1161:
1335:
92:
934:, which are distinct but closely intertwined phenomena. Electromagnetic forces occur between any two charged particles. Electric forces cause an attraction between particles with opposite charges and repulsion between particles with the same charge, while magnetism is an interaction that occurs between charged particles in relative motion. These two forces are described in terms of electromagnetic fields. Macroscopic charged objects are described in terms of
64:
1310:, an Italian legal scholar, deflected a magnetic needle using a Voltaic pile. The factual setup of the experiment is not completely clear, nor if current flowed across the needle or not. An account of the discovery was published in 1802 in an Italian newspaper, but it was largely overlooked by the contemporary scientific community, because Romagnosi seemingly did not belong to this community.
1452:
needle. However, the effect did not become widely known until 1820, when Ărsted performed a similar experiment. Ărsted's work influenced AmpĂšre to conduct further experiments, which eventually gave rise to a new area of physics: electrodynamics. By determining a force law for the interaction between
3197:
Browne, "Physics for
Engineering and Science", p. 160: "Gravity is one of the fundamental forces of nature. The other forces such as friction, tension, and the normal force are derived from the electric force, another of the fundamental forces. Gravity is a rather weak force... The electric force
1396:
The effective forces generated by the momentum of electrons' movement is a necessary part of understanding atomic and intermolecular interactions. As electrons move between interacting atoms, they carry momentum with them. As a collection of electrons becomes more confined, their minimum momentum
1148:
amber, foreshadowing the deep connections between electricity and magnetism that would be discovered over 2,000 years later. Despite all this investigation, ancient civilizations had no understanding of the mathematical basis of electromagnetism, and often analyzed its impacts through the lens of
1531:
In addition, relativity theory implies that in moving frames of reference, a magnetic field transforms to a field with a nonzero electric component and conversely, a moving electric field transforms to a nonzero magnetic component, thus firmly showing that the phenomena are two sides of the same
1317:
A tradesman at
Wakefield in Yorkshire, having put up a great number of knives and forks in a large box ... and having placed the box in the corner of a large room, there happened a sudden storm of thunder, lightning, &c. ... The owner emptying the box on a counter where some nails lay, the
1224:
observed that an electrical current in a wire caused a nearby compass needle to move. At the time of discovery, Ărsted did not suggest any satisfactory explanation of the phenomenon, nor did he try to represent the phenomenon in a mathematical framework. However, three months later he began more
1147:
could acquire an electric charge when it was rubbed with cloth, which allowed it to pick up light objects such as pieces of straw. Thales also experimented with the ability of magnetic rocks to attract one other, and hypothesized that this phenomenon might be connected to the attractive power of
1032:
which provide a complete description of classical electromagnetic fields. Maxwell's equations provided a sound mathematical basis for the relationships between electricity and magnetism that scientists had been exploring for centuries, and predicted the existence of self-sustaining
1425:, that electricity and magnetism, while both capable of causing attraction and repulsion of objects, were distinct effects. Mariners had noticed that lightning strikes had the ability to disturb a compass needle. The link between lightning and electricity was not confirmed until
1318:
persons who took up the knives, that lay on the nails, observed that the knives took up the nails. On this the whole number was tried, and found to do the same, and that, to such a degree as to take up large nails, packing needles, and other iron things of considerable weight ...
1325:
suggested in 1910 that this particular event was responsible for lightning to be "credited with the power of magnetizing steel; and it was doubtless this which led
Franklin in 1751 to attempt to magnetize a sewing-needle by means of the discharge of Leyden jars."
1012:. However, it was not until the late 18th century that scientists began to develop a mathematical basis for understanding the nature of electromagnetic interactions. In the 18th and 19th centuries, prominent scientists and mathematicians such as
989:: electrical energy production, transformation and distribution; light, heat, and sound production and detection; fiber optic and wireless communication; sensors; computation; electrolysis; electroplating; and mechanical motors and actuators.
2562:
between electromagnetic units in SI and those in CGS, as is the case for mechanical units. Furthermore, within CGS, there are several plausible choices of electromagnetic units, leading to different unit "sub-systems", including
1401:. The behavior of matter at the molecular scale, including its density, is determined by the balance between the electromagnetic force and the force generated by the exchange of momentum carried by the electrons themselves.
1041:, which was later shown to be true. Gamma-rays, x-rays, ultraviolet, visible, infrared radiation, microwaves and radio waves were all determined to be electromagnetic radiation differing only in their range of frequencies.
1181:
in which the interactions of positive and negative charges were shown to be mediated by one force. There are four main effects resulting from these interactions, all of which have been clearly demonstrated by experiments:
3146:
VIII. An account of an extraordinary effect of lightning in communicating magnetism. Communicated by Pierce Dod, M.D. F.R.S. from Dr. Cookson of
Wakefield in Yorkshire. Phil. Trans. 1735 39, 74-75, published 1 January
1384:
Electromagnetism explains how materials carry momentum despite being composed of individual particles and empty space. The forces we experience when "pushing" or "pulling" ordinary material objects result from
1209:
Magnetic poles (or states of polarization at individual points) attract or repel one another in a manner similar to positive and negative charges and always exist as pairs: every north pole is yoked to a south
1213:
An electric current inside a wire creates a corresponding circumferential magnetic field outside the wire. Its direction (clockwise or counter-clockwise) depends on the direction of the current in the wire.
1523:
solved the problem with the introduction of special relativity, which replaced classical kinematics with a new theory of kinematics compatible with classical electromagnetism. (For more information, see
1244:'s developments of a single mathematical form to represent the magnetic forces between current-carrying conductors. Ărsted's discovery also represented a major step toward a unified concept of energy.
1216:
A current is induced in a loop of wire when it is moved toward or away from a magnetic field, or a magnet is moved towards or away from it; the direction of current depends on that of the movement.
1056:. The theoretical implications of electromagnetism, particularly the requirement that observations remain consistent when viewed from various moving frames of reference (
1507:, a long-standing cornerstone of classical mechanics. One way to reconcile the two theories (electromagnetism and classical mechanics) is to assume the existence of a
1024:
developed namesake laws which helped to explain the formation and interaction of electromagnetic fields. This process culminated in the 1860s with the discovery of
1225:
intensive investigations. Soon thereafter he published his findings, proving that an electric current produces a magnetic field as it flows through a wire. The
649:
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1511:
through which the light propagates. However, subsequent experimental efforts failed to detect the presence of the aether. After important contributions of
3596:
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1717:
1537:
622:
4313:
2747:
Fu, Roger R.; Kirschvink, Joseph L.; Carter, Nicholas; Mazariegos, Oswaldo
Chinchilla; Chigna, Gustavo; Gupta, Garima; Grappone, Michael (2019-06-01).
3591:
1533:
634:
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can occur when electromagnetic fields couple to matter that follows nonlinear dynamical laws. This is studied, for example, in the subject of
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was published, which unified previous developments into a single theory, proposing that light was an electromagnetic wave propagating in the
1334:
2571:. Among these choices, Gaussian units are the most common today, and in fact the phrase "CGS units" is often used to refer specifically to
1688:. As a consequence, the square of the speed of light appears explicitly in some of the equations interrelating quantities in this system.
4775:
2786:
du Trémolet de
Lacheisserie, Ă.; Gignoux, D.; Schlenker, M. (2002), du TrĂ©molet de Lacheisserie, Ă.; Gignoux, D.; Schlenker, M. (eds.),
1313:
An earlier (1735), and often neglected, connection between electricity and magnetism was reported by a Dr. Cookson. The account stated:
885:
654:
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1240:
His findings resulted in intensive research throughout the scientific community in electrodynamics. They influenced French physicist
1203:
1437:
of France using a 40-foot-tall (12 m) iron rod instead of a kite and he successfully extracted electrical sparks from a cloud.
664:
1084:
nature of matter. In QED, changes in the electromagnetic field are expressed in terms of discrete excitations, particles known as
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2749:"Knowledge of magnetism in ancient Mesoamerica: Precision measurements of the potbelly sculptures from Monte Alto, Guatemala"
504:
499:
126:
514:
1171:
Electricity and magnetism were originally considered to be two separate forces. This view changed with the publication of
2897:
2685:
2625:
1703:
1600:
1472:. In classical electromagnetism, the behavior of the electromagnetic field is described by a set of equations known as
1127:
had attractive properties, and many incorporated it into their art and architecture. Ancient people were also aware of
4961:
4449:
4299:
3605:
3320:
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116:
3161:
A History of the
Theories of Aether and Electricity from the Age of Descartes to the Close of the Nineteenth Century
384:
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50:
17:
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3123:
2447:
1681:
1551:, the location in space of the electromagnetic field energy, and the mechanism by which some organisms can sense
1061:
299:
3238:
Purcell, "Electricity and
Magnetism, 3rd Edition", p. 546: Ch 11 Section 6, "Electron Spin and Magnetic Moment."
4602:
3904:
3095:
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878:
644:
121:
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In the modern era, scientists continue to refine the theory of electromagnetism to account for the effects of
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1525:
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rather than science (lightning, for instance, was considered to be a creation of the gods in many cultures).
1111:
Investigation into electromagnetic phenomena began about 5,000 years ago. There is evidence that the ancient
1057:
1029:
659:
364:
4280:
3390:
Purcell, p. 436. Chapter 9.3, "Maxwell's description of the electromagnetic field was essentially complete."
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in that a change in the sources (the charges and currents) results in a proportional change of the fields.
1416:
524:
264:
131:
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holds atoms together. Electric forces also allow different atoms to combine into molecules, including the
254:
42:"Electromagnetic force" redirects here. For the force exerted on particles by electromagnetic fields, see
4739:
2072:
1596:
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magnetic moments of electrons also play a role in chemical reactivity; such relationships are studied in
817:
692:
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564:
484:
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Representation of the electric field vector of a wave of circularly polarized electromagnetic radiation
1306:Ărsted was not the only person to examine the relationship between electricity and magnetism. In 1802,
1160:
317:
33:
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1440:
One of the first to discover and publish a link between human-made electric current and magnetism was
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Purcell: p. 278: Chapter 6.1, "Definition of the
Magnetic Field." Lorentz force and force equation.
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978:
974:
369:
3632:
1221:
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802:
304:
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One of the peculiarities of classical electromagnetism is that it is difficult to reconcile with
1359:
1307:
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1077:
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Electromagnetism has been studied since ancient times. Many ancient civilizations, including the
915:
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209:
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1060:) and the establishment of the speed of light based on properties of the medium of propagation (
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2620:
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2501:
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2192:
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399:
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2558:) need to be adjusted depending on what system of units one uses. This is because there is no
4765:
4734:
4597:
4518:
4418:
3113:"Romagnosi and Volta's Pile: Early Difficulties in the Interpretation of Voltaic Electricity"
2568:
1496:
727:
414:
404:
354:
344:
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elements of electric current, AmpĂšre placed the subject on a solid mathematical foundation.
1267:. It has had far-reaching consequences, one of which was the understanding of the nature of
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8:
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4215:
3417:(The new millennium edition, paperback first published ed.). New York: Basic Books.
2610:
2373:
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1908:
1877:
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to the square of the distance between them: opposite charges attract, like charges repel.
1172:
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792:
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1271:. Unlike what was proposed by the electromagnetic theory of that time, light and other
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1116:
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1005:
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427:
229:
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1677:
1487:, but it is compatible with special relativity. According to Maxwell's equations, the
509:
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3019:
2994:
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1426:
1140:
1049:
997:
747:
2883:
1516:
1460:, was developed by several physicists during the period between 1820 and 1873, when
1354:, contact forces) are derived from the four fundamental forces. At high energy, the
1347:
953:
and physical phenomena observed in daily life. The electrostatic attraction between
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4709:
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Today few problems in electromagnetism remain unsolved. These include: the lack of
1256:
1112:
935:
847:
762:
722:
712:
599:
554:
537:
454:
389:
159:
3818:
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3156:
1823:
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1520:
1512:
1322:
1248:
1069:
1021:
907:
782:
707:
702:
569:
444:
409:
269:
169:
3520:
3415:
The
Feynman lectures on physics. Volume 1: Mainly mechanics, radiation, and heat
3198:
between two protons is much stronger than the gravitational force between them."
2799:
822:
4913:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4659:
4614:
4592:
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3122:. Vol. 3. UniversitĂ degli Studi di Pavia. pp. 81â102. Archived from
2665:
2572:
2564:
2322:
2260:
2236:
2205:
2042:
1965:
1640:
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1370:
1260:
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1045:
993:
982:
927:
742:
737:
559:
449:
374:
324:
274:
247:
204:
179:
149:
142:
67:
Electromagnetic interactions are responsible for the glowing filaments in this
4046:
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: Vol. 2: Light, Electricity and Magnetism
3712:
3438:
Jufriansah, Adi; Hermanto, Arief; Toifur, Moh.; Prasetyo, Erwin (2020-05-18).
3033:
2787:
2764:
4945:
4908:
4903:
4843:
4669:
4350:
3578:
3473:
3281:
2998:
2875:
2772:
2630:
2528:
2297:
2014:
1684:
as a dimensionless quantity (relative permeability) whose value in vacuum is
1477:
1120:
1038:
962:
954:
943:
857:
842:
827:
767:
479:
394:
379:
294:
279:
184:
57:
43:
4434:
3545:"Tables of Physical and Chemical Constants, and some Mathematical Functions"
3330:
3068:
1299:
at the lowest frequencies, to visible light at intermediate frequencies, to
4831:
4694:
3366:
3013:
2843:
2785:
2536:
2509:
2452:
2429:
2402:
2379:
2302:
2265:
2099:
2081:
1757:
1664:
1646:
1628:
1492:
1445:
1237:) is named in honor of his contributions to the field of electromagnetism.
1065:
837:
732:
697:
639:
574:
494:
459:
339:
214:
68:
56:"Electromagnetic" redirects here. The term may also refer to the use of an
4140:(2nd ed.). VHC Publishers, Hans Warlimont, Springer. pp. 12â13.
1135:, although they had no idea of the mechanisms behind these phenomena. The
4390:
3856:
3310:
3249:
3048:
2948:
2200:
1988:
1939:
1358:
and electromagnetic force are unified as a single interaction called the
1280:
757:
609:
439:
101:
49:
For a more accessible and less technical introduction to this topic, see
4918:
4714:
4704:
3506:
3295:
2655:
2424:
2196:
1944:
1921:
1500:
1421:
1355:
1296:
986:
474:
3464:
3439:
3273:
4817:
4565:
3956:
Electricity and Magnetism Berkeley, Physics Course Volume 2 (2nd ed.)
3569:
3544:
2867:
1441:
1378:
1369:
are explained by electromagnetic forces between electrically charged
1300:
1288:
1128:
1124:
1001:
950:
931:
923:
903:
797:
772:
584:
106:
1532:
coin. Hence the term "electromagnetism". (For more information, see
1342:
The electromagnetic force is the second strongest of the four known
63:
4928:
4423:
3972:
3250:"Gilbert's De Magnete: An early study of magnetism and electricity"
2540:
1390:
1374:
1351:
1149:
1009:
966:
958:
549:
544:
164:
1583:. Another branch of electromagnetism dealing with nonlinearity is
4374:
4326:
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3717:
2163:
2077:
1873:
1780:
1616:
1449:
1276:
1234:
1089:
1085:
519:
32:"Electromagnetics" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
3437:
3312:
Bolt of fate : Benjamin Franklin and his electric kite hoax
1491:
in vacuum is a universal constant that is dependent only on the
2675:
2533:
2506:
2355:
2328:
1828:
1803:
1752:
1676:
system, electric current is a fundamental quantity defined via
1610:
1284:
604:
111:
3440:"Theoretical study of Maxwell's equations in nonlinear optics"
985:. Electromagnetism also plays several crucial roles in modern
4334:
2723:"Mesoamerican Sculptures Reveal Early Knowledge of Magnetism"
2456:
2332:
2240:
2166:
2108:
2104:
2052:
2022:
1993:
1947:
1622:
1377:. The electromagnetic force is also involved in all forms of
1268:
1144:
1080:(QED) modifies Maxwell's equations to be consistent with the
919:
4786:
3622:"Conversion of formulae and quantities between unit systems"
2746:
1605:
Here is a list of common units related to electromagnetism:
2048:
2019:
1970:
1882:
1658:
1652:
1366:
970:
918:
of nature. It is the dominant force in the interactions of
4237:
Physics for Scientists and Engineers: With Modern Physics
2898:"Why Do Like Charges Repel And Opposite Charges Attract?"
1685:
1634:
1226:
949:
The electromagnetic force is responsible for many of the
926:. Electromagnetism can be thought of as a combination of
4253:
3050:
The mathematics of measurement : a critical history
2949:
Jim Lucas Contributions from Ashley Hamer (2022-02-18).
2554:
Formulas for physical laws of electromagnetism (such as
4321:
4154:
1693:
1123:
civilizations knew that the naturally magnetic mineral
3977:(3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press, New York.
3857:
I.S. Grant; W.R. Phillips; Manchester Physics (2008).
3012:
Bevilacqua, Fabio; Giannetto, Enrico A., eds. (2003).
1444:, who in 1802 noticed that connecting a wire across a
4132:
1346:
and has unlimited range. All other forces, known as
4118:. Holt-Saunders International W.B. Saunders and Co.
3344:
Stern, Dr. David P.; Peredo, Mauricio (2001-11-25).
1429:'s proposed experiments in 1752 were conducted on 10
1365:
Most of the forces involved in interactions between
1263:, is one of the key accomplishments of 19th-century
4234:
4005:
3816:
3597:
Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry
3011:
2788:"Magnetism, from the Dawn of Civilization to Today"
1562:
1538:
Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism
1291:of oscillation give rise to the different forms of
4111:
4008:Elements of engineering electromagnetics (4th ed.)
3950:
3908:
3858:
3083:
1008:, and the attraction between magnetized pieces of
3592:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
3173:Rehm, Jeremy; published, Ben Biggs (2021-12-23).
1534:Classical electromagnetism and special relativity
27:Fundamental interaction between charged particles
4943:
4159:. Holt-Saunders International Saunders College.
3521:"Essentials of the SI: Base & derived units"
3247:
1476:, and the electromagnetic force is given by the
4063:Wangsness, Roald K.; Cloud, Michael J. (1986).
4025:Rothwell, Edward J.; Cloud, Michael J. (2001).
3759:
3118:. In Fabio Bevilacqua; Lucio Fregonese (eds.).
973:. Meanwhile, magnetic interactions between the
914:. The electromagnetic force is one of the four
4109:
4062:
3120:Nuova Voltiana: Studies on Volta and his Times
4802:
4464:
4450:
4307:
4095:(4th ed.). McGraw-Hill (International).
4024:
3842:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
3781:Oersted and the discovery of electromagnetism
3740:
3296:"Lightning! | Museum of Science, Boston"
3172:
1711:
1037:. Maxwell postulated that such waves make up
879:
3997:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
3973:Purcell, Edward M and Morin, David. (2013).
3798:Durney, Carl H.; Johnson, Curtis C. (1969).
3254:Eos, Transactions American Geophysical Union
1404:
4192:
3343:
2991:10.1038/scientificamerican02231884-6784supp
1000:, created wide-ranging theories to explain
4809:
4795:
4457:
4443:
4314:
4300:
4213:
3600:, 2nd edition, Oxford: Blackwell Science.
3501:(Thesis thesis). University of Cambridge.
3248:Malin, Stuart; Barraclough, David (2000).
2944:
2942:
1718:
1704:
1283:electromagnetic field disturbances called
1275:are at present seen as taking the form of
886:
872:
90:
4173:
4090:
3879:
3568:
3463:
3315:(1st ed.). New York: PublicAffairs.
3207:
2844:"A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism"
2794:, New York, NY: Springer, pp. 3â18,
2261:magnetic flux density, magnetic induction
1579:, which combines Maxwell theory with the
946:describes microscopic charged particles.
4288:â from Eric Weisstein's World of Physics
3840:A Student's Guide to Maxwell's Equations
3710:
3081:
1333:
1247:This unification, which was observed by
1159:
62:
4178:(3rd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
3929:
3903:
3865:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
3837:
3800:Introduction to modern electromagnetics
3411:"27â4The ambiguity of the field energy"
3408:
3337:
3210:"Electromagnetic and weak interactions"
3208:Salam, A.; Ward, J.C. (November 1964).
3175:"The four fundamental forces of nature"
3086:Electrodynamics from AmpĂšre to Einstein
2939:
2740:
1590:
1456:A theory of electromagnetism, known as
1178:A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
1166:A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism
635:Electromagnetism and special relativity
14:
4944:
4655:Atomic, molecular, and optical physics
4043:
3936:. New York: Springer-Verlag New York.
3820:The Feynman Lectures on Physics Vol II
3778:
3308:
2830:A History of Electricity and Magnetism
2708:A History of Electricity and Magnetism
2583:The study of electromagnetism informs
1329:
902:is an interaction that occurs between
4790:
4438:
4295:
4239:(6th ed.). W.H. Freeman and Co.
3166:
3090:. New York: Oxford University Press.
3046:
2951:"What Is Faraday's Law of Induction?"
2827:
2705:
655:Maxwell equations in curved spacetime
4196:McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics
3933:Basic electromagnetism and materials
3764:(2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill/Schaum.
3745:(2nd ed.). Edward Arnold (UK).
3498:Some aspects of magnetohydrodynamics
3494:
3015:Volta and the history of electricity
4254:P.M. Whelan; M.J. Hodgeson (1978).
4176:The Physics of Vibrations and Waves
4083:
3762:Physics for Engineering and Science
3713:"Electromagnetism â Maxwell's Laws"
3110:
2975:"History of the Electric Telegraph"
24:
4155:J.B. Marion; W.F. Hornyak (1984).
3654:
3348:. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
2985:(425supp): 6784â6786. 1884-02-23.
2626:Electrodynamic droplet deformation
1601:List of electromagnetism equations
1393:in our bodies and in the objects.
1143:discovered around 600 B.C.E. that
25:
4973:
4281:Magnetic Field Strength Converter
4274:
3495:Hunt, Julian C. R. (1967-07-27).
2753:Journal of Archaeological Science
2720:
1397:necessarily increases due to the
1102:History of electromagnetic theory
4114:Physics with Modern Applications
3690:
2661:Introduction to electromagnetism
1563:Extension to nonlinear phenomena
1255:, and partially reformulated by
1106:
51:Introduction to electromagnetism
4776:Timeline of physics discoveries
4256:Essential Principles of Physics
3975:Electricity and Magnetism, 820p
3889:(3rd ed.). Prentice Hall.
3886:Introduction to Electrodynamics
3614:
3585:
3537:
3513:
3488:
3431:
3402:
3393:
3384:
3359:
3302:
3288:
3241:
3232:
3201:
3191:
3150:
3140:
3104:
3075:
3040:
3005:
2967:
2854:(182): 478â480. 24 April 1873.
2686:WheelerâFeynman absorber theory
2578:
1155:
4235:P.A. Tipler; G. Mosca (2008).
4048:(4th ed.). W.H. Freeman.
3743:Electricity and Modern Physics
3683:
3163:. Longmans, Green and Company.
2915:
2890:
2836:
2821:
2779:
2714:
2699:
2616:Computational electromagnetics
1030:partial differential equations
13:
1:
4816:
4258:(2nd ed.). John Murray.
4199:(2nd ed.). McGraw Hill.
3111:Martins, Roberto de Andrade.
2737:Summary of paper by Fu et al.
2692:
2681:Relativistic electromagnetism
2641:Electromagnetic wave equation
1549:AbrahamâMinkowski controversy
1526:History of special relativity
1058:relativistic electromagnetism
660:Relativistic electromagnetism
4897:ferromagnetic superconductor
4006:Rao, Nannapaneni N. (1994).
3817:Feynman, Richard P. (1970).
3733:
3409:Feynman, Richard P. (2011).
3226:10.1016/0031-9163(64)90711-5
1303:at the highest frequencies.
7:
4740:Quantum information science
3783:. Literary Licensing, LLC.
3693:"Electricity and magnetism"
3346:"Magnetic Fields â History"
2923:"What Makes Magnets Repel?"
2800:10.1007/978-0-387-23062-7_1
2598:
2073:electric displacement field
1597:List of physical quantities
10:
4978:
4571:Classical electromagnetism
4093:Concepts of Modern Physics
3823:. Addison Wesley Longman.
3699:. Georgia State University
3444:AIP Conference Proceedings
3082:Darrigol, Olivier (2000).
2646:Electromagnetic scattering
1594:
1567:The Maxwell equations are
1458:classical electromagnetism
1408:
1099:
1095:
385:LiĂ©nardâWiechert potential
55:
48:
41:
31:
4864:
4824:
4748:
4685:
4613:
4529:
4501:
4473:
4404:
4383:
4333:
3911:Classical Electrodynamics
3675:Resources in your library
3555:(2687): 264. April 1921.
3053:. London: Athlone Press.
2765:10.1016/j.jas.2019.03.001
2636:Electromagnetic induction
2560:one-to-one correspondence
2526:
2521:
2500:
2493:
2473:
2468:
2446:
2441:
2423:
2414:
2396:
2391:
2372:
2367:
2349:
2344:
2321:
2314:
2296:
2277:
2259:
2252:
2230:
2217:
2191:
2178:
2157:
2150:
2130:
2120:
2098:
2093:
2071:
2064:
2041:
2034:
2013:
2005:
1987:
1982:
1964:
1959:
1938:
1933:
1907:
1894:
1868:
1841:
1822:
1815:
1797:
1792:
1774:
1769:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1738:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1411:Classical electrodynamics
1405:Classical electrodynamics
1399:Pauli exclusion principle
1293:electromagnetic radiation
1202:one another with a force
650:Mathematical descriptions
360:Electromagnetic radiation
350:Electromagnetic induction
290:Magnetic vector potential
285:Magnetic scalar potential
4962:Fundamental interactions
4677:Condensed matter physics
4323:Fundamental interactions
4138:Encyclopaedia of Physics
3838:Fleisch, Daniel (2008).
3760:Browne, Michael (2008).
2671:Magnetoquasistatic field
1824:electric current density
1435:Thomas-François Dalibard
4854:Van Vleck paramagnetism
4358:Electroweak interaction
4110:L.H. Greenberg (1978).
4067:(2nd ed.). Wiley.
3930:Moliton, André (2007).
3915:(3rd ed.). Wiley.
3047:Roche, John J. (1998).
2828:Meyer, Herbert (1972).
2706:Meyer, Herbert (1972).
2475:magnetic susceptibility
2132:electric susceptibility
1672:In the electromagnetic
1649:(magnetic flux density)
1581:NavierâStokes equations
1493:electrical permittivity
1360:electroweak interaction
1308:Gian Domenico Romagnosi
1119:, and potentially even
1078:Quantum electrodynamics
969:that form the basis of
200:Electrostatic induction
195:Electrostatic discharge
4761:Nobel Prize in Physics
4623:Relativistic mechanics
4065:Electromagnetic Fields
3741:G.A.G. Bennet (1974).
2621:Double-slit experiment
2502:magnetic dipole moment
2159:electric dipole moment
1348:non-fundamental forces
1339:
1320:
1204:inversely proportional
1168:
912:electromagnetic fields
630:Electromagnetic tensor
72:
4766:Philosophy of physics
4419:Philosophy of physics
4286:Electromagnetic Force
4157:Principles of Physics
4136:; G.L. Trigg (2005).
4044:Tipler, Paul (1998).
3779:Dibner, Bern (2012).
3018:. Milano: U. Hoepli.
2606:AbrahamâLorentz force
2593:semiconductor devices
1497:magnetic permeability
1387:intermolecular forces
1337:
1315:
1273:electromagnetic waves
1222:Hans Christian Ărsted
1163:
1035:electromagnetic waves
623:Covariant formulation
415:Synchrotron radiation
355:Electromagnetic pulse
345:Electromagnetic field
66:
4725:Mathematical physics
4193:C.B. Parker (1994).
3367:"Andre-Marie AmpĂšre"
3309:Tucker, Tom (2003).
2727:Smithsonian Magazine
2721:Learn, Joshua Rapp.
2611:Aeromagnetic surveys
2567:, "ESU", "EMU", and
1870:potential difference
1655:(electric potential)
1591:Quantities and units
1577:magnetohydrodynamics
1265:mathematical physics
938:for electricity and
665:Stressâenergy tensor
590:Reluctance (complex)
335:Displacement current
4924:amorphous magnetism
4892:superferromagnetism
4700:Atmospheric physics
4539:Classical mechanics
4467:branches of physics
4409:Glossary of physics
4384:Hypothetical forces
4217:The Road to Reality
4214:R. Penrose (2007).
3881:Griffiths, David J.
3610:Electronic version.
3561:1921Natur.107R.264.
3456:2020AIPC.2234d0013J
3266:2000EOSTr..81..233M
2979:Scientific American
2860:1873Natur...7..478.
2556:Maxwell's equations
2374:magnetic reluctance
2351:magnetomotive force
1909:electric resistance
1878:electromotive force
1726:
1509:luminiferous aether
1505:Galilean invariance
1485:classical mechanics
1474:Maxwell's equations
1462:James Clerk Maxwell
1448:deflected a nearby
1389:between individual
1330:A fundamental force
1279:, self-propagating
1253:James Clerk Maxwell
1173:James Clerk Maxwell
1026:Maxwell's equations
942:for magnetism; the
580:Magnetomotive force
465:Electromotive force
435:Alternating current
370:Jefimenko equations
330:Cyclotron radiation
4877:antiferromagnetism
4849:superparamagnetism
4756:History of physics
4343:Strong interaction
4174:H.J. Pain (1983).
4091:A. Beiser (1987).
3952:Purcell, Edward M.
3608:. pp. 14â15.
3507:10.17863/cam.14141
2573:CGS-Gaussian units
2398:magnetic permeance
1691:
1613:(electric current)
1573:Nonlinear dynamics
1545:magnetic monopoles
1470:luminiferous ether
1379:chemical phenomena
1344:fundamental forces
1340:
1242:André-Marie AmpÚre
1231:magnetic induction
1169:
1133:static electricity
1074:special relativity
1068:), helped inspire
1006:static electricity
940:AmpĂšre's force law
916:fundamental forces
428:Electrical network
265:Gauss magnetic law
230:Static electricity
190:Electric potential
73:
4939:
4938:
4837:superdiamagnetism
4825:Magnetic response
4784:
4783:
4771:Physics education
4720:Materials science
4687:Interdisciplinary
4645:Quantum mechanics
4432:
4431:
4265:978-0-7195-3382-2
4246:978-1-4292-0265-7
4227:978-0-679-77631-4
4220:. Vintage books.
4206:978-0-07-051400-3
4185:978-0-471-90182-2
4166:978-4-8337-0195-2
4147:978-0-07-025734-4
4125:978-0-7216-4247-5
4102:978-0-07-100144-1
4074:978-0-471-81186-2
4055:978-1-57259-492-0
4036:978-0-8493-1397-4
4017:978-0-13-948746-0
4010:. Prentice Hall.
3984:978-1-107-01402-2
3965:978-0-07-004908-6
3943:978-0-387-30284-3
3922:978-0-471-30932-1
3896:978-0-13-805326-0
3872:978-0-471-92712-9
3849:978-0-521-70147-1
3830:978-0-201-02115-8
3809:978-0-07-018388-9
3790:978-1-258-33555-7
3771:978-0-07-161399-6
3752:978-0-7131-2459-0
3711:Khutoryansky, E.
3661:Library resources
3638:on 5 October 2022
3465:10.1063/5.0008179
3424:978-0-465-04085-8
3274:10.1029/00EO00163
2809:978-0-387-23062-7
2589:magnetic circuits
2585:electric circuits
2569:HeavisideâLorentz
2552:
2551:
2434:H = Wb/A = Vâ
s/A
2270:T = Wb/m = Nâ
Aâ
m
1831:per square metre
1733:Name of quantity
1619:(electric charge)
1478:Lorentz force law
1427:Benjamin Franklin
1419:proposed, in his
1186:Electric charges
1141:Thales of Miletus
1050:quantum mechanics
896:
895:
595:Reluctance (real)
565:Gyratorâcapacitor
510:Resonant cavities
400:Maxwell equations
16:(Redirected from
4969:
4952:Electromagnetism
4811:
4804:
4797:
4788:
4787:
4710:Chemical physics
4650:Particle physics
4576:Classical optics
4459:
4452:
4445:
4436:
4435:
4414:Particle physics
4368:electromagnetism
4363:weak interaction
4316:
4309:
4302:
4293:
4292:
4269:
4250:
4231:
4210:
4189:
4170:
4151:
4129:
4117:
4106:
4084:General coverage
4078:
4059:
4040:
4027:Electromagnetics
4021:
4002:
3996:
3988:
3969:
3947:
3926:
3914:
3905:Jackson, John D.
3900:
3876:
3864:
3861:Electromagnetism
3853:
3834:
3813:
3794:
3775:
3756:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3666:Electromagnetism
3648:
3647:
3645:
3643:
3637:
3631:. Archived from
3629:www.stanford.edu
3626:
3618:
3612:
3589:
3583:
3582:
3572:
3570:10.1038/107264c0
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3531:
3525:physics.nist.gov
3517:
3511:
3510:
3492:
3486:
3485:
3467:
3435:
3429:
3428:
3406:
3400:
3397:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3379:
3378:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3341:
3335:
3334:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3292:
3286:
3285:
3245:
3239:
3236:
3230:
3229:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3185:
3170:
3164:
3154:
3148:
3144:
3138:
3137:
3135:
3134:
3128:
3117:
3108:
3102:
3101:
3089:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3044:
3038:
3037:
3009:
3003:
3002:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2946:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2868:10.1038/007478a0
2840:
2834:
2833:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2718:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2651:Electromechanics
2595:' construction.
2524:
2498:
2471:
2444:
2421:
2417:
2394:
2370:
2347:
2319:
2294:
2287:
2280:
2257:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2189:
2185:
2181:
2155:
2128:
2096:
2069:
2039:
2011:
1985:
1962:
1936:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1820:
1799:electric current
1795:
1772:
1749:
1727:
1720:
1713:
1706:
1697:electromagnetism
1690:
1585:nonlinear optics
1503:. This violates
1432:
1257:Oliver Heaviside
1200:
1199:
1192:
1191:
1028:, a set of four
979:angular momentum
900:electromagnetism
888:
881:
874:
555:Electric machine
538:Magnetic circuit
500:Parallel circuit
490:Network analysis
455:Electric current
390:London equations
235:Triboelectricity
225:Potential energy
94:
84:Electromagnetism
75:
74:
35:Electromagnetics
21:
18:Electromagnetics
4977:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4970:
4968:
4967:
4966:
4957:Electrodynamics
4942:
4941:
4940:
4935:
4865:Magnetic states
4860:
4820:
4815:
4785:
4780:
4744:
4730:Medical physics
4681:
4640:Nuclear physics
4609:
4603:Non-equilibrium
4525:
4497:
4469:
4463:
4433:
4428:
4400:
4379:
4335:Physical forces
4329:
4320:
4277:
4272:
4266:
4247:
4228:
4207:
4186:
4167:
4148:
4126:
4103:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4056:
4037:
4018:
3990:
3989:
3985:
3966:
3958:. McGraw-Hill.
3944:
3923:
3897:
3873:
3850:
3831:
3810:
3802:. McGraw-Hill.
3791:
3772:
3753:
3736:
3731:
3723:
3721:
3702:
3700:
3686:
3681:
3680:
3679:
3669:
3668:
3664:
3657:
3655:Further reading
3652:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3635:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3615:
3590:
3586:
3543:
3542:
3538:
3529:
3527:
3519:
3518:
3514:
3493:
3489:
3436:
3432:
3425:
3407:
3403:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3385:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3349:
3342:
3338:
3323:
3307:
3303:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3246:
3242:
3237:
3233:
3214:Physics Letters
3206:
3202:
3196:
3192:
3183:
3181:
3171:
3167:
3157:Whittaker, E.T.
3155:
3151:
3145:
3141:
3132:
3130:
3126:
3115:
3109:
3105:
3098:
3080:
3076:
3061:
3045:
3041:
3026:
3010:
3006:
2973:
2972:
2968:
2959:
2957:
2955:livescience.com
2947:
2940:
2931:
2929:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2907:
2905:
2896:
2895:
2891:
2842:
2841:
2837:
2832:. pp. 3â4.
2826:
2822:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2784:
2780:
2745:
2741:
2731:
2729:
2719:
2715:
2704:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2601:
2581:
2522:
2494:
2469:
2442:
2419:
2415:
2392:
2368:
2345:
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2293:
2289:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2253:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2151:
2127:
2121:
2094:
2065:
2035:
2010:
2006:
1983:
1960:
1934:
1903:
1899:
1895:
1864:
1860:
1853:
1846:
1842:
1816:
1793:
1776:electric charge
1770:
1747:
1725:
1724:
1670:
1667:(magnetic flux)
1603:
1593:
1565:
1521:Albert Einstein
1513:Hendrik Lorentz
1430:
1417:William Gilbert
1413:
1407:
1332:
1323:E. T. Whittaker
1249:Michael Faraday
1220:In April 1820,
1197:
1196:
1189:
1188:
1158:
1109:
1104:
1098:
908:electric charge
892:
863:
862:
678:
670:
669:
625:
615:
614:
570:Induction motor
540:
530:
529:
445:Current density
430:
420:
419:
410:Poynting vector
320:
318:Electrodynamics
310:
309:
305:Right-hand rule
270:Magnetic dipole
260:BiotâSavart law
250:
240:
239:
175:Electric dipole
170:Electric charge
145:
61:
54:
47:
40:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4975:
4965:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4937:
4936:
4934:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4926:
4916:
4914:mictomagnetism
4911:
4906:
4901:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4887:ferromagnetism
4884:
4882:ferrimagnetism
4879:
4874:
4872:altermagnetism
4868:
4866:
4862:
4861:
4859:
4858:
4857:
4856:
4851:
4841:
4840:
4839:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4821:
4814:
4813:
4806:
4799:
4791:
4782:
4781:
4779:
4778:
4773:
4768:
4763:
4758:
4752:
4750:
4746:
4745:
4743:
4742:
4737:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4630:
4619:
4617:
4611:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4593:Thermodynamics
4590:
4589:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4568:
4563:
4562:
4561:
4556:
4551:
4546:
4535:
4533:
4527:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:
4511:
4505:
4503:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4493:
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4275:External links
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3220:(2): 168â171.
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2043:electric field
2040:
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2017:
2012:
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1966:electric power
1963:
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1880:
1867:
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1835:
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1809:
1808:A = C/s = W/V
1806:
1801:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1762:J = Câ
V = Wâ
s
1760:
1755:
1750:
1744:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1734:
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1680:and takes the
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1592:
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1517:Henri Poincaré
1489:speed of light
1442:Gian Romagnosi
1409:Main article:
1406:
1403:
1331:
1328:
1261:Heinrich Hertz
1251:, extended by
1218:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1207:
1157:
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1108:
1105:
1100:Main article:
1097:
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1046:modern physics
983:spin chemistry
963:macromolecules
928:electrostatics
894:
893:
891:
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883:
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560:Electric motor
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531:
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515:Series circuit
512:
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485:Kirchhoff laws
482:
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457:
452:
450:Direct current
447:
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422:
421:
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405:Maxwell tensor
402:
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375:Larmor formula
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180:Electric field
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150:Charge density
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143:Electrostatics
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4909:metamagnetism
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4902:
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4844:paramagnetism
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4735:Ocean physics
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4670:Modern optics
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4029:. CRC Press.
4028:
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3606:0-632-03583-8
3603:
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3450:(1): 040013.
3449:
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3412:
3405:
3396:
3387:
3372:
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3322:1-891620-70-3
3318:
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3129:on 2013-05-30
3125:
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3056:
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3025:88-203-3284-1
3021:
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2631:Electromagnet
2629:
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2619:
2617:
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2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
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2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2530:
2529:magnetization
2520:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2505:
2503:
2497:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:dimensionless
2478:
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2463:
2460:
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2449:
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2336:
2334:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2306:
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2301:
2299:
2298:magnetic flux
2276:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2256:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2235:
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2209:
2207:
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2198:
2194:
2177:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2160:
2154:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2139:
2138:dimensionless
2135:
2133:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2106:
2103:
2101:
2092:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2044:
2038:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2015:electric flux
2004:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1981:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1941:
1932:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1893:
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1687:
1683:
1679:
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1666:
1663:
1660:
1657:
1654:
1651:
1648:
1645:
1643:(conductance)
1642:
1639:
1636:
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1630:
1627:
1625:(capacitance)
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
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1418:
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1402:
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1371:atomic nuclei
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1363:
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1349:
1345:
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1107:Ancient world
1103:
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1079:
1075:
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1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1042:
1040:
1039:visible light
1036:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
988:
984:
980:
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968:
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960:
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955:atomic nuclei
952:
947:
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944:Lorentz force
941:
937:
936:Coulomb's law
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
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901:
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488:
486:
483:
481:
480:Joule heating
478:
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468:
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429:
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411:
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403:
401:
398:
396:
395:Lorentz force
393:
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388:
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368:
366:
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314:
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306:
303:
301:
298:
296:
295:Magnetization
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
280:Magnetic flux
278:
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273:
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186:
185:Electric flux
183:
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158:
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148:
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122:Computational
120:
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100:
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93:
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88:
85:
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59:
58:electromagnet
52:
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44:Lorentz force
38:
36:
30:
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4832:diamagnetism
4695:Astrophysics
4509:Experimental
4396:Quintessence
4367:
4255:
4236:
4216:
4195:
4175:
4156:
4137:
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4026:
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3860:
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3722:. Retrieved
3716:
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3697:HyperPhysics
3696:
3665:
3640:. Retrieved
3633:the original
3628:
3616:
3595:
3587:
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3548:
3539:
3528:. Retrieved
3524:
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3497:
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3433:
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3373:. 2016-01-13
3370:
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3350:. Retrieved
3339:
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3304:
3290:
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3243:
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3193:
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3178:
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3124:the original
3119:
3106:
3085:
3077:
3049:
3042:
3014:
3007:
2982:
2978:
2969:
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2954:
2930:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
2906:. Retrieved
2904:. 2019-02-06
2901:
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2838:
2829:
2823:
2813:, retrieved
2791:
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2742:
2730:. Retrieved
2726:
2716:
2710:. p. 2.
2707:
2701:
2582:
2579:Applications
2553:
2537:square meter
2510:square meter
2495:
2448:permeability
2316:
2254:
2232:conductivity
2152:
2122:
2100:permittivity
2082:square metre
2066:
2036:
1855:
1848:
1817:
1696:
1682:permeability
1678:AmpĂšre's law
1671:
1637:(resistance)
1631:(inductance)
1604:
1568:
1566:
1542:
1530:
1482:
1469:
1455:
1446:voltaic pile
1439:
1433:May 1752 by
1420:
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1395:
1383:
1364:
1341:
1321:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1287:. Different
1246:
1239:
1219:
1195:
1187:
1176:
1170:
1165:
1156:19th century
1139:philosopher
1110:
1066:permittivity
1062:permeability
1048:, including
1043:
991:
948:
899:
898:In physics,
897:
640:Four-current
575:Linear motor
460:Electrolysis
340:Eddy current
300:Permeability
220:Polarization
215:Permittivity
83:
69:plasma globe
34:
29:
4598:Statistical
4514:Theoretical
4491:Engineering
4391:Fifth force
4375:Gravitation
4347:fundamental
4134:R.G. Lerner
3684:Web sources
3260:(21): 233.
2902:Science ABC
2201:susceptance
2193:conductance
1989:capacitance
1940:resistivity
1742:Base units
1519:, in 1905,
1297:radio waves
1289:frequencies
1281:oscillatory
610:Transformer
440:Capacitance
365:Faraday law
160:Coulomb law
102:Electricity
4946:Categories
4919:spin glass
4715:Geophysics
4705:Biophysics
4549:Analytical
4502:Approaches
3724:2014-12-28
3703:2013-11-12
3642:29 January
3530:2022-08-22
3377:2022-08-22
3352:2009-11-27
3184:2022-08-22
3133:2010-12-02
3097:0198505949
3034:1261807533
2960:2022-08-22
2932:2022-08-22
2908:2022-08-22
2815:2022-12-07
2732:2022-12-07
2693:References
2656:Geophysics
2514:Aâ
m = Jâ
T
2425:inductance
2197:admittance
2057:V/m = N/C
1736:Unit name
1595:See also:
1501:free space
1422:De Magnete
1356:weak force
1301:gamma rays
1092:of light.
1072:theory of
1070:Einstein's
1054:relativity
987:technology
957:and their
677:Scientists
525:Waveguides
505:Resistance
475:Inductance
255:AmpĂšre law
4818:Magnetism
4665:Molecular
4566:Acoustics
4559:Continuum
4554:Celestial
4544:Newtonian
4531:Classical
4474:Divisions
3993:cite book
3734:Textbooks
3691:Nave, R.
3579:1476-4687
3482:219451710
3474:0094-243X
3282:0096-3941
3179:Space.com
2999:0036-8733
2927:Sciencing
2876:0028-0836
2792:Magnetism
2773:0305-4403
2759:: 29â36.
2464:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
2437:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
2410:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
2407:H = Wb/A
2387:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
2384:H = A/Wb
2360:A = Wb/H
2325:strength
2310:kgâ
mâ
sâ
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2307:Wb = Vâ
s
2248:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
2213:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
2116:kgâ
mâ
Aâ
s
2060:kgâ
mâ
Aâ
s
2045:strength
2030:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
2001:kgâ
mâ
Aâ
s
1955:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
1929:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
1917:reactance
1913:impedance
1890:kgâ
mâ
sâ
A
1415:In 1600,
1391:molecules
1375:electrons
1350:. (e.g.,
1277:quantized
1164:Cover of
1129:lightning
1125:magnetite
1082:quantized
1076:in 1905.
1002:lightning
959:electrons
932:magnetism
924:molecules
904:particles
833:Steinmetz
763:Kirchhoff
748:Jefimenko
743:Hopkinson
728:Helmholtz
723:Heaviside
585:Permeance
470:Impedance
210:Insulator
205:Gauss law
155:Conductor
132:Phenomena
127:Textbooks
107:Magnetism
37:(journal)
4929:spin ice
4424:Universe
4351:residual
3954:(1985).
3907:(1998).
3883:(1998).
3594:(1993).
3331:51763922
3159:(1910).
3069:40499222
2884:10178476
2599:See also
2565:Gaussian
2541:kilogram
2378:inverse
1998:F = C/V
1975:W = Vâ
A
1926:Ω = V/A
1887:V = J/C
1559:fields.
1557:magnetic
1553:electric
1466:treatise
1352:friction
1229:unit of
1175:'s 1873
1150:religion
1121:Egyptian
1010:iron ore
996:and the
967:proteins
965:such as
951:chemical
858:Wiechert
813:Poynting
703:Einstein
550:DC motor
545:AC motor
380:Lenz law
165:Electret
4749:Related
4633:General
4628:Special
4486:Applied
4327:physics
3718:YouTube
3557:Bibcode
3452:Bibcode
3262:Bibcode
2856:Bibcode
2548:Aâ
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2545:Aâ
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2273:kgâ
sâ
A
2237:siemens
2206:siemens
2164:coulomb
2078:coulomb
1978:kgâ
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1874:voltage
1781:coulomb
1765:kgâ
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s
1739:Symbol
1730:Symbol
1661:(power)
1641:siemens
1617:coulomb
1569:linear,
1450:compass
1295:, from
1285:photons
1235:oersted
1190:attract
1113:Chinese
1096:History
1086:photons
1022:Faraday
1014:Coulomb
843:Thomson
818:Ritchie
808:Poisson
793:Neumann
788:Maxwell
783:Lorentz
778:Liénard
708:Faraday
693:Coulomb
520:Voltage
495:Ohm law
117:History
4660:Atomic
4615:Modern
4465:Major
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4224:
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3549:Nature
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3094:
3067:
3057:
3032:
3022:
2997:
2882:
2874:
2848:Nature
2806:
2771:
2676:Optics
2591:, and
2534:ampere
2507:ampere
2356:ampere
2329:ampere
2210:S = Ω
2174:Aâ
sâ
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2089:Aâ
sâ
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1829:ampere
1804:ampere
1753:energy
1611:ampere
1431:
1090:quanta
1088:, the
998:Mayans
994:Greeks
828:Singer
823:Savart
803:Ărsted
768:Larmor
758:Kelvin
713:Fizeau
683:AmpĂšre
605:Stator
112:Optics
3636:(PDF)
3625:(PDF)
3478:S2CID
3127:(PDF)
3116:(PDF)
2880:S2CID
2527:mass
2457:metre
2453:henry
2430:henry
2403:henry
2380:henry
2333:metre
2303:weber
2266:tesla
2241:metre
2167:metre
2109:metre
2105:farad
2053:metre
2023:metre
1994:farad
1948:metre
1758:joule
1699:units
1686:unity
1665:weber
1647:tesla
1629:henry
1623:farad
1367:atoms
1269:light
1210:pole.
1198:repel
1145:amber
1137:Greek
1117:Mayan
1018:Gauss
920:atoms
906:with
853:Weber
848:Volta
838:Tesla
753:Joule
738:Hertz
733:Henry
718:Gauss
600:Rotor
4586:Wave
4481:Pure
4260:ISBN
4241:ISBN
4222:ISBN
4201:ISBN
4180:ISBN
4161:ISBN
4142:ISBN
4120:ISBN
4097:ISBN
4069:ISBN
4050:ISBN
4031:ISBN
4012:ISBN
3999:link
3979:ISBN
3960:ISBN
3938:ISBN
3917:ISBN
3891:ISBN
3867:ISBN
3844:ISBN
3825:ISBN
3804:ISBN
3785:ISBN
3766:ISBN
3747:ISBN
3644:2022
3602:ISBN
3575:ISSN
3470:ISSN
3448:2234
3419:ISBN
3371:ETHW
3327:OCLC
3317:ISBN
3278:ISSN
3147:1735
3092:ISBN
3065:OCLC
3055:ISBN
3030:OCLC
3020:ISBN
2995:ISSN
2872:ISSN
2804:ISBN
2769:ISSN
2539:per
2517:Aâ
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2461:H/m
2455:per
2340:Aâ
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2337:A/m
2331:per
2245:S/m
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2171:Câ
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2113:F/m
2107:per
2086:C/m
2080:per
2051:per
2049:volt
2027:Vâ
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2020:volt
1971:watt
1952:멉
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1883:volt
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1834:A/m
1788:Aâ
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1653:volt
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1373:and
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1064:and
1052:and
1020:and
977:and
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971:life
930:and
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