107:
571:
it is suited for low speed and accurate position control. Reluctance machines can be supplied with permanent magnets in the stator to improve performance. The "electromagnet" is then "turned off" by sending a negative current in the coil. When the current is positive the magnet and the current cooperate to create a stronger magnetic field which will improve the reluctance machine's maximum torque without increasing the currents maximum absolute value.
249:
215:, the stator magnetic flux induces currents in the rotor. The prime mover then drives the rotor above the synchronous speed, causing the opposing rotor flux to cut the stator coils producing active current in the stater coils, thus sending power back to the electrical grid. An induction generator draws reactive power from the connected system and so cannot be an isolated source of power.
546:
used. The speed of asynchronous induction machines will decrease with increased load because a larger speed difference between stator and rotor is necessary to set up sufficient rotor current and rotor magnetic field. Asynchronous induction machines can be made so they start and run without any means of control if connected to an AC grid, but the starting torque is low.
570:
have no windings on the rotor, only a ferromagnetic material shaped so that "electromagnets" in stator can "grab" the teeth in rotor and advance it a little. The electromagnets are then turned off, while another set of electromagnets is turned on to move rotor further. Another name is step motor, and
89:
generators, produce about 95% of all electric power on Earth (as of early 2020s), and in the form of electric motors consume approximately 60% of all electric power produced. Electric machines were developed beginning in the mid 19th century and since that time have been a ubiquitous component of the
442:
are machines having some kind of electric current in the rotor which creates a magnetic field which interacts with the stator windings. The rotor current can be the internal current in a permanent magnet (PM machine), a current supplied to the rotor through brushes (Brushed machine) or a current set
549:
A special case would be an induction machine with superconductors in the rotor. The current in the superconductors will be set up by induction, but the rotor will run at synchronous speed because there will be no need for a speed difference between the magnetic field in stator and speed of rotor to
454:
have permanent magnets in the rotor which set up a magnetic field. The magnetomotive force in a PM (caused by orbiting electrons with aligned spin) is generally much higher than what is possible in a copper coil. The copper coil can, however, be filled with a ferromagnetic material, which gives the
545:
Induction eliminates the need for brushes which is usually a weak part in an electric machine. It also allows designs which make it very easy to manufacture the rotor. A metal cylinder will work as rotor, but to improve efficiency a "squirrel cage" rotor or a rotor with closed windings is usually
317:
converts alternating current into mechanical energy. It commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft that is given a torque by the rotating
489:
track. More durable brushes can be made of graphite or liquid metal. It is even possible to eliminate the brushes in a "brushed machine" by using a part of the rotor and stator as a transformer that transfers current without creating torque. Brushes must not be confused with a commutator. The
473:
It is usually possible to overload electric machines for a short time until the current in the coils heats parts of the machine to a temperature which cause damage. PM machines can less tolerate such overload, because too high current in the coils can create a magnetic field strong enough to
520:
This machine can also be run by connecting the stator coils to the grid and supplying the rotor coils with AC from an inverter. The advantage is that it is possible to control the rotating speed of the machine with a fractionally rated inverter. When run this way the machine is known as a
282:
to generate rotational force. Motors and generators have many similarities and many types of electric motors can be run as generators, and vice versa. Electric motors are found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances,
431:. A rotary converter is a combination of machines that act as a mechanical rectifier, inverter or frequency converter. The Ward Leonard set is a combination of machines used to provide speed control. Other machine combinations include the Kraemer and Scherbius systems.
501:) between the rotor coils and teeth of iron between the stator coils in addition to black iron behind the stator coils. The gap between rotor and the stator is also made as small as possible. All this is done to minimize the magnetic reluctance of the
167:
is the stationary part of an electrical machine. In electrical terms, the armature is the power-producing component and the field is the magnetic field component of an electrical machine. The armature can be on either the rotor or the stator. The
516:
to the grid, because they can be started by the turbine and because the machine in this system can generate power at a constant speed without a controller. This type of machine is often referred to in the literature as a synchronous machine.
706:
are true DC machines where current is supplied to a spinning wheel through brushes. The wheel is inserted in a magnetic field, and torque is created as the current travels from the edge to the centre of the wheel through the magnetic field.
239:
A DC generator is a machine that converts mechanical energy into Direct
Current electrical energy. A DC generator generally has a commutator with split ring to produce a direct current instead of an alternating current.
463:) is stronger, which means that PM machines have a better torque/volume and torque/weight ratio than machines with rotor coils under continuous operation. This may change with introduction of superconductors in rotor.
204:. Because power transferred into the field circuit is much less than power transferred into the armature circuit, AC generators nearly always have the field winding on the rotor and the armature winding on the stator.
542:. This requires that the rotor rotates at other than synchronous speed, so that the rotor coils are subjected to a varying magnetic field created by the stator coils. An induction machine is an asynchronous machine.
383:. This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor. An example of a brushless, synchronous DC motor is a
370:
generates torque directly from DC power supplied to the motor by using internal commutation, stationary permanent magnets, and rotating electrical magnets. Brushes and springs carry the electric current from the
347:, it does not rely on induction and so can rotate exactly at the supply frequency or sub-multiple. The magnetic field of the rotor is either generated by direct current delivered through slip rings (
58:
energy converters: an electric motor converts electricity to mechanical power while an electric generator converts mechanical power to electricity. The moving parts in a machine can be rotating (
329:
current. The rotor must turn slightly slower (or faster) than the stator magnetic field to provide the induced current. There are three types of induction motor rotors, which are
661:. Any combination of the AC currents in the three windings can be expressed as a sum of three symmetrical currents, corresponding to positive, negative, and zero sequences.
557:, which has a double set of coils in the stator. Since it has two moving magnetic fields in the stator, it gives no meaning to talk about synchronous or asynchronous speed.
338:
128:. It is somewhat analogous to a water pump, which creates a flow of water but does not create the water inside. The source of mechanical energy, the
606:
steady state torque is constant, leading to less vibration and longer service life (the instantanous torque of a single-phase motor pulsates with the
490:
difference is that the brushes only transfer electric current to a moving rotor while a commutator also provides switching of the current direction.
821:
649:
for a motor to rotate, for example the phase V lagging phase U by 120°, and phase W lagging the phase V (U > V > W, normal phase rotation,
485:
are machines where the rotor coil is supplied with current through brushes in much the same way as current is supplied to the car in an electric
1283:
1027:
861:
522:
379:
use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and stationary electrical magnets on the motor housing. A motor controller converts DC to
554:
715:
For optimized or practical operation of electric machines, today's electric machine systems are complemented with electronic control.
505:
which the magnetic field created by the rotor coils travels through, something which is important for optimizing these machines.
159:
The two main parts of an electrical machine can be described in either mechanical or electrical terms. In mechanical terms, the
1686:
990:
963:
919:
466:
Since the permanent magnets in a PM machine already introduce considerable magnetic reluctance, then the reluctance in the
619:
the transmission over 3 wires need only 3/4 of the metal for the wires that would be required for a two-wire single-phase
508:
Large brushed machines which are run with DC to the stator windings at synchronous speed are the most common generator in
17:
834:
1463:
408:
1676:
1020:
1412:
291:. They may be powered by direct current or by alternating current which leads to the two main classifications:
935:
Ritonja, Jožef (2021-04-21). "Robust and
Adaptive Control for Synchronous Generator's Operation Improvement".
90:
infrastructure. Developing more efficient electric machine technology is crucial to any global conservation,
1197:
525:. "Induction" is misleading because there is no useful current in the machine which is set up by induction.
1545:
120:
An electric generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. A generator forces
1555:
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1013:
141:
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326:
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653:). If the sequence is reversed (W < V < U), the motor will rotate in the opposite direction (
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1101:
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82:
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power is constant (the power consumption of the single-phase motor varies over the cycle);
470:
and coils are less important. This gives considerable freedom when designing PM machines.
8:
1605:
1308:
1303:
1048:
867:
This has a detailed survey of the contemporaneous history and state of electric machines.
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212:
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129:
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675:, torque is created by attraction or repulsion of electric charge in rotor and stator.
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467:
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125:
115:
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51:
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mounted on either the rotor or the stator. Generators are classified into two types,
149:
75:
55:
1540:
900:
318:
field. The two main types of AC motors are distinguished by the type of rotor used.
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43:
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955:
Electrical
Machine Fundamentals with Numerical Simulation using MATLAB / SIMULINK
953:
701:
533:
322:
275:
271:
1595:
884:
871:
Park, R. H.; Robertson, B. L. (1928). "The
Reactances of Synchronous Machines".
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850:
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have short circuited rotor coils where a current is set up and maintained by
443:
up in closed rotor windings by a varying magnetic field (Induction machine).
384:
173:
865:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 176–179.
829:. McGraw-Hill Series in Electrical Engineering (4th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
1650:
1585:
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627:
197:
185:
181:
145:
133:
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71:
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are occasionally called "static electric machines", since they do not have
1427:
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854:
509:
498:
284:
67:
879:(2). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE): 514–535.
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generate electricity by building up electric charge. Early types were
588:
288:
219:
137:
226:, either separate or rectified from the output of the machine using a
1600:
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1131:
602:
The 3-phase machines have major advantages of the single-phase ones:
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39:
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The winding phases of the 3-phase motor must be energized in a
592:
387:
which can divide a full rotation into a large number of steps.
164:
873:
Transactions of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers
375:
to the spinning wire windings of the rotor inside the motor.
693:
is an electrostatic generator still used in research today.
685:
machines, later ones were influence machines that worked by
599:
machines, where the windings are (electrically) 120° apart.
797:
657:). The common current through all three windings is called
74:, generally they are not considered "machines", but as
616:
smaller size (and thus lower cost) for the same power;
222:, the current for the magnetic field is provided by a
270:. The reverse process of electrical generators, most
1284:
Dual-rotor permanent magnet induction motor (DRPMIM)
951:
785:
773:
749:
737:
731:
761:
459:. Still the magnetic field created by modern PMs (
583:of polyphase electric machines includes multiple
434:
390:
207:AC generators are classified into several types.
1663:
952:Iqbal, A.; Moinoddin, S.; Reddy, B.P. (2021).
78:"closely related" to the electrical machines.
1021:
870:
803:
446:
325:, the rotor magnetic field is created by an
710:
395:Other electromagnetic machines include the
1028:
1014:
156:or any other source of mechanical energy.
664:
849:
574:
247:
105:
934:
819:
767:
755:
523:brushed double feed "induction" machine
27:Electron flow-powered mechanical device
14:
1664:
978:
743:
560:
555:brushless double fed induction machine
1035:
1009:
907:
791:
779:
696:
528:
985:(4th ed.). Laxmi Publications.
132:, may be a reciprocating or turbine
477:
24:
982:A Text Book of Electrical Machines
553:Another special case would be the
220:Synchronous generator (alternator)
81:Electric machines, in the form of
25:
1698:
732:Iqbal, Moinoddin & Reddy 2021
591:offset one from another by equal
200:converts mechanical energy into
823:Electric Machinery Fundamentals
234:
202:alternating current electricity
191:
1413:Timeline of the electric motor
440:Electromagnetic-rotor machines
435:Electromagnetic-rotor machines
391:Other electromagnetic machines
323:Induction (asynchronous) motor
163:is the rotating part, and the
13:
1:
1687:Electromechanical engineering
1198:Dahlander pole changing motor
718:
911:Basic Electrical Engineering
820:Chapman, Stephen J. (2005).
550:maintain the rotor current.
274:operate through interacting
124:to flow through an external
101:
7:
1242:Brushless DC electric motor
885:10.1109/t-aiee.1928.5055010
634:
595:. The most popular are the
512:, because they also supply
355:
351:) or by a permanent magnet.
302:
280:current-carrying conductors
262:An electric motor converts
10:
1703:
979:Rajput, Ramesh K. (2006).
856:"Electrical Machine"
813:
638:
359:
306:
255:
172:can be provided by either
142:internal combustion engine
136:, water falling through a
113:
1533:
1472:
1446:
1401:
1332:
1259:Switched reluctance (SRM)
1237:Brushed DC electric motor
1173:
1150:
1075:
1043:
804:Park & Robertson 1928
474:demagnetise the magnets.
447:Permanent magnet machines
368:brushed DC electric motor
1447:Experimental, futuristic
1364:Variable-frequency drive
945:10.5772/intechopen.92558
908:Rohit, M.V.K.M. (2008).
711:Electric machine systems
679:Electrostatic generators
417:Eddy current dynamometer
243:
54:, and others. They are
1464:Superconducting machine
1102:Coil winding technology
862:Encyclopædia Britannica
691:Van de Graaff generator
687:electrostatic induction
493:There is iron (usually
1677:Electrical engineering
937:Automation and Control
672:electrostatic machines
665:Electrostatic machines
641:Symmetrical components
421:Hysteresis dynamometer
253:
111:
44:electromagnetic forces
38:is a general term for
32:electrical engineering
1505:Power-to-weight ratio
1369:Direct torque control
575:Polyphase AC machines
495:laminated steel cores
251:
228:full bridge rectifier
138:turbine or waterwheel
109:
1500:Open-loop controller
1393:Ward Leonard control
1117:DC injection braking
914:. S. Chand Limited.
1403:History, education,
1049:Alternating current
623:for the same power;
567:Reluctance machines
561:Reluctance machines
457:magnetic reluctance
409:Eddy current clutch
377:Brushless DC motors
331:squirrel-cage rotor
213:induction generator
110:Electric generator.
52:electric generators
1566:Dolivo-Dobrovolsky
1525:Voltage controller
1480:Blocked-rotor test
1418:Ball bearing motor
1388:Motor soft starter
1342:AC-to-AC converter
1203:Wound-rotor (WRIM)
1165:Electric generator
703:Homopolar machines
697:Homopolar machines
535:Induction machines
529:Induction machines
413:Eddy current brake
254:
126:electrical circuit
116:Electric generator
112:
96:alternative energy
76:electrical devices
18:Electrical machine
1659:
1658:
1495:Open-circuit test
1334:Motor controllers
1215:Synchronous motor
1037:Electric machines
992:978-81-7008-859-2
965:978-1-119-68265-3
921:978-81-219-0871-9
655:negative sequence
651:positive sequence
621:transmission line
461:Neodymium magnets
345:Synchronous motor
268:mechanical energy
264:electrical energy
224:DC current source
178:permanent magnets
60:rotating machines
56:electromechanical
16:(Redirected from
1694:
1510:Two-phase system
1490:Electromagnetism
1438:Mouse mill motor
1405:recreational use
1279:Permanent magnet
1208:Linear induction
1061:Permanent magnet
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1002:
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503:magnetic circuit
483:Brushed machines
478:Brushed machines
455:coil much lower
429:Ward Leonard set
425:Rotary converter
339:solid core rotor
36:electric machine
21:
1702:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1691:
1682:Electric motors
1662:
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1433:Mendocino motor
1406:
1404:
1397:
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1188:Induction motor
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1092:Braking chopper
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734:, p. xxii.
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643:
637:
587:powered by the
577:
563:
531:
480:
449:
437:
393:
364:
358:
311:
305:
276:magnetic fields
272:electric motors
260:
252:Electric motor.
246:
237:
194:
118:
104:
64:linear machines
48:electric motors
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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1515:Inchworm motor
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1485:Circle diagram
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1473:Related topics
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1374:Vector control
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1347:Cycloconverter
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1077:Components and
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1055:Direct current
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939:. IntechOpen.
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920:
905:
868:
853:, ed. (1911).
851:Chisholm, Hugh
847:
835:
815:
812:
809:
808:
806:, p. 515.
796:
794:, p. 724.
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782:, p. 722.
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639:Main article:
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514:reactive power
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360:Main article:
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307:Main article:
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258:Electric motor
256:Main article:
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236:
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174:electromagnets
170:magnetic field
154:compressed air
114:Main article:
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1339:
1337:
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1331:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
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1312:
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1309:Piezoelectric
1307:
1305:
1304:Electrostatic
1302:
1300:
1297:
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994:
988:
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836:0-07-246523-9
832:
825:
824:
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805:
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793:
788:
781:
776:
769:
764:
757:
752:
746:, p. 96.
745:
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733:
728:
724:
716:
708:
705:
704:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
674:
673:
662:
660:
659:zero sequence
656:
652:
648:
642:
629:
625:
622:
618:
615:
612:
609:
605:
604:
603:
600:
598:
594:
593:phasor angles
590:
586:
582:
572:
569:
568:
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541:
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406:
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398:
388:
386:
385:stepper motor
382:
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363:
350:
346:
343:
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328:
324:
321:
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217:
214:
210:
209:
208:
205:
203:
199:
189:
187:
186:DC generators
183:
182:AC generators
179:
175:
171:
166:
162:
157:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
117:
108:
99:
97:
93:
88:
84:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
62:) or linear (
61:
57:
53:
49:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1036:
996:. Retrieved
981:
969:. Retrieved
954:
936:
925:. Retrieved
910:
876:
872:
860:
840:. Retrieved
822:
799:
787:
775:
768:Ritonja 2021
763:
758:, p. 1.
756:Chapman 2005
751:
739:
727:
714:
702:
700:
677:
671:
668:
658:
654:
650:
646:
644:
628:power factor
601:
578:
566:
564:
552:
548:
544:
534:
532:
519:
510:power plants
507:
492:
482:
481:
472:
465:
451:
450:
439:
438:
394:
365:
312:
261:
238:
235:DC generator
206:
198:AC generator
195:
192:AC generator
158:
146:wind turbine
134:steam engine
119:
92:green energy
80:
72:moving parts
68:transformers
63:
59:
35:
29:
1428:Lynch motor
1193:Shaded-pole
1079:accessories
744:Rajput 2006
589:AC currents
499:sheet metal
452:PM machines
335:wound rotor
289:disk drives
285:power tools
130:prime mover
83:synchronous
1666:Categories
1324:Axial flux
1314:Ultrasonic
1289:Servomotor
1269:Doubly fed
1264:Reluctance
1160:Alternator
1152:Generators
1122:Field coil
1107:Commutator
1067:commutated
1065:SC - Self-
998:2024-01-18
971:2024-01-18
927:2023-07-03
842:2024-01-18
792:Rohit 2008
780:Rohit 2008
719:References
373:commutator
98:strategy.
66:). While
46:, such as
1641:Steinmetz
1556:Davenport
1354:Amplidyne
1254:Universal
1232:Homopolar
1220:Repulsion
1132:Slip ring
958:. Wiley.
893:0096-3860
540:induction
397:Amplidyne
297:DC motors
293:AC motors
148:, a hand
122:electrons
102:Generator
87:induction
1672:Machines
1646:Sturgeon
1576:Ferraris
1561:Davidson
1383:Metadyne
1299:Traction
1247:Unipolar
1227:DC motor
1183:AC motor
1087:Armature
901:51655013
683:friction
647:sequence
635:Sequence
585:windings
581:armature
497:made of
487:slot car
405:Metadyne
362:DC motor
356:DC motor
315:AC motor
309:AC motor
303:AC motor
40:machines
1636:Sprague
1631:Siemens
1606:Maxwell
1571:Faraday
1520:Starter
1459:Railgun
1454:Coilgun
1294:Stepper
1142:Winding
814:Sources
689:. The
626:better
597:3 phase
468:air gap
401:Synchro
349:exciter
327:induced
1626:Saxton
1611:Ørsted
1596:Jedlik
1591:Jacobi
1581:Gramme
1546:Barlow
1534:People
1359:Drives
1274:Linear
1175:Motors
1137:Stator
989:
962:
918:
899:
891:
833:
427:, and
287:, and
211:In an
165:stator
42:using
1651:Tesla
1621:Pixii
1586:Henry
1551:Botto
1541:Arago
1127:Rotor
1097:Brush
1059:PM -
1053:DC -
1047:AC -
897:S2CID
827:(PDF)
608:cycle
266:into
244:Motor
218:In a
161:rotor
150:crank
140:, an
94:, or
1616:Park
1601:Lenz
1319:TEFC
987:ISBN
960:ISBN
916:ISBN
889:ISSN
831:ISBN
579:The
366:The
337:and
295:and
278:and
184:and
144:, a
85:and
941:doi
881:doi
669:In
313:An
196:An
176:or
30:In
1668::
895:.
887:.
877:47
875:.
859:.
423:,
419:,
415:,
411:,
407:,
403:,
399:,
381:AC
333:,
299:.
188:.
152:,
50:,
34:,
1029:e
1022:t
1015:v
1001:.
974:.
947:.
943::
930:.
903:.
883::
845:.
770:.
630:.
610:)
341:.
230:.
20:)
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