Transistors Wins the Race – CHM Revolution"
3710:
Invention of Integrated Circuits: Untold Important Facts
3426:
3356:
3299:
1997 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest
2764:
88% of their electrical engineers respectively are male.
1059:
miniaturization at an exponential pace (as predicted by
5925:
Martinsen, Orjan G.; Grimnes, Sverre (29 August 2011).
5634:
Grant, Malcolm Alister; Bixley, Paul F (1 April 2011).
5327:
5292:"Electrical and Electronics Engineers, except Computer"
5112:"Electrical and Electronics Engineers, except Computer"
3981:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–2.
3974:
3941:
2797:"The Voltaic Pile | Distinctive Collections Spotlights"
2018:
systems and have widespread adoption. Examples include
1545:
806:
independently developed the amplifier tube, called the
597:
allowing for more efficient electric power generation.
6088:
Pynchon's Against the Day: A Corrupted Pilgrim's Guide
5945:
5909:
Martini, L., "BSCCO-2233 multilayered conductors", in
5892:
Applied Digital Signal Processing: Theory and Practice
5574:
Oxford Textbook of Anaesthesia for the Elderly Patient
5375:
5315:
4766:. Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor
4668:
4656:
4521:
4485:
4473:
4449:
4431:
4231:
4229:
4227:
4200:"Apollo Guidance Computer and the First Silicon Chips"
3414:
2966:
2814:
1753:
systems. In such products, DSP may be responsible for
978:
basis, they opened the door for more compact devices.
821:
which would eventually lead to the development of the
522:. This was achieved at an international conference in
407:, who in 1827 quantified the relationship between the
6679:
6487:
Electromagnetic Foundations of Electrical Engineering
6295:
Wildes, Karl L.; Lindgren, Nilo A. (1 January 1985).
4557:
4461:
4413:
3113:"Andrew Dickson White | Office of the President"
2978:
2880:
Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph
2246:(in India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom, Ireland and
1922:
are one of the applications of computer engineering.
1413:
output accordingly. Where there is regular feedback,
6631:
Sahay, Kuldeep; Pathak, Shivendra (1 January 2006).
6379:
Adhami, Reza; Meenen, Peter M.; Hite, Denis (2007).
6322:
Zhang, Yan; Hu, Honglin; Luo, Jijun (27 June 2007).
6027:
4698:
4619:
4509:
3385:
2626:
2599:
played a major role in the engineering of the first
313:
to sophisticated design and manufacturing software.
6106:Shetty, Devdas; Kolk, Richard (14 September 2010).
5911:
Superconducting Materials for High Energy Colliders
5847:
Mechatronics: Principles, Concepts and Applications
5464:
4605:. ASTM International. 1 January 1993. p. 154.
4551:
4497:
4389:
4365:
4322:
4224:
3913:
375:
formed the foundation of electric motor technology.
6571:Comprehensive Dictionary of Electrical Engineering
6400:Bober, William; Stevens, Andrew (27 August 2012).
6296:
5616:Unsaturated Soil Mechanics in Engineering Practice
5439:
4914:
2752:glossary of electrical and electronics engineering
2680:Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering
2371:Fundamental to the discipline are the sciences of
2186:, a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) in Engineering, an
1093:(IMP) and silicon integrated circuit chips in the
864:(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) of
763:in his experiments. He also introduced the use of
135:Glossary of electrical and electronics engineering
5718:Iga, Kenichi; Kokubun, Yasuo (12 December 2010).
5570:
4029:McCluskey, Matthew D.; Haller, Eugene E. (2012).
4003:"1968: Silicon Gate Technology Developed for ICs"
3593:"1947: Invention of the Point-Contact Transistor"
3273:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
2731:Timeline of electrical and electronic engineering
2721:Occupations in electrical/electronics engineering
2312:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
2238:(in the United States, Canada and South Africa),
2024:heating, ventilation and air-conditioning systems
1141:, are considered disciplines in their own right.
933:Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor
690:, known for his pioneering work on long-distance
534:since early electrical technology was considered
292:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
7889:
6550:Electromagnetic Fields in Electrical Engineering
6378:
5924:
4703:. Springer International Publishing. p. 1.
4638:Lam, Herman; O'Malley, John R. (26 April 1988).
3892:RF and Microwave Passive and Active Technologies
3183:
2783:
2367:is typical of what electrical engineers work on.
2230:and the degree program itself is certified by a
351:that produced a static electric charge. By 1800
6680:International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
5865:Maluf, Nadim; Williams, Kirt (1 January 2004).
5595:Linear Control Theory: The State Space Approach
4868:Various including graduate degree requirements
4637:
4028:
3731:
2410:(that is, the interactions of elements such as
2375:and mathematics as these help to obtain both a
1264:. Popular analog modulation techniques include
701:, many scientists and inventors contributed to
6547:Krawczyk, Andrzej; Wiak, S. (1 January 2002).
6508:Electrical Engineering: Problems and Solutions
6466:Scientific Computing in Electrical Engineering
6294:
5885:
5742:An Integrated Approach to Software Engineering
5675:
4820:
4539:
4263:Colinge, Jean-Pierre; Greer, James C. (2016).
3171:
3052:
3022:
1236:Telecommunications engineering focuses on the
1170:Power & Energy engineering deals with the
7590:
6719:
6214:PSpice for Digital Communications Engineering
6008:
5864:
5527:
5345:
4832:. IDG Enterprise. 25 August 1986. p. 97.
4731:
4383:
4153:
3620:"1948: Conception of the Junction Transistor"
1600:etc.) can be created at a microscopic level.
935:(MOSFET), the basic building block of modern
742:, a distance of 2,100 miles (3,400 km).
6546:
6462:
6399:
5437:
4443:
4262:
3646:
3644:
2834:"Francesc Salvà i Campillo : Biography"
2438:might be relevant to an engineer working on
2014:systems. Such combined systems are known as
1675:of audio signals for audio equipment or the
1655:deals with the analysis and manipulation of
1043:on an IC chip every two years, predicted by
6630:
6588:
6084:
5913:, pp. 173–181, World Scientific, 2001
5700:The Worldwide History of Telecommunications
5633:
5225:"Work Experience of the Population in 2006"
4575:
4256:
4053:
3237:
2182:/Master of Science (MEng/MSc), a Master of
2150:variety of topics in electrical engineering
1592:, although all main electronic components (
1480:to achieve a particular functionality. The
7597:
7583:
6726:
6712:
6529:350 Solved Electrical Engineering Problems
6484:Faria, J. A. Brandao (15 September 2008).
6321:
6151:Quantum Mechanics for Electrical Engineers
6105:
5721:Encyclopedic Handbook of Integrated Optics
5717:
5592:Fairman, Frederick Walker (11 June 1998).
5548:
4951:National Society of Professional Engineers
4784:
4743:
4686:
4407:
3888:
3854:Grant, Duncan Andrew; Gowar, John (1989).
3853:
3791:
3789:
3097:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2108:Electrical engineers typically possess an
1606:is the further scaling of devices down to
886:
705:and electronics. The mathematical work of
45:
6568:Laplante, Phillip A. (31 December 1999).
6253:Tuzlukov, Vyacheslav (12 December 2010).
6231:
6048:
5780:
5696:
5528:Chandrasekhar, Thomas (1 December 2006).
5357:
4907:
4701:Fundamentals of Electronic Systems Design
4341:
4339:
4337:
3700:
3650:
3641:
3432:
3314:
2984:
2972:
2820:
2695:International Electrotechnical Commission
2553:. Many senior engineers manage a team of
2316:Institution of Engineering and Technology
2269:corporate office is on the 17th floor of
2026:, and various subsystems of aircraft and
1718:is still important in the design of many
1538:, into a small chip around the size of a
296:Institution of Engineering and Technology
288:International Electrotechnical Commission
6651:
6634:Basic Concepts of Electrical Engineering
6567:
6252:
6189:
6147:
5489:Micro/Nanotribology and Its Applications
5426:
4981:Quebec Statutes and Regulations (CanLII)
4917:Occupational Outlook Handbook, 2008–2009
4527:
4515:
4467:
4095:Fundamental Aspects of Silicon Oxidation
3420:
2685:Index of electrical engineering articles
2533:
2464:
2393:
2359:
2260:
2209:
2205:
2154:
2112:with a major in electrical engineering,
2097:
2053:(MEMS), are used in automobiles to tell
1998:
1874:
1806:
1635:
1563:
1441:
1316:
1224:
1158:
927:
912:
748:communication was first investigated by
717:proved Maxwell's theory by transmitting
682:
366:
359:, a forerunner of the electric battery.
6609:
6525:
6148:Sullivan, Dennis M. (24 January 2012).
5966:
5843:
5823:Leondes, Cornelius T. (8 August 2000).
5822:
5801:
5781:Lambourne, Robert J. A. (1 June 2010).
5676:Heertje, Arnold; Perlman, Mark (1990).
5654:
5591:
5506:
5485:
5333:
5268:. Canadian jobs service. Archived from
4844:"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"
4674:
4662:
4491:
4479:
4455:
4419:
4328:
4085:
4079:
4059:
3786:
3292:
3286:
3184:Grattan-Guinness, I. (1 January 2003).
2937:
2902:
2877:
2557:or other engineers and for this reason
2505:and high frequency telecommunications,
2462:that relate to electrical engineering.
1925:
645:and further developed into a practical
14:
7890:
7712:Electrical and electronics engineering
7697:Developmental and reproductive biology
7506:Electrical and electronics engineering
6463:Ciuprina, G.; Ioan, D. (30 May 2007).
6424:Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering
6420:
6273:
6168:
6109:Mechatronics System Design, SI Version
5928:Bioimpedance and Bioelectricity Basics
5889:; Ingle, Vinay K. (21 November 2011).
5760:Khanna, Vinod Kumar (1 January 2009).
5759:
5738:
5321:
5266:"Electrical and Electronics Engineers"
5243:"Electrical and Electronics Engineers"
4802:FAQs – Studying Electrical Engineering
4692:
4625:
4588:Fredlund, Rahardjo & Fredlund 2012
4563:
4334:
4293:
4121:
3857:Power MOSFETS: theory and applications
3706:
3210:
2501:is also an ubiquitous instrument. In
1994:
1577:engineering deals with the design and
1484:, which allows the user of a radio to
1302:
966:(BTL) in 1947. They then invented the
274:Electrical engineers typically hold a
7578:
6707:
6526:Karalis, Edward (18 September 2003).
6504:
6483:
6210:
6126:
5844:Mahalik, Nitaigour Premchand (2003).
5784:Relativity, Gravitation and Cosmology
4395:
4371:
4099:Springer Science & Business Media
4032:Dopants and Defects in Semiconductors
3882:
3847:
3520:
3250:Marconi's biography at Nobelprize.org
2996:
2565:skills are therefore very important.
2295:and, in extreme cases, the charge of
1898:. This may involve the design of new
1511:. In the mid-to-late 1950s, the term
1379:. It also plays an important role in
1214:
1027:The MOSFET made it possible to build
752:during 1894–1896, when he reached an
678:
545:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
7539:
6441:
6217:. Morgan & Claypool Publishers.
6073:, pp. 217–250, CRC Press, 2004
5987:
5697:Huurdeman, Anton A. (31 July 2003).
4757:"Electrical and Electronic Engineer"
4749:
4503:
4287:
4157:IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science
3829:
3823:
3545:
2716:List of Russian electrical engineers
2458:, and the ability to understand the
1773:data, triangulating positions using
1625:
1546:Microelectronics and nanoelectronics
1291:as this is closely related to their
786:, a crucial enabling technology for
7913:Electrical and computer engineering
7549:
6445:The Electrical Engineering Handbook
6071:Large Hadron Collider Phenomenology
6009:Naidu, S. M.; Kamaraju, V. (2009).
5949:Career Opportunities in Engineering
5655:Grigsby, Leonard L. (16 May 2012).
5438:Åström, K.J.; Murray, R.M. (2021).
2997:Darmstadt, Technische Universität.
2858:
2132:, depending on the university. The
1144:
901:Invention of the integrated circuit
794:invented the first radio tube, the
481:Institution of Electrical Engineers
454:probably the world's first form of
208:generation, distribution, and use.
24:
6442:Chen, Wai Kai (16 November 2004).
6343:
6031:Pervasive Computing and Networking
5739:Jalote, Pankaj (31 January 2006).
5376:McDavid & Echaore-McDavid 2009
5365:. University of Western Australia.
4432:McDavid & Echaore-McDavid 2009
4296:IEEE Solid-State Circuits Magazine
4125:Interplanetary Monitoring Platform
3889:Golio, Mike; Golio, Janet (2018).
2882:. London: Imperial College Press.
2136:generally includes units covering
1796:
1091:Interplanetary Monitoring Platform
431:, who in 1873 published a unified
25:
7929:
7742:Genetics and evolutionary biology
6673:
5468:VLSI Signal Processing Technology
5433:. University of California Press.
3347:reprinted in Igor Grigorov, Ed.,
3214:Mathematics in Historical Context
2726:Outline of electrical engineering
2324:
2118:electrical engineering technology
2061:to create sharper images, and in
1882:are used in fields as diverse as
893:History of electronic engineering
617:(later called ZBD transformers),
558:In about 1885, Cornell President
323:History of electrical engineering
7558:
7548:
7538:
7529:
7528:
7398:
6127:Smith, Brian W. (January 2007).
5682:. University of Michigan Press.
5637:Geothermal Reservoir Engineering
5510:Control Engineering, 2nd Edition
5408:
5399:
5390:
5381:
5351:
5339:
5284:
5194:
5164:
5139:
5104:
5074:
5049:
5024:
4351:. UNESCO. 2010. pp. 127–8.
4122:Butler, P. M. (29 August 1989).
3003:Technische Universität Darmstadt
2757:
2643:
2629:
2080:, an example is the most recent
1733:audio equipment, mobile phones,
1194:, high voltage engineering, and
1120:and personal computers, and the
1051:MOS technology was developed by
1035:in 1962. MOS technology enabled
540:Technische Universität Darmstadt
7746:Cellular and molecular biology
6733:
6658:. I. K. International Pvt Ltd.
6652:Srinivas, Kn (1 January 2007).
6505:Jones, Lincoln D. (July 2004).
6193:Intuitive Analog Circuit Design
6190:Thompson, Marc (12 June 2006).
5967:Merhari, Lhadi (3 March 2009).
5802:Leitgeb, Norbert (6 May 2010).
5507:Bissell, Chris (25 July 1996).
4994:
4969:
4939:
4862:
4836:
4790:
4699:J. Lienig; H. Bruemmer (2017).
4631:
4593:
4552:Bayoumi & Swartzlander 1994
4192:
4147:
4115:
4060:Daniels, Lee A. (28 May 1992).
4022:
3995:
3968:
3807:. 6 August 2010. Archived from
3797:"Triumph of the MOS Transistor"
3675:
3612:
3585:
3564:
3550:. MIT Press. pp. 354–355.
3539:
3514:
3489:
3468:
3438:
3255:
3243:
3211:Suzuki, Jeff (27 August 2009).
3204:
3177:
3139:
3123:
3105:
3046:
3028:
2990:
2460:technical language and concepts
2020:automated manufacturing systems
1515:gradually gave way to the name
1420:Control engineers also work in
1203:to it. Such systems are called
1029:high-density integrated circuit
917:A replica of the first working
637:were independently invented by
362:
6211:Tobin, Paul (1 January 2007).
6013:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
5895:. Cambridge University Press.
5850:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
5787:. Cambridge University Press.
5556:. Concept Publishing Company.
5534:. Tata McGraw-Hill Education.
5360:"What Do Engineers Really Do?"
4947:"Why Should You Get Licensed?"
3766:"Who Invented the Transistor?"
3651:Moskowitz, Sanford L. (2016).
2931:
2896:
2871:
2852:
2826:
2789:
2744:
2617:superconducting electromagnets
2303:and legislation pertaining to
2051:microelectromechanical systems
2041:is typically used to refer to
2003:The Bird VIP Infant ventilator
1888:geographic information systems
1695:of digitally sampled signals.
1431:
1361:programmable logic controllers
1221:Telecommunications engineering
1072:landing astronauts on the Moon
347:invented a device later named
305:to the management skills of a
259:, electromagnetics and waves,
13:
1:
6589:Leon-Garcia, Alberto (2008).
6532:. Dearborn Trade Publishing.
6511:. Dearborn Trade Publishing.
5296:Occupational Outlook Handbook
5176:www.liveinvictoria.vic.gov.au
5116:Occupational Outlook Handbook
5002:"Codes of Ethics and Conduct"
4762:Occupational Outlook Handbook
4205:National Air and Space Museum
2917:10.1080/17581206.2015.1119481
2771:
2601:transatlantic telegraph cable
2387:and it is commonplace to use
833:began to make strides toward
655:Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown
6756:List of engineering branches
6655:Basic Electrical Engineering
6369:Resources in other libraries
6049:Rosenberg, Chaim M. (2008).
5988:Mook, William Moyer (2008).
5549:Chaturvedi, Pradeep (1997).
3446:"Albert W. Hull (1880–1966)"
2784:Martinsen & Grimnes 2011
2706:List of engineering branches
2701:List of electrical engineers
2675:Electronic design automation
2563:strong written communication
2349:of buildings, the design of
2087:
1864:
1745:, missile guidance systems,
1618:knowledge of the effects of
1522:Before the invention of the
1386:Control engineers often use
1127:
798:, in 1904. Two years later,
7:
6698:IEEE Global History Network
6427:. Oxford University Press.
6421:Bobrow, Leonard S. (1996).
5577:. Oxford University Press.
5531:Analog Communication (Jntu)
3053:Roger Segelken, H. (2009).
2622:
2603:. Conversely, the engineer
2130:Bachelor of Applied Science
1819:Instrumentation engineering
1803:Instrumentation engineering
1456:that use the properties of
1089:, including MOSFETs in the
1082:'s adoption of advances in
968:bipolar junction transistor
964:Bell Telephone Laboratories
589:in New York City. In 1884,
450:developed and presented in
387:, who in 1825 invented the
229:radio-frequency engineering
10:
7934:
7847:Probability and statistics
5448:Princeton University Press
5229:Bureau of Labor Statistics
5206:Bureau of Labor Statistics
4540:Manolakis & Ingle 2011
4271:Cambridge University Press
3525:. MIT Press. p. 237.
3476:"Who Invented Microwaves?"
3353:, Vol. 2, No.3, pp. 87–96.
3172:Heertje & Perlman 1990
3023:Wildes & Lindgren 1985
2952:10.1109/JPROC.2016.2571358
2665:Comparison of EDA software
2228:professional certification
2091:
1987:and novel materials (e.g.
1929:
1868:
1841:measure variables such as
1833:that often extends beyond
1800:
1769:digital media, wirelessly
1629:
1549:
1435:
1306:
1218:
1148:
890:
651:Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
320:
316:
280:professional certification
31:
7617:
7524:
7471:
7455:
7407:
7396:
7171:
7113:
7032:
6957:
6884:
6777:
6764:
6741:
6637:. New Age International.
6490:. John Wiley & Sons.
6364:Resources in your library
6154:. John Wiley & Sons.
6034:. John Wiley & Sons.
5763:Digital Signal Processing
5703:. John Wiley & Sons.
5598:. John Wiley & Sons.
5427:Abramson, Albert (1955).
5387:Huurdeman, pp. 95–96
5358:Trevelyan, James (2005).
5346:Naidu & Kamaraju 2009
4732:Maluf & Williams 2004
4709:10.1007/978-3-319-55840-0
3707:Saxena, Arjun N. (2009).
3572:"The ENIAC Museum Online"
3325:10.1109/MWSYM.1997.602853
3227:– via Google Books.
3200:– via Google Books.
2357:of industrial machinery.
2335:electric power generation
2331:Global Positioning System
2032:Electronic systems design
1973:fiber-optic communication
1967:and measurement systems,
1949:electromagnetic radiation
1771:transmitting or receiving
1710:, power electronics, and
1700:digital signal processing
1353:digital signal processors
987:hybrid integrated circuit
897:History of the transistor
711:electromagnetic radiation
564:University College London
441:Electricity and Magnetism
425:electromagnetic induction
298:(IET, formerly the IEE).
141:
129:
124:
72:
64:
59:
44:
6616:. Universal-Publishers.
6385:. Universal-Publishers.
6232:Tunbridge, Paul (1992).
6130:Communication Structures
6011:High Voltage Engineering
5826:Energy and Power Systems
5486:Bhushan, Bharat (1997).
4444:Åström & Murray 2021
4408:Zhang, Hu & Luo 2007
4308:10.1109/MSSC.2008.930938
4178:10.1109/TNS.1971.4325871
2737:
2365:Satellite communications
2220:General Electric Company
1716:Analog signal processing
1659:. Signals can be either
1324:play a critical role in
1240:of information across a
1122:microcomputer revolution
1095:Apollo Guidance Computer
948:point-contact transistor
923:point-contact transistor
754:extremely high frequency
585:(DC)—to 59 customers on
572:institutes of technology
487:, and, from about 1890,
463:Francisco Salva Campillo
32:Not to be confused with
7918:Engineering disciplines
7642:Artificial intelligence
7417:Bachelor of Engineering
7259:Engineering mathematics
6690:26 January 2008 at the
6610:Malaric, Roman (2011).
6274:Walker, Denise (2007).
6256:Signal Processing Noise
6175:. Infobase Publishing.
5952:. Infobase Publishing.
5082:"Journal and Magazines"
4875:16 January 2006 at the
4576:Grant & Bixley 2011
4242:Computer History Museum
4210:Smithsonian Institution
4008:Computer History Museum
3954:Computer History Museum
3926:Computer History Museum
3805:Computer History Museum
3771:Computer History Museum
3747:Computer History Museum
3628:Computer History Museum
3598:Computer History Museum
3401:Computer History Museum
3372:Computer History Museum
3293:Emerson, D. T. (1997).
3268:List of IEEE milestones
3252:retrieved 21 June 2008.
3238:Severs & Leise 2011
3132:The Electrical Engineer
2940:Proceedings of the IEEE
2690:Information engineering
2670:Electrical Technologist
2592:, and other engineers.
2452:strong numerical skills
2339:electric power stations
2124:, Bachelor of Science,
2122:Bachelor of Engineering
2114:electronics engineering
1965:electro-optical sensors
1615:compound semiconductors
1375:present in many modern
1299:, specifically static.
1078:in 1969 was enabled by
1041:doubling of transistors
1003:Fairchild Semiconductor
909:Solid-state electronics
887:Solid-state electronics
856:designed and built the
7903:Electronic engineering
7898:Electrical engineering
7872:Structural engineering
7812:Mechanical engineering
7785:Western and South Asia
7516:Structural engineering
7511:Mechanical engineering
7254:Engineering management
6355:Electrical engineering
6169:Taylor, Allan (2008).
6055:. Arcadia Publishing.
5887:Manolakis, Dimitris G.
5202:"Electrical Engineers"
5147:"Electrical Engineers"
4901:22 August 2006 at the
4744:Iga & Kokubun 2010
4687:Shetty & Kolk 2010
3838:University of Michigan
3683:"Electronics Timeline"
3501:Peneley Radar Archives
2878:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
2542:
2478:
2403:
2368:
2274:
2223:
2184:Engineering Management
2171:
2126:Bachelor of Technology
2105:
2004:
1891:
1851:Peltier-Seebeck effect
1835:electromagnetic theory
1815:
1712:biomedical engineering
1649:
1571:
1517:electronic engineering
1449:
1438:Electronic engineering
1339:of a diverse range of
1329:
1233:
1167:
1135:electronic engineering
956:Walter Houser Brattain
939:
925:
694:
568:University of Missouri
376:
178:Electrical engineering
119:electrical substations
40:Electrical engineering
34:Electronic engineering
7737:Environmental science
7622:Aerospace engineering
7496:Aerospace engineering
7409:Engineering education
6303:. MIT Press. p.
6277:Metals and Non-metals
4890:4 August 2012 at the
4135:. pp. 1, 11, 134
3830:Chan, Yi-Jen (1992).
3659:John Wiley & Sons
3497:"Early Radar History"
3117:president.cornell.edu
2609:particle accelerators
2537:
2468:
2397:
2389:computer-aided design
2363:
2264:
2244:Incorporated Engineer
2236:Professional Engineer
2213:
2206:Professional practice
2188:Engineering Doctorate
2180:Master of Engineering
2163:, which is useful in
2158:
2101:
2074:aerospace engineering
2067:optical communication
2002:
1884:computational biology
1878:
1810:
1777:, and other kinds of
1708:broadcast engineering
1639:
1567:
1447:Electronic components
1445:
1394:. For example, in an
1381:industrial automation
1320:
1242:communication channel
1228:
1162:
1087:electronic technology
970:in 1948. While early
931:
916:
788:electronic television
750:Jagadish Chandra Bose
723:spark-gap transmitter
686:
468:Electrical telegraphy
448:Georges-Louis Le Sage
381:Hans Christian Ørsted
370:
261:microwave engineering
204:, the telephone, and
27:Branch of engineering
7908:Computer engineering
7437:Graduate certificate
6112:. Cengage Learning.
5136:regarding copyright)
5006:Online Ethics Center
2590:computer programmers
2353:, or the electrical
2351:household appliances
2084:and ion propulsion.
1926:Photonics and optics
1871:Computer engineering
1767:encoding or decoding
1741:headphones, digital
1369:commercial airliners
1270:frequency modulation
1266:amplitude modulation
1139:computer engineering
1070:which culminated in
1022:electronics industry
972:junction transistors
958:while working under
776:Karl Ferdinand Braun
731:wireless telegraphic
699:development of radio
560:Andrew Dickson White
423:, the discoverer of
413:potential difference
282:and be members of a
213:computer engineering
7422:Bachelor of Science
7264:Engineering physics
7248:Engineering drawing
6770:Interdisciplinarity
6091:. Lexington Books.
5212:on 19 February 2006
4850:on 28 November 2011
4808:on 10 November 2005
4170:1971ITNS...18..233W
4087:Feldman, Leonard C.
3450:IEEE History Center
3307:1997imsd.conf..553E
3153:on 17 November 2015
3135:. 1911. p. 54.
2580:, the offices of a
2525:harmonic distortion
2436:solid state physics
2297:criminal negligence
2082:electric propulsion
2057:when to deploy, in
1995:Related disciplines
1912:video game consoles
1532:integrated circuits
1454:electronic circuits
1426:autonomous vehicles
1365:Control engineering
1349:electronic circuits
1333:Control engineering
1309:Control engineering
1303:Control engineering
1188:electric generators
983:integrated circuits
866:John Presper Eckert
707:James Clerk Maxwell
673:George Westinghouse
668:war of the currents
627:William Stanley Jr.
599:Alternating current
591:Sir Charles Parsons
489:wireless telegraphy
456:electric telegraphy
435:of electricity and
429:James Clerk Maxwell
399:, who invented the
371:The discoveries of
217:systems engineering
95:electrical machines
83:electrical circuits
68:Electrical engineer
41:
18:Applied electricity
7024:Telecommunications
6929:Naval architecture
6685:MIT OpenCourseWare
6448:. Academic Press.
6280:. Evans Brothers.
6133:. Thomas Telford.
5931:. Academic Press.
5640:. Academic Press.
5253:on 23 October 2009
5247:Australian Careers
5182:on 8 December 2015
5012:on 2 February 2016
4384:Chandrasekhar 2006
4066:The New York Times
3811:on 28 October 2021
3743:The Silicon Engine
3624:The Silicon Engine
3397:The Silicon Engine
3368:The Silicon Engine
2651:Engineering portal
2637:Electronics portal
2559:project management
2543:
2507:spectrum analyzers
2479:
2404:
2369:
2293:tort of negligence
2275:
2240:Chartered engineer
2224:
2172:
2146:project management
2106:
2059:digital projectors
2005:
1985:optical amplifiers
1983:), laser systems,
1979:(mostly involving
1892:
1839:flight instruments
1816:
1812:Flight instruments
1759:speech recognition
1743:spectrum analyzers
1735:multimedia players
1650:
1583:integrated circuit
1572:
1524:integrated circuit
1450:
1343:and the design of
1330:
1234:
1215:Telecommunications
1168:
1155:Energy engineering
942:The first working
940:
926:
738:, and St. John's,
695:
692:radio transmission
679:Early 20th century
633:designs including
607:Károly Zipernowsky
549:Cornell University
472:electric telegraph
377:
355:had developed the
337:static electricity
241:photovoltaic cells
225:telecommunications
202:electric telegraph
99:telecommunications
39:
7885:
7884:
7867:Scientific naming
7857:Quantum computing
7687:Computer hardware
7682:Clinical research
7677:Civil engineering
7572:
7571:
7501:Civil engineering
7447:Licensed engineer
7442:Engineer's degree
7394:
7393:
7226:Building services
7209:Health technology
7070:Chemical reaction
7019:Signal processing
6665:978-81-89866-34-1
6644:978-81-224-1836-1
6623:978-1-61233-500-1
6602:978-0-13-147122-1
6595:. Prentice Hall.
6581:978-3-540-64835-2
6560:978-1-58603-232-6
6539:978-0-7931-8511-5
6518:978-1-4195-2131-7
6497:978-0-470-69748-1
6476:978-3-540-71980-9
6455:978-0-08-047748-0
6434:978-0-19-510509-4
6413:978-1-4398-5429-7
6392:978-1-58112-971-7
6350:Library resources
6335:978-1-4200-4289-4
6314:978-0-262-23119-0
6287:978-0-237-53003-7
6266:978-1-4200-4111-8
6245:978-0-86341-237-0
6224:978-1-59829-162-9
6203:978-0-08-047875-3
6182:978-1-4381-1069-1
6161:978-0-470-87409-7
6140:978-0-7277-3400-6
6119:978-1-133-16949-9
6098:978-1-61149-065-7
6062:978-0-7385-2521-1
6041:978-1-119-97043-9
6020:978-0-07-066928-4
6001:978-0-549-46812-7
5980:978-0-387-30428-1
5959:978-1-4381-1070-7
5938:978-0-08-056880-5
5902:978-1-139-49573-8
5878:978-1-58053-591-5
5857:978-0-07-048374-3
5836:978-90-5699-677-2
5815:978-3-211-99683-6
5794:978-0-521-13138-4
5773:978-81-219-3095-6
5752:978-0-387-28132-2
5731:978-1-4200-2781-5
5710:978-0-471-20505-0
5689:978-0-472-10192-4
5668:978-1-4398-5628-4
5647:978-0-12-383881-0
5626:978-1-118-28050-8
5605:978-0-471-97489-5
5584:978-0-19-960499-9
5563:978-81-7022-631-4
5541:978-0-07-064770-1
5520:978-0-412-57710-9
5499:978-0-7923-4386-8
5478:978-0-7923-9490-7
5457:978-0-691-21347-7
5092:on 24 August 2007
4932:978-1-59357-513-7
4883:, the curriculum
4764:, 2012–13 Edition
4718:978-3-319-55839-4
4612:978-0-8031-1466-1
4358:978-92-3-104156-3
4212:. 14 October 2015
4101:. pp. 1–11.
3899:. pp. 18–2.
3774:. 4 December 2013
3557:978-0-262-68137-7
3532:978-0-262-68137-7
3069:978-0-918531-05-6
2889:978-1-78326-917-4
2859:Roberts, Steven.
2840:. 25 January 2016
2801:libraries.mit.edu
2574:fabrication plant
2551:project schedules
2511:network analyzers
2473:bouncing down an
2456:computer literacy
2432:quantum mechanics
2400:Shadow robot hand
2305:environmental law
2273:in New York City.
2252:European Engineer
2232:professional body
2192:Engineer's degree
2134:bachelor's degree
2016:electromechanical
1904:Desktop computers
1791:speech processing
1704:audio engineering
1653:Signal processing
1632:Signal processing
1626:Signal processing
1620:quantum mechanics
1513:radio engineering
1493:radio engineering
1289:power consumption
1196:power electronics
1151:Power engineering
995:Texas Instruments
800:Robert von Lieben
727:Guglielmo Marconi
688:Guglielmo Marconi
659:Charles Steinmetz
536:electromechanical
284:professional body
257:power electronics
233:signal processing
221:power engineering
198:commercialization
175:
174:
107:signal processing
91:power engineering
16:(Redirected from
7925:
7692:Computer science
7599:
7592:
7585:
7576:
7575:
7562:
7552:
7551:
7542:
7541:
7532:
7531:
7402:
6989:Electromechanics
6775:
6774:
6728:
6721:
6714:
6705:
6704:
6669:
6648:
6627:
6606:
6585:
6564:
6543:
6522:
6501:
6480:
6459:
6438:
6417:
6396:
6339:
6318:
6302:
6291:
6270:
6249:
6228:
6207:
6186:
6165:
6144:
6123:
6102:
6066:
6045:
6024:
6005:
5984:
5963:
5942:
5906:
5882:
5871:. Artech House.
5861:
5840:
5819:
5798:
5777:
5756:
5735:
5714:
5693:
5672:
5651:
5630:
5609:
5588:
5567:
5545:
5524:
5503:
5482:
5461:
5445:
5434:
5415:
5412:
5406:
5403:
5397:
5396:Huurdeman, p. 90
5394:
5388:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5366:
5364:
5355:
5349:
5343:
5337:
5331:
5325:
5319:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5307:
5298:. Archived from
5288:
5282:
5281:
5279:
5277:
5262:
5260:
5258:
5249:. Archived from
5239:
5237:
5235:
5221:
5219:
5217:
5208:. Archived from
5198:
5192:
5191:
5189:
5187:
5178:. Archived from
5168:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5143:
5137:
5131:
5129:
5127:
5118:. Archived from
5108:
5102:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5088:. Archived from
5078:
5072:
5071:
5069:
5067:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5044:
5042:
5032:"About the IEEE"
5028:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5017:
5008:. Archived from
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4973:
4967:
4966:
4964:
4962:
4953:. Archived from
4943:
4937:
4936:
4920:
4911:
4905:
4894:and unit tables
4866:
4860:
4859:
4857:
4855:
4846:. Archived from
4840:
4834:
4833:
4824:
4818:
4817:
4815:
4813:
4804:. Archived from
4794:
4788:
4782:
4776:
4775:
4773:
4771:
4753:
4747:
4741:
4735:
4729:
4723:
4722:
4696:
4690:
4684:
4678:
4672:
4666:
4660:
4654:
4653:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4573:
4567:
4561:
4555:
4549:
4543:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4495:
4489:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4465:
4459:
4453:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4375:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4343:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4319:
4291:
4285:
4284:
4260:
4254:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4233:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4196:
4190:
4189:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4140:
4130:
4119:
4113:
4112:
4083:
4077:
4076:
4074:
4072:
4057:
4051:
4050:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
3999:
3993:
3992:
3972:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3961:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3936:
3934:
3917:
3911:
3910:
3886:
3880:
3879:
3851:
3845:
3844:
3827:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3816:
3793:
3784:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3762:
3751:
3750:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3715:World Scientific
3704:
3698:
3697:
3695:
3693:
3679:
3673:
3672:
3648:
3639:
3638:
3636:
3634:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3580:
3578:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3543:
3537:
3536:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3472:
3466:
3465:
3463:
3461:
3452:. Archived from
3442:
3436:
3430:
3424:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3389:
3383:
3382:
3380:
3378:
3360:
3354:
3346:
3318:
3290:
3284:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3259:
3253:
3247:
3241:
3235:
3229:
3228:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3181:
3175:
3169:
3163:
3162:
3160:
3158:
3149:. Archived from
3143:
3137:
3136:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3096:
3088:
3087:on 3 March 2016.
3086:
3080:. Archived from
3061:
3050:
3044:
3043:
3032:
3026:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3009:
2994:
2988:
2982:
2976:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2946:(7): 1489–1498.
2935:
2929:
2928:
2900:
2894:
2893:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2830:
2824:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2807:
2793:
2787:
2781:
2765:
2761:
2755:
2748:
2660:Barnacle (slang)
2653:
2648:
2647:
2639:
2634:
2633:
2605:Oliver Heaviside
2549:and determining
2254:(in much of the
2222:in New York City
2190:(Eng.D.), or an
2142:computer science
1908:embedded devices
1896:computer systems
1787:audio processing
1783:video processing
1779:image processing
1739:noise cancelling
1693:error correction
1579:microfabrication
1575:Microelectronics
1552:Microelectronics
1505:early television
1501:commercial radio
1357:microcontrollers
1230:Satellite dishes
1145:Power and energy
1033:RCA Laboratories
960:William Shockley
881:electrical noise
841:in August 1936.
831:British military
780:cathode-ray tube
769:crystal detector
759:
703:radio technology
663:Oliver Heaviside
639:Galileo Ferraris
635:induction motors
623:John Dixon Gibbs
587:Manhattan Island
496:units of measure
485:submarine cables
439:in his treatise
427:in 1831; and of
409:electric current
401:electrical relay
385:William Sturgeon
353:Alessandro Volta
269:electrochemistry
206:electrical power
194:electromagnetism
87:electromagnetics
74:Activity sectors
49:
42:
38:
21:
7933:
7932:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7924:
7923:
7922:
7888:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7780:Hebrew toponyms
7775:Arabic toponyms
7613:
7603:
7573:
7568:
7520:
7467:
7451:
7427:Master's degree
7403:
7390:
7304:Instrumentation
7167:
7109:
7075:Electrochemical
7028:
7014:Radio frequency
6953:
6880:
6844:Municipal/Urban
6768:
6766:
6760:
6737:
6732:
6692:Wayback Machine
6676:
6666:
6645:
6624:
6603:
6582:
6561:
6540:
6519:
6498:
6477:
6456:
6435:
6414:
6393:
6375:
6374:
6373:
6358:
6357:
6353:
6346:
6344:Further reading
6336:
6315:
6288:
6267:
6246:
6225:
6204:
6183:
6172:Energy Industry
6162:
6141:
6120:
6099:
6063:
6042:
6021:
6002:
5981:
5960:
5939:
5903:
5879:
5858:
5837:
5816:
5795:
5774:
5753:
5732:
5711:
5690:
5669:
5648:
5627:
5606:
5585:
5564:
5542:
5521:
5500:
5479:
5458:
5450:. p. 108.
5418:
5414:Martini, p. 179
5413:
5409:
5405:Schmidt, p. 218
5404:
5400:
5395:
5391:
5386:
5382:
5374:
5370:
5362:
5356:
5352:
5344:
5340:
5332:
5328:
5320:
5316:
5305:
5303:
5302:on 13 July 2005
5290:
5289:
5285:
5275:
5273:
5272:on 6 March 2009
5264:
5256:
5254:
5241:
5233:
5231:
5223:
5215:
5213:
5200:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5183:
5170:
5169:
5165:
5155:
5153:
5145:
5144:
5140:
5125:
5123:
5122:on 13 July 2005
5110:
5109:
5105:
5095:
5093:
5080:
5079:
5075:
5065:
5063:
5057:"About the IET"
5055:
5054:
5050:
5040:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5025:
5015:
5013:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4985:
4983:
4977:"Engineers Act"
4975:
4974:
4970:
4960:
4958:
4945:
4944:
4940:
4933:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4903:Wayback Machine
4892:Wayback Machine
4877:Wayback Machine
4867:
4863:
4853:
4851:
4842:
4841:
4837:
4826:
4825:
4821:
4811:
4809:
4796:
4795:
4791:
4785:Chaturvedi 1997
4783:
4779:
4769:
4767:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4742:
4738:
4730:
4726:
4719:
4697:
4693:
4685:
4681:
4673:
4669:
4661:
4657:
4650:
4636:
4632:
4624:
4620:
4613:
4599:
4598:
4594:
4586:
4582:
4574:
4570:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4526:
4522:
4514:
4510:
4502:
4498:
4490:
4486:
4478:
4474:
4466:
4462:
4454:
4450:
4442:
4438:
4430:
4426:
4418:
4414:
4406:
4402:
4394:
4390:
4382:
4378:
4370:
4366:
4359:
4345:
4344:
4335:
4327:
4323:
4292:
4288:
4281:
4261:
4257:
4247:
4245:
4235:
4234:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4198:
4197:
4193:
4152:
4148:
4138:
4136:
4128:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4084:
4080:
4070:
4068:
4058:
4054:
4047:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4001:
4000:
3996:
3989:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3957:
3947:
3946:
3942:
3932:
3930:
3919:
3918:
3914:
3907:
3887:
3883:
3872:
3852:
3848:
3828:
3824:
3814:
3812:
3795:
3794:
3787:
3777:
3775:
3764:
3763:
3754:
3737:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3717:. p. 140.
3705:
3701:
3691:
3689:
3681:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3661:. p. 168.
3649:
3642:
3632:
3630:
3618:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3591:
3590:
3586:
3576:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3474:
3473:
3469:
3459:
3457:
3444:
3443:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3419:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3391:
3390:
3386:
3376:
3374:
3362:
3361:
3357:
3335:
3291:
3287:
3277:
3275:
3261:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3236:
3232:
3225:
3209:
3205:
3198:
3182:
3178:
3170:
3166:
3156:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3140:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3111:
3110:
3106:
3090:
3089:
3084:
3070:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3042:on 6 June 2013.
3034:
3033:
3029:
3021:
3017:
3007:
3005:
2995:
2991:
2983:
2979:
2971:
2967:
2936:
2932:
2901:
2897:
2890:
2876:
2872:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2831:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2805:
2803:
2795:
2794:
2790:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2758:
2749:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2649:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2625:
2582:consulting firm
2521:audio test sets
2327:
2314:(IEEE) and the
2208:
2169:troubleshooting
2161:circuit diagram
2140:, mathematics,
2110:academic degree
2096:
2090:
2063:inkjet printers
1997:
1977:optoelectronics
1938:
1930:Main articles:
1928:
1873:
1867:
1837:. For example,
1805:
1799:
1797:Instrumentation
1755:noise reduction
1727:television sets
1720:control systems
1689:error detection
1634:
1628:
1604:Nanoelectronics
1562:
1556:Nanoelectronics
1550:Main articles:
1548:
1509:microprocessors
1440:
1434:
1392:control systems
1390:when designing
1341:dynamic systems
1335:focuses on the
1322:Control systems
1315:
1307:Main articles:
1305:
1293:signal strength
1223:
1217:
1192:electric motors
1157:
1149:Main articles:
1147:
1130:
1053:Federico Faggin
976:mass-production
911:
889:
829:. In 1934, the
778:introduced the
757:
746:Millimetre wave
681:
538:in nature. The
476:Francis Ronalds
421:Michael Faraday
373:Michael Faraday
365:
329:William Gilbert
325:
319:
307:project manager
294:(IEEE) and the
237:instrumentation
146:
144:
103:control systems
75:
55:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7931:
7921:
7920:
7915:
7910:
7905:
7900:
7883:
7882:
7880:
7879:
7874:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7832:Nanotechnology
7829:
7824:
7819:
7814:
7809:
7804:
7802:Machine vision
7799:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7787:
7782:
7777:
7772:
7767:
7759:
7758:
7757:
7752:
7744:
7739:
7734:
7729:
7728:
7727:
7722:
7714:
7709:
7704:
7699:
7694:
7689:
7684:
7679:
7674:
7669:
7664:
7659:
7654:
7649:
7644:
7639:
7634:
7629:
7624:
7618:
7615:
7614:
7605:Glossaries of
7602:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7579:
7570:
7569:
7567:
7566:
7556:
7546:
7536:
7525:
7522:
7521:
7519:
7518:
7513:
7508:
7503:
7498:
7493:
7492:
7491:
7486:
7477:
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7465:
7459:
7457:
7456:Related topics
7453:
7452:
7450:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7424:
7419:
7413:
7411:
7405:
7404:
7397:
7395:
7392:
7391:
7389:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7376:Sustainability
7373:
7368:
7363:
7358:
7353:
7348:
7343:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7318:
7313:
7312:
7311:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7245:
7240:
7238:Geoengineering
7235:
7234:
7233:
7223:
7222:
7221:
7219:Rehabilitation
7216:
7214:Pharmaceutical
7211:
7206:
7201:
7199:Bioinformatics
7191:
7186:
7181:
7175:
7173:
7169:
7168:
7166:
7165:
7160:
7158:Semiconductors
7155:
7150:
7148:Nanotechnology
7145:
7140:
7135:
7130:
7125:
7119:
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7077:
7072:
7067:
7066:
7065:
7060:
7055:
7045:
7038:
7036:
7030:
7029:
7027:
7026:
7021:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6996:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6979:
6969:
6963:
6961:
6955:
6954:
6952:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6916:
6911:
6906:
6901:
6896:
6890:
6888:
6882:
6881:
6879:
6878:
6877:
6876:
6871:
6864:Transportation
6861:
6856:
6851:
6846:
6841:
6836:
6831:
6826:
6821:
6820:
6819:
6814:
6804:
6799:
6794:
6789:
6783:
6781:
6772:
6762:
6761:
6759:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6742:
6739:
6738:
6731:
6730:
6723:
6716:
6708:
6702:
6701:
6695:
6682:
6675:
6674:External links
6672:
6671:
6670:
6664:
6649:
6643:
6628:
6622:
6607:
6601:
6586:
6580:
6565:
6559:
6544:
6538:
6523:
6517:
6502:
6496:
6481:
6475:
6460:
6454:
6439:
6433:
6418:
6412:
6397:
6391:
6372:
6371:
6366:
6360:
6359:
6348:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6341:
6340:
6334:
6319:
6313:
6292:
6286:
6271:
6265:
6250:
6244:
6229:
6223:
6208:
6202:
6187:
6181:
6166:
6160:
6145:
6139:
6124:
6118:
6103:
6097:
6082:
6067:
6061:
6046:
6040:
6025:
6019:
6006:
6000:
5985:
5979:
5964:
5958:
5943:
5937:
5922:
5907:
5901:
5883:
5877:
5862:
5856:
5841:
5835:
5820:
5814:
5799:
5793:
5778:
5772:
5757:
5751:
5736:
5730:
5715:
5709:
5694:
5688:
5673:
5667:
5652:
5646:
5631:
5625:
5610:
5604:
5589:
5583:
5568:
5562:
5546:
5540:
5525:
5519:
5504:
5498:
5483:
5477:
5462:
5456:
5435:
5423:
5422:
5417:
5416:
5407:
5398:
5389:
5380:
5368:
5350:
5338:
5336:, p. 122.
5326:
5324:, p. 241.
5314:
5283:
5193:
5163:
5138:
5103:
5073:
5048:
5023:
4993:
4968:
4957:on 4 June 2005
4938:
4931:
4906:
4879:, study guide
4861:
4835:
4819:
4789:
4787:, p. 253.
4777:
4748:
4746:, p. 137.
4736:
4724:
4717:
4691:
4679:
4677:, p. 199.
4667:
4665:, p. 569.
4655:
4648:
4630:
4618:
4611:
4592:
4590:, p. 346.
4580:
4578:, p. 159.
4568:
4566:, p. 297.
4556:
4544:
4532:
4520:
4508:
4506:, p. 149.
4496:
4494:, p. 581.
4484:
4482:, p. 233.
4472:
4460:
4458:, p. 119.
4448:
4446:, p. 108.
4436:
4424:
4412:
4410:, p. 448.
4400:
4388:
4376:
4364:
4357:
4333:
4321:
4286:
4279:
4255:
4223:
4191:
4164:(1): 233–236.
4146:
4114:
4107:
4091:"Introduction"
4078:
4052:
4045:
4021:
3994:
3987:
3967:
3940:
3929:. 2 April 2018
3912:
3905:
3881:
3870:
3846:
3822:
3785:
3752:
3730:
3723:
3699:
3674:
3667:
3640:
3611:
3584:
3563:
3556:
3538:
3531:
3513:
3488:
3467:
3456:on 2 June 2002
3437:
3435:, p. 226.
3433:Huurdeman 2003
3425:
3413:
3384:
3355:
3333:
3316:10.1.1.39.8748
3285:
3254:
3242:
3240:, p. 145.
3230:
3223:
3203:
3196:
3176:
3174:, p. 138.
3164:
3138:
3122:
3104:
3068:
3062:. Ithaca, NY.
3045:
3027:
3015:
2989:
2985:Tunbridge 1992
2977:
2973:Rosenberg 2008
2965:
2930:
2895:
2888:
2870:
2851:
2825:
2821:Lambourne 2010
2813:
2788:
2786:, p. 411.
2775:
2773:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2756:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2656:
2655:
2654:
2640:
2624:
2621:
2503:RF engineering
2444:circuit theory
2408:circuit theory
2326:
2325:Tools and work
2323:
2301:building codes
2284:code of ethics
2256:European Union
2207:
2204:
2165:circuit design
2092:Main article:
2089:
2086:
1996:
1993:
1981:semiconductors
1927:
1924:
1880:Supercomputers
1869:Main article:
1866:
1863:
1801:Main article:
1798:
1795:
1630:Main article:
1627:
1624:
1569:Microprocessor
1547:
1544:
1436:Main article:
1433:
1430:
1415:control theory
1402:the vehicle's
1400:cruise control
1373:cruise control
1313:Control theory
1304:
1301:
1258:carrier signal
1219:Main article:
1216:
1213:
1146:
1143:
1129:
1126:
1118:microcomputers
1102:microprocessor
1068:Apollo program
1057:MOSFET scaling
1014:Mohamed Atalla
888:
885:
877:Claude Shannon
848:presented the
823:microwave oven
817:developed the
782:as part of an
715:Heinrich Hertz
680:
677:
619:Lucien Gaulard
583:direct current
364:
361:
321:Main article:
318:
315:
303:circuit theory
265:nanotechnology
173:
172:
147:
142:
139:
138:
131:
127:
126:
122:
121:
76:
73:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
51:A long row of
50:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7930:
7919:
7916:
7914:
7911:
7909:
7906:
7904:
7901:
7899:
7896:
7895:
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7875:
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7870:
7868:
7865:
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7843:
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6925:
6922:
6920:
6919:Manufacturing
6917:
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6910:
6909:Biomechanical
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6809:
6808:
6807:Environmental
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6787:Architectural
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6604:
6598:
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6583:
6577:
6573:
6572:
6566:
6562:
6556:
6553:. IOS Press.
6552:
6551:
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6530:
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6510:
6509:
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6451:
6447:
6446:
6440:
6436:
6430:
6426:
6425:
6419:
6415:
6409:
6406:. CRC Press.
6405:
6404:
6398:
6394:
6388:
6384:
6383:
6377:
6376:
6370:
6367:
6365:
6362:
6361:
6356:
6351:
6337:
6331:
6328:. CRC Press.
6327:
6326:
6320:
6316:
6310:
6306:
6301:
6300:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6279:
6278:
6272:
6268:
6262:
6259:. CRC Press.
6258:
6257:
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6237:
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6094:
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6089:
6083:
6080:
6079:0-7503-0986-5
6076:
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5920:
5919:981-02-4319-7
5916:
5912:
5908:
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5898:
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5893:
5888:
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5880:
5874:
5870:
5869:
5863:
5859:
5853:
5849:
5848:
5842:
5838:
5832:
5829:. CRC Press.
5828:
5827:
5821:
5817:
5811:
5807:
5806:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5786:
5785:
5779:
5775:
5769:
5765:
5764:
5758:
5754:
5748:
5744:
5743:
5737:
5733:
5727:
5724:. CRC Press.
5723:
5722:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5702:
5701:
5695:
5691:
5685:
5681:
5680:
5674:
5670:
5664:
5661:. CRC Press.
5660:
5659:
5653:
5649:
5643:
5639:
5638:
5632:
5628:
5622:
5618:
5617:
5611:
5607:
5601:
5597:
5596:
5590:
5586:
5580:
5576:
5575:
5569:
5565:
5559:
5555:
5554:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5533:
5532:
5526:
5522:
5516:
5513:. CRC Press.
5512:
5511:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5491:
5490:
5484:
5480:
5474:
5470:
5469:
5463:
5459:
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5443:
5436:
5432:
5431:
5425:
5424:
5420:
5419:
5411:
5402:
5393:
5384:
5378:, p. 87.
5377:
5372:
5361:
5354:
5348:, p. 210
5347:
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5335:
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5318:
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4889:
4886:
4882:
4878:
4874:
4871:
4865:
4849:
4845:
4839:
4831:
4830:
4829:Computerworld
4823:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4793:
4786:
4781:
4765:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4745:
4740:
4733:
4728:
4720:
4714:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4695:
4689:, p. 36.
4688:
4683:
4676:
4671:
4664:
4659:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4634:
4628:, p. 22.
4627:
4622:
4614:
4608:
4604:
4603:
4596:
4589:
4584:
4577:
4572:
4565:
4560:
4554:, p. 25.
4553:
4548:
4542:, p. 17.
4541:
4536:
4530:, p. 20.
4529:
4528:Tuzlukov 2010
4524:
4517:
4516:Sullivan 2012
4512:
4505:
4500:
4493:
4488:
4481:
4476:
4469:
4468:Thompson 2006
4464:
4457:
4452:
4445:
4440:
4434:, p. 95.
4433:
4428:
4422:, p. 17.
4421:
4416:
4409:
4404:
4398:, p. 19.
4397:
4392:
4386:, p. 21.
4385:
4380:
4374:, p. 15.
4373:
4368:
4360:
4354:
4350:
4349:
4342:
4340:
4338:
4330:
4325:
4317:
4313:
4309:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4280:9781107052406
4276:
4273:. p. 2.
4272:
4268:
4267:
4259:
4244:
4243:
4238:
4232:
4230:
4228:
4211:
4207:
4206:
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4183:
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4175:
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4167:
4163:
4159:
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4150:
4134:
4127:
4126:
4118:
4110:
4108:9783540416821
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4067:
4063:
4056:
4048:
4046:9781439831533
4042:
4039:. p. 3.
4038:
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4025:
4010:
4009:
4004:
3998:
3990:
3988:9789400776630
3984:
3980:
3979:
3971:
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3906:9781420006728
3902:
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3894:
3893:
3885:
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3873:
3871:9780471828679
3867:
3864:. p. 1.
3863:
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3840:. p. 1.
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3724:9789812814456
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3670:
3668:9780470508923
3664:
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3477:
3471:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3441:
3434:
3429:
3423:, p. 22.
3422:
3421:Abramson 1955
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3369:
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3359:
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3224:9780883855706
3220:
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3207:
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3197:9780801873973
3193:
3190:. JHU Press.
3189:
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2822:
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2753:
2750:For more see
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2175:are offered.
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2157:
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2139:
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2131:
2127:
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2119:
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2095:
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2068:
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2056:
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2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1992:
1990:
1989:metamaterials
1986:
1982:
1978:
1974:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1937:
1933:
1923:
1921:
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1913:
1909:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1872:
1862:
1859:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1847:thermocouples
1844:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1813:
1809:
1804:
1794:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1749:systems, and
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1723:
1721:
1717:
1713:
1709:
1705:
1701:
1696:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1669:amplification
1666:
1662:
1658:
1654:
1647:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1623:
1621:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:
1587:semiconductor
1584:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1543:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1520:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1487:
1483:
1482:tuned circuit
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1412:
1409:
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1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1384:
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1378:
1374:
1370:
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1358:
1354:
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1334:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1314:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1250:optical fiber
1247:
1243:
1239:
1231:
1227:
1222:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1163:The top of a
1161:
1156:
1152:
1142:
1140:
1136:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1114:Stanley Mazor
1111:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1085:
1084:semiconductor
1081:
1077:
1073:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1000:
996:
992:
988:
984:
979:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
945:
938:
934:
930:
924:
920:
915:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
884:
882:
878:
873:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
854:Tommy Flowers
851:
847:
842:
840:
836:
832:
828:
827:Percy Spencer
824:
820:
816:
811:
809:
805:
804:Lee De Forest
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
772:
770:
766:
765:semiconductor
762:
755:
751:
747:
743:
741:
737:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
693:
689:
685:
676:
674:
670:
669:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
616:
612:
608:
604:
600:
596:
595:steam turbine
593:invented the
592:
588:
584:
580:
579:Thomas Edison
575:
573:
569:
565:
561:
556:
554:
550:
546:
541:
537:
533:
528:
525:
521:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
492:
490:
486:
482:
477:
473:
469:
464:
459:
457:
453:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
389:electromagnet
386:
382:
374:
369:
360:
358:
354:
350:
349:electrophorus
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
324:
314:
312:
308:
304:
299:
297:
293:
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285:
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159:
155:
151:
148:
140:
136:
132:
128:
123:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
77:
71:
67:
63:
58:
54:
53:disconnectors
48:
43:
35:
30:
19:
7716:Engineering
7667:Cell biology
7637:Architecture
7480:Engineering
7326:Mechatronics
7179:Agricultural
6958:
6829:Geotechnical
6797:Construction
6654:
6633:
6612:
6591:
6574:. Springer.
6570:
6549:
6528:
6507:
6486:
6469:. Springer.
6465:
6444:
6423:
6402:
6381:
6354:
6324:
6298:
6276:
6255:
6234:
6213:
6192:
6171:
6150:
6129:
6108:
6087:
6070:
6051:
6030:
6010:
5990:
5973:. Springer.
5969:
5948:
5927:
5910:
5891:
5867:
5846:
5825:
5808:. Springer.
5804:
5783:
5766:. S. Chand.
5762:
5745:. Springer.
5741:
5720:
5699:
5678:
5657:
5636:
5615:
5594:
5573:
5551:
5530:
5509:
5492:. Springer.
5488:
5471:. Springer.
5467:
5441:
5429:
5421:Bibliography
5410:
5401:
5392:
5383:
5371:
5353:
5341:
5334:Leitgeb 2010
5329:
5317:
5304:. Retrieved
5300:the original
5295:
5286:
5274:. Retrieved
5270:the original
5255:. Retrieved
5251:the original
5246:
5232:. Retrieved
5214:. Retrieved
5210:the original
5196:
5184:. Retrieved
5180:the original
5175:
5166:
5154:. Retrieved
5150:
5141:
5124:. Retrieved
5120:the original
5115:
5106:
5094:. Retrieved
5090:the original
5085:
5076:
5064:. Retrieved
5060:
5051:
5039:. Retrieved
5035:
5026:
5014:. Retrieved
5010:the original
5005:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4980:
4971:
4959:. Retrieved
4955:the original
4950:
4941:
4916:
4909:
4864:
4852:. Retrieved
4848:the original
4838:
4828:
4822:
4810:. Retrieved
4806:the original
4801:
4792:
4780:
4768:. Retrieved
4760:
4751:
4739:
4734:, p. 3.
4727:
4700:
4694:
4682:
4675:Leondes 2000
4670:
4663:Mahalik 2003
4658:
4639:
4633:
4621:
4601:
4595:
4583:
4571:
4559:
4547:
4535:
4523:
4511:
4499:
4492:Bhushan 1997
4487:
4480:Merhari 2009
4475:
4470:, p. 4.
4463:
4456:Fairman 1998
4451:
4439:
4427:
4420:Bissell 1996
4415:
4403:
4391:
4379:
4367:
4347:
4329:Grigsby 2012
4324:
4299:
4295:
4289:
4265:
4258:
4246:. Retrieved
4240:
4214:. Retrieved
4203:
4194:
4161:
4155:
4149:
4137:. Retrieved
4124:
4117:
4094:
4081:
4069:. Retrieved
4065:
4055:
4031:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4006:
3997:
3977:
3970:
3958:. Retrieved
3952:
3943:
3931:. Retrieved
3924:
3915:
3891:
3884:
3875:
3856:
3849:
3841:
3832:
3825:
3813:. Retrieved
3809:the original
3800:
3776:. Retrieved
3769:
3742:
3733:
3709:
3702:
3690:. Retrieved
3686:
3677:
3653:
3631:. Retrieved
3623:
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3596:
3587:
3575:. Retrieved
3566:
3547:
3541:
3522:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3500:
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3470:
3458:. Retrieved
3454:the original
3449:
3440:
3428:
3416:
3404:. Retrieved
3396:
3387:
3375:. Retrieved
3367:
3358:
3348:
3298:
3288:
3276:. Retrieved
3266:
3257:
3245:
3233:
3213:
3206:
3186:
3179:
3167:
3155:. Retrieved
3151:the original
3141:
3131:
3125:
3116:
3107:
3082:the original
3055:
3048:
3040:the original
3030:
3018:
3006:. Retrieved
3002:
2992:
2980:
2975:, p. 9.
2968:
2943:
2939:
2933:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2879:
2873:
2864:
2854:
2842:. Retrieved
2837:
2828:
2816:
2804:. Retrieved
2800:
2791:
2779:
2759:
2746:
2594:
2586:electricians
2567:
2544:
2499:oscilloscope
2480:
2405:
2381:quantitative
2370:
2328:
2320:
2309:
2289:contract law
2276:
2225:
2177:
2173:
2107:
2103:Oscilloscope
2071:
2045:systems but
2039:mechatronics
2038:
2036:
2031:
2008:Mechatronics
2006:
1939:
1893:
1855:
1817:
1724:
1697:
1681:demodulation
1651:
1642:Bayer filter
1612:
1602:
1573:
1521:
1516:
1512:
1492:
1490:
1451:
1419:
1385:
1331:
1277:transmitters
1274:
1238:transmission
1235:
1208:
1204:
1184:transformers
1180:distribution
1176:transmission
1169:
1131:
1110:Marcian Hoff
1099:
1065:
1049:Silicon-gate
1045:Gordon Moore
1026:
1007:
999:Robert Noyce
989:invented by
980:
952:John Bardeen
950:invented by
941:
874:
870:John Mauchly
843:
812:
792:John Fleming
784:oscilloscope
773:
744:
740:Newfoundland
696:
666:
643:Nikola Tesla
603:transformers
576:
557:
529:
493:
460:
445:
440:
403:in 1835; of
393:Joseph Henry
378:
363:19th century
357:voltaic pile
345:Johan Wilcke
326:
300:
273:
210:
177:
176:
130:Competencies
29:
7837:Ornithology
7822:Meteorology
7807:Mathematics
7797:Ichthyology
7632:Archaeology
7627:Agriculture
7611:engineering
7554:Wikiproject
7309:and Control
7299:Information
7123:Biomaterial
7053:Bioresource
7044:/Bioprocess
7042:Biochemical
6994:Electronics
6765:Specialties
6735:Engineering
5322:Taylor 2008
5186:30 November
5156:30 November
5151:www.bls.gov
4896:at Aberdeen
4770:15 November
4626:Jalote 2006
4564:Khanna 2009
4216:1 September
2806:16 December
2597:Lord Kelvin
2555:technicians
2424:transistors
2377:qualitative
2159:An example
2043:macroscopic
2028:automobiles
1957:microscopes
1916:DVD players
1685:compression
1590:transistors
1560:Chip design
1536:transistors
1478:transistors
1432:Electronics
1377:automobiles
1345:controllers
1326:spaceflight
1285:transceiver
1061:Moore's law
1037:Moore's law
1018:Dawon Kahng
937:electronics
846:Konrad Zuse
825:in 1946 by
815:Albert Hull
756:of up to 60
719:radio waves
697:During the
647:three-phase
611:Ottó Bláthy
397:Edward Davy
290:(IEC), the
245:electronics
190:electronics
186:electricity
182:engineering
158:exploration
125:Description
79:Electronics
7892:Categories
7852:Psychiatry
7761:Geography
7732:Entomology
7473:Glossaries
7294:Industrial
7274:Facilities
7269:Explosives
7194:Biomedical
7189:Automation
7138:Metallurgy
7048:Biological
6999:Microwaves
6959:Electrical
6904:Automotive
6886:Mechanical
6859:Structural
6824:Geological
6812:Ecological
6802:Earthquake
6196:. Newnes.
5222:See also:
4885:at Queen's
4854:8 December
4649:0471605018
4396:Smith 2007
4372:Tobin 2007
3877:computers.
3692:18 January
3577:18 January
3506:22 January
3481:22 January
3460:22 January
3364:"Timeline"
3157:5 November
3008:12 October
2999:"Historie"
2866:telegraph.
2772:References
2578:Naval ship
2570:workplaces
2516:voltmeters
2495:resistance
2485:measuring
2483:multimeter
2416:capacitors
2196:coursework
2012:mechanical
1961:telescopes
1910:including
1843:wind speed
1751:telematics
1729:, radios,
1677:modulation
1598:capacitors
1466:capacitors
1458:components
1396:automobile
1262:modulation
1254:free space
1246:coax cable
1244:such as a
1200:power grid
1172:generation
1165:power pole
1106:Intel 4004
991:Jack Kilby
981:The first
944:transistor
919:transistor
891:See also:
671:between a
629:Practical
615:Miksa Déri
150:Technology
145:employment
60:Occupation
7707:Economics
7672:Chemistry
7647:Astronomy
7432:Doctorate
7346:Packaging
7316:Logistics
7289:Geomatics
7250:/graphics
7143:Molecular
7133:Corrosion
7115:Materials
7095:Petroleum
7085:Molecular
6967:Broadcast
6949:Tribology
6899:Aerospace
6834:Hydraulic
5619:. Wiley.
4642:. Wiley.
4504:Mook 2008
4186:0018-9499
4139:12 August
4037:CRC Press
3897:CRC Press
3633:8 October
3604:10 August
3406:23 August
3377:22 August
3311:CiteSeerX
3278:1 October
3093:cite book
3078:455196772
3036:"History"
2925:113256632
2911:: 42–55.
2428:inductors
2412:resistors
2385:computers
2329:From the
2088:Education
2047:futurists
2037:The term
1941:Photonics
1932:Photonics
1865:Computers
1763:synthesis
1673:filtering
1608:nanometer
1594:resistors
1470:inductors
1462:resistors
1281:receivers
1128:Subfields
1076:Apollo 11
1047:in 1965.
1005:in 1959.
985:were the
875:In 1948,
844:In 1941,
819:magnetron
813:In 1920,
774:In 1897,
771:in 1901.
461:In 1795,
446:In 1782,
437:magnetism
417:conductor
405:Georg Ohm
341:versorium
333:magnetism
311:voltmeter
253:photonics
143:Fields of
115:photonics
7877:Virology
7862:Robotics
7827:Mycology
7817:Medicine
7662:Calculus
7534:Category
7463:Engineer
7371:Software
7366:Security
7341:Ontology
7331:Military
7321:Robotics
7284:Forensic
7204:Clinical
7163:Surfaces
7153:Polymers
7128:Ceramics
7105:Reaction
7034:Chemical
6972:Computer
6894:Acoustic
6849:Offshore
6817:Sanitary
6688:Archived
5276:13 March
5257:13 March
5216:13 March
4899:Archived
4888:Archived
4873:Archived
4812:20 March
4316:46218043
4302:: 8–21.
4089:(2001).
3350:Antentop
2960:20662894
2844:25 March
2838:ethw.org
2623:See also
2611:such as
2343:lighting
2248:Zimbabwe
2200:academia
2148:, and a
2078:robotics
1900:hardware
1849:use the
1823:pressure
1460:such as
1422:robotics
1388:feedback
1363:(PLCs).
1337:modeling
1209:off-grid
858:Colossus
736:Cornwall
649:form by
631:AC motor
166:industry
162:military
7842:Physics
7792:Geology
7702:Ecology
7652:Biology
7607:science
7544:Commons
7386:Textile
7381:Systems
7351:Privacy
7336:Nuclear
7100:Process
7058:Genetic
7004:Optical
6984:Control
6977:outline
6944:Thermal
6934:Railway
6874:Railway
6869:Traffic
6792:Coastal
6751:Outline
6746:History
6238:. IET.
5306:16 July
5234:20 June
5126:16 July
5096:11 July
5086:The IET
5066:11 July
5061:The IET
5041:11 July
5016:24 July
4986:24 July
4961:11 July
4248:22 July
4166:Bibcode
4071:1 April
4014:22 July
3960:22 July
3933:28 July
3815:21 July
3801:YouTube
3778:20 July
3343:9039614
3303:Bibcode
3217:. MAA.
2547:budgets
2491:current
2487:voltage
2475:acrylic
2373:physics
2355:control
2218:of the
2216:turbine
2138:physics
2055:airbags
1858:sensors
1831:physics
1665:digital
1657:signals
1408:motor's
1371:to the
1205:on-grid
1097:(AGC).
962:at the
839:Bawdsey
721:with a
532:physics
524:Chicago
508:coulomb
317:History
200:of the
170:society
154:science
7657:Botany
7564:Portal
7361:Survey
7356:Safety
7243:Design
7063:Tissue
6939:Sports
6924:Marine
6914:Energy
6839:Mining
6662:
6641:
6620:
6599:
6578:
6557:
6536:
6515:
6494:
6473:
6452:
6431:
6410:
6389:
6352:about
6332:
6311:
6284:
6263:
6242:
6221:
6200:
6179:
6158:
6137:
6116:
6095:
6077:
6059:
6038:
6017:
5998:
5977:
5956:
5935:
5917:
5899:
5875:
5854:
5833:
5812:
5791:
5770:
5749:
5728:
5707:
5686:
5665:
5644:
5623:
5602:
5581:
5560:
5538:
5517:
5496:
5475:
5454:
5312:(see )
4929:
4881:at UWA
4870:at MIT
4715:
4646:
4609:
4355:
4314:
4277:
4184:
4105:
4043:
3985:
3903:
3868:
3721:
3665:
3554:
3529:
3341:
3331:
3313:
3221:
3194:
3076:
3066:
2958:
2923:
2886:
2539:Radome
2493:, and
2426:, and
2420:diodes
2402:system
2347:wiring
2341:, the
2280:Quebec
1969:lasers
1953:lenses
1945:optics
1936:Optics
1920:Robots
1789:, and
1661:analog
1558:, and
1503:, and
1486:filter
1476:, and
1474:diodes
1359:, and
1178:, and
1039:, the
1010:MOSFET
946:was a
907:, and
905:MOSFET
808:triode
758:
518:, and
504:ampere
452:Berlin
433:theory
276:degree
249:optics
247:, and
192:, and
180:is an
117:, and
111:optics
7184:Audio
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