924:(Rapivab). Influenza antiviral resistance often results from changes occurring in neuraminidase and hemagglutinin proteins on the viral surface. Currently, neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs) are the most frequently prescribed antivirals because they are effective against both influenza A and B. However, antiviral resistance is known to develop if mutations to the neuraminidase proteins prevent NAI binding. This was seen in the H257Y mutation, which was responsible for oseltamivir resistance to H1N1 strains in 2009. The inability of NA inhibitors to bind to the virus allowed this strain of virus with the resistance mutation to spread due to natural selection. Furthermore, a study published in 2009 in
47:
949:
less than 30 kb, which allow them to sustain a high frequency of mutations. DNA viruses, such as HPV and herpesvirus, hijack host cell replication machinery, which gives them proofreading capabilities during replication. DNA viruses are therefore less error prone, are generally less diverse, and are more slowly evolving than RNA viruses. In both cases, the likelihood of mutations is exacerbated by the speed with which viruses reproduce, which provides more opportunities for mutations to occur in successive replications. Billions of viruses are produced every day during the course of an infection, with each replication giving another chance for mutations that encode for resistance to occur.
991:
viral life cycle. This is frequently used in retroviruses like HIV, but a number of studies have demonstrated its effectiveness against influenza A, as well. Viruses can also be screened for resistance to drugs before treatment is started. This minimizes exposure to unnecessary antivirals and ensures that an effective medication is being used. This may improve patient outcomes and could help detect new resistance mutations during routine scanning for known mutants. However, this has not been consistently implemented in treatment facilities at this time.
5155:
5176:
351:" strategies for developing antivirals have tried to attack viruses at every stage of their life cycles. Some species of mushrooms have been found to contain multiple antiviral chemicals with similar synergistic effects. Compounds isolated from fruiting bodies and filtrates of various mushrooms have broad-spectrum antiviral activities, but successful production and availability of such compounds as frontline antiviral is a long way away.
193:
1185:
295:
should also be common across many strains of a virus, or even among different species of virus in the same family, so a single drug will have broad effectiveness. For example, a researcher might target a critical enzyme synthesized by the virus, but not by the patient, that is common across strains, and see what can be done to interfere with its operation.
444:, or the brand name Fuzeonâhas received FDA approval and has been in use for some time. Potentially, one of the benefits from the use of an effective entry-blocking or entry-inhibiting agent is that it potentially may not only prevent the spread of the virus within an infected individual but also the spread from an infected to an uninfected individual.
1127:(LHDs) with access to antivirals, guidelines may be unclear, causing delays in treatment. With time-sensitive therapies, delays could lead to lack of treatment. Overall, national guidelines, regarding infection control and management, standardize care and improve healthcare worker and patient safety. Guidelines, such as those provided by the
873:, protein molecules that can bind to a pathogen and mark it for attack by other elements of the immune system. Once researchers identify a particular target on the pathogen, they can synthesize quantities of identical "monoclonal" antibodies to link up that target. A monoclonal drug is now being sold to help fight
428:, when the virus attaches to and enters the host cell. A number of "entry-inhibiting" or "entry-blocking" drugs are being developed to fight HIV. HIV most heavily targets a specific type of lymphocyte known as "helper T cells", and identifies these target cells through T-cell surface receptors designated "
990:
The most commonly used method for treating resistant viruses is combination therapy, which uses multiple antivirals in one treatment regimen. This is thought to decrease the likelihood that one mutation could cause antiviral resistance, as the antivirals in the cocktail target different stages of the
986:
If a virus is not fully wiped out during a regimen of antivirals, treatment creates a bottleneck in the viral population that selects for resistance, and there is a chance that a resistant strain may repopulate the host. Viral treatment mechanisms must therefore account for the selection of resistant
939:
The genetic makeup of viruses is constantly changing, which can cause a virus to become resistant to currently available treatments. Viruses can become resistant through spontaneous or intermittent mechanisms throughout the course of an antiviral treatment. Immunocompromised patients, more often than
908:
viruses (depending on the vaccination). Comprehensive protection starts by ensuring vaccinations are current and complete. However, vaccines are preventative and are not generally used once a patient has been infected with a virus. Additionally, the availability of these vaccines can be limited based
447:
One possible advantage of the therapeutic approach of blocking viral entry (as opposed to the currently dominant approach of viral enzyme inhibition) is that it may prove more difficult for the virus to develop resistance to this therapy than for the virus to mutate or evolve its enzymatic protocols.
948:
The mechanisms for antiviral resistance development depend on the type of virus in question. RNA viruses such as hepatitis C and influenza A have high error rates during genome replication because RNA polymerases lack proofreading activity. RNA viruses also have small genome sizes that are typically
888:
can be defined by a decreased susceptibility to a drug caused by changes in viral genotypes. In cases of antiviral resistance, drugs have either diminished or no effectiveness against their target virus. The issue inevitably remains a major obstacle to antiviral therapy as it has developed to almost
698:
has been suggested, and ribozyme antivirals are being developed to deal with HIV. An interesting variation of this idea is the use of genetically modified cells that can produce custom-tailored ribozymes. This is part of a broader effort to create genetically modified cells that can be injected into
521:
can cause them too. Rhinoviruses also exacerbate asthma attacks. Although rhinoviruses come in many varieties, they do not drift to the same degree that influenza viruses do. A mixture of 50 inactivated rhinovirus types should be able to stimulate neutralizing antibodies against all of them to some
167:
drug discovery methods. Researchers grew cultures of cells and infected them with the target virus. They then introduced into the cultures chemicals which they thought might inhibit viral activity and observed whether the level of virus in the cultures rose or fell. Chemicals that seemed to have an
1172:
prepare for shortages of antiviral medications in cases of public health emergencies. During the H1N1 pandemic in 2009â2010, guidelines for SNS use by local health departments was unclear, revealing gaps in antiviral planning. For example, local health departments that received antivirals from the
930:
emphasized the urgent need for augmentation of oseltamivir stockpiles with additional antiviral drugs including zanamivir. This finding was based on a performance evaluation of these drugs supposing the 2009 H1N1 'Swine Flu' neuraminidase (NA) were to acquire the oseltamivir-resistance (His274Tyr)
439:
HIV infects a cell through fusion with the cell membrane, which requires two different cellular molecular participants, CD4 and a chemokine receptor (differing depending on the cell type). Approaches to blocking this virus/cell fusion have shown some promise in preventing entry of the virus into a
151:
The emergence of antivirals is the product of a greatly expanded knowledge of the genetic and molecular function of organisms, allowing biomedical researchers to understand the structure and function of viruses, major advances in the techniques for finding new drugs, and the pressure placed on the
294:
The general idea behind modern antiviral drug design is to identify viral proteins, or parts of proteins, that can be disabled. These "targets" should generally be as unlike any proteins or parts of proteins in humans as possible, to reduce the likelihood of side effects and toxicity. The targets
3762:
Yoshida, Eric M.; Sulkowski, Mark S.; Gane, Edward J.; Herring, Robert W.; Ratziu, Vlad; Ding, Xiao; Wang, Jing; Chuang, ShuâMin; Ma, Julie; McNally, John; Stamm, Luisa M.; Brainard, Diana M.; Symonds, William T.; McHutchison, John G.; Beavers, Kimberly L.; Jacobson, Ira M.; Reddy, K. Rajender;
1122:
Guidelines regarding viral diagnoses and treatments change frequently and limit quality care. Even when physicians diagnose older patients with influenza, use of antiviral treatment can be low. Provider knowledge of antiviral therapies can improve patient care, especially in geriatric medicine.
631:
Genomics has not only helped find targets for many antivirals, it has provided the basis for an entirely new type of drug, based on "antisense" molecules. These are segments of DNA or RNA that are designed as complementary molecule to critical sections of viral genomes, and the binding of these
3839:
van der Meer, Adriaan J.; Veldt, Bart J.; Feld, Jordan J.; Wedemeyer, Heiner; Dufour, Jean-François; Lammert, Frank; Duarte-Rojo, Andres; Heathcote, E. Jenny; Manns, Michael P.; Kuske, Lorenz; Zeuzem, Stefan; Hofmann, W. Peter; de Knegt, Robert J.; Hansen, Bettina E.; Janssen, Harry L. A. (26
977:
further recommends in-depth epidemiological investigations to control potential transmission of the resistant virus and prevent future progression. As novel treatments and detection techniques to antiviral resistance are enhanced so can the establishment of strategies to combat the inevitable
499:
Some scientists are making the case that a vaccine against rhinoviruses, the predominant cause of the common cold, is achievable. Vaccines that combine dozens of varieties of rhinovirus at once are effective in stimulating antiviral antibodies in mice and monkeys, researchers reported in
383:" molecule on the surface of the host cell and ending with the virus "uncoating" inside the cell and releasing its contents. Viruses that have a lipid envelope must also fuse their envelope with the target cell, or with a vesicle that transports them into the cell before they can uncoat.
858:
Rather than attacking viruses directly, a second category of tactics for fighting viruses involves encouraging the body's immune system to attack them. Some antivirals of this sort do not focus on a specific pathogen, instead stimulating the immune system to attack a range of pathogens.
147:
Viruses use the host's cells to replicate and this makes it difficult to find targets for the drug that would interfere with the virus without also harming the host organism's cells. Moreover, the major difficulty in developing vaccines and antiviral drugs is due to viral variation.
723:" to attack HIV at that phase of its life cycle. Protease inhibitors became available in the 1990s and have proven effective, though they can have unusual side effects, for example causing fat to build up in unusual places. Improved protease inhibitors are now in development.
866:, which inhibit viral synthesis in infected cells. One form of human interferon named "interferon alpha" is well-established as part of the standard treatment for hepatitis B and C, and other interferons are also being investigated as treatments for various diseases.
804:
selectively in virus-infected mammalian cells, while leaving uninfected cells unharmed. DRACO effects cell death via one of the last steps in the apoptosis pathway in which complexes containing intracellular apoptosis signalling molecules simultaneously bind multiple
956:, results in immense variation in any given sample of virus, and gives the opportunity for natural selection to favor viral strains with the highest fitness every time the virus is spread to a new host. Recombination, the joining of two different viral variants, and
972:
National and international surveillance is performed by the CDC to determine effectiveness of the current FDA-approved antiviral flu drugs. Public health officials use this information to make current recommendations about the use of flu antiviral medications.
1073:
remains undetectable 12â24 weeks after treatment ends. Whether through DAAs or older interferon-based regimens, SVR is associated with improved health outcomes and significantly decreased mortality. For those who already have advanced liver disease (including
691:, which are enzymes that will cut apart viral RNA or DNA at selected sites. In their natural course, ribozymes are used as part of the viral manufacturing sequence, but these synthetic ribozymes are designed to cut RNA and DNA at sites that will disable them.
436:". Attempts to interfere with the binding of HIV with the CD4 receptor have failed to stop HIV from infecting helper T cells, but research continues on trying to interfere with the binding of HIV to the CCR5 receptor in hopes that it will be more effective.
2620:
Suzuki H, Okubo A, Yamazaki S, Suzuki K, Mitsuya H, Toda S (1989). "Inhibition of the infectivity and cytopathic effect of human immunodeficiency virus by water-soluble lignin in an extract of the culture medium of
Lentinus edodes mycelia (LEM)".
576:, has been approved to treat hepatitis B, which uses reverse transcriptase as part of its replication process. Researchers have gone further and developed inhibitors that do not look like nucleosides, but can still block reverse transcriptase.
944:
are at the highest risk of developing oseltamivir resistance during treatment. Subsequent to exposure to someone else with the flu, those who received oseltamivir for "post-exposure prophylaxis" are also at higher risk of resistance.
1623:
Wu, Gaochan; Zhao, Tong; Kang, Dongwei; Zhang, Jian; Song, Yuning; Namasivayam, Vigneshwaran; Kongsted, Jacob; Pannecouque, Christophe; De Clercq, Erik; Poongavanam, Vasanthanathan; Liu, Xinyong; Zhan, Peng (14 November 2019).
3866:
Backus, Lisa I.; Belperio, Pamela S.; Shahoumian, Troy A.; Mole, Larry A. (February 2019). "Impact of
Sustained Virologic Response with DirectâActing Antiviral Treatment on Mortality in Patients with Advanced Liver Disease".
963:
Antiviral resistance has been reported in antivirals for herpes, HIV, hepatitis B and C, and influenza, but antiviral resistance is a possibility for all viruses. Mechanisms of antiviral resistance vary between virus types.
409:
This strategy of designing drugs can be very expensive, and since the process of generating anti-idiotypic antibodies is partly trial and error, it can be a relatively slow process until an adequate molecule is produced.
5660:
313:
or other kinds of cells. The cells are then cultured for mass production of the protein, which can then be exposed to various treatment candidates and evaluated with "rapid screening" technologies.
171:
This was a very time-consuming, hit-or-miss procedure, and in the absence of a good knowledge of how the target virus worked, it was not efficient in discovering effective antivirals which had few
344:
layer (sometimes called an 'envelope'). Viruses cannot reproduce on their own and instead propagate by subjugating a host cell to produce copies of themselves, thus producing the next generation.
3980:
Lindegren, Mary Louise; Griffin, Marie R.; Williams, John V.; Edwards, Kathryn M.; Zhu, Yuwei; Mitchel, Ed; Fry, Alicia M.; Schaffner, William; Talbot, H. Keipp; Pyrc, Krzysztof (25 March 2015).
1081:
Despite its historical roots in hepatitis C research, the term "direct-acting antivirals" is becoming more broadly used to also include other anti-viral drugs with a direct viral target such as
1173:
SNS did not have transparent guidance on the use of the treatments. The gap made it difficult to create plans and policies for their use and future availabilities, causing delays in treatment.
379:
One antiviral strategy is to interfere with the ability of a virus to infiltrate a target cell. The virus must go through a sequence of steps to do this, beginning with binding to a specific "
298:
Once targets are identified, candidate drugs can be selected, either from drugs already known to have appropriate effects or by actually designing the candidate at the molecular level with a
6693:
5634:
3139:
Nijhuis, M; van
Maarseveen, NM; Boucher, CA (2009). "Antiviral Resistance and Impact on Viral Replication Capacity: Evolution of Viruses Under Antiviral Pressure Occurs in Three Phases".
6656:
5552:
3096:
Soundararajan, V; Tharakaraman, K; Raman, R; Raguram, S; Shriver, Z; Sasisekharan, V; Sasisekharan, R (June 2009). "Extrapolating from sequence--the 2009 H1N1 'swine' influenza virus".
1023:) of hepatitis C virus that are causing the infection. Both during and at the end of treatment, blood tests are used to monitor the effectiveness of the treatment and subsequent cure.
832:
The final stage in the life cycle of a virus is the release of completed viruses from the host cell, and this step has also been targeted by antiviral drug developers. Two drugs named
3798:"Long-Term Treatment Outcomes of Patients Infected With Hepatitis C Virus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of the Survival Benefit of Achieving a Sustained Virological Response"
1160:
initiatives are managed by the CDC via the Office of Public Health
Preparedness and Response. Funds aim to support communities in preparing for public health emergencies, including
719:
that cuts viral protein chains apart so they can be assembled into their final configuration. HIV includes a protease, and so considerable research has been performed to find "
952:
Multiple strains of one virus can be present in the body at one time, and some of these strains may contain mutations that cause antiviral resistance. This effect, called the
3894:
Kleandrova VV, Scotti MT, Speck-Planche A (2021). "Indirect-Acting Pan-Antivirals vs. Respiratory
Viruses: A Fresh Perspective on Computational Multi-Target Drug Discovery".
5654:
179:
of viruses began to be unraveled, did researchers begin to learn how viruses worked in detail, and exactly what chemicals were needed to thwart their reproductive cycle.
5844:
1861:
Pradeep, Prabin; Manju, Vidya; Ahsan, Mohammad Feraz (2019), Agrawal, Dinesh
Chandra; Dhanasekaran, Muralikrishnan (eds.), "Antiviral Potency of Mushroom Constituents",
4091:
5849:
7596:
5795:
1169:
1585:
554:, but deactivate the enzymes that synthesize the RNA or DNA once the analogue is incorporated. This approach is more commonly associated with the inhibition of
5267:
1411:
Schnitzler, P; Schön, K; Reichling, J (2001). "Antiviral activity of
Australian tea tree oil and eucalyptus oil against herpes simplex virus in cell culture".
1209:
104:, which are not medication but deactivate or destroy virus particles, either inside or outside the body. Natural virucides are produced by some plants such as
8480:
6234:
5107:
4187:
5431:
4043:
3180:
2158:
Deas, T. S.; Binduga-Gajewska, I.; Tilgner, M.; Ren, P.; Stein, D. A.; Moulton, H. M.; Iversen, P. L.; Kauffman, E. B.; Kramer, L. D.; Shi, P. -Y. (2005).
2123:
Stein DA, Skilling DE, Iversen PL, Smith AW (2001). "Inhibition of
Vesivirus infections in mammalian tissue culture with antisense morpholino oligomers".
2581:"The inhibitory properties and primary structure of a novel serine proteinase inhibitor from the fruiting body of the basidiomycete, Lentinus edodes"
1143:
guidelines for exposed persons. Roles of pharmacists and pharmacies have also expanded to meet the needs of public during public health emergencies.
4155:
5801:
1019:(indirect acting). The DAA drugs against hepatitis C are taken orally, as tablets, for 8 to 12 weeks. The treatment depends on the type or types (
480:, by blocking a pocket on the surface of the virus that controls the uncoating process. This pocket is similar in most strains of rhinoviruses and
3842:"Association Between Sustained Virological Response and All-Cause Mortality Among Patients With Chronic Hepatitis C and Advanced Hepatic Fibrosis"
3705:
5859:
5779:
5164:
572:
An improved knowledge of the action of reverse transcriptase has led to better nucleoside analogues to treat HIV infections. One of these drugs,
8918:
5864:
6983:
5812:
5213:
1124:
3765:"Concordance of sustained virological response 4, 12, and 24 weeks postâtreatment with sofosbuvirâcontaining regimens for hepatitis C virus"
8472:
7589:
5834:
5818:
1239:
7124:
6187:
6182:
4177:
7047:
5829:
4958:
1584:
Bryan-Marrugo, O. L.; Ramos-JimĂ©nez, J.; Barrera-Saldaña, H.; Rojas-MartĂnez, A.; Vidaltamayo, R.; Rivas-Estilla, A. M. (1 July 2015).
1128:
1105:). In this context it serves to distinguish these drugs from those with an indirect mechanism of action such as immune modulators like
897:
565:, is a nucleoside analogue, and is effective against herpesvirus infections. The first antiviral drug to be approved for treating HIV,
4918:
2082:
1139:, recommend, among other things, antiviral treatment regimens, clinical assessment algorithms for coordination of care, and antiviral
699:
a host to attack pathogens by generating specialized proteins that block viral replication at various phases of the viral life cycle.
5839:
640:, and other antisense antivirals are in development. An antisense structural type that has proven especially valuable in research is
2532:"The Role of Protease Inhibitors in the Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Lipodystrophy: Cellular Mechanisms and Clinical Implications"
840:(Tamiflu) that have been recently introduced to treat influenza prevent the release of viral particles by blocking a molecule named
6863:
6273:
6106:
3721:"Achieving sustained virologic response in hepatitis C: a systematic review of the clinical, economic and quality of life benefits"
1741:
Bobrowski T, Melo-Filho CC, Korn D, Alves VM, Popov KI, Auerbach S, Schmitt C, Moorman NJ, Muratov EN, Tropsha A (September 2020).
1684:"Newly Emerging Strategies in Antiviral Drug Discovery: Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Erik De Clercq on Occasion of His 80th Anniversary"
909:
on financial or locational reasons which can prevent the effectiveness of herd immunity, making effective antivirals a necessity.
7582:
5750:
9253:
9240:
7854:
7610:
2903:
1790:
1352:
Ko K, Tekoah Y, Rudd PM, Harvey DJ, Dwek RA, Spitsin S, Hanlon CA, Rupprecht C, Dietzschold B, Golovkin M, Koprowski H (2003).
960:, the swapping of viral gene segments among viruses in the same cell, also play a role in resistance, especially in influenza.
1438:
Kausar S, Said Khan F, Ishaq Mujeeb Ur Rehman M, Akram M, Riaz M, Rasool G, Hamid Khan A, Saleem I, Shamim S, Malik A (2021).
8525:
7540:
6807:
6205:
6096:
4531:
3156:
2496:
2002:
1878:
1558:
773:
257:
7867:
2530:
Flint, O. P.; Noor, M. A.; Hruz, P. W.; Hylemon, P. B.; Yarasheski, K.; Kotler, D. P.; Parker, R. A.; Bellamine, A. (2009).
9042:
8500:
4818:
4811:
2305:
Neuman, B. W.; Stein, D. A.; Kroeker, A. D.; Paulino, A. D.; Moulton, H. M.; Iversen, P. L.; Buchmeier, M. J. (June 2004).
2160:"Inhibition of Flavivirus Infections by Antisense Oligomers Specifically Suppressing Viral Translation and RNA Replication"
1157:
632:
antisense segments to these target sections blocks the operation of those genomes. A phosphorothioate antisense drug named
229:
1682:
Xu, Shujing; Ding, Dang; Zhang, Xujie; Sun, Lin; Kang, Dongwei; Huang, Boshi; Liu, Xinyong; Zhan, Peng (27 January 2022).
912:
The three FDA-approved neuraminidase antiviral flu drugs available in the United States, recommended by the CDC, include:
8179:
7185:
5854:
5191:
152:
medical profession to deal with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (
2307:"Antisense Morpholino-Oligomers Directed against the 5' End of the Genome Inhibit Coronavirus Proliferation and Growthâ "
9245:
5869:
4561:
4424:
1244:
17:
8249:
354:
Viral life cycles vary in their precise details depending on the type of virus, but they all share a general pattern:
236:
8675:
8670:
7170:
6333:
5425:
5206:
4185:
2395:
Bai J, Rossi J, Akkina R (March 2001). "Multivalent anti-CCR ribozymes for stem cell-based HIV type 1 gene therapy".
1946:"Inhibitors of poliovirus uncoating efficiently block the early membrane permeabilization induced by virus particles"
720:
707:
Interference with post translational modifications or with targeting of viral proteins in the cell is also possible.
390:
Using agents which mimic the virus-associated protein (VAP) and bind to the cellular receptors. This may include VAP
276:
8280:
3261:"The relationship between mutation frequency and replication strategy in positive sense single-stranded RNA viruses"
9214:
8754:
8161:
7777:
7557:
6824:
6222:
5879:
5763:
619:(mRNA) molecules that direct the synthesis of viral proteins. Production of mRNA is initiated by proteins known as
1586:"History and progress of antiviral drugs: From acyclovir to direct-acting antiviral agents (DAAs) for Hepatitis C"
8348:
5889:
5874:
5537:
5525:
4714:
4170:
3188:
2207:
Kinney, R. M.; Huang, C. Y.-H.; Rose, B. C.; Kroeker, A. D.; Dreher, T. W.; Iversen, P. L.; Stein, D. A. (2005).
776:. In cell culture, DRACO was reported to have broad-spectrum efficacy against many infectious viruses, including
210:
4050:
2356:"Identification of the most accessible sites to ribozymes on the hepatitis C virus internal ribosome entry site"
243:
9089:
8687:
8406:
8384:
7815:
5769:
1136:
844:
that is found on the surface of flu viruses, and also seems to be constant across a wide range of flu strains.
214:
9057:
7755:
6841:
6251:
583:âwhich is a component of reverse transcriptase that splits the synthesized DNA from the original viral RNA.
530:
A second approach is to target the processes that synthesize virus components after a virus invades a cell.
46:
9084:
8237:
8000:
7715:
6856:
6266:
5199:
4413:
4195:
3234:
1165:
1152:
1062:
877:
in babies, and antibodies purified from infected individuals are also used as a treatment for hepatitis B.
225:
7909:
2859:
Nokes JD, Cane PA (December 2008). "New strategies for control of respiratory syncytial virus infection".
900:(CDC) inclusively recommends anyone six months and older to get a yearly vaccination to protect them from
595:, which integrate the synthesized DNA into the host cell genome. Examples of integrase inhibitors include
9126:
8997:
8933:
8901:
8849:
8146:
8128:
5024:
874:
510:
38:
3931:"Challenges of the Pandemic Response in Primary Care during Pre-Vaccination Period: A Qualitative Study"
2720:"Assembly of vaccinia virus: effects of rifampin on the intracellular distribution of viral protein p65"
8682:
8095:
7835:
4674:
4163:
623:. Several antivirals are now being designed to block attachment of transcription factors to viral DNA.
31:
3796:
Simmons, Bryony; Saleem, Jawaad; Heath, Katherine; Cooke, Graham S.; Hill, Andrew (1 September 2015).
2432:"Megalomycin C, a macrolide antibiotic that blocks protein glycosylation and shows antiviral activity"
9186:
9176:
8871:
8807:
8530:
8495:
8298:
8275:
8061:
7874:
1541:
Bule, Mohammed; Khan, Fazlullah; Niaz, Kamal (6 June 2019). "Antivirals: Past, Present and Future".
9301:
9004:
8866:
8741:
8595:
7710:
7700:
7160:
6306:
6046:
5956:
5824:
5785:
1075:
885:
70:
9191:
9109:
8975:
8505:
8303:
8010:
7948:
7782:
7750:
7545:
7297:
6849:
6812:
6259:
6210:
5806:
4729:
4407:
4258:
1220:
1109:. This difference is of particular relevance for potential drug resistance mutation development.
1069:
called sustained virological response (SVR). SVR is achieved in a patient when hepatitis C virus
203:
7862:
3929:
Kunin, Marina; Engelhard, Dan; Thomas, Shane; Ashworth, Mark; Piterman, Leon (15 October 2015).
8778:
8563:
8313:
8186:
7792:
7649:
7639:
7409:
7394:
7180:
7175:
6427:
5884:
4766:
4521:
93:. Most antivirals are considered relatively harmless to the host, and therefore can be used to
726:
Protease inhibitors have also been seen in nature. A protease inhibitor was isolated from the
9099:
8731:
8600:
8108:
8015:
7934:
7356:
7351:
7165:
6759:
6708:
6564:
6081:
5894:
5774:
5644:
5243:
4451:
4387:
4232:
2209:"Inhibition of Dengue Virus Serotypes 1 to 4 in Vero Cell Cultures with Morpholino Oligomers"
1204:
1168:(SNS) consists of bulk quantities of medicines and supplies for use during such emergencies.
555:
502:
299:
90:
7879:
3841:
1078:), however, the benefits of achieving SVR may be less pronounced, though still substantial.
305:
The target proteins can be manufactured in the lab for testing with candidate treatments by
250:
9181:
9074:
9020:
8948:
8938:
8630:
8485:
8358:
7965:
7574:
7155:
6703:
6560:
5964:
5790:
5639:
5397:
4526:
4506:
4375:
3993:
2976:
2669:
2086:
1365:
1086:
926:
636:
has been introduced, used to treat opportunistic eye infections in AIDS patients caused by
620:
401:
Using agents which mimic the cellular receptor and bind to the VAP. This includes anti-VAP
348:
160:
5221:
3656:
Falade-Nwulia O, Suarez-Cuervo C, Nelson DR, Fried MW, Segal JB, Sulkowski MS (May 2017).
8:
9268:
9258:
9224:
8829:
8267:
8103:
7914:
6689:
6652:
6404:
5899:
5758:
5630:
5548:
5347:
5226:
5135:
4871:
4657:
4436:
4263:
3604:
2258:"A potent and specific morpholino antisense inhibitor of hepatitis C translation in mice"
1215:
1198:
514:
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have been introduced to combat influenza. These agents act on penetration and uncoating.
306:
109:
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3605:
Gonzålez-Grande R, Jiménez-Pérez M, Gonzålez Arjona C, Mostazo Torres J (January 2016).
3049:
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1901:
Bishop NE (1998). "Examination of potential inhibitors of hepatitis A virus uncoating".
1625:
1369:
405:, receptor anti-idiotypic antibodies, extraneous receptor and synthetic receptor mimics.
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3824:
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3682:
3658:"Oral Direct-Acting Agent Therapy for Hepatitis C Virus Infection: A Systematic Review"
3657:
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2692:
2657:
2556:
2531:
2507:
2461:
2287:
2233:
2208:
2184:
2159:
2069:"A polyvalent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine is broadly immunogenic in rhesus macaques"
1926:
1884:
1838:
1813:
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1742:
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1970:
1945:
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2019:
1998:
1975:
1918:
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1554:
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in the cascade, and cleave a variety of cellular proteins, thereby killing the cell.
734:). The presence of this may explain the Shiitake mushrooms' noted antiviral activity
671:
3125:
3050:"Targeting pandemic influenza: a primer on influenza antivirals and drug resistance"
2939:
2935:
2735:
2465:
2224:
2175:
1961:
1930:
1304:
9273:
9209:
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1965:
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The first experimental antivirals were developed in the 1960s, mostly to deal with
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4607:
4076:
4044:
Public Health Use and
Distribution of Antivirals: NACCHO Think Tank Meeting Report
3399:"Antiviral resistance: mechanisms, clinical significance, and future implications"
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4006:
3148:
2872:
2682:
2479:
Anderson J, Schiffer C, Lee SK, Swanstrom R (2009). "Viral
Protease Inhibitors".
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1870:
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1641:
1550:
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853:
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Rhinoviruses are the most common cause of the common cold; other viruses such as
419:
164:
94:
62:
7889:
3706:"Table of Surrogate Endpoints That Were the Basis of Drug Approval or Licensure"
2488:
1992:
687:
Yet another antiviral technique inspired by genomics is a set of drugs based on
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4833:
4823:
4724:
4719:
4709:
4619:
4571:
4566:
4298:
4253:
4249:
3982:"Antiviral Treatment among Older Adults Hospitalized with Influenza, 2006â2012"
3206:
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2408:
2136:
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1190:
890:
789:
489:
391:
172:
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3737:
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1700:
1601:
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Morpholino oligos have been used to experimentally suppress many viral types:
9295:
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7656:
7084:
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3016:
2547:
1709:
1649:
1609:
841:
765:
616:
125:
86:
74:
73:
is effective against a wide range of viruses. Antiviral drugs are a class of
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3623:
3365:
2274:
2257:
2017:
1378:
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9201:
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4704:
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4402:
4397:
4092:"Antiviral Distribution and Dispensing A Review of Legal and Policy Issues"
4025:
3966:
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3691:
3642:
3574:
3517:
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3415:
3398:
3383:
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3294:
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1922:
1847:
1776:
1727:
1657:
1524:
1473:
1424:
1397:
1354:"Function and glycosylation of plant-derived antiviral monoclonal antibody"
1323:
1272:
957:
785:
777:
604:
600:
518:
493:
3424:
3143:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 189. pp. 299â320.
3034:
2753:
2642:
2457:
2035:
1979:
1829:
1437:
615:
Once a virus genome becomes operational in a host cell, it then generates
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8881:
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5283:
5251:
4933:
4843:
4583:
4536:
4481:
4364:
4330:
3814:
3508:
3491:
3066:
2656:
Rider TH, Zook CE, Boettcher TL, Wick ST, Pancoast JS, Zusman BD (2011).
2483:. Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Vol. 189. pp. 85â110.
1812:
Lindequist, Ulrike; Niedermeyer, Timo H. J.; JĂŒlich, Wolf-Dieter (2005).
1008:
913:
905:
901:
837:
695:
676:
651:
596:
481:
477:
463:
441:
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cell. At least one of these entry inhibitorsâa biomimetic peptide called
425:
133:
129:
120:
Most of the antiviral drugs now available are designed to help deal with
3458:
3109:
1743:"Learning from history: do not flatten the curve of antiviral research!"
772:) is a group of experimental antiviral drugs initially developed at the
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9069:
9037:
8814:
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8785:
8773:
8620:
8232:
8204:
8030:
7990:
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7283:
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7269:
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5915:
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5468:
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5410:
5320:
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5300:
5111:
5082:
5040:
5009:
5004:
4943:
4938:
4928:
4866:
4852:
4792:
4747:
4695:
4615:
4611:
4552:
4512:
4467:
4463:
4353:
4289:
4239:
4204:
4200:
3719:
Smith-Palmer, Jayne; Cerri, Karin; Valentine, William (December 2015).
3048:
Moss, Ronald; Davey, Richard; Steigbigel, Roy; Fang, Fang (June 2010).
1234:
1098:
1090:
1016:
1011:
infections. These are the more effective than older treatments such as
870:
863:
821:
793:
781:
755:
656:
641:
633:
573:
566:
543:
539:
485:
473:
469:
459:
217: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
105:
82:
78:
58:
4074:
3880:
3781:
3764:
1914:
1487:
Yin H, Jiang N, Shi W, Chi X, Liu S, Chen JL, Wang S (February 2021).
981:
750:
helices during transcription and replication. In contrast, uninfected
9166:
8645:
7678:
7673:
7606:
7476:
7446:
7316:
7311:
7256:
7242:
7099:
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6731:
6681:
6671:
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6529:
6519:
6494:
6448:
6433:
6357:
6282:
6177:
6157:
6152:
6122:
6051:
6031:
5920:
5677:
5592:
5577:
5500:
5473:
5463:
5458:
5405:
5382:
5295:
5019:
4999:
4973:
4948:
4883:
4861:
4689:
4602:
4476:
3673:
3655:
3095:
1337:
Rick Daniels; Leslie H. Nicoll. "Pharmacology â Nursing Management".
1082:
1012:
941:
921:
917:
833:
801:
751:
592:
562:
97:
3259:
Thebaud, G; Chadeouf, J; Morelli, M; McCauley, J; Haydon, D (2010).
192:
9149:
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8640:
8615:
8568:
8113:
7683:
7626:
7017:
6698:
6591:
6468:
6172:
5557:
5120:
4984:
4980:
4953:
4392:
4325:
4244:
2904:"Hepatitis B immune globulin and HBV-related liver transplantation"
2714:
1997:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 1419.
1225:
1048:
1020:
769:
727:
716:
688:
402:
310:
153:
101:
931:
mutation, which is currently widespread in seasonal H1N1 strains.
809:. The procaspases transactivate via cleavage, activate additional
37:"Antiviral Therapy" redirects here. For the academic journal, see
8953:
8824:
8077:
7471:
7109:
7104:
6442:
6413:
6388:
6352:
6071:
5617:
5387:
5096:
5014:
4679:
4446:
4268:
4218:
3541:"Antiviral Drug Resistance: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications"
1054:
1036:
1030:
810:
806:
580:
333:
1863:
Medicinal Mushrooms: Recent Progress in Research and Development
9161:
8726:
8379:
7975:
7456:
7426:
6453:
6021:
6016:
4778:
4441:
3979:
3208:
Molecular Cell Biology: Viruses â Structure, Function, and Uses
2977:"Influenza Antiviral Drug Resistance| Seasonal Influenza (Flu)"
1288:"Nitazoxanide: a first-in-class broad-spectrum antiviral agent"
1042:
666:
395:
361:
Release of viral genes and possibly enzymes into the host cell.
337:
329:
325:
3838:
3258:
2157:
1626:"Overview of Recent Strategic Advances in Medicinal Chemistry"
1279:
386:
This stage of viral replication can be inhibited in two ways:
8390:
5331:
5078:
4788:
4283:
4110:"Funding and Guidance for State and Local Health Departments"
4096:
Association of State and Territorial Health Officials (ASTHO)
3893:
1993:
Beringer, Paul; Troy, David A.; Remington, Joseph P. (2006).
760:
747:
341:
321:
66:
7604:
3928:
3865:
3138:
2478:
2066:
1791:"A History of Antivirals: Mechanisms, Classes, and Subtypes"
1740:
1184:
558:(RNA to DNA) than with "normal" transcriptase (DNA to RNA).
7843:
7067:
6998:
6909:
5845:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
5290:
5278:
4782:
3761:
2256:
McCaffrey AP, Meuse L, Karimi M, Contag CH, Kay MA (2003).
1811:
579:
Another target being considered for HIV antivirals include
433:
367:
Assembly of viral components into complete viral particles.
5850:
Elvitegravir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
3718:
3440:
2255:
2110:"Development of polyvalent inactivated rhinovirus vaccine"
364:
Replication of viral components using host-cell machinery.
5315:
5230:
3200:
3198:
2619:
2304:
2122:
2018:
Daniel C. Pevear; Tina M. Tull; Martin E. Seipel (1999).
1444:
International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology
1102:
1070:
974:
796:, and was additionally found effective against influenza
551:
547:
429:
121:
5796:
Darunavir/cobicistat/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3492:"Global transmission of oseltamivir-resistant influenza"
1410:
1336:
3795:
3047:
2429:
1003:(DAA) has long been associated with the combination of
754:
cells generally produce dsRNA helices of fewer than 24
316:
3195:
2655:
2206:
1943:
1489:"Development and Effects of Influenza Antiviral Drugs"
1210:
Discovery and development of CCR5 receptor antagonists
4188:
Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System
3441:
Irwin, K; Renzette, N; Kowalik, T; Jensen, J (2016).
3181:"WHO | Antiviral use and the risk of drug resistance"
1818:
Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine
456:
Inhibitors of uncoating have also been investigated.
2529:
1180:
967:
370:
Release of viral particles to infect new host cells.
2718:; Griffiths G; Ericsson M; Moss B; Doms RW (1994).
2623:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
2578:
982:
Treatment options for antiviral resistant pathogens
702:
3443:"Antiviral drug resistance as an adaptive process"
3204:
1440:"A review: Mechanism of action of antiviral drugs"
1351:
800:in weanling mice. It was reported to induce rapid
3708:. Food and Drug Administration. 28 February 2022.
3350:"Emerging influenza antiviral resistance threats"
1986:
1860:
934:
862:One of the best-known of this class of drugs are
9293:
5802:Dolutegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3607:"New approaches in the treatment of hepatitis C"
3532:
3483:
3431:
3396:
3252:
3228:
3226:
546:analogues that look like the building blocks of
30:"Antiviral" redirects here. For other uses, see
5860:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir alafenamide
5780:Bictegravir/emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
3436:
3434:
3211:. New York, New York: W. H. Freeman and Company
2987:
1995:Remington, the science and practice of pharmacy
1944:Almela MJ, GonzĂĄlez ME, Carrasco L (May 1991).
1622:
5974:
5865:Emtricitabine/rilpivirine/tenofovir disoproxil
5351:(Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI))
2994:
2992:
2990:
2394:
2020:"Activity of Pleconaril against Enteroviruses"
1681:
1486:
7956:
7590:
6857:
6267:
5813:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir alafenamide
5207:
4171:
3538:
3347:
3223:
741:
398:of the receptor and anti-receptor antibodies.
5835:Efavirenz/emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
5819:Dolutegravir/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
4186:Major chemical drug groups â based upon the
4075:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
3887:
3649:
3598:
3594:. National Health Service, UK. 21 June 2018.
3309:"Viruses are models for embracing diversity"
2998:
2572:
2388:
2347:
2298:
2249:
2200:
2151:
2116:
1894:
1814:"The Pharmacological Potential of Mushrooms"
1734:
1540:
1285:
1240:Discovery and development of NS5A inhibitors
940:immunocompetent patients, hospitalized with
880:
847:
3545:Infectious Disease Clinics of North America
2708:
2613:
2430:AlarcĂłn B, GonzĂĄlez ME, Carrasco L (1988).
2083:"Common Cold Causes: Rhinoviruses and More"
1937:
1480:
1431:
1045:(sofosbuvir, velpatasvir, and voxilaprevir)
994:
7597:
7583:
6864:
6850:
6274:
6260:
5830:Doravirine/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
5214:
5200:
4178:
4164:
4139:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4114:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
4089:
3348:Hayden, FG; de Jong, MD (1 January 2011).
3232:
2901:
1129:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
898:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
869:A more specific approach is to synthesize
715:Some viruses include an enzyme known as a
27:Medication used to treat a viral infection
5840:Efavirenz/lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
4037:
4035:
4015:
4005:
3956:
3946:
3861:
3859:
3823:
3813:
3780:
3746:
3736:
3681:
3632:
3622:
3564:
3507:
3466:
3414:
3403:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
3397:Kimberlin, DW; Whitley, RJ (March 1996).
3373:
3324:
3284:
3065:
3024:
2858:
2792:
2766:
2743:
2691:
2681:
2596:
2555:
2506:
2447:
2371:
2330:
2273:
2232:
2183:
2107:
2067:Lee, S.; Nguyen, M.; Currier, M. (2016).
2043:
1969:
1900:
1837:
1766:
1717:
1699:
1568:
1514:
1504:
1463:
1387:
1377:
1313:
1303:
525:
424:A very early stage of viral infection is
309:that synthesizes the target protein into
277:Learn how and when to remove this message
6107:Zinc finger protein transcription factor
5937:
3935:Israel Journal of Health Policy Research
3205:Lodish, H; Berk, A; Zipursky, S (2000).
3041:
1026:The DAA combination drugs used include:
904:viruses (H1N1) and (H3N2) and up to two
682:
626:
533:
182:
45:
8671:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
7844:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
3489:
3235:"The error-prone ways of RNA synthesis"
2815:
2658:"Broad-spectrum antiviral therapeutics"
1865:, Springer Singapore, pp. 275â97,
1117:
451:
168:effect were selected for closer study.
14:
9294:
9254:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
9146:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
5165:Pharmacological classification systems
4532:Selective estrogen receptor modulators
4041:
4032:
3856:
3586:
3584:
2971:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2579:Odani S, Tominaga K, Kondou S (1999).
2353:
2108:Tang, Roderick; Moore, Martin (2017).
1341:. Cengage Learning, 2011. p. 397.
710:
569:(AZT), is also a nucleoside analogue.
289:
7578:
6845:
6255:
5195:
4812:Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
4159:
3896:Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry
3054:Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2024:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1677:
1675:
1339:Contemporary Medical-Surgical Nursing
774:Massachusetts Institute of Technology
77:, a larger group which also includes
8501:Compartmental models in epidemiology
4135:"Strategic National Stockpile (SNS)"
1536:
1534:
1158:Public Health Emergency Preparedness
538:One way of doing this is to develop
374:
317:Approaches by virus life cycle stage
215:adding citations to reliable sources
186:
100:. They should be distinguished from
7186:Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir/voxilaprevir
5992:
5855:Emtricitabine/tenofovir alafenamide
4425:Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
3581:
3233:Racaniello, Vincent (10 May 2009).
2954:
978:emergence of antiviral resistance.
175:. Only in the 1980s, when the full
163:, and were found using traditional
89:drugs, or antiviral drugs based on
24:
7301:
5870:Emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil
3354:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2902:Akay S, Karasu Z (November 2008).
2769:"Antiviral Actions of Interferons"
1672:
1543:Recent Advances in Animal Virology
1245:COVID-19 drug repurposing research
1015:(partially indirectly acting) and
694:A ribozyme antiviral to deal with
413:
65:. Most antivirals target specific
25:
9318:
7171:Ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir
3908:10.2174/1568026621666211012110819
3611:World Journal of Gastroenterology
1531:
968:Detection of antiviral resistance
9250:Economics of Infectious Diseases
6243:. Formerly or rarely used agent.
5880:Lamivudine/nevirapine/zidovudine
5764:Abacavir/dolutegravir/lamivudine
5174:
5154:
5153:
2598:10.1046/j.1432-1327.1999.00463.x
2585:European Journal of Biochemistry
2323:10.1128/JVI.78.11.5891-5899.2004
1183:
1112:
1065:approved DAAs on the basis of a
827:
703:Protein processing and targeting
610:
561:The first successful antiviral,
340:), and sometimes covered with a
191:
6047:Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG)
5890:Lamivudine/tenofovir disoproxil
5875:Lamivudine/nevirapine/stavudine
4562:Hypothalamicâpituitary hormones
4127:
4102:
4083:
4068:
3973:
3922:
3832:
3789:
3755:
3712:
3698:
3496:New England Journal of Medicine
3390:
3341:
3301:
3173:
3132:
3089:
2895:
2852:
2816:Burra P (2009). "Hepatitis C".
2809:
2760:
2736:10.1128/JVI.68.2.1103-1114.1994
2649:
2523:
2472:
2423:
2225:10.1128/JVI.79.8.5116-5128.2005
2176:10.1128/JVI.79.8.4599-4609.2005
2125:Antisense Nucleic Acid Drug Dev
2101:
2075:
2060:
2011:
1962:10.1128/JVI.65.5.2572-2577.1991
1854:
1805:
1783:
1616:
1305:10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.07.014
1164:. Also managed by the CDC, the
202:needs additional citations for
115:
9259:Infectious disease informatics
9090:Transmission-based precautions
5770:Abacavir/lamivudine/zidovudine
3539:Strasfeld, L; Chou, S (2010).
1630:Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
1577:
1493:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
1404:
1345:
1330:
1257:
1146:
1057:(glecaprevir and pibrentasvir)
935:Origin of antiviral resistance
893:, including antiviral agents.
13:
1:
8676:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
8451:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
7812:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
6912:protease inhibitors (âprevir)
6600:
4314:Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics
3763:Lawitz, Eric (January 2015).
2999:Pillay, D; Zambon, M (1998).
2785:10.1128/CMR.14.4.778-809.2001
1250:
347:Researchers working on such "
81:(also termed antibacterial),
8238:Aerosol-generating procedure
8016:Silent/Subclinical infection
7716:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
5025:Wakefulness-promoting agents
4090:Hodge, J G; Orenstein, D G.
4007:10.1371/journal.pone.0121952
3802:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3149:10.1007/978-3-540-79086-0_11
2873:10.1097/QCO.0b013e3283184245
2683:10.1371/journal.pone.0022572
2635:10.1016/0006-291X(89)91665-3
2449:10.1016/0014-5793(88)80732-4
2373:10.5483/BMBRep.2003.36.6.538
1871:10.1007/978-981-13-6382-5_10
1759:10.1016/j.drudis.2020.07.008
1642:10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00359
1551:10.1007/978-981-13-9073-9_22
1166:Strategic National Stockpile
1153:Strategic National Stockpile
1103:human immunodeficiency virus
1063:Food and Drug Administration
1039:(sofosbuvir and velpatasvir)
824:acts at the assembly phase.
586:
484:, which can cause diarrhea,
332:stored in a capsule made of
50:Antiretroviral drugs for HIV
7:
8902:Vaccine-preventable disease
8850:Monoclonal antibody therapy
5645:Tenofovir alafenamide (TAF)
3662:Annals of Internal Medicine
3001:"Antiviral Drug Resistance"
2489:10.1007/978-3-540-79086-0_4
2397:AIDS Res. Hum. Retroviruses
1176:
1033:(sofosbuvir and ledipasvir)
889:all specific and effective
875:respiratory syncytial virus
816:
511:respiratory syncytial virus
39:Antiviral Therapy (journal)
10:
9323:
9043:Respiratory source control
5640:Tenofovir disoproxil (TDF)
4675:Intravenous immunoglobulin
2920:10.1517/14712598.8.11.1815
2767:Samuel CE (October 2001).
2409:10.1089/088922201750102427
2137:10.1089/108729001753231696
1201:(especially HAART for HIV)
1150:
1051:(elbasvir and grazoprevir)
851:
746:Most viruses produce long
742:Long dsRNA helix targeting
417:
358:Attachment to a host cell.
36:
32:Antiviral (disambiguation)
29:
9233:
9187:Global Health Initiatives
9177:Evolutionary epidemiology
9125:
8917:
8872:Post-exposure prophylaxis
8808:Antimicrobial stewardship
8766:
8753:
8658:
8549:
8531:Multiplicity of infection
8496:Basic reproduction number
8471:
8443:
8429:
8415:
8399:
8367:
8329:
8272:Percutaneous inoculation
8258:
8220:
8213:
8195:
8127:
8094:
8087:
8051:
8044:
7947:
7834:
7756:Hostâpathogen interaction
7731:
7625:
7618:
7535:
7500:
7419:
7365:
7337:
7330:
7240:
7216:
7198:
7148:
7066:
6997:
6904:
6895:
6802:
6768:
6745:
6724:
6717:
6641:
6614:
6590:
6559:
6507:
6487:
6403:
6342:
6332:
6323:
6314:
6305:
6200:
6115:
6009:
5991:
5973:
5955:
5936:
5929:
5908:
5749:
5696:
5670:
5661:Discovery and development
5653:
5536:
5524:
5487:
5441:
5432:Discovery and development
5424:
5396:
5346:
5268:Discovery and development
5260:
5242:
5149:
5105:
5077:
5033:
4842:
4777:
4740:
4688:
4601:
4545:
4505:
4462:
4346:
4282:
4194:
3948:10.1186/s13584-015-0028-5
3738:10.1186/s12879-015-0748-8
3557:10.1016/j.idc.2010.01.001
3326:10.1038/s41564-018-0145-3
1701:10.3390/molecules27030850
1602:10.1016/j.rmu.2015.05.003
1506:10.3390/molecules26040810
1456:10.1177/20587384211002621
881:Antiviral drug resistance
848:Immune system stimulation
9005:Protective sequestration
8867:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
8158:Generational difference
7711:Horizontal gene transfer
7701:Antimicrobial resistance
7298:neuraminidase inhibitors
7161:Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir
5957:Transcription inhibitors
5909:Pharmacokinetic boosters
5825:Dolutegravir/rilpivirine
5786:Cabotegravir/rilpivirine
5426:Protease Inhibitors (PI)
4730:Topoisomerase inhibitors
4414:reninâangiotensin system
4408:Calcium channel blockers
4049:(Report). Archived from
4042:NACCHO (December 2010).
3017:10.1136/bmj.317.7159.660
2910:(Submitted manuscript).
2548:10.1177/0192623308327119
2071:. Nature Communications.
1125:local health departments
1076:hepatocellular carcinoma
1001:Direct-acting antivirals
995:Direct-acting antivirals
71:broad-spectrum antiviral
9192:Microbial phylogenetics
9110:Wastewater surveillance
8631:Geographic distribution
8506:Critical community size
8304:Surgical site infection
8152:Iatrogenic/Medical care
8071:Microbial translocation
8067:Endogenous reactivation
8062:Normal flora overgrowth
8011:Opportunistic infection
7783:Opportunistic infection
6725:Nucleic acid inhibitors
6241:initial regimen options
5807:Dolutegravir/lamivudine
5284:Enfuvirtide (ENF, T-20)
5262:Entry/fusion inhibitors
3725:BMC Infectious Diseases
3624:10.3748/wjg.v22.i4.1421
2861:Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis
2354:Ryu KJ, Lee SW (2003).
2275:10.1053/jhep.2003.50330
1379:10.1073/pnas.0832472100
1221:List of antiviral drugs
780:, Amapari and Tacaribe
9264:Microbial bioterrorism
8887:efficacy/effectiveness
8295:Surgical intervention
8187:Breakthrough infection
7809:Genetic predisposition
7793:Susceptible individual
7640:Germ theory of disease
7501:Multiple/Unknown/Other
7270:adamantane derivatives
7181:Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir
7176:Sofosbuvir/daclatasvir
6082:Portmanteau inhibitors
5975:Translation inhibitors
5885:Lamivudine/raltegravir
5655:Non-nucleoside (NNRTI)
5613:Islatravir (EFdA, ISL)
4522:Hormonal contraception
4452:Bile acid sequestrants
4233:Proton-pump inhibitors
4196:gastrointestinal tract
3592:"Overview-Hepatitis C"
3277:10.1098/rspb.2009.1247
2830:10.1055/s-0029-1192055
1590:Medicina Universitaria
758:during transcription.
526:During viral synthesis
51:
9100:Universal precautions
8058:Endogenous overgrowth
7910:Poultry and livestock
7369:inhibitors (âtrelvir)
7357:Peginterferon alfa-2b
7352:Peginterferon alfa-2a
7166:Ledipasvir/sofosbuvir
6760:Peginterferon alfa-2a
6709:Tenofovir alafenamide
6097:Synergistic enhancers
5895:Lamivudine/zidovudine
5775:Atazanavir/cobicistat
5751:Combined formulations
5588:Zidovudine (AZT, ZDV)
5526:Reverse-transcriptase
5398:Maturation inhibitors
3366:10.1093/infdis/jiq012
2908:Expert Opin Biol Ther
2360:J. Biochem. Mol. Biol
2036:10.1128/AAC.43.9.2109
1450:: 20587384211002621.
1286:Rossignol JF (2014).
683:Translation/ribozymes
627:Translation/antisense
621:transcription factors
556:reverse transcriptase
534:Reverse transcription
503:Nature Communications
300:computer-aided design
183:Antiviral drug design
91:monoclonal antibodies
49:
9202:Genomic reassortment
9182:Genetic epidemiology
9021:Health communication
8949:Flattening the curve
8939:Disease surveillance
8722:Systemic/Generalized
8486:Animal disease model
7966:Asymptomatic carrier
7156:Elbasvir/grazoprevir
6704:Tenofovir disoproxil
6690:Nucleotide analogues
6653:Nucleoside analogues
5938:Uncoating inhibitors
5791:Darunavir/cobicistat
5631:Nucleotide analogues
5549:Nucleoside analogues
5348:Integrase inhibitors
5227:antiretroviral drugs
5131:Radiopharmaceuticals
4919:Antiparkinson agents
3509:10.1056/NEJMp0900648
3416:10.1093/jac/37.3.403
3191:on 1 September 2014.
3141:Antiviral Strategies
3098:Nature Biotechnology
2773:Clin. Microbiol. Rev
2481:Antiviral Strategies
1747:Drug Discovery Today
1545:. pp. 425â446.
1170:Antiviral stockpiles
1118:Use and distribution
1087:herpes simplex virus
927:Nature Biotechnology
886:Antiviral resistance
452:Uncoating inhibitors
394:antibodies, natural
349:rational drug design
328:and sometimes a few
211:improve this article
110:Australian tea trees
9269:Pandemic prevention
9225:Viral phylodynamics
9206:Re-emerging disease
9095:Travel restrictions
8299:Postoperative wound
8268:Blood-borne disease
8250:Respiratory droplet
8162:Vertical/Congenital
8147:Nosocomial/Hospital
8104:Spillover infection
7073:inhibitors (âbuvir)
7001:inhibitors (âasvir)
6405:Pyrimidine analogue
5930:Experimental agents
5900:Lopinavir/ritonavir
5759:Abacavir/lamivudine
5733:Elsulfavirine (ESV)
5568:Emtricitabine (FTC)
5454:Fosamprenavir (FPV)
4914:Antimigraine agents
4904:Antidementia agents
4807:Anti-inflammatories
4497:Medicated dressings
4437:Antihyperlipidemics
4264:Diabetes medication
3998:2015PLoSO..1021952L
3490:Moscona, A (2009).
3313:Nature Microbiology
3110:10.1038/nbt0609-510
2674:2011PLoSO...622572R
2164:Journal of Virology
1830:10.1093/ecam/neh107
1370:2003PNAS..100.8013K
1216:Monoclonal antibody
1199:Antiretroviral drug
766:double-stranded RNA
721:protease inhibitors
711:Protease inhibitors
515:parainfluenza virus
290:Antiviral targeting
9215:Selection pressure
8511:Force of infection
8139:Contagious disease
8074:Endogenous seeding
7971:Chain of infection
7895:Injection drug use
7806:Vaccination status
7689:Case fatality rate
7607:infectious disease
7562:Never to phase III
7420:RNA pol inhibitors
7347:Interferon alfa 2b
7252:Baloxavir marboxil
6829:Never to phase III
6755:Interferon alfa 2b
6227:Never to phase III
5373:Elvitegravir (EVG)
5368:Dolutegravir (DTG)
5363:Cabotegravir (CAB)
4767:Immunosuppressants
4637:Antimycobacterials
4593:Antithyroid agents
4577:Mineralocorticoids
4381:Cardiac stimulants
4371:Cardiac glycosides
4363:cardiac therapy /
4259:Anti-obesity drugs
4056:on 22 October 2016
3815:10.1093/cid/civ396
3067:10.1093/jac/dkq100
2983:. 25 October 2018.
1162:pandemic influenza
1067:surrogate endpoint
1061:The United States
954:quasispecies model
768:activated caspase
591:Another target is
476:, which cause the
307:inserting the gene
61:used for treating
52:
18:Anti-viral therapy
9289:
9288:
9279:Tropical medicine
9220:Synthetic biology
9121:
9120:
9080:Social distancing
9033:Outbreak response
8654:
8653:
8481:Agent-based model
8467:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8459:
8458:
8006:Natural reservoir
7996:Infectious period
7986:Incubation period
7943:
7942:
7899:Natural disaster
7868:Tropical diseases
7851:Biodiversity loss
7788:Risk of infection
7778:Microbiome health
7771:Immunosuppression
7572:
7571:
7531:
7530:
7194:
7193:
7149:Combination drugs
6839:
6838:
6798:
6797:
6637:
6636:
6555:
6554:
6503:
6502:
6483:
6482:
6249:
6248:
6196:
6195:
6042:Diarylpyrimidines
5745:
5744:
5741:
5740:
5721:Rilpivirine (RPV)
5705:diarylpyrimidines
5688:Delavirdine (DLV)
5583:Zalcitabine (ddC)
5540:nucleotide (NRTI)
5520:
5519:
5378:Raltegravir (RAL)
5358:Bictegravir (BIC)
5337:Fostemsavir (FTR)
5252:Lenacapavir (LEN)
5244:Capsid inhibitors
5189:
5188:
5092:Ophthalmologicals
4802:Anabolic steroids
4705:Anticancer agents
4668:Ectoparasiticides
4388:Antihypertensives
4336:Antifibrinolytics
3902:(30): 2687â2693.
3881:10.1002/hep.29408
3782:10.1002/hep.27366
3459:10.1093/ve/vew014
3158:978-3-540-79085-3
2942:on 3 October 2021
2498:978-3-540-79085-3
2089:on 8 January 2022
2004:978-0-7817-4673-1
1915:10.1159/000024948
1880:978-981-13-6382-5
1636:(21): 9375â9414.
1560:978-981-13-9072-2
1133:2009 flu pandemic
1131:(CDC) during the
778:dengue flavivirus
375:Before cell entry
287:
286:
279:
261:
177:genetic sequences
16:(Redirected from
9314:
9274:Tropical disease
9210:Reverse zoonosis
9197:One Health Model
9026:Health education
9015:Community health
8934:Cordon sanitaire
8907:Ring vaccination
8877:Repurposed drugs
8764:
8763:
8683:Gastrointestinal
8526:Machine learning
8330:Gastrointestinal
8281:Intravenous line
8218:
8217:
8132:/Cross-infection
8119:Reverse zoonosis
8092:
8091:
8049:
8048:
7954:
7953:
7935:War and conflict
7803:Nutrition status
7766:Immunodeficiency
7623:
7622:
7599:
7592:
7585:
7576:
7575:
7335:
7334:
7331:Multiple/general
6902:
6901:
6866:
6859:
6852:
6843:
6842:
6769:Multiple/unknown
6722:
6721:
6718:Multiple/general
6488:Not TK activated
6340:
6339:
6330:
6329:
6321:
6320:
6312:
6311:
6276:
6269:
6262:
6253:
6252:
6067:Hydroxycarbamide
5934:
5933:
5728:Doravirine (DOR)
5716:Etravirine (ETR)
5711:Dapivirine (DPV)
5683:Nevirapine (NVP)
5668:
5667:
5573:Lamivudine (3TC)
5563:Didanosine (ddI)
5534:
5533:
5507:Tipranavir (TPV)
5495:Atazanavir (ATV)
5479:Saquinavir (SQV)
5469:Nelfinavir (NFV)
5449:Amprenavir (APV)
5439:
5438:
5321:Ibalizumab (IBA)
5216:
5209:
5202:
5193:
5192:
5178:
5157:
5156:
5141:Senotherapeutics
4995:Neuroprotectives
4990:Mood stabilizers
4889:Anti-ADHD agents
4829:Muscle relaxants
4762:Immunostimulants
4757:Immunomodulators
4589:Thyroid hormones
4527:Fertility agents
4430:Renin inhibitors
4321:Antihemorrhagics
4288:forming organs (
4274:Dietary minerals
4180:
4173:
4166:
4157:
4156:
4150:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4106:
4100:
4099:
4087:
4081:
4080:
4072:
4066:
4065:
4063:
4061:
4055:
4048:
4039:
4030:
4029:
4019:
4009:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3950:
3926:
3920:
3919:
3891:
3885:
3884:
3863:
3854:
3853:
3852:(24): 2584â2593.
3840:December 2012).
3836:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3817:
3793:
3787:
3786:
3784:
3759:
3753:
3752:
3750:
3740:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3695:
3685:
3674:10.7326/M16-2575
3653:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3602:
3596:
3595:
3588:
3579:
3578:
3568:
3536:
3530:
3529:
3511:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3470:
3438:
3429:
3428:
3418:
3394:
3388:
3387:
3377:
3345:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3319:(4): 389. 2018.
3305:
3299:
3298:
3288:
3271:(1682): 809â17.
3256:
3250:
3249:
3247:
3245:
3230:
3221:
3220:
3218:
3216:
3202:
3193:
3192:
3187:. Archived from
3177:
3171:
3170:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3093:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3082:
3069:
3045:
3039:
3038:
3028:
3011:(7159): 660â62.
2996:
2985:
2984:
2973:
2952:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2938:. Archived from
2899:
2893:
2892:
2856:
2850:
2849:
2818:Semin. Liver Dis
2813:
2807:
2806:
2796:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2712:
2706:
2705:
2695:
2685:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2617:
2611:
2610:
2600:
2576:
2570:
2569:
2559:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2510:
2476:
2470:
2469:
2451:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2392:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2351:
2345:
2344:
2334:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2277:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2204:
2198:
2197:
2187:
2170:(8): 4599â4609.
2155:
2149:
2148:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2105:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2085:. Archived from
2079:
2073:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2047:
2030:(9): 2109â2115.
2015:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1973:
1941:
1935:
1934:
1898:
1892:
1891:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1841:
1809:
1803:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1770:
1753:(9): 1604â1613.
1738:
1732:
1731:
1721:
1703:
1679:
1670:
1669:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1538:
1529:
1528:
1518:
1508:
1484:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1435:
1429:
1428:
1408:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1381:
1349:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1317:
1307:
1283:
1277:
1276:
1265:Antiviral Agents
1261:
1193:
1188:
1187:
1141:chemoprophylaxis
1123:Furthermore, in
282:
275:
271:
268:
262:
260:
226:"Antiviral drug"
219:
195:
187:
63:viral infections
21:
9322:
9321:
9317:
9316:
9315:
9313:
9312:
9311:
9302:Antiviral drugs
9292:
9291:
9290:
9285:
9229:
9142:Antigenic shift
9137:Antigenic drift
9128:
9117:
8981:Barrier nursing
8929:Contact tracing
8920:
8913:
8758:
8756:
8749:
8660:
8650:
8551:
8545:
8536:Serial interval
8455:
8439:
8430:Cervico-vaginal
8425:
8416:Trans-placental
8411:
8395:
8363:
8325:
8261:Vascular system
8260:
8254:
8209:
8197:
8191:
8131:
8123:
8083:
8040:
7958:
7939:
7830:
7761:Immune response
7727:
7706:Drug resistance
7650:Infectious dose
7614:
7603:
7573:
7568:
7567:
7552:Clinical trials
7527:
7496:
7415:
7361:
7326:
7236:
7212:
7190:
7144:
7062:
6993:
6891:
6870:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6819:Clinical trials
6794:
6764:
6741:
6713:
6633:
6610:
6586:
6582:Podophyllotoxin
6551:
6499:
6479:
6399:
6344:Purine analogue
6325:
6301:
6280:
6250:
6245:
6244:
6232:
6217:Clinical trials
6192:
6143:Dexelvucitabine
6111:
6102:Tre recombinase
6005:
5987:
5969:
5965:Tat antagonists
5951:
5925:
5904:
5737:
5692:
5678:Efavirenz (EFV)
5657:
5649:
5578:Stavudine (d4T)
5539:
5527:
5516:
5501:Darunavir (DRV)
5483:
5474:Ritonavir (RTV)
5464:Lopinavir (LPV)
5459:Indinavir (IDV)
5428:
5420:
5392:
5350:
5342:
5296:Maraviroc (MVC)
5264:
5256:
5238:
5223:Antiviral drugs
5220:
5190:
5185:
5181:Medicine portal
5145:
5101:
5073:
5068:
5060:Cough medicines
5055:Bronchodilators
5036:
5029:
4909:Antidepressants
4899:Anticonvulsants
4847:
4838:
4834:Bisphosphonates
4824:Corticosteroids
4786:
4773:
4745:
4736:
4720:Spindle poisons
4710:Antimetabolites
4693:
4684:
4606:
4597:
4572:Glucocorticoids
4567:Corticosteroids
4548:
4541:
4508:
4501:
4458:
4376:Antiarrhythmics
4349:
4342:
4299:Antithrombotics
4287:
4278:
4254:Antipropulsives
4250:Antidiarrhoeals
4227:
4198:
4190:
4184:
4154:
4153:
4143:
4141:
4133:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4103:
4088:
4084:
4073:
4069:
4059:
4057:
4053:
4046:
4040:
4033:
3992:(3): e0121952.
3978:
3974:
3927:
3923:
3892:
3888:
3864:
3857:
3837:
3833:
3794:
3790:
3760:
3756:
3717:
3713:
3704:
3703:
3699:
3654:
3650:
3603:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3582:
3537:
3533:
3488:
3484:
3447:Virus Evolution
3439:
3432:
3395:
3391:
3346:
3342:
3307:
3306:
3302:
3265:Proc. Biol. Sci
3257:
3253:
3243:
3241:
3231:
3224:
3214:
3212:
3203:
3196:
3179:
3178:
3174:
3159:
3137:
3133:
3094:
3090:
3080:
3078:
3046:
3042:
2997:
2988:
2975:
2974:
2955:
2945:
2943:
2914:(11): 1815â22.
2900:
2896:
2857:
2853:
2814:
2810:
2765:
2761:
2713:
2709:
2654:
2650:
2618:
2614:
2577:
2573:
2528:
2524:
2499:
2477:
2473:
2428:
2424:
2393:
2389:
2352:
2348:
2317:(11): 5891â99.
2303:
2299:
2254:
2250:
2205:
2201:
2156:
2152:
2121:
2117:
2106:
2102:
2092:
2090:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2065:
2061:
2016:
2012:
2005:
1991:
1987:
1942:
1938:
1899:
1895:
1881:
1859:
1855:
1810:
1806:
1796:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1739:
1735:
1680:
1673:
1621:
1617:
1596:(68): 165â174.
1582:
1578:
1561:
1539:
1532:
1485:
1481:
1436:
1432:
1409:
1405:
1364:(13): 8013â18.
1350:
1346:
1335:
1331:
1284:
1280:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:
1231:Antiprion drugs
1189:
1182:
1179:
1155:
1149:
1120:
1115:
1107:interferon alfa
1095:cytomegalovirus
1005:antiviral drugs
997:
984:
970:
937:
920:(Relenza), and
883:
856:
854:immunostimulant
850:
830:
819:
744:
732:Lentinus edodes
713:
705:
685:
661:West Nile virus
638:cytomegalovirus
629:
613:
589:
536:
528:
454:
422:
420:Entry inhibitor
416:
414:Entry inhibitor
377:
319:
292:
283:
272:
266:
263:
220:
218:
208:
196:
185:
165:trial-and-error
118:
57:are a class of
55:Antiviral drugs
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9320:
9310:
9309:
9304:
9287:
9286:
9284:
9283:
9282:
9281:
9271:
9266:
9261:
9256:
9251:
9248:
9243:
9237:
9235:
9231:
9230:
9228:
9227:
9222:
9217:
9212:
9207:
9204:
9199:
9194:
9189:
9184:
9179:
9174:
9172:Emergent virus
9169:
9164:
9159:
9154:
9153:
9152:
9144:
9139:
9133:
9131:
9123:
9122:
9119:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9112:
9107:
9105:Vector control
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9077:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9061:
9060:
9055:
9050:
9048:N95 respirator
9040:
9035:
9030:
9029:
9028:
9023:
9018:
9007:
9002:
9001:
9000:
8990:
8985:
8984:
8983:
8973:
8972:
8971:
8966:
8961:
8951:
8946:
8941:
8936:
8931:
8925:
8923:
8921:pharmaceutical
8915:
8914:
8912:
8911:
8910:
8909:
8904:
8899:
8894:
8889:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8853:
8852:
8842:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8811:
8810:
8800:
8799:
8798:
8788:
8783:
8782:
8781:
8770:
8768:
8767:Pharmaceutical
8761:
8751:
8750:
8748:
8747:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8729:
8724:
8719:
8718:Cardiovascular
8716:
8711:
8706:
8703:
8698:
8697:Nervous system
8695:
8692:
8691:
8690:
8680:
8679:
8678:
8673:
8664:
8662:
8656:
8655:
8652:
8651:
8649:
8648:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8566:
8561:
8555:
8553:
8547:
8546:
8544:
8543:
8538:
8533:
8528:
8523:
8521:Infection rate
8518:
8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8477:
8475:
8469:
8468:
8465:
8464:
8461:
8460:
8457:
8456:
8454:
8453:
8447:
8445:
8441:
8440:
8438:
8437:
8433:
8431:
8427:
8426:
8424:
8423:
8419:
8417:
8413:
8412:
8410:
8409:
8403:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8394:
8393:
8387:
8382:
8377:
8371:
8369:
8365:
8364:
8362:
8361:
8356:
8351:
8346:
8345:
8344:
8333:
8331:
8327:
8326:
8324:
8323:
8322:
8321:
8316:
8308:
8307:
8306:
8301:
8293:
8292:
8291:
8286:
8283:
8278:
8276:Injection site
8270:
8264:
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8252:
8247:
8245:Dental aerosol
8242:
8241:
8240:
8230:
8224:
8222:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8208:
8207:
8201:
8199:
8193:
8192:
8190:
8189:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8177:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8167:
8156:
8155:
8154:
8149:
8141:
8135:
8133:
8129:Human-to-human
8125:
8124:
8122:
8121:
8116:
8111:
8106:
8100:
8098:
8089:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8081:
8075:
8072:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8055:
8053:
8046:
8042:
8041:
8039:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8026:Super-spreader
8023:
8021:Superinfection
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7988:
7983:
7978:
7973:
7968:
7962:
7960:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7941:
7940:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7930:Vector control
7927:
7922:
7917:
7912:
7907:
7906:
7905:
7897:
7892:
7887:
7882:
7877:
7872:
7871:
7870:
7865:
7859:Climate zones
7857:
7855:Climate change
7852:
7849:
7846:
7840:
7838:
7832:
7831:
7829:
7828:
7827:
7826:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7818:
7810:
7807:
7804:
7801:
7798:
7790:
7785:
7780:
7775:
7774:
7773:
7768:
7758:
7753:
7748:
7743:
7737:
7735:
7729:
7728:
7726:
7725:
7720:
7719:
7718:
7713:
7708:
7698:
7697:
7696:
7691:
7686:
7681:
7671:
7669:Quorum sensing
7666:
7665:
7664:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7642:
7637:
7631:
7629:
7620:
7616:
7615:
7602:
7601:
7594:
7587:
7579:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7565:
7564:
7563:
7560:
7549:
7543:
7537:
7536:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7528:
7526:
7525:
7520:
7515:
7510:
7504:
7502:
7498:
7497:
7495:
7494:
7492:Valopicitabine
7489:
7484:
7479:
7474:
7469:
7464:
7459:
7454:
7449:
7444:
7439:
7434:
7429:
7423:
7421:
7417:
7416:
7414:
7413:
7403:
7398:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7372:
7370:
7363:
7362:
7360:
7359:
7354:
7349:
7343:
7341:
7332:
7328:
7327:
7325:
7324:
7314:
7309:
7293:
7292:
7286:
7281:
7265:
7264:
7259:
7254:
7248:
7246:
7238:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7222:
7220:
7214:
7213:
7211:
7210:
7204:
7202:
7196:
7195:
7192:
7191:
7189:
7188:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7152:
7150:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7142:
7137:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7076:
7074:
7071:RNA polymerase
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7050:
7045:
7040:
7035:
7030:
7025:
7020:
7015:
7010:
7004:
7002:
6995:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6986:
6981:
6976:
6971:
6966:
6961:
6956:
6951:
6946:
6941:
6936:
6931:
6926:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6869:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6846:
6837:
6836:
6833:
6832:
6831:
6830:
6827:
6816:
6810:
6804:
6803:
6800:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6792:
6787:
6778:
6772:
6770:
6766:
6765:
6763:
6762:
6757:
6751:
6749:
6743:
6742:
6740:
6739:
6734:
6728:
6726:
6719:
6715:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6685:
6684:
6679:
6674:
6669:
6664:
6648:
6646:
6639:
6638:
6635:
6634:
6632:
6631:
6626:
6620:
6618:
6612:
6611:
6609:
6608:
6596:
6594:
6588:
6587:
6585:
6584:
6579:
6569:
6567:
6557:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6544:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6511:
6509:
6505:
6504:
6501:
6500:
6498:
6497:
6491:
6489:
6485:
6484:
6481:
6480:
6478:
6477:
6464:
6463:
6462:
6461:
6456:
6451:
6438:
6437:
6431:
6421:
6409:
6407:
6401:
6400:
6398:
6397:
6384:
6383:
6373:
6371:Valganciclovir
6364:
6348:
6346:
6337:
6327:
6318:
6309:
6303:
6302:
6279:
6278:
6271:
6264:
6256:
6247:
6246:
6231:
6230:
6229:
6228:
6225:
6214:
6208:
6202:
6201:
6198:
6197:
6194:
6193:
6191:
6190:
6185:
6180:
6175:
6170:
6165:
6160:
6155:
6150:
6145:
6140:
6135:
6130:
6125:
6119:
6117:
6113:
6112:
6110:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6019:
6013:
6011:
6007:
6006:
6004:
6003:
5997:
5995:
5989:
5988:
5986:
5985:
5979:
5977:
5971:
5970:
5968:
5967:
5961:
5959:
5953:
5952:
5950:
5949:
5942:
5940:
5931:
5927:
5926:
5924:
5923:
5918:
5916:Cobicistat (c)
5912:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5903:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5799:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5761:
5755:
5753:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5730:
5725:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5700:
5698:
5694:
5693:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5674:
5672:
5665:
5651:
5650:
5648:
5647:
5642:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5580:
5575:
5570:
5565:
5560:
5558:Abacavir (ABC)
5544:
5542:
5538:Nucleoside and
5531:
5522:
5521:
5518:
5517:
5515:
5514:
5509:
5504:
5498:
5491:
5489:
5485:
5484:
5482:
5481:
5476:
5471:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5445:
5443:
5436:
5422:
5421:
5419:
5418:
5413:
5408:
5402:
5400:
5394:
5393:
5391:
5390:
5385:
5380:
5375:
5370:
5365:
5360:
5354:
5352:
5344:
5343:
5341:
5340:
5328:
5312:
5298:
5287:
5274:
5272:
5258:
5257:
5255:
5254:
5248:
5246:
5240:
5239:
5219:
5218:
5211:
5204:
5196:
5187:
5186:
5184:
5183:
5172:
5167:
5162:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5144:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5126:Contrast media
5123:
5117:
5115:
5103:
5102:
5100:
5099:
5094:
5088:
5086:
5079:sensory organs
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4971:
4966:
4956:
4951:
4946:
4941:
4936:
4931:
4926:
4924:Antipsychotics
4921:
4916:
4911:
4906:
4901:
4896:
4894:Antiaddictives
4891:
4886:
4881:
4880:
4879:
4874:
4864:
4858:
4856:
4849:nervous system
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4819:Antirheumatics
4816:
4815:
4814:
4804:
4798:
4796:
4775:
4774:
4772:
4771:
4770:
4769:
4764:
4753:
4751:
4738:
4737:
4735:
4734:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4725:Antineoplastic
4722:
4717:
4712:
4701:
4699:
4686:
4685:
4683:
4682:
4677:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4658:Antiprotozoals
4653:Antiparasitics
4650:
4645:
4640:
4633:Antibacterials
4629:Antimicrobials
4625:
4623:
4599:
4598:
4596:
4595:
4586:
4581:
4580:
4579:
4574:
4564:
4558:
4556:
4543:
4542:
4540:
4539:
4534:
4529:
4524:
4518:
4516:
4503:
4502:
4500:
4499:
4494:
4492:Antipsoriatics
4489:
4484:
4479:
4473:
4471:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4455:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4434:
4433:
4432:
4427:
4422:
4420:ACE inhibitors
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4373:
4359:
4357:
4348:cardiovascular
4344:
4343:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4309:Anticoagulants
4306:
4295:
4293:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4271:
4266:
4261:
4256:
4247:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4221:
4210:
4208:
4192:
4191:
4183:
4182:
4175:
4168:
4160:
4152:
4151:
4126:
4101:
4082:
4067:
4031:
3972:
3921:
3886:
3875:(2): 487â497.
3855:
3831:
3808:(5): 730â740.
3788:
3754:
3711:
3697:
3668:(9): 637â648.
3648:
3617:(4): 1421â32.
3597:
3580:
3531:
3502:(10): 953â56.
3482:
3430:
3389:
3340:
3300:
3251:
3222:
3194:
3172:
3157:
3131:
3088:
3060:(6): 1086â93.
3040:
2986:
2953:
2894:
2851:
2808:
2779:(4): 778â809.
2759:
2730:(2): 1103â14.
2707:
2648:
2612:
2571:
2536:Toxicol Pathol
2522:
2497:
2471:
2422:
2387:
2346:
2297:
2248:
2219:(8): 5116â28.
2199:
2150:
2115:
2100:
2074:
2059:
2010:
2003:
1985:
1956:(5): 2572â77.
1936:
1893:
1879:
1853:
1804:
1782:
1733:
1671:
1615:
1576:
1559:
1530:
1479:
1430:
1403:
1344:
1329:
1278:
1255:
1254:
1252:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1228:
1223:
1218:
1213:
1207:
1202:
1195:
1194:
1191:Viruses portal
1178:
1175:
1151:Main article:
1148:
1145:
1135:caused by the
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1059:
1058:
1052:
1046:
1040:
1034:
1007:used to treat
996:
993:
983:
980:
969:
966:
936:
933:
891:antimicrobials
882:
879:
852:Main article:
849:
846:
836:(Relenza) and
829:
826:
818:
815:
790:H1N1 influenza
743:
740:
712:
709:
704:
701:
684:
681:
680:
679:
674:
669:
664:
654:
628:
625:
612:
609:
588:
585:
535:
532:
527:
524:
490:conjunctivitis
472:works against
453:
450:
418:Main article:
415:
412:
407:
406:
399:
392:anti-idiotypic
376:
373:
372:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
318:
315:
291:
288:
285:
284:
267:September 2022
199:
197:
190:
184:
181:
161:herpes viruses
126:herpes viruses
117:
114:
75:antimicrobials
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9319:
9308:
9305:
9303:
9300:
9299:
9297:
9280:
9277:
9276:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9242:
9239:
9238:
9236:
9232:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9216:
9213:
9211:
9208:
9205:
9203:
9200:
9198:
9195:
9193:
9190:
9188:
9185:
9183:
9180:
9178:
9175:
9173:
9170:
9168:
9165:
9163:
9160:
9158:
9155:
9151:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9134:
9132:
9130:
9124:
9113:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9085:Sterilization
9083:
9081:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9059:
9056:
9054:
9053:Surgical mask
9051:
9049:
9046:
9045:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9027:
9024:
9022:
9019:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9011:
9010:Public health
9008:
9006:
9003:
8999:
8996:
8995:
8994:
8991:
8989:
8986:
8982:
8979:
8978:
8977:
8974:
8970:
8967:
8965:
8962:
8960:
8957:
8956:
8955:
8952:
8950:
8947:
8945:
8942:
8940:
8937:
8935:
8932:
8930:
8927:
8926:
8924:
8922:
8916:
8908:
8905:
8903:
8900:
8898:
8895:
8893:
8890:
8888:
8885:
8884:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8862:Phage therapy
8860:
8858:
8855:
8851:
8848:
8847:
8846:
8845:Immunotherapy
8843:
8841:
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8809:
8806:
8805:
8804:
8803:Antimicrobial
8801:
8797:
8794:
8793:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8780:
8777:
8776:
8775:
8772:
8771:
8769:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8752:
8745:
8743:
8740:
8738:
8735:
8733:
8730:
8728:
8725:
8723:
8720:
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8699:
8696:
8694:Genitourinary
8693:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8684:
8681:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8668:
8666:
8665:
8663:
8657:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8571:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8556:
8554:
8552:in population
8548:
8542:
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8519:
8517:
8516:Herd immunity
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8478:
8476:
8474:
8470:
8452:
8449:
8448:
8446:
8442:
8435:
8434:
8432:
8428:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8414:
8408:
8405:
8404:
8402:
8400:Genitourinary
8398:
8392:
8388:
8386:
8383:
8381:
8378:
8376:
8373:
8372:
8370:
8366:
8360:
8357:
8355:
8352:
8350:
8347:
8343:
8342:Contamination
8340:
8339:
8338:
8335:
8334:
8332:
8328:
8320:
8317:
8315:
8312:
8311:
8310:Vector-borne
8309:
8305:
8302:
8300:
8297:
8296:
8294:
8290:
8287:
8284:
8282:
8279:
8277:
8274:
8273:
8271:
8269:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8257:
8251:
8248:
8246:
8243:
8239:
8236:
8235:
8234:
8231:
8229:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8219:
8216:
8212:
8206:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8194:
8188:
8185:
8181:
8178:
8174:
8171:
8168:
8165:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8153:
8150:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8142:
8140:
8137:
8136:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8120:
8117:
8115:
8112:
8110:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8096:Cross-species
8093:
8090:
8086:
8079:
8076:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8056:
8054:
8050:
8047:
8043:
8037:
8036:Window period
8034:
8032:
8029:
8027:
8024:
8022:
8019:
8017:
8014:
8012:
8009:
8007:
8004:
8002:
8001:Latent period
7999:
7997:
7994:
7992:
7989:
7987:
7984:
7982:
7979:
7977:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7964:
7963:
7961:
7955:
7952:
7950:
7946:
7936:
7933:
7931:
7928:
7926:
7923:
7921:
7918:
7916:
7913:
7911:
7908:
7904:
7901:
7900:
7898:
7896:
7893:
7891:
7888:
7886:
7883:
7881:
7880:Deforestation
7878:
7876:
7873:
7869:
7866:
7864:
7861:
7860:
7858:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7833:
7825:Stress levels
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7799:
7796:
7795:
7794:
7791:
7789:
7786:
7784:
7781:
7779:
7776:
7772:
7769:
7767:
7764:
7763:
7762:
7759:
7757:
7754:
7752:
7749:
7747:
7744:
7742:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7734:
7730:
7724:
7721:
7717:
7714:
7712:
7709:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7702:
7699:
7695:
7692:
7690:
7687:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7670:
7667:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7657:Pathogenicity
7655:
7651:
7648:
7647:
7646:
7643:
7641:
7638:
7636:
7633:
7632:
7630:
7628:
7624:
7621:
7617:
7612:
7608:
7600:
7595:
7593:
7588:
7586:
7581:
7580:
7577:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7538:
7534:
7524:
7521:
7519:
7516:
7514:
7511:
7509:
7506:
7505:
7503:
7499:
7493:
7490:
7488:
7485:
7483:
7480:
7478:
7475:
7473:
7470:
7468:
7465:
7463:
7460:
7458:
7455:
7453:
7450:
7448:
7445:
7443:
7440:
7438:
7435:
7433:
7430:
7428:
7425:
7424:
7422:
7418:
7411:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7364:
7358:
7355:
7353:
7350:
7348:
7345:
7344:
7342:
7340:
7336:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7313:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7303:
7302:release phase
7299:
7295:
7294:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7276:
7275:
7274:M2 inhibitors
7271:
7267:
7266:
7263:
7260:
7258:
7255:
7253:
7250:
7249:
7247:
7244:
7239:
7233:
7230:
7228:
7224:
7223:
7221:
7219:
7215:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7197:
7187:
7184:
7182:
7179:
7177:
7174:
7172:
7169:
7167:
7164:
7162:
7159:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7151:
7147:
7141:
7138:
7136:
7133:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7085:Bemnifosbuvir
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7051:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7041:
7039:
7036:
7034:
7031:
7029:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7019:
7016:
7014:
7011:
7009:
7006:
7005:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6990:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6970:
6967:
6965:
6962:
6960:
6957:
6955:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6937:
6935:
6932:
6930:
6927:
6925:
6922:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6898:
6894:
6889:
6885:
6881:
6877:
6874:
6867:
6862:
6860:
6855:
6853:
6848:
6847:
6844:
6828:
6826:
6823:
6822:
6820:
6817:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6805:
6801:
6791:
6788:
6786:
6782:
6779:
6777:
6774:
6773:
6771:
6767:
6761:
6758:
6756:
6753:
6752:
6750:
6748:
6744:
6738:
6737:Brincidofovir
6735:
6733:
6730:
6729:
6727:
6723:
6720:
6716:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6691:
6687:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6678:
6675:
6673:
6670:
6668:
6665:
6663:
6660:
6658:
6654:
6650:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6640:
6630:
6627:
6625:
6622:
6621:
6619:
6617:
6613:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6598:
6597:
6595:
6593:
6589:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6570:
6568:
6566:
6562:
6558:
6548:
6545:
6542:
6538:
6537:
6536:early protein
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6516:
6513:
6512:
6510:
6506:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6490:
6486:
6475:
6471:
6470:
6466:
6465:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6450:
6447:
6446:
6445:
6444:
6440:
6439:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6416:
6415:
6411:
6410:
6408:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6391:
6390:
6386:
6385:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6359:
6355:
6354:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6338:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6324:DNA-synthesis
6322:
6319:
6317:
6313:
6310:
6308:
6304:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6284:
6277:
6272:
6270:
6265:
6263:
6258:
6257:
6254:
6242:
6239:
6236:
6226:
6224:
6221:
6220:
6218:
6215:
6212:
6209:
6207:
6204:
6203:
6199:
6189:
6186:
6184:
6181:
6179:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6169:
6166:
6164:
6161:
6159:
6156:
6154:
6151:
6149:
6146:
6144:
6141:
6139:
6136:
6134:
6131:
6129:
6126:
6124:
6121:
6120:
6118:
6116:Failed agents
6114:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6030:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6020:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6008:
6002:
5999:
5998:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5984:
5983:Trichosanthin
5981:
5980:
5978:
5976:
5972:
5966:
5963:
5962:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5947:
5944:
5943:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5932:
5928:
5922:
5921:Ritonavir (r)
5919:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
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5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
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5868:
5866:
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5848:
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5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
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5828:
5826:
5823:
5820:
5817:
5814:
5811:
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5805:
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5800:
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5794:
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5789:
5787:
5784:
5781:
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5776:
5773:
5771:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5760:
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5748:
5734:
5731:
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5717:
5714:
5712:
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5675:
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5669:
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5636:
5632:
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5581:
5579:
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5564:
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5510:
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5505:
5502:
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5496:
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5475:
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5460:
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5364:
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5359:
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5338:
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5326:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5313:
5310:
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5302:
5299:
5297:
5293:
5292:
5288:
5285:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5275:
5273:
5271:
5269:
5263:
5259:
5253:
5250:
5249:
5247:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5232:
5229:used against
5228:
5224:
5217:
5212:
5210:
5205:
5203:
5198:
5197:
5194:
5182:
5177:
5173:
5171:
5168:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5124:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5113:
5109:
5104:
5098:
5095:
5093:
5090:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5080:
5076:
5070:
5063:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5050:Decongestants
5048:
5047:
5045:
5042:
5038:
5032:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4982:
4979:
4975:
4972:
4970:
4969:Dissociatives
4967:
4965:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4959:Hallucinogens
4957:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4947:
4945:
4942:
4940:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4922:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4912:
4910:
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4905:
4902:
4900:
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4895:
4892:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
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4857:
4854:
4850:
4845:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4790:
4784:
4780:
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4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4758:
4755:
4754:
4752:
4749:
4743:
4739:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4703:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4678:
4676:
4673:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4663:Anthelmintics
4661:
4659:
4656:
4655:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4627:
4626:
4624:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4604:
4600:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4538:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:genitourinary
4504:
4498:
4495:
4493:
4490:
4488:
4487:Antipruritics
4485:
4483:
4480:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4421:
4418:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4403:Beta blockers
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4377:
4374:
4372:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4355:
4351:
4345:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4304:Antiplatelets
4302:
4301:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4285:
4281:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4251:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4202:
4197:
4193:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4174:
4169:
4167:
4162:
4161:
4158:
4140:
4136:
4130:
4115:
4111:
4105:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4078:
4071:
4052:
4045:
4038:
4036:
4027:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3976:
3968:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3925:
3917:
3913:
3909:
3905:
3901:
3897:
3890:
3882:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3835:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3792:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3758:
3749:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3707:
3701:
3693:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3587:
3585:
3576:
3572:
3567:
3562:
3558:
3554:
3551:(2): 413â37.
3550:
3546:
3542:
3535:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3453:(1): vew014.
3452:
3448:
3444:
3437:
3435:
3426:
3422:
3417:
3412:
3409:(3): 403â21.
3408:
3404:
3400:
3393:
3385:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3359:
3355:
3351:
3344:
3336:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3304:
3296:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3255:
3240:
3239:Virology Blog
3236:
3229:
3227:
3210:
3209:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3168:
3164:
3160:
3154:
3150:
3146:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3111:
3107:
3104:(6): 510â13.
3103:
3099:
3092:
3077:
3073:
3068:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3044:
3036:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2867:(6): 639â43.
2866:
2862:
2855:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2711:
2703:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2668:(7): e22572.
2667:
2663:
2659:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2629:(1): 367â73.
2628:
2624:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2591:(3): 915â23.
2590:
2586:
2582:
2575:
2567:
2563:
2558:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2504:
2500:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2482:
2475:
2467:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2442:(1): 207â11.
2441:
2437:
2433:
2426:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2403:(5): 385â99.
2402:
2398:
2391:
2383:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2366:(6): 538â44.
2365:
2361:
2357:
2350:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2276:
2271:
2268:(2): 503â08.
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2214:
2210:
2203:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2177:
2173:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:(5): 317â25.
2130:
2126:
2119:
2111:
2104:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2000:
1996:
1989:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1909:(6): 261â71.
1908:
1904:
1903:Intervirology
1897:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1824:(3): 285â99.
1823:
1819:
1815:
1808:
1792:
1786:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1725:
1720:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1580:
1571:
1566:
1562:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1512:
1507:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1483:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1422:
1419:(4): 343â47.
1418:
1414:
1413:Die Pharmazie
1407:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1297:
1293:
1292:Antiviral Res
1289:
1282:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1256:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1196:
1192:
1186:
1181:
1174:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1113:Public policy
1110:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
992:
988:
979:
976:
965:
961:
959:
955:
950:
946:
943:
932:
929:
928:
923:
919:
915:
910:
907:
903:
899:
894:
892:
887:
878:
876:
872:
867:
865:
860:
855:
845:
843:
842:neuraminidase
839:
835:
828:Release phase
825:
823:
814:
812:
808:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
762:
757:
753:
749:
739:
737:
733:
729:
724:
722:
718:
708:
700:
697:
692:
690:
678:
677:coronaviruses
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
662:
658:
655:
653:
652:caliciviruses
650:
649:
648:
645:
643:
639:
635:
624:
622:
618:
617:messenger RNA
611:Transcription
608:
606:
602:
598:
594:
584:
582:
577:
575:
570:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
549:
545:
541:
531:
523:
520:
516:
512:
507:
505:
504:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
482:enteroviruses
479:
475:
471:
467:
465:
461:
457:
449:
445:
443:
437:
435:
431:
427:
421:
411:
404:
400:
397:
393:
389:
388:
387:
384:
382:
369:
366:
363:
360:
357:
356:
355:
352:
350:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
324:consist of a
323:
314:
312:
308:
303:
301:
296:
281:
278:
270:
259:
256:
252:
249:
245:
242:
238:
235:
231:
228: â
227:
223:
222:Find sources:
216:
212:
206:
205:
200:This section
198:
194:
189:
188:
180:
178:
174:
169:
166:
162:
157:
155:
149:
145:
143:
139:
136:viruses, and
135:
131:
127:
123:
113:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
87:antiparasitic
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
48:
44:
40:
33:
19:
8993:Notification
8964:Hand washing
8959:Food hygiene
8944:Disinfection
8840:Immunization
8819:
8791:Anthelmintic
8779:prophylactic
8667:Respiratory
8591:Hyperendemic
8541:WAIFW matrix
8196:Environment-
7949:Transmission
7925:Urbanization
7723:Host tropism
7619:Determinants
7605:Concepts in
7467:Molnupiravir
7462:Mericitabine
7432:Deuremidevir
7406:Simnotrelvir
7391:Nirmatrelvir
7381:Ibuzatrelvir
7367:3CL protease
7296:
7268:
7225:
7218:Picornavirus
7140:Uprifosbuvir
7038:Pibrentasvir
6989:Voxilaprevir
6959:Paritaprevir
6875:
6776:Filociclovir
6688:
6651:
6599:
6547:Tromantadine
6534:
6467:
6441:
6424:Trifluridine
6412:
6387:
6362:Valaciclovir
6351:
6285:
6237:
6037:Cyanovirin-N
6027:Calanolide A
5703:
5697:2 generation
5671:1 generation
5658:
5629:
5608:Elvucitabine
5598:Apricitabine
5547:
5488:2 generation
5442:1 generation
5429:
5416:Fipravirimat
5330:
5325:Semzuvolimab
5314:
5305:Cenicriviroc
5289:
5277:
5265:
5222:
4964:Psychedelics
4934:Aphrodisiacs
4647:
4608:infestations
4584:Sex hormones
4537:Sex hormones
4482:Cicatrizants
4412:
4398:Vasodilators
4365:antianginals
4362:
4214:stomach acid
4213:
4142:. Retrieved
4138:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4113:
4104:
4095:
4085:
4070:
4058:. Retrieved
4051:the original
3989:
3985:
3975:
3938:
3934:
3924:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3872:
3868:
3849:
3845:
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3805:
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3791:
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3768:
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3402:
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3343:
3316:
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3268:
3264:
3254:
3242:. Retrieved
3238:
3213:. Retrieved
3207:
3189:the original
3184:
3175:
3140:
3134:
3101:
3097:
3091:
3079:. Retrieved
3057:
3053:
3043:
3008:
3004:
2980:
2944:. Retrieved
2940:the original
2911:
2907:
2897:
2864:
2860:
2854:
2824:(1): 53â65.
2821:
2817:
2811:
2776:
2772:
2762:
2727:
2723:
2710:
2665:
2661:
2651:
2626:
2622:
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2574:
2542:(1): 65â77.
2539:
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2474:
2439:
2435:
2425:
2400:
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2363:
2359:
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2310:
2300:
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2251:
2216:
2212:
2202:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2128:
2124:
2118:
2103:
2091:. Retrieved
2087:the original
2077:
2062:
2027:
2023:
2013:
1994:
1988:
1953:
1949:
1939:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1862:
1856:
1821:
1817:
1807:
1795:. Retrieved
1785:
1750:
1746:
1736:
1691:
1687:
1633:
1629:
1618:
1593:
1589:
1579:
1542:
1496:
1492:
1482:
1447:
1443:
1433:
1416:
1412:
1406:
1361:
1357:
1347:
1338:
1332:
1295:
1291:
1281:
1264:
1259:
1205:CRISPR-Cas13
1156:
1121:
1080:
1060:
1025:
1004:
1000:
998:
989:
985:
971:
962:
958:reassortment
951:
947:
938:
925:
911:
895:
884:
868:
861:
857:
831:
820:
797:
770:oligomerizer
759:
745:
735:
731:
725:
714:
706:
693:
686:
657:flaviviruses
646:
630:
614:
605:dolutegravir
601:elvitegravir
590:
578:
571:
560:
537:
529:
519:adenoviruses
508:
501:
498:
494:encephalitis
474:rhinoviruses
468:
458:
455:
446:
438:
423:
408:
385:
378:
353:
346:
320:
304:
297:
293:
273:
264:
254:
247:
240:
233:
221:
209:Please help
204:verification
201:
173:side effects
170:
158:
150:
146:
119:
116:Medical uses
54:
53:
43:
9246:Eradication
9157:Biosecurity
8882:Vaccination
8857:Inoculation
8835:Drug safety
8830:Combination
8757:and Control
8705:Soft tissue
8659:Anatomical
8626:Seasonality
8606:Mesoendemic
8586:Holoendemic
8579:Farr's laws
8491:Attack rate
8289:Animal bite
8285:Insect bite
8221:Respiratory
7848:Air quality
7836:Environment
7746:Comorbidity
7662:Attack rate
7645:Infectivity
7548:from market
7513:Merimepodib
7487:Triazavirin
7482:Taribavirin
7442:Galidesivir
7437:Favipiravir
7401:Rupintrivir
7386:Lufotrelvir
7376:Ensitrelvir
7321:Laninamivir
7307:Oseltamivir
7289:Rimantadine
7227:viral entry
7208:Bulevirtide
7200:Hepatitis D
7058:Velpatasvir
7013:Daclatasvir
7008:Coblopasvir
6984:Vedroprevir
6954:Narlaprevir
6949:Grazoprevir
6944:Glecaprevir
6939:Faldaprevir
6919:Asunaprevir
6897:Hepatitis C
6878:(primarily
6815:from market
6785:Taribavirin
6677:Telbivudine
6643:Hepatitis B
6629:Tecovirimat
6624:Methisazone
6419:Idoxuridine
6380:Famciclovir
6376:Penciclovir
6367:Ganciclovir
6316:Herpesvirus
6307:Baltimore I
6288:(primarily
6238:recommended
6213:from market
6163:Lersivirine
6138:Capravirine
6077:Miltefosine
6062:Griffithsin
6057:Fosdevirine
5603:Censavudine
5233:(primarily
5097:Otologicals
5069:antagonists
5035:respiratory
5010:Orexigenics
5005:Neurotoxins
4954:Euphoriants
4944:Entactogens
4939:Depressants
4929:Anxiolytics
4867:Anesthetics
4643:Antifungals
4240:Antiemetics
4228:antagonists
3360:(1): 6â10.
3185:www.who.int
1147:Stockpiling
1009:hepatitis C
916:(Tamiflu),
914:oseltamivir
906:influenza B
902:influenza A
864:interferons
838:oseltamivir
807:procaspases
696:hepatitis C
659:(including
644:antisense.
597:raltegravir
478:common cold
464:rimantadine
442:Enfuvirtide
426:viral entry
138:influenza A
130:hepatitis B
9296:Categories
9129:infections
9070:Sanitation
9038:Quarantine
8897:resistance
8815:Antiseptic
8796:Ascaricide
8786:Antifungal
8774:Antibiotic
8755:Prevention
8688:Intestinal
8621:Prevalence
8601:Inequality
8550:Occurrence
8349:Breastmilk
8233:Bioaerosol
8205:Sapronosis
8180:Horizontal
8052:Endogenous
8031:Viral load
7991:Index case
7523:Presatovir
7518:Moroxydine
7452:Remdesivir
7410:+ritonavir
7395:+ritonavir
7339:Interferon
7284:Amantadine
7279:Adapromine
7262:Umifenovir
7232:Pleconaril
7135:Radalbuvir
7130:TMC-647055
7120:Sofosbuvir
7115:Setrobuvir
7095:Deleobuvir
7080:Beclabuvir
7053:Samatasvir
7043:Ravidasvir
7033:Ombitasvir
7023:Ledipasvir
6979:Vaniprevir
6974:Telaprevir
6969:Sovaprevir
6964:Simeprevir
6934:Danoprevir
6929:Ciluprevir
6924:Boceprevir
6876:antivirals
6790:Moroxydine
6747:Interferon
6667:Lamivudine
6616:Poxviridae
6606:Rifampicin
6577:Resiquimod
6541:Fomivirsen
6525:Letermovir
6515:Amenamevir
6474:Cytarabine
6459:Sorivudine
6428:+tipiracil
6394:Vidarabine
6286:antivirals
6168:Lodenosine
6148:Droxinavir
6133:Brecanavir
6128:Atevirdine
6092:Seliciclib
6087:Scytovirin
6001:Elipovimab
5946:TRIM5alpha
5623:Stampidine
5528:inhibitors
5512:TMC-310911
5411:BMS-955176
5309:Leronlimab
5301:Vicriviroc
5020:Stimulants
5000:Nootropics
4974:Deliriants
4949:Entheogens
4884:Anorectics
4862:Analgesics
4715:Alkylating
4648:Antivirals
4603:infections
4477:Emollients
4331:Coagulants
4201:metabolism
4144:21 October
4119:21 October
4077:"H1N1 Flu"
4060:21 October
3869:Hepatology
3769:Hepatology
3244:1 December
3215:1 December
3081:30 October
2946:31 October
2262:Hepatology
1694:(3): 850.
1499:(4): 810.
1298:: 94â103.
1251:References
1235:Astemizole
1137:H1N1 virus
1091:letermovir
1017:interferon
871:antibodies
822:Rifampicin
794:rhinovirus
786:bunyavirus
782:arenavirus
756:base pairs
730:mushroom (
642:morpholino
634:fomivirsen
574:lamivudine
567:zidovudine
544:nucleoside
540:nucleotide
486:meningitis
470:Pleconaril
460:Amantadine
403:antibodies
336:(called a
237:newspapers
106:eucalyptus
98:infections
83:antifungal
79:antibiotic
69:, while a
59:medication
9241:Discovery
9167:Disease X
9127:Emerging
9075:Screening
8976:Isolation
8820:Antiviral
8646:Twindemic
8596:Incidence
8473:Modelling
8436:Perinatal
8368:Cutaneous
8259:Linked to
8169:Perinatal
8088:Exogenous
8080:formation
7822:Pregnancy
7679:Endotoxin
7674:Virulence
7558:Phase III
7546:Withdrawn
7477:Ribavirin
7447:GS-441524
7317:Peramivir
7312:Zanamivir
7257:Pimodivir
7243:influenza
7125:Tegobuvir
7100:Filibuvir
7090:Dasabuvir
7028:Odalasvir
6873:RNA virus
6825:Phase III
6813:Withdrawn
6781:Ribavirin
6732:Cidofovir
6682:Clevudine
6672:Lobucavir
6662:Entecavir
6573:Imiquimod
6530:Maribavir
6520:Docosanol
6495:Foscarnet
6449:Brivudine
6434:Edoxudine
6358:Aciclovir
6336:activated
6326:inhibitor
6283:DNA virus
6223:Phase III
6211:Withdrawn
6188:Telinavir
6183:Palinavir
6178:Mozenavir
6158:Emivirine
6153:Lasinavir
6123:Aplaviroc
6052:Foscarnet
6032:Ceragenin
5593:Amdoxovir
5406:Bevirimat
5383:BI 224436
5170:ATC codes
5136:Dressings
5121:Antidotes
4985:Sedatives
4981:Hypnotics
4690:malignant
4547:endocrine
4393:Diuretics
4326:Platelets
4286:and blood
4245:Laxatives
3941:(1): 32.
3526:205104988
2846:260319327
2436:FEBS Lett
2093:8 January
1889:181538245
1797:7 January
1710:1420-3049
1688:Molecules
1666:143434120
1650:0022-2623
1610:1665-5796
1212:(for HIV)
1101:(against
1093:(against
1085:(against
1083:aciclovir
1021:genotypes
1013:ribavirin
999:The term
987:viruses.
942:pneumonia
922:peramivir
918:zanamivir
834:zanamivir
802:apoptosis
752:mammalian
689:ribozymes
593:integrase
587:Integrase
563:aciclovir
506:in 2016.
302:program.
144:viruses.
102:virucides
9307:Biocides
9150:EARS-Net
9065:Safe sex
9017:services
8988:Lockdown
8759:measures
8661:location
8641:Syndemic
8636:Sporadic
8616:Pandemic
8611:Outbreak
8569:Epidemic
8422:Prenatal
8314:Mosquito
8198:to-human
8173:Neonatal
8166:Prenatal
8114:Zoonosis
7959:concepts
7890:Humidity
7875:Commerce
7751:Diabetes
7684:Exotoxin
7048:Ruzasvir
7018:Elbasvir
6699:Adefovir
6601:assembly
6592:Vaccinia
6469:cytosine
6173:Loviride
5015:Serenics
4680:Vaccines
4447:Fibrates
4269:Vitamins
4219:Antacids
4026:25807314
3986:PLOS ONE
3967:26473026
3916:34636311
3692:28319996
3643:26819511
3575:20466277
3518:19258250
3477:28694997
3384:21148489
3335:29588540
3295:19906671
3167:19048205
3126:22710439
3118:19513050
3076:20375034
2936:71595650
2928:18847315
2881:18978532
2838:19235659
2803:11585785
2724:J. Virol
2716:Sodeik B
2702:21818340
2662:PLOS ONE
2607:10411656
2566:19171928
2517:19048198
2466:43114821
2417:11282007
2382:14659071
2341:15140987
2311:J. Virol
2284:12883495
2243:15795296
2213:J. Virol
2194:15795246
2145:11763348
2054:10471549
1950:J. Virol
1931:21222121
1923:10325536
1848:16136207
1777:32679173
1728:35164129
1658:31050421
1525:33557246
1474:33726557
1425:11338678
1398:12799460
1324:25108173
1273:31643973
1267:. 2012.
1226:Virucide
1177:See also
1049:Zepatier
817:Assembly
811:caspases
784:, Guama
736:in vitro
728:shiitake
717:protease
522:degree.
381:receptor
311:bacteria
8954:Hygiene
8892:booster
8825:Asepsis
8564:Endemic
8559:Cluster
8143:Source
8078:Biofilm
7915:Poverty
7885:Ecology
7863:El Niño
7816:Smoking
7694:factors
7635:Biofilm
7611:Outline
7472:NITD008
7110:IDX-184
7105:GS-6620
6882:, also
6443:thymine
6414:uridine
6389:adenine
6353:guanine
6292:, also
6072:KP-1461
5618:Racivir
5388:MK-2048
4872:General
4779:muscles
4748:L03âL04
4744:disease
4696:L01âL02
4692:disease
4442:Statins
4017:4373943
3994:Bibcode
3958:4606524
3825:4530725
3748:4299677
3683:5486987
3634:4721977
3566:2871161
3468:5499642
3425:9182098
3375:3086431
3286:2842737
3035:9728000
3026:1113839
2889:3065481
2754:8289340
2693:3144912
2670:Bibcode
2643:2469420
2557:3170409
2508:7120715
2458:2834223
2292:1612244
2234:1069583
2185:1069577
1980:1850030
1839:1193547
1768:7361119
1719:8839652
1570:7120554
1516:7913928
1465:7975490
1366:Bibcode
1315:7113776
1055:Mavyret
1037:Epclusa
1031:Harvoni
798:in vivo
581:RNase H
432:" and "
396:ligands
334:protein
330:enzymes
322:Viruses
251:scholar
67:viruses
9162:CRISPR
9114:Zoning
8969:Gloves
8380:Fomite
8214:Routes
8109:Vector
7976:Fomite
7957:Basic
7920:Travel
7800:Gender
7541:WHO-EM
7457:MK-608
7427:CMX521
7245:agents
6808:WHO-EM
6694:NtRTIs
6657:NARTIs
6454:FV-100
6206:WHO-EM
6022:BIT225
6017:Abzyme
5948:(gene)
5635:NtRTIs
5530:(RTIs)
5179:
5158:
5106:other
5037:system
4789:joints
4742:immune
4549:system
4509:system
4350:system
4024:
4014:
3965:
3955:
3914:
3822:
3745:
3690:
3680:
3641:
3631:
3573:
3563:
3524:
3516:
3475:
3465:
3423:
3382:
3372:
3333:
3293:
3283:
3165:
3155:
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3116:
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3033:
3023:
2934:
2926:
2887:
2879:
2844:
2836:
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2791:
2752:
2745:236549
2742:
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2690:
2641:
2605:
2564:
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2495:
2464:
2456:
2415:
2380:
2339:
2332:415795
2329:
2290:
2282:
2241:
2231:
2192:
2182:
2143:
2052:
2042:
2001:
1978:
1971:240614
1968:
1929:
1921:
1887:
1877:
1846:
1836:
1793:. 2022
1775:
1765:
1726:
1716:
1708:
1664:
1656:
1648:
1608:
1567:
1557:
1523:
1513:
1472:
1462:
1423:
1396:
1389:164704
1386:
1322:
1312:
1271:
1097:), or
1043:Vosevi
667:dengue
603:, and
492:, and
338:capsid
326:genome
253:
246:
239:
232:
224:
128:, the
9234:Other
8742:Fetus
8737:Mouth
8732:Tooth
8727:Blood
8714:Joint
8574:Curve
8444:Other
8391:wound
8389:Open
8359:Feces
8354:Water
8045:Modes
7903:Flood
7627:Agent
7508:EICAR
7241:Anti-
6888:D06BB
6884:S01AD
6645:(VII)
6508:Other
6298:D06BB
6294:S01AD
6010:Other
5993:BNAbs
5553:NRTIs
5332:gp120
5160:Drugs
4877:Local
4844:brain
4783:bones
4284:blood
4054:(PDF)
4047:(PDF)
3731:(1).
3522:S2CID
3122:S2CID
2932:S2CID
2885:S2CID
2842:S2CID
2794:89003
2462:S2CID
2288:S2CID
2045:89431
1927:S2CID
1885:S2CID
1662:S2CID
761:DRACO
748:dsRNA
342:lipid
258:JSTOR
244:books
95:treat
8998:list
8919:Non-
8709:Bone
8701:Skin
8385:Soil
8375:Burn
8337:Food
8319:Tick
7981:Host
7741:Burn
7733:Host
7068:NS5B
6999:NS5A
6886:and
6296:and
6235:DHHS
5291:CCR5
5279:gp41
4787:and
4464:skin
4146:2016
4121:2016
4062:2016
4022:PMID
3963:PMID
3912:PMID
3846:JAMA
3688:PMID
3639:PMID
3571:PMID
3514:PMID
3473:PMID
3421:PMID
3380:PMID
3331:PMID
3291:PMID
3246:2018
3217:2018
3163:PMID
3153:ISBN
3114:PMID
3083:2018
3072:PMID
3031:PMID
2948:2018
2924:PMID
2877:PMID
2834:PMID
2799:PMID
2750:PMID
2698:PMID
2639:PMID
2603:PMID
2562:PMID
2513:PMID
2493:ISBN
2454:PMID
2413:PMID
2378:PMID
2337:PMID
2280:PMID
2239:PMID
2190:PMID
2141:PMID
2095:2022
2050:PMID
1999:ISBN
1976:PMID
1919:PMID
1875:ISBN
1844:PMID
1799:2024
1773:PMID
1724:PMID
1706:ISSN
1654:PMID
1646:ISSN
1606:ISSN
1555:ISBN
1521:PMID
1470:PMID
1421:PMID
1394:PMID
1358:PNAS
1320:PMID
1269:PMID
1233:and
896:The
792:and
517:and
462:and
434:CCR5
230:news
154:AIDS
140:and
132:and
108:and
85:and
9058:PPE
8746:Eye
8407:Sex
8228:Air
7797:Age
6906:NS3
6880:J05
6561:HPV
6290:J05
5316:CD4
5235:J05
5231:HIV
5108:ATC
4846:and
4605:and
4012:PMC
4002:doi
3953:PMC
3943:doi
3904:doi
3877:doi
3850:308
3820:PMC
3810:doi
3777:doi
3743:PMC
3733:doi
3678:PMC
3670:doi
3666:166
3629:PMC
3619:doi
3561:PMC
3553:doi
3504:doi
3500:360
3463:PMC
3455:doi
3411:doi
3370:PMC
3362:doi
3358:203
3321:doi
3281:PMC
3273:doi
3269:277
3145:doi
3106:doi
3062:doi
3021:PMC
3013:doi
3009:317
3005:BMJ
2981:CDC
2916:doi
2869:doi
2826:doi
2789:PMC
2781:doi
2740:PMC
2732:doi
2688:PMC
2678:doi
2631:doi
2627:160
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