512:
germs on the surfaces. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread. Disinfection is only recommended in indoor settings — schools and homes — where there has been a suspected or confirmed case of COVID-19 within the last 24 hours. In most situations, regular cleaning of surfaces with soap and detergent, not necessarily disinfecting those surfaces, is enough to reduce the risk of COVID-19 spread."
1080:
882:
679:
402:
175:
68:
27:
160:
4392:"Guideline for Hand Hygiene in Health-Care Settings. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America"
511:
mentions that "Cleaning with household cleaners containing soap or detergent will physically remove germs from surfaces. This process does not necessarily kill germs, but reduces the risk of infection by removing them. Disinfecting uses a chemical product, which is a process that kills the
659:
Note that many of the substances, if sold commercially, are usually combinations and mixtures with varying molecular contents. Also note that most products have a limited viricide efficacy. A specific test-protocol is applied. The lists' scope is limited. For further products refer to other lists.
577:
In the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, former US President Donald Trump delivered a very dangerous message to the public on the use of disinfectants, which was immediately rejected and refuted by health professionals. In essence, and as mentioned above, virucides are usually toxic depending on
295:
mentions and discusses substances such as: alcohol, chlorine and chlorine compounds, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, iodophors, ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA), peracetic acid, peracetic acid and hydrogen peroxide, phenolics, quaternary ammonium compounds, with different, but usually
515:
The CDC issued a special report "Knowledge and
Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention" due to the increased number of calls to poison centers regarding exposures to cleaners and disinfectants since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, concluding that
485:
Mouth-rinsing or gargling can reduce virus load, however experts warn that "Viruses in the nose, lungs or trachea that are released when speaking, sneezing and coughing are unlikely to be reached because the effect is based on physical accessibility of the surface mucous membrane".
1063:
By former Bode Chemie, now
Hartmann AG, one of Germany's major health-care brands available in 50 countries, and according to website "the world's most scientifically researched hand disinfectant with approximately 60 scientific publications in trade journals in
378:
The U.S. Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention administers a regulatory framework for disinfectants and sterilants. To earn virucidal registration, extensive data on harder-to-kill viruses demonstrating long-lasting virucidal efficacy need to be provided.
604:) mouth-washes concludes, that they don't have an effect on virucidal activity, recommending that "dental care protocols during the COVID-19 pandemic should be revised." Additional research with relation to the Coronavirus virucidal efficacy is on-going.
2095:"Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative non-porous surface test without mechanical action for the evaluation of virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants used in the medical area. Test method and requirements (phase 2/step"
516:"Public messaging should continue to emphasize evidence-based, safe cleaning and disinfection practices to prevent SARS-CoV-2 transmission in households, including hand hygiene and cleaning and disinfection of high-touch surfaces."
660:
Other factors such as stability of the concentrate, application concentration, exposure time, timing of the solution, hydrogen ion concentration (pH value), temperature, etc. play an certain role for the effectivity of a virucide.
369:
The exact mechanisms, for example of iodine (PVP-I), are still not clear, but it is targeting the bacterial protein synthesis due to disruption of electron transport, DNA denaturation or disruptive effects on the virus membrane.
845:
High potency for virucidal activity has been observed against viruses of significant global concern, including hepatitis A and influenza, as well as the Middle-East
Respiratory Syndrome and Sudden Acute Respiratory Syndrome
648:
2935:
581:
With regards to the COVID-19 pandemic, some of the mentioned agents are still under research about their microbicidal activity and effectivity against SARS-CoV-2, e.g., on surfaces, as mouth-washes, hand-washing, etc.
651:(ISAC) is one of the major umbrella organizations for education, research and development in the area of therapy of infections. Its members are national organizations, currently 86 and over 50,000 individual members.
622:
on
Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays concludes that "there is currently no evidence relating to the benefits and risks of patients with COVID‐19 using antimicrobial mouthwashes or nasal sprays."
3985:"Antimicrobial mouthwashes (gargling) and nasal sprays administered to patients with suspected or confirmed COVID-19 infection to improve patient outcomes and to protect healthcare workers treating them"
466:
Virucides are not intended for use inside the body, and most are disinfectants that are not intended for use on the surface of the body. Most substances are toxic. None of the listed substances replaces
1785:[Testing and declaration of the effectiveness of disinfectants against viruses for use in the human medical field: Opinion of the Virucidal Working Group at the Robert Koch Institute].
1783:"Prüfung und Deklaration der Wirksamkeit von Desinfektionsmitteln gegen Viren zur Anwendung im human-medizinischen Bereich: Stellungnahme des Arbeitskreises Viruzidie beim Robert Koch-Institut"
550:
takes 30 minutes to inactivate over 99.9% of
Poliovirus. Generally, hydrogen peroxide is considered as a potent virucide in appropriate concentrations, specifically in other forms such as
493:, medical practitioners recommend that disinfectants are gentler on the skin compared to soap-washing. The disinfected hands should then also be creamed to support the regeneration of the
2985:
4390:
Boyce JM, Pittet D, et al. (Recommendations of the
Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force.) (October 2002).
3310:
Reimer K, Wichelhaus TA, Schäfer V, Rudolph P, Kramer A, Wutzler P, et al. (2002). "Antimicrobial effectiveness of povidone-iodine and consequences for new application areas".
3275:
Kawana R, Kitamura T, Nakagomi O, Matsumoto I, Arita M, Yoshihara N, et al. (1997). "Inactivation of human viruses by povidone-iodine in comparison with other antiseptics".
2160:
Goroncy-Bermes P (November 2001). "Hand disinfection according to the
European Standard EN 1500 (hygienic handrub): a study with gram-negative and gram-positive test organisms".
2020:"Chemical disinfectants and antiseptics. Quantitative suspension test for the evaluation of virucidal activity in the medical area. Test method and requirements (Phase 2/Step 1)"
789:
Hand washing with, e.g., ethanol added to a hand disinfectant shows virucidal effects, but caution is given (small children) and it is not recommended over "proper hand washing".
1058:
4405:(RR-16). Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America/Association for Professionals in Infection Control/Infectious Diseases Society of America: 1–45, quiz CE1-4.
3143:
Best M, Springthorpe VS, Sattar SA (June 1994). "Feasibility of a combined carrier test for disinfectants: studies with a mixture of five types of microorganisms".
6159:
1715:
3354:
2352:
4578:"Virucidal Activity of World Health Organization-Recommended Formulations Against Enveloped Viruses, Including Zika, Ebola, and Emerging Coronaviruses"
475:, if available. Virucides are usually labeled with instructions for safe, effective use. The correct use and scope of disinfectants is very important.
196:
78:
2831:
337:
introduced sub-definitions such as "limited virucidal" or "limited virucidal plus" (translated from German) to differentiate its meaning further.
5157:
1563:
914:
1892:
4678:
663:
6152:
2296:"Setting occupational exposure limits for antimicrobial agents: A case study based on a quaternary ammonium compound-based disinfectant"
1970:
1624:
578:
concentrations, mixture, etc., and can be deadly not just to viruses, but also if inside a human or animal body or on surface of body.
313:
5357:
1135:
2856:
527:
Each mentioned item in the list has different microbicidal activity, i.e. some viruses can be more or less resistant. For example,
185:
1460:
1756:
1175:
3452:
1625:"Miscellaneous Inactivating Agents | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC"
253:) is any physical or chemical agent that deactivates or destroys viruses. The substances are not only virucidal but can be also
6145:
5877:
Abd Ellah NH, Tawfeek HM, John J, Hetta HF (June 2019). "Nanomedicine as a future therapeutic approach for
Hepatitis C virus".
5381:
3037:"Knowledge and Practices Regarding Safe Household Cleaning and Disinfection for COVID-19 Prevention - United States, May 2020"
2220:
2195:
6600:
5450:
4949:
1852:
1539:
1509:
1439:
490:
1945:
1868:
4752:
1087:
889:
686:
409:
2463:
Stein RA (2011-11-01). "Vaccination: A Public Health
Intervention That Changed History & Is Changing with History".
1920:
6338:
5309:
3223:"Povidone-Iodine Demonstrates Rapid In Vitro Virucidal Activity Against SARS-CoV-2, The Virus Causing COVID-19 Disease"
612:
551:
301:
139:
6045:
5483:
1461:"Chemical Disinfectants | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC"
232:
214:
111:
54:
97:
6617:
6439:
4941:
WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care : first global patient safety challenge clean care is safer care
3011:
1242:
993:
775:
189:
3409:
Slaughter RJ, Watts M, Vale JA, Grieve JR, Schep LJ (May 2019). "The clinical toxicology of sodium hypochlorite".
2961:
2706:
195:
Help add sources such as review articles, monographs, or textbooks. Please also establish the relevance for any
118:
4158:
3221:
Anderson DE, Sivalingam V, Kang AE, Ananthanarayanan A, Arumugam H, Jenkins TM, et al. (September 2020).
2806:
6392:
4424:
4108:
1893:"Regulatory Framework | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control"
1649:
5920:
5262:"Comparative study of inactivation of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by commonly used antiseptic agents"
4231:
803:
is promoted nowadays by the WHO and is similar to German standard DIN EN 1500 (hygienic hand disinfection).
5638:
5333:
3086:
2379:
Kore AM, Kiesche-Nesselrodt A (March 1990). "Toxicology of household cleaning products and disinfectants".
3118:
1018:
Ingredients: Alcohol, sodium fluoride, essential oils (specifically in case of management of inflammatory
125:
5430:
4037:"Inactivation of SARS coronavirus by means of povidone-iodine, physical conditions and chemical reagents"
3956:
454:
A specific protocol for hand-hygiene testing has been researched and established by microbiologist Prof.
4507:
Sauerbrei A, Wutzler P (August 2010). "Virucidal efficacy of povidone-iodine-containing disinfectants".
4182:
280:(applied to the surface of skin) for those safe enough. Overall, the notion of virucide differs from an
6586:
4109:"Efficacy | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC"
1650:"Glossary | Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC"
1323:
1210:
768:
2877:
1675:
5523:
4259:"Antiviral activity of 1-docosanol, an inhibitor of lipid-enveloped viruses including herpes simplex"
3533:"Virucidal Efficacy of Different Oral Rinses Against Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2"
1718:[List of the disinfectants and methods tested and recognized by the Robert Koch Institut e].
979:
107:
86:
40:
5645:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. 2004.
5044:
4853:
Kramer A, Rudolph P, Kampf G, Pittet D (April 2002). "Limited efficacy of alcohol-based hand gels".
4365:
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3983:
Burton MJ, Clarkson JE, Goulao B, Glenny AM, McBain AJ, Schilder AG, et al. (September 2020).
5804:
3582:
2094:
1347:
6605:
5599:"Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection"
4973:
3531:
Meister TL, Brüggemann Y, Todt D, Conzelmann C, Müller JA, Groß R, et al. (September 2020).
2019:
1716:"Liste der vom Robert Koch-Institut geprüften und anerkannten Desinfektionsmittel und -verfahren"
619:
344:
or viral clearance is specific for the medical process industry, i.e., to remove HIV from blood.
82:
4576:
Siddharta A, Pfaender S, Vielle NJ, Dijkman R, Friesland M, Becker B, et al. (March 2017).
3609:"Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents"
504:
The "explosive" use of antibacterial cleansers has led the CDC to monitor substances in adults.
6551:
6458:
4627:
1111:
4652:
792:
Hand gels are often found to not comply with EN 1500 standards to meet antimicrobial efficacy.
6463:
6405:
6400:
5206:
3825:
Sabino CP, Ball AR, Baptista MS, Dai T, Hamblin MR, Ribeiro MS, et al. (November 2020).
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Dolgin E (April 2021). "The race for antiviral drugs to beat COVID - and the next pandemic".
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5118:"Povidone-Iodine Use in Sinonasal and Oral Cavities: A Review of Safety in the COVID-19 Era"
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Storm N, McKay LG, Downs SN, Johnson RI, Birru D, de Samber M, et al. (December 2020).
3119:"Disinfection & Sterilization Guidelines | Guidelines Library | Infection Control | CDC"
6517:
6468:
6434:
6418:
6348:
6126:"The official European consumer portal of the detergents and maintenance products industry"
4550:
4270:
3887:
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2307:
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1227:
1119:
562:
3035:
Gharpure R, Hunter CM, Schnall AH, Barrett CE, Kirby AE, Kunz J, et al. (June 2020).
8:
6556:
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4451:
3658:
Ortega KL, Rech BO, El Haje GL, Gallo CB, Pérez-Sayáns M, Braz-Silva PH (December 2020).
1070:
1019:
762:
586:
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3380:"The toxicology of detergents, bleaches, antiseptics and disinfectants in small animals"
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Becker B, Brill FH, Todt D, Steinmann E, Lenz J, Paulmann D, et al. (2017-11-10).
5902:
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2246:
2071:
2046:
1807:
1782:
1692:
1606:
1557:
1404:
1141:
341:
272:
Virucides are to be used outside the human body, and as such fall into the category of
6137:
5674:
Röcker AE, Müller JA, Dietzel E, Harms M, Krüger F, Heid C, et al. (April 2018).
5572:
5286:
5261:
4866:
4206:
3770:"Evaluating the industrial hygiene, toxicology, and public health aspects of COVID-19"
3355:"Trump suggests 'injection' of disinfectant to beat coronavirus and 'clean' the lungs"
2651:
2634:
2392:
519:
CDC provides a Guideline for Disinfection and Sterilization in Healthcare Facilities.
482:) exist, and over-use "can have a negative impact on your customers' septic systems."
132:
6644:
6571:
6530:
6449:
6226:
6113:
5977:
5906:
5894:
5859:
5828:"Antiviral Potential of Nanoparticles-Can Nanoparticles Fight Against Coronaviruses?"
5808:
5777:
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1812:
1697:
1610:
1598:
1545:
1535:
1505:
1491:
1435:
1408:
1396:
1054:
808:
800:
723:
593:
589:
is found to be able to deactivate the novel Coronavirus on surfaces within 1 minute.
532:
5691:
5030:
4925:
4882:
4536:
3711:"Differential Effects of Antiseptic Mouth Rinses on SARS-CoV-2 Infectivity In Vitro"
3438:
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Schwebke I, Eggers M, Gebel J, Geisel B, Glebe D, Rapp I, et al. (March 2017).
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2607:
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2427:
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1840:
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1590:
1497:
1427:
1388:
1267:
1153:
1130:
5499:
5405:
5277:
5092:
4478:"Efficacy of various spray disinfectants on irreversible hydrocolloid impressions"
3961:
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
3494:
3422:
2986:"Press Briefing by White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials"
1291:
1091:
893:
786:
Hand washing is a mechanical process of removing germs and viruses, and chemicals.
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93:
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6199:
5826:
Gurunathan S, Qasim M, Choi Y, Do JT, Park C, Hong K, et al. (August 2020).
5724:
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Dotson GS, Lotter JT, Zisook RE, Gaffney SH, Maier A, Colvin J (September 2020).
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Different substances have interactions between microbicides and viruses such as:
5748:
Harrison C (April 2020). "Coronavirus puts drug repurposing on the fast track".
5358:"Henkel-Reiniger | Bref Power Bakterien und Schimmel: gegen Viren und Bakterien"
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3899:
3676:
3660:"Do hydrogen peroxide mouthwashes have a virucidal effect? A systematic review"
3625:
3238:
3191:
2731:
2062:
1594:
1392:
1237:
1180:
823:
796:
566:
472:
455:
324:
281:
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5962:
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316:(CDC), a virucide is "An agent that kills viruses to make them noninfective."
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46:
4714:
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2476:
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6172:
6117:
5981:
5898:
5863:
5812:
5769:
5709:
5624:
5230:
5158:"cleanright.eu - General guidance in case someone is ill in your household"
5143:
5022:
4917:
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4613:
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4410:
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4018:
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1701:
1602:
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1169:
1147:
864:
780:
494:
273:
254:
5995:
5890:
5615:
5598:
5295:
4939:
4493:
4302:
3395:
3296:
3164:
2904:"Handekzeme weit verbreitet: Hautärzte empfehlen Desinfektion statt Seife"
2400:
2262:
747:
Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (C14 60%, C16 30%, C12 5%, C18 5%)
199:
cited. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and removed.
6478:
6410:
6367:
6236:
5844:
5651:
5643:
Toxic Substances Portal, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
2758:
2568:
2280:
2137:
2120:
1159:
1125:
966:
931:
As of June 2021, not recommended by manufacturer to "kill" coronaviruses.
832:
728:
710:
608:
468:
2682:
2506:
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6566:
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6382:
6310:
6295:
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6099:
4134:"What Is BS EN 14476 Chemical Disinfectant Standards - Hand Sanitisers"
1185:
1164:
1050:
854:
528:
498:
277:
262:
258:
96:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
5045:"Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse Uses, Side Effects & Warnings"
4909:
4333:
4257:
Katz DH, Marcelletti JF, Khalil MH, Pope LE, Katz LR (December 1991).
4052:
3323:
3288:
3220:
2936:"Handekzeme nehmen zu: Handhygiene-Strategie in Pandemiezeiten ändern"
1071:
Other substances, drugs, proteins, therapeutics, research-level topics
6473:
6429:
6358:
6300:
6280:
6214:
6204:
5676:"The molecular tweezer CLR01 inhibits Ebola and Zika virus infection"
3827:"Light-based technologies for management of COVID-19 pandemic crisis"
2505:
1013:
971:
Tested against SARS-CoV-2 according to producer statement on website.
813:
285:
6091:
5334:"Henkel-Reiniger | Hygienische Sauberkeit: Für ein sauberes Zuhause"
5069:"Chlorhexidine - FDA prescribing information, side effects and uses"
4318:"Bactericidal and virucidal activity of ethanol and povidone-iodine"
1426:. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 196–201.
6561:
6185:
5310:"Henkel-Reiniger | biff Hygiene Total: mit antibakterieller Formel"
3818:
632:
323:
Germany and further institutions, virucide means effective against
5946:"Virucidal efficacy of peracetic acid for instrument disinfection"
569:
and polio was rather resistant or less sensitive to inactivation.
6535:
6218:
1787:
Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz
718:
288:, which inhibits the proliferation of the virus inside the body.
4452:"Factsheets & Advice - Diseases | Home Hygiene & Health"
2903:
2047:"Infectious Disease Management and Control with Povidone Iodine"
6498:
6329:
6275:
6256:
4679:"Antibacterial Soap? You Can Skip It, Use Plain Soap and Water"
3530:
3274:
2121:"Alcohol-based hand rubs must meet the requirements of EN 1500"
2022:. British Standards Institution (BSI). BS EN 14476:2013+A2:2019
1971:"Emerging Viral Pathogen Guidance for Antimicrobial Pesticides"
1205:
1190:
952:
939:
849:
Application types and names: Isodine, Scrub, Isodine Nodo Fresh
758:
4575:
3479:"Viricidal treatments for prevention of coronavirus infection"
3477:
Khokhar M, Roy D, Purohit P, Goyal M, Setia P (October 2020).
3309:
2381:
The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Small Animal Practice
509:
White House COVID-19 Response Team and Public Health Officials
6576:
4993:
Urban MV, Rath T, Radtke C (June 2019). "Hydrogen peroxide (H
2118:
1496:(in German). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
1214:
1030:
6125:
4085:"International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy (ISAC)"
3034:
607:
Various information and overview of light-based strategies (
585:
A mixture of 62–71% ethanol, 0.5% hydrogen peroxide or 0.1%
5116:
Frank S, Capriotti J, Brown SM, Tessema B (November 2020).
4944:. Geneva: World Health Organization. Patient Safety. 2009.
2854:
2119:
Eggerstedt S, Fliß P, Mönch E, Ostermeyer C (August 2018).
1041:
Some of the products having been tested against SARS-CoV-2.
859:
5115:
4778:"Efficacy of ethanol against viruses in hand disinfection"
4676:
4628:"Publications, Data, & Statistics | Handwashing | CDC"
4084:
3982:
3606:
1579:"Disinfection, sterilization, and antisepsis: An overview"
5876:
5639:"Toxicological profile for chlorine dioxide and chlorite"
4475:
4256:
2293:
2162:
International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health
1921:"EPA Authorizes Virucidal Registration for Copper Alloys"
1780:
1757:"RKI stellt Wirkungsspektrum "begrenzt viruzid PLUS" vor"
1006:
According to manufacturer is effective against SARS-CoV-2
670:
General substance listing of active component or compound
5943:
5673:
4852:
3408:
2878:"Vorbeugung gegen Corona: Warum Gurgeln nicht ausreicht"
6167:
5790:
4698:"Hand hygiene: back to the basics of infection control"
4476:
Westerholm HS, Bradley DV, Schwartz RS (January 1992).
3607:
Kampf G, Todt D, Pfaender S, Steinmann E (March 2020).
816:(see Cochrane systematic review in case of SARS-CoV-2)
542:
even after a contact time of 10 minutes, however 7.5% H
4446:
4444:
3873:
3657:
3476:
3142:
2807:"Sterillium® - Hygiene myths and what you should know"
2378:
753:
Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-18)
6073:
6020:
5825:
3831:
Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology
3824:
2753:
2751:
1531:
Block's disinfection, sterilization, and preservation
1144:) found to inhibit Ebola, Zika or possibly SARS-CoV-2
750:
Alkyl dimethyl ethylbenzyl ammonium chloride (C12-14)
639:) is found to strongly reduce the virus infectivity.
6074:
Kabler PW, Clarke NA, Berg G, Chang SL (July 1961).
5793:
Critical Reviews in Therapeutic Drug Carrier Systems
4034:
3377:
3087:"Did 4% of Americans Really Drink Bleach Last Year?"
2244:
1946:"Efficacy Requirements for Antimicrobial Pesticides"
4441:
2832:"Disinfectant Overkill: Potential Harm for Septic…"
2598:Speck RF, Brander C, Kündig TM (October 2005). "".
1834:
1489:
649:
International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
478:
Potential serious side-effects with using "quats" (
4232:"List N: Disinfectants for Coronavirus (COVID-19)"
3708:
3378:Coppock RW, Mostrom MS, Lillie LE (October 1988).
2962:"Antibacterial Soap: No Better Than Regular Soap?"
2748:
2635:"Is a Universal Influenza Virus Vaccine Possible?"
2597:
2245:Ayliffe GA, Babb JR, Quoraishi AH (October 1978).
1676:"Testing virucidal activity in Germany: an update"
445:ISO 21702:2019 (plastics and non-porous surfaces)
333:Due to the complexity of the subject, in Germany,
5259:
2707:"Label Guidance for Specific Types of Pesticides"
2632:
744:Alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides (C12-16)
615:) to combat the COVID-19 pandemic are available.
6636:
6076:"Viricidal efficiency of disinfectants in water"
5382:"IMPRESAN Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5 L"
4506:
3177:
1839:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 178–207,
1421:
561:(PVP-I), which is found to be effective against
5183:"Betadine for Medical Professionals | Betadine"
4992:
4974:"WHO guidelines on hand hygiene in health care"
1915:
1913:
1527:
388:Europe: Biocide products regulation EN 528/2012
5950:Antimicrobial Resistance and Infection Control
5524:"55 Years of Hygiene History with Sterillium®"
4138:Rentex Hygiene - Washroom and Hygiene Products
3767:
2159:
1869:"Iodine: An Elemental Force Against Infection"
1673:
666:is providing a public listing called "List N"
92:Please review the contents of the article and
6153:
5805:10.1615/CritRevTherDrugCarrierSyst.2013005469
4829:"Infection Protection at the Core of Science"
291:CDC's Disinfection and Sterilization list of
5596:
4551:"Hand Hygiene Guidance | Hand Hygiene | CDC"
2864:Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene
2857:"Viruzides Gurgeln und viruzider Nasenspray"
1910:
1742:Review of preparations used for hand hygiene
1570:
1284:
1156:" for example in case of SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19
5260:Croughan WS, Behbehani AM (February 1988).
4482:The International Journal of Prosthodontics
4389:
3989:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3136:
3041:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2600:Therapeutische Umschau. Revue Therapeutique
2125:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
1576:
1196:
611:and other types of light sources; see also
55:Learn how and when to remove these messages
6160:
6146:
5406:"Hygiene und Desinfektion | Online kaufen"
3600:
3587:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3457:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1562:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1328:Stanford Environmental Health & Safety
913:Betadine products and medical variants by
314:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
16:Agent that deactivates or destroys viruses
6107:
5971:
5961:
5853:
5843:
5699:
5650:
5614:
5437:. Churchill Livingstone. pp. 15–36.
5285:
5133:
4801:
4723:
4713:
4677:Office of the Commissioner (2020-09-09).
4603:
4593:
4383:
4341:
4315:
4292:
4282:
4060:
4008:
3907:
3850:
3801:
3744:
3726:
3685:
3675:
3634:
3624:
3558:
3548:
3502:
3246:
3062:
3052:
2650:
2531:
2439:
2413:
2327:
2270:
2247:"A test for 'hygienic' hand disinfection"
2136:
2070:
1806:
1691:
1455:
1453:
1451:
233:Learn how and when to remove this message
215:Learn how and when to remove this message
5747:
5465:
4896:Geddes A (July 2017). "Graham Ayliffe".
4753:"Why Hand-Washing Beats Hand Sanitizers"
3768:Hollins D, Kiorpes AL (September 2020).
2633:Nachbagauer R, Palese P (January 2020).
2554:
1674:Steinmann J, Wolff MH (September 2007).
1493:Handbuch der viruswirksamen Desinfektion
801:hand-cleaning and disinfection technique
572:
522:
5925:Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
5255:
5253:
5251:
4823:
4821:
4747:
4745:
4743:
4035:Kariwa H, Fujii N, Takashima I (2006).
3180:International Journal of STD & AIDS
1680:GMS Krankenhaushygiene Interdisziplinar
1243:List of cleaning products#Disinfectants
1176:Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
6637:
5428:
4895:
4702:The Indian Journal of Medical Research
4695:
3978:
3976:
3270:
3268:
3266:
2044:
1448:
1424:Encyclopedia of Molecular Pharmacology
1370:
986:Heitmann Hygiene & Care products:
618:As systematic review of 16 studies by
565:or SARS-CoV-2, and other viruses, but
507:On April 5, 2021, a Press Briefing by
449:
6141:
5211:Betadine (Povidone-iodine) | Betadine
5187:Betadine (Povidone-iodine) | Betadine
4775:
4030:
4028:
3526:
3524:
3522:
3453:"Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)"
3352:
3145:American Journal of Infection Control
3009:
2901:
2829:
2462:
2374:
2372:
2040:
2038:
2036:
1996:"EUR-Lex - 32012R0528 - EN - EUR-Lex"
1830:
1828:
1826:
1583:American Journal of Infection Control
1523:
1521:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1025:Unknown or limited virucidal activity
491:Deutsche Dermatologische Gesellschaft
5248:
5199:
5001:): a review of its use in surgery".
4818:
4740:
2783:"Hands off the disinfectants, kids!"
2732:"Read the label | Cleaning products"
2350:
1485:
1483:
1481:
1174:"Novel Anti-Infectives" research by
1074:
989:Universal Hygiene Laundry Rinse 1.5
876:
673:
654:
396:
300:. Other inactivating agents such as
276:(applied not to the human body) and
168:
61:
20:
5597:Ogata N, Shibata T (January 2008).
3973:
3263:
2959:
2848:
2099:British Standards Institution (BSI)
1866:
1490:von Rheinbaben F, Wolff MH (2002).
1324:"Comparing Different Disinfectants"
1213:(TuYV) resistant products, such as
976:Bref Power Bakterien & Schimmel
872:
13:
6339:Iodine/octylphenoxypolyglycolether
6066:
5722:
5476:10.1016/B978-0-443-10246-2.50008-3
5443:10.1016/B978-0-7020-5440-2.00002-4
4582:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
4358:
4025:
3651:
3537:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
3519:
2978:
2555:Graubner UB (September 2001). "".
2512:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
2369:
2033:
1823:
1745:. World Health Organization. 2009.
1708:
1518:
1309:
613:Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation
14:
6661:
5003:Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift
4782:The Journal of Hospital Infection
4399:MMWR. Recommendations and Reports
3664:The Journal of Hospital Infection
3613:The Journal of Hospital Infection
2652:10.1146/annurev-med-120617-041310
1577:Rutala WA, Weber DJ (June 2019).
1478:
531:is resistant to a solution of 3%
442:ISO 18184:2019 (textile products)
36:This article has multiple issues.
6440:Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
6038:
6013:
5988:
5937:
5913:
5870:
5819:
5784:
5741:
5716:
5667:
5631:
5590:
5565:
5540:
5516:
5492:
5470:(2nd ed.). pp. 31–46.
5459:
5422:
5398:
5374:
5350:
5326:
5302:
5266:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
5223:
5175:
5150:
5109:
5085:
5061:
5037:
4986:
4966:
4932:
4889:
4846:
4769:
4689:
4670:
4521:10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02871.x
4370:European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
3936:Illuminating Engineering Society
3843:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2020.111999
3774:Toxicology and Industrial Health
2300:Toxicology and Industrial Health
1528:McDonnell GE, Hansen JM (2021).
1268:"Medical Definition of VIRUCIDE"
1078:
1003:Ingredients: Ethanol, 2-propanol
994:Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
880:
776:Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
677:
501:of the alcoholic disinfectants.
497:. Skin care does not reduce the
433:EN 14476:2019 (suspensions test)
400:
356:Alteration of the viral envelope
173:
158:
66:
25:
6531:Isopropanol (isopropyl alcohol)
5692:10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.02.003
5603:The Journal of General Virology
5122:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
4645:
4620:
4569:
4543:
4509:Letters in Applied Microbiology
4500:
4469:
4425:"IMPRESAN Hygiene Spray 250 ml"
4417:
4309:
4250:
4224:
4199:
4175:
4151:
4126:
4101:
4077:
3949:
3924:
3867:
3761:
3702:
3575:
3470:
3445:
3402:
3384:Veterinary and Human Toxicology
3371:
3346:
3303:
3227:Infectious Diseases and Therapy
3214:
3171:
3111:
3079:
3028:
3003:
2953:
2928:
2895:
2870:
2823:
2799:
2775:
2724:
2699:
2675:
2626:
2591:
2548:
2499:
2456:
2407:
2344:
2287:
2238:
2213:
2188:
2153:
2112:
2087:
2051:Infectious Diseases and Therapy
2012:
1988:
1963:
1938:
1885:
1860:
1774:
1749:
1733:
1667:
1642:
1617:
373:
44:or discuss these issues on the
6582:Chloramine-T (tosylchloramide)
4316:Sauerbrei A (September 2020).
4001:10.1002/14651858.cd013627.pub2
3715:Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland)
1534:(6th ed.). Philadelphia.
1415:
1364:
1340:
1260:
382:
365:Alteration of the viral genome
362:Alteration of viral markers or
347:
307:
94:add the appropriate references
1:
6393:Quaternary ammonium compounds
5278:10.1128/jcm.26.2.213-215.1988
4867:10.1016/s0140-6736(02)08426-x
3495:10.1080/20477724.2020.1807177
3423:10.1080/15563650.2018.1543889
2393:10.1016/s0195-5616(90)50043-1
2251:Journal of Clinical Pathology
1873:www.reviewofophthalmology.com
1837:Russell, Hugo & Ayliffe's
1253:
480:Quaternary ammonium compounds
436:EN 16777:2018 (surfaces test)
319:According to a definition by
190:secondary or tertiary sources
5410:www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de
5386:www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de
4429:www.heitmann-hygiene-care.de
3157:10.1016/0196-6553(94)90004-3
2465:The American Biology Teacher
1432:10.1007/978-3-540-38918-7_20
1292:"The definition of viricide"
7:
4183:"List of cleaning products"
3957:"Filtration / Disinfection"
3483:Pathogens and Global Health
2612:10.1024/0040-5930.62.10.695
2518:(Supplement_4): S307–S308.
1221:
642:
626:
304:, metals, and ozone exist.
79:reliable medical references
10:
6666:
6587:Octenidine dihydrochloride
5762:10.1038/d41587-020-00003-1
5573:"Disinfectants Pesticides"
4794:10.1016/j.jhin.2017.08.025
4696:Mathur P (November 2011).
4207:"Disinfectants Pesticides"
3900:10.1038/s41598-020-79600-8
3677:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.10.003
3626:10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022
3239:10.1007/s40121-020-00316-3
3192:10.1258/095646206779307487
2508:"Triumphs of Immunization"
2414:Greenwood B (2014-06-19).
2063:10.1007/s40121-019-00260-x
2045:Eggers M (December 2019).
1595:10.1016/j.ajic.2019.01.018
1393:10.1038/d41586-021-00958-4
1211:Turnip yellow mosaic virus
769:Sodium hypochlorite washes
392:
6595:
6544:
6526:Propanol (propyl alcohol)
6516:
6497:
6448:
6391:
6357:
6328:
6309:
6255:
6213:
6184:
5963:10.1186/s13756-017-0271-3
5431:"How Essential Oils Work"
5015:10.1007/s10354-017-0610-2
4366:"Information on biocides"
3728:10.3390/pathogens10030272
3353:Clark D (24 April 2020).
2639:Annual Review of Medicine
1845:10.1002/9781118425831.ch9
1799:10.1007/s00103-016-2509-2
1502:10.1007/978-3-642-56394-2
461:
340:Note that the meaning of
197:primary research articles
85:or relies too heavily on
5552:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
5135:10.1177/0145561320932318
5097:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
4284:10.1073/pnas.88.23.10825
3794:10.1177/0748233720964629
3010:Morse B (9 April 2021).
2687:pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
2351:Egan L (24 April 2020).
2320:10.1177/0748233720970438
1197:Agricultural, veterinary
1116:Auriclosene (NVC-422) -
1059:mecetronium ethylsulfate
635:for 2 min with Isodine (
182:This scientific article
6536:Ethanol (ethyl alcohol)
5725:"In die Zange genommen"
5661:2027/mdp.39015069123621
5429:Buckle J (2015-01-01).
4715:10.4103/0971-5916.90985
4657:www.infektionsschutz.de
3091:Harvard Business Review
2830:Heger S (18 May 2020).
2477:10.1525/abt.2011.73.9.3
2174:10.1078/1438-4639-00093
1272:www.merriam-webster.com
822:(CHX) - mainly against
783:(see also Surfactants)
596:on hydrogen peroxide (H
439:EN 1500 (hand rub test)
330:non-enveloped viruses.
249:(alternatively spelled
6552:Potassium permanganate
6459:Mercuric amidochloride
5362:www.henkel-reiniger.de
5338:www.henkel-reiniger.de
5314:www.henkel-reiniger.de
5093:"Dequalinium chloride"
4776:Kampf G (April 2018).
3550:10.1093/infdis/jiaa471
3054:10.15585/mmwr.mm6923e2
2524:10.1093/infdis/jiab123
2432:10.1098/rstb.2013.0433
1112:Antimicrobial peptides
739:Benzalkonium chlorides
293:Chemical Disinfectants
6464:Phenylmercuric borate
6406:Benzethonium chloride
6080:Public Health Reports
6050:Bayer Crop Science UK
5996:"Vanproz Agrovet LLP"
5891:10.2217/nnm-2018-0348
5616:10.1099/vir.0.83393-0
5468:Restorative Dentistry
5435:Clinical Aromatherapy
4595:10.1093/infdis/jix046
4047:(Suppl. 1): 119–123.
2263:10.1136/jcp.31.10.923
1352:TheFreeDictionary.com
1037:Benzalkonium chloride
963:Benzalkonium chloride
573:SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19)
523:Microbicidal activity
359:Structural alteration
335:Robert-Koch-Institute
321:Robert Koch Institute
298:microbicidal activity
6435:Benzoxonium chloride
6349:Diiodohydroxypropane
5845:10.3390/nano10091645
5750:Nature Biotechnology
3583:"Healthcare Workers"
3318:(Suppl 1): 114–120.
2759:"Help & Support"
2683:"GHS Classification"
2569:10.1055/s-2001-17508
2563:(Suppl 1): A69–A76.
2138:10.1017/ice.2018.129
1228:Bacteriostatic agent
1120:Keratoconjunctivitis
1092:adding missing items
1020:periodontal diseases
894:adding missing items
691:adding missing items
563:herpes simplex virus
414:adding missing items
6557:Sodium hypochlorite
6195:Ethacridine lactate
5528:www.sterillium.info
5504:www.sterillium.info
5500:"About Sterillium®"
4861:(9316): 1489–1490.
4833:Bode Science Center
4456:ifh-homehygiene.org
4275:1991PNAS...8810825K
4269:(23): 10825–10829.
3932:"Committee Reports"
3892:2020NatSR..1022421S
3786:2020ToxIH..36..605H
3411:Clinical Toxicology
2811:www.sterillium.info
2787:www.sterillium.info
2557:Klinische Padiatrie
2312:2020ToxIH..36..619D
1385:2021Natur.592..340D
1152:General so called "
958:biff Hygiene Total
763:Sodium hypochlorite
587:sodium hypochlorite
557:Another example is
450:Other related tests
6622:Never to phase III
5680:Antiviral Research
5652:10.15620/cdc:37580
3880:Scientific Reports
3283:(Suppl 2): 29–35.
2426:(1645): 20130433.
2101:. BS EN 16777:2018
1142:Molecular tweezers
1090:; you can help by
892:; you can help by
842:(Isodine, PVP-I),
689:; you can help by
412:; you can help by
342:virus inactivation
6632:
6631:
6572:Hydrogen peroxide
6469:Mercuric chloride
6227:Dibrompropamidine
5921:"Anti-Infectives"
5885:(11): 1471–1491.
5452:978-0-7020-5440-2
5009:(9–10): 222–225.
4951:978-92-4-159790-6
4910:10.1136/bmj.j3333
4334:10.1002/mbo3.1097
4163:ehs.princeton.edu
4053:10.1159/000089211
3324:10.1159/000057738
3289:10.1159/000246027
2000:eur-lex.europa.eu
1854:978-1-118-42583-1
1541:978-1-4963-8149-1
1511:978-3-642-63179-5
1441:978-3-540-38916-3
1379:(7854): 340–343.
1108:
1107:
936:Bleach products:
910:
909:
809:Hydrogen peroxide
724:Isopropyl alcohol
707:
706:
655:List of virucides
594:systematic review
499:antiseptic effect
430:
429:
312:According to the
243:
242:
235:
225:
224:
217:
184:needs additional
167:
166:
143:
59:
6657:
6162:
6155:
6148:
6139:
6138:
6133:
6121:
6111:
6060:
6059:
6057:
6056:
6042:
6036:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6017:
6011:
6010:
6008:
6006:
5992:
5986:
5985:
5975:
5965:
5941:
5935:
5934:
5932:
5931:
5917:
5911:
5910:
5874:
5868:
5867:
5857:
5847:
5823:
5817:
5816:
5788:
5782:
5781:
5745:
5739:
5738:
5736:
5735:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5703:
5671:
5665:
5664:
5654:
5635:
5629:
5628:
5618:
5594:
5588:
5587:
5585:
5583:
5569:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5558:
5544:
5538:
5537:
5535:
5534:
5520:
5514:
5513:
5511:
5510:
5496:
5490:
5489:
5463:
5457:
5456:
5426:
5420:
5419:
5417:
5416:
5402:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5378:
5372:
5371:
5369:
5368:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5345:
5344:
5330:
5324:
5323:
5321:
5320:
5306:
5300:
5299:
5289:
5257:
5246:
5245:
5243:
5241:
5227:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5203:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5179:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5168:
5154:
5148:
5147:
5137:
5113:
5107:
5106:
5104:
5103:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5065:
5059:
5058:
5056:
5055:
5041:
5035:
5034:
4990:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4970:
4964:
4963:
4936:
4930:
4929:
4893:
4887:
4886:
4850:
4844:
4843:
4841:
4840:
4835:. Hartmann Group
4825:
4816:
4815:
4805:
4773:
4767:
4766:
4764:
4763:
4749:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4717:
4693:
4687:
4686:
4674:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4664:
4649:
4643:
4642:
4640:
4639:
4624:
4618:
4617:
4607:
4597:
4573:
4567:
4566:
4564:
4562:
4547:
4541:
4540:
4504:
4498:
4497:
4473:
4467:
4466:
4464:
4462:
4448:
4439:
4438:
4436:
4435:
4421:
4415:
4414:
4396:
4387:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4377:
4372:. European Union
4362:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4322:MicrobiologyOpen
4313:
4307:
4306:
4296:
4286:
4254:
4248:
4247:
4245:
4243:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4217:
4203:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4194:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4155:
4149:
4148:
4146:
4145:
4130:
4124:
4123:
4121:
4120:
4105:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4095:
4081:
4075:
4074:
4064:
4032:
4023:
4022:
4012:
3980:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3967:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3944:
3943:
3928:
3922:
3921:
3911:
3871:
3865:
3864:
3854:
3822:
3816:
3815:
3805:
3765:
3759:
3758:
3748:
3730:
3706:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3679:
3655:
3649:
3648:
3638:
3628:
3604:
3598:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3579:
3573:
3572:
3562:
3552:
3543:(8): 1289–1292.
3528:
3517:
3516:
3506:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3464:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3406:
3400:
3399:
3375:
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3350:
3344:
3343:
3307:
3301:
3300:
3272:
3261:
3260:
3250:
3218:
3212:
3211:
3175:
3169:
3168:
3140:
3134:
3133:
3131:
3130:
3115:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3105:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3066:
3056:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3022:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2998:
2997:
2982:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2972:
2957:
2951:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2925:
2923:
2922:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2874:
2868:
2867:
2861:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2836:Onsite Installer
2827:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2794:
2793:
2779:
2773:
2772:
2770:
2769:
2755:
2746:
2745:
2743:
2742:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2679:
2673:
2672:
2654:
2630:
2624:
2623:
2595:
2589:
2588:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2535:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2460:
2454:
2453:
2443:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2376:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2331:
2291:
2285:
2284:
2274:
2242:
2236:
2235:
2233:
2232:
2221:"ISO 21702:2019"
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2196:"ISO 18184:2019"
2192:
2186:
2185:
2168:(2–3): 123–126.
2157:
2151:
2150:
2140:
2116:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2091:
2085:
2084:
2074:
2042:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2006:
1992:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1982:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1933:
1932:
1925:www.pfonline.com
1917:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1904:
1889:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1864:
1858:
1857:
1832:
1821:
1820:
1810:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1753:
1747:
1746:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1712:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1671:
1665:
1664:
1662:
1661:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1621:
1615:
1614:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1561:
1553:
1525:
1516:
1515:
1487:
1476:
1475:
1473:
1472:
1457:
1446:
1445:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1358:
1348:"Antiviral drug"
1344:
1338:
1337:
1335:
1334:
1320:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1279:
1278:
1264:
1154:Drug repurposing
1131:Chlorine dioxide
1103:
1100:
1082:
1081:
1075:
905:
902:
884:
883:
877:
873:Example products
702:
699:
681:
680:
674:
425:
422:
404:
403:
397:
238:
231:
220:
213:
209:
206:
200:
177:
176:
169:
162:
161:
153:
150:
144:
142:
101:
70:
69:
62:
51:
29:
28:
21:
6665:
6664:
6660:
6659:
6658:
6656:
6655:
6654:
6635:
6634:
6633:
6628:
6627:
6612:Clinical trials
6591:
6540:
6512:
6493:
6489:Mercuric iodide
6444:
6425:Cetylpyridinium
6387:
6353:
6344:Povidone-iodine
6324:
6305:
6266:Hexachlorophene
6259:and derivatives
6251:
6209:
6200:9-Aminoacridine
6180:
6166:
6136:
6124:
6092:10.2307/4591211
6069:
6067:Further reading
6064:
6063:
6054:
6052:
6044:
6043:
6039:
6029:
6027:
6019:
6018:
6014:
6004:
6002:
5994:
5993:
5989:
5942:
5938:
5929:
5927:
5919:
5918:
5914:
5875:
5871:
5824:
5820:
5789:
5785:
5746:
5742:
5733:
5731:
5721:
5717:
5672:
5668:
5637:
5636:
5632:
5609:(Pt 1): 60–67.
5595:
5591:
5581:
5579:
5571:
5570:
5566:
5556:
5554:
5546:
5545:
5541:
5532:
5530:
5522:
5521:
5517:
5508:
5506:
5498:
5497:
5493:
5486:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5427:
5423:
5414:
5412:
5404:
5403:
5399:
5390:
5388:
5380:
5379:
5375:
5366:
5364:
5356:
5355:
5351:
5342:
5340:
5332:
5331:
5327:
5318:
5316:
5308:
5307:
5303:
5258:
5249:
5239:
5237:
5235:Green Cross Inc
5231:"Zonrox Bleach"
5229:
5228:
5224:
5215:
5213:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5191:
5189:
5181:
5180:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5151:
5114:
5110:
5101:
5099:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5077:
5075:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5053:
5051:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5000:
4996:
4991:
4987:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4971:
4967:
4952:
4938:
4937:
4933:
4894:
4890:
4851:
4847:
4838:
4836:
4827:
4826:
4819:
4774:
4770:
4761:
4759:
4751:
4750:
4741:
4694:
4690:
4675:
4671:
4662:
4660:
4651:
4650:
4646:
4637:
4635:
4626:
4625:
4621:
4574:
4570:
4560:
4558:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4505:
4501:
4474:
4470:
4460:
4458:
4450:
4449:
4442:
4433:
4431:
4423:
4422:
4418:
4394:
4388:
4384:
4375:
4373:
4364:
4363:
4359:
4314:
4310:
4255:
4251:
4241:
4239:
4230:
4229:
4225:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4181:
4180:
4176:
4167:
4165:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4143:
4141:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4118:
4116:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4093:
4091:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4033:
4026:
3995:(9): CD013627.
3981:
3974:
3965:
3963:
3955:
3954:
3950:
3941:
3939:
3930:
3929:
3925:
3872:
3868:
3823:
3819:
3766:
3762:
3707:
3703:
3656:
3652:
3605:
3601:
3592:
3590:
3581:
3580:
3576:
3529:
3520:
3475:
3471:
3462:
3460:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3407:
3403:
3376:
3372:
3363:
3361:
3351:
3347:
3308:
3304:
3273:
3264:
3219:
3215:
3186:(12): 854–855.
3176:
3172:
3141:
3137:
3128:
3126:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3103:
3101:
3085:
3084:
3080:
3047:(23): 705–709.
3033:
3029:
3020:
3018:
3008:
3004:
2995:
2993:
2990:The White House
2984:
2983:
2979:
2970:
2968:
2958:
2954:
2945:
2943:
2934:
2933:
2929:
2920:
2918:
2900:
2896:
2887:
2885:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2859:
2853:
2849:
2840:
2838:
2828:
2824:
2815:
2813:
2805:
2804:
2800:
2791:
2789:
2781:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2765:
2757:
2756:
2749:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2716:
2714:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2681:
2680:
2676:
2631:
2627:
2606:(10): 695–702.
2596:
2592:
2553:
2549:
2504:
2500:
2461:
2457:
2412:
2408:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2292:
2288:
2257:(10): 923–928.
2243:
2239:
2230:
2228:
2227:. 6 August 2020
2219:
2218:
2214:
2205:
2203:
2202:. 6 August 2020
2194:
2193:
2189:
2158:
2154:
2117:
2113:
2104:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2088:
2043:
2034:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2017:
2013:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1980:
1978:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1955:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1928:
1919:
1918:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1891:
1890:
1886:
1877:
1875:
1865:
1861:
1855:
1833:
1824:
1779:
1775:
1766:
1764:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1725:
1723:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1657:
1648:
1647:
1643:
1634:
1632:
1623:
1622:
1618:
1575:
1571:
1555:
1554:
1542:
1526:
1519:
1512:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1468:
1459:
1458:
1449:
1442:
1420:
1416:
1369:
1365:
1356:
1354:
1346:
1345:
1341:
1332:
1330:
1322:
1321:
1310:
1300:
1298:
1290:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1274:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1256:
1238:Enveloped virus
1224:
1199:
1104:
1098:
1095:
1079:
1073:
906:
900:
897:
881:
875:
840:Povidone-iodine
703:
697:
694:
678:
672:
657:
645:
629:
603:
599:
575:
559:povidone-iodine
549:
545:
540:
536:
525:
473:antiviral drugs
464:
452:
426:
420:
417:
401:
395:
385:
376:
350:
310:
239:
228:
227:
226:
221:
210:
204:
201:
194:
178:
174:
163:
159:
154:
148:
145:
102:
91:
87:primary sources
71:
67:
30:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6663:
6653:
6652:
6647:
6630:
6629:
6626:
6625:
6624:
6623:
6620:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6592:
6590:
6589:
6584:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6564:
6559:
6554:
6548:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6539:
6538:
6533:
6528:
6522:
6520:
6514:
6513:
6511:
6510:
6508:Silver nitrate
6504:
6502:
6495:
6494:
6492:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6446:
6445:
6443:
6442:
6437:
6432:
6427:
6422:
6408:
6403:
6397:
6395:
6389:
6388:
6386:
6385:
6380:
6375:
6373:Chlorquinaldol
6370:
6364:
6362:
6355:
6354:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6341:
6335:
6333:
6326:
6325:
6323:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6307:
6306:
6304:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6283:
6278:
6273:
6268:
6262:
6260:
6253:
6252:
6250:
6249:
6244:
6239:
6234:
6229:
6223:
6221:
6211:
6210:
6208:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6191:
6189:
6182:
6181:
6165:
6164:
6157:
6150:
6142:
6135:
6134:
6122:
6086:(7): 565–570.
6070:
6068:
6065:
6062:
6061:
6037:
6012:
5987:
5936:
5912:
5869:
5818:
5783:
5756:(4): 379–381.
5740:
5715:
5666:
5630:
5589:
5564:
5539:
5515:
5491:
5484:
5458:
5451:
5421:
5397:
5373:
5349:
5325:
5301:
5272:(2): 213–215.
5247:
5222:
5198:
5174:
5149:
5128:(9): 586–593.
5108:
5084:
5060:
5036:
4998:
4994:
4985:
4965:
4950:
4931:
4888:
4845:
4817:
4788:(4): 331–338.
4768:
4739:
4708:(5): 611–620.
4688:
4669:
4653:"Infografiken"
4644:
4619:
4588:(6): 902–906.
4568:
4542:
4515:(2): 158–163.
4499:
4468:
4440:
4416:
4382:
4357:
4308:
4249:
4223:
4198:
4174:
4150:
4125:
4100:
4089:www.isac.world
4076:
4024:
3972:
3948:
3938:. 8 April 2020
3923:
3866:
3817:
3780:(9): 605–606.
3760:
3701:
3670:(4): 657–662.
3650:
3619:(3): 246–251.
3599:
3574:
3518:
3489:(7): 349–359.
3469:
3444:
3417:(5): 303–311.
3401:
3390:(5): 463–473.
3370:
3345:
3302:
3262:
3233:(3): 669–675.
3213:
3170:
3151:(3): 152–162.
3135:
3110:
3093:. 2021-04-20.
3078:
3027:
3002:
2977:
2952:
2927:
2894:
2869:
2847:
2822:
2798:
2774:
2747:
2723:
2698:
2674:
2645:(1): 315–327.
2625:
2590:
2547:
2498:
2471:(9): 513–519.
2455:
2406:
2387:(2): 525–537.
2368:
2343:
2306:(9): 619–633.
2286:
2237:
2212:
2187:
2152:
2111:
2086:
2057:(4): 581–593.
2032:
2011:
1987:
1962:
1937:
1927:. 2 March 2021
1909:
1884:
1859:
1853:
1822:
1793:(3): 353–363.
1773:
1761:HARTMANN GROUP
1748:
1732:
1707:
1666:
1641:
1616:
1569:
1540:
1517:
1510:
1477:
1447:
1440:
1414:
1363:
1339:
1308:
1283:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1250:
1245:
1240:
1235:
1230:
1223:
1220:
1219:
1218:
1208:
1203:
1202:Vanproz V-Bind
1198:
1195:
1194:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1181:Peracetic acid
1178:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1150:
1145:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1114:
1106:
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1085:
1083:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1065:
1061:
1044:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1011:
1010:
1009:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1000:Hygiene Spray
998:
997:
996:
984:
983:
982:
977:
974:
973:
972:
969:
950:
949:
948:
945:
942:
934:
933:
932:
929:
926:Povidon-iodine
908:
907:
887:
885:
874:
871:
870:
869:
868:
867:
862:
852:
851:
850:
847:
846:coronaviruses.
837:
836:
835:
830:
811:
806:
805:
804:
797:Graham Ayliffe
793:
790:
787:
778:
773:
772:
771:
756:
755:
754:
751:
748:
745:
736:
735:
734:
726:
721:
713:
705:
704:
684:
682:
671:
668:
656:
653:
644:
641:
628:
625:
601:
597:
574:
571:
567:coxsackievirus
547:
543:
538:
534:
524:
521:
463:
460:
456:Graham Ayliffe
451:
448:
447:
446:
443:
440:
437:
434:
428:
427:
407:
405:
394:
391:
390:
389:
384:
381:
375:
372:
367:
366:
363:
360:
357:
349:
346:
309:
306:
282:antiviral drug
267:tuberculocidal
241:
240:
223:
222:
181:
179:
172:
165:
164:
157:
155:
74:
72:
65:
60:
34:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6662:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6643:
6642:
6640:
6621:
6619:
6616:
6615:
6613:
6610:
6607:
6604:
6602:
6599:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6580:
6578:
6575:
6573:
6570:
6568:
6565:
6563:
6560:
6558:
6555:
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6549:
6547:
6543:
6537:
6534:
6532:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6523:
6521:
6519:
6515:
6509:
6506:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6496:
6490:
6487:
6485:
6482:
6480:
6477:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6451:
6447:
6441:
6438:
6436:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6402:
6399:
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6396:
6394:
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6350:
6347:
6345:
6342:
6340:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6331:
6327:
6321:
6320:Nitrofurazone
6318:
6317:
6315:
6312:
6308:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6291:Chloroxylenol
6289:
6287:
6284:
6282:
6279:
6277:
6274:
6272:
6269:
6267:
6264:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6254:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6233:
6232:Chlorhexidine
6230:
6228:
6225:
6224:
6222:
6220:
6216:
6212:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6173:disinfectants
6170:
6163:
6158:
6156:
6151:
6149:
6144:
6143:
6140:
6131:
6130:cleanright.eu
6127:
6123:
6119:
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6101:
6097:
6093:
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5884:
5880:
5873:
5865:
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5856:
5851:
5846:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5832:Nanomaterials
5829:
5822:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5787:
5779:
5775:
5771:
5767:
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5640:
5634:
5626:
5622:
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5612:
5608:
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5600:
5593:
5578:
5577:cfpub.epa.gov
5574:
5568:
5553:
5549:
5548:"Auriclosene"
5543:
5529:
5525:
5519:
5505:
5501:
5495:
5487:
5485:9780443102462
5481:
5477:
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5162:cleanright.eu
5159:
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5064:
5050:
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5032:
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4285:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4253:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4212:
4211:cfpub.epa.gov
4208:
4202:
4188:
4184:
4178:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4139:
4135:
4129:
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4090:
4086:
4080:
4072:
4068:
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4058:
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4050:
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4038:
4031:
4029:
4020:
4016:
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3986:
3979:
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3927:
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3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
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3809:
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3775:
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3661:
3654:
3646:
3642:
3637:
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3603:
3588:
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3240:
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3232:
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3224:
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3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
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3074:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3031:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2991:
2987:
2981:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2941:
2937:
2931:
2917:
2913:
2910:(in German).
2909:
2905:
2902:Christner J.
2898:
2883:
2882:tagesschau.de
2879:
2873:
2865:
2858:
2851:
2837:
2833:
2826:
2812:
2808:
2802:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2764:
2763:www.lysol.com
2760:
2754:
2752:
2737:
2736:cleanright.eu
2733:
2727:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2688:
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2678:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2629:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2602:(in German).
2601:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2543:
2539:
2534:
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2517:
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2494:
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2442:
2437:
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2321:
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2297:
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2264:
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2252:
2248:
2241:
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2222:
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2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2115:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2082:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2021:
2015:
2001:
1997:
1991:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1951:
1947:
1941:
1926:
1922:
1916:
1914:
1898:
1894:
1888:
1874:
1870:
1863:
1856:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1789:(in German).
1788:
1784:
1777:
1762:
1758:
1752:
1744:
1743:
1736:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1670:
1655:
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1630:
1626:
1620:
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1608:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1580:
1573:
1565:
1559:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1537:
1533:
1532:
1524:
1522:
1513:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1494:
1486:
1484:
1482:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1443:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1374:
1367:
1353:
1349:
1343:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
1297:
1296:Reference.com
1293:
1287:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1259:
1249:
1248:Log reduction
1246:
1244:
1241:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1231:
1229:
1226:
1225:
1217:'s DK Excited
1216:
1212:
1209:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1171:
1170:Nanomedicines
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1136:Copper alloys
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1102:
1093:
1089:
1086:This list is
1084:
1077:
1076:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1049:Ingredients:
1048:
1047:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1034:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1005:
1002:
1001:
999:
995:
992:Ingredients:
991:
990:
988:
987:
985:
981:
978:
975:
970:
968:
964:
961:Ingredients:
960:
959:
957:
956:
954:
951:
947:Zonrox Bleach
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
935:
930:
927:
924:Ingredients:
923:
922:
920:
919:Purdue Pharma
916:
912:
911:
904:
895:
891:
888:This list is
886:
879:
878:
866:
863:
861:
858:
857:
856:
853:
848:
844:
843:
841:
838:
834:
831:
828:
826:
821:
820:Chlorhexidine
818:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
802:
798:
794:
791:
788:
785:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
770:
767:
766:
764:
760:
757:
752:
749:
746:
743:
742:
740:
737:
733:
731:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
716:
714:
712:
709:
708:
701:
692:
688:
685:This list is
683:
676:
675:
667:
665:
661:
652:
650:
640:
638:
634:
631:Treatment of
624:
621:
616:
614:
610:
605:
595:
590:
588:
583:
579:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
553:
541:
530:
520:
517:
513:
510:
505:
502:
500:
496:
492:
489:According to
487:
483:
481:
476:
474:
470:
459:
457:
444:
441:
438:
435:
432:
431:
424:
421:February 2021
415:
411:
408:This list is
406:
399:
398:
387:
386:
380:
371:
364:
361:
358:
355:
354:
353:
345:
343:
338:
336:
331:
329:
326:
322:
317:
315:
305:
303:
299:
294:
289:
287:
283:
279:
275:
274:disinfectants
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
237:
234:
219:
216:
208:
198:
192:
191:
187:
180:
171:
170:
156:
152:
141:
138:
134:
131:
127:
124:
120:
117:
113:
110: –
109:
105:
104:Find sources:
99:
95:
89:
88:
84:
80:
75:This article
73:
64:
63:
58:
56:
49:
48:
43:
42:
37:
32:
23:
22:
19:
6401:Benzalkonium
6378:Oxyquinoline
6286:Triclocarban
6271:Policresulen
6247:Polihexanide
6129:
6083:
6079:
6053:. Retrieved
6049:
6046:"DK Excited"
6040:
6028:. Retrieved
6024:
6015:
6003:. Retrieved
5999:
5990:
5953:
5949:
5939:
5928:. Retrieved
5924:
5915:
5882:
5879:Nanomedicine
5878:
5872:
5835:
5831:
5821:
5796:
5792:
5786:
5753:
5749:
5743:
5732:. Retrieved
5729:Laborjournal
5728:
5718:
5683:
5679:
5669:
5642:
5633:
5606:
5602:
5592:
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1977:. 2016-04-06
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1952:. 2015-08-05
1949:
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1899:. 2019-04-04
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1656:. 2019-04-04
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1631:. 2019-04-04
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1271:
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1233:Disinfectant
1148:Cyanovirin-N
1117:
1096:
1035:Ingredient:
915:Avrio Health
898:
865:Triton X-100
824:
781:Hand washing
729:
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83:verification
76:
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38:Please help
35:
18:
6608:from market
6479:Nitromersol
6411:Cetrimonium
6368:Dequalinium
6361:derivatives
6313:derivatives
6237:Propamidine
6188:derivatives
6169:Antiseptics
6000:vanproz.com
5838:(9): 1645.
5799:(1): 1–49.
4659:(in German)
4632:www.cdc.gov
4555:www.cdc.gov
4113:www.cdc.gov
4041:Dermatology
3312:Dermatology
3277:Dermatology
3123:www.cdc.gov
2960:Hoffman M.
2942:(in German)
2884:(in German)
2131:(8): 1018.
1897:www.cdc.gov
1763:(in German)
1722:(in German)
1654:www.cdc.gov
1629:www.cdc.gov
1465:www.cdc.gov
1160:Griffithsin
1126:Bacteriocin
1046:Sterillium
967:formic acid
855:Surfactants
833:Dequalinium
711:1-Docosanol
469:vaccination
383:Regulations
348:Functioning
308:Definitions
278:antiseptics
77:needs more
6639:Categories
6567:Monalazone
6484:Thiomersal
6383:Clioquinol
6311:Nitrofuran
6296:Biphenylol
6242:Hexamidine
6215:Biguanides
6055:2021-04-10
5956:(1): 114.
5930:2021-07-05
5734:2021-07-12
5723:Dupont B.
5533:2021-04-12
5509:2021-04-12
5415:2021-04-14
5391:2021-04-14
5367:2021-04-14
5343:2021-04-14
5319:2021-04-14
5216:2021-06-06
5207:"COVID-19"
5192:2021-06-06
5102:2021-06-03
5078:2021-06-03
5054:2021-06-06
4979:2021-08-15
4839:2021-06-02
4762:2021-06-06
4663:2021-04-14
4638:2021-04-10
4434:2021-04-14
4376:2021-05-26
4193:2021-04-17
4168:2021-04-17
4144:2021-04-14
4119:2021-06-03
4094:2021-08-04
3966:2021-07-08
3942:2021-07-08
3837:: 111999.
3721:(3): 272.
3593:2021-04-11
3463:2021-04-10
3364:2021-04-10
3129:2021-08-12
3104:2021-04-22
3021:2021-04-11
2996:2021-04-11
2971:2021-06-06
2946:2021-04-15
2921:2021-04-15
2888:2021-06-03
2841:2021-05-09
2816:2021-04-12
2792:2021-04-12
2768:2021-04-12
2741:2021-04-14
2717:2021-04-10
2692:2021-04-10
2362:2021-04-10
2231:2022-01-18
2206:2022-01-18
2105:2021-04-14
2026:2021-04-14
2005:2021-08-12
1981:2021-04-10
1956:2021-04-10
1931:2021-04-10
1903:2021-04-10
1878:2021-06-07
1767:2021-07-05
1726:2021-04-14
1720:www.rki.de
1660:2021-04-10
1635:2021-04-11
1550:1149169039
1471:2021-04-10
1357:2021-04-14
1333:2021-06-03
1277:2021-04-10
1254:References
1186:Scytovirin
1165:Interferon
1099:April 2021
1088:incomplete
1055:2-propanol
1051:1-Propanol
955:products:
890:incomplete
814:Oral rinse
715:Alcohols:
698:April 2021
687:incomplete
529:Poliovirus
410:incomplete
263:sporicidal
259:fungicidal
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6650:Virucides
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6474:Merbromin
6450:Mercurial
6430:Cetrimide
6359:Quinoline
6301:Fenticlor
6281:Triclosan
6205:Euflavine
5907:174811201
5778:213394680
5686:: 26–35.
5073:Drugs.com
5049:Drugs.com
4960:854907565
4904:: j3333.
4187:Knowledge
3737:2076-0817
3099:0017-8012
2916:0174-4909
2669:204243668
2585:260204836
2485:0002-7685
1611:171094212
1589:: A3–A9.
1558:cite book
1409:233243982
1118:see also
1014:Listerine
917:(part of
901:July 2021
825:enveloped
732:-propanol
325:enveloped
286:Aciclovir
205:June 2021
186:citations
149:June 2021
47:talk page
6645:Biocides
6562:Halazone
6518:Alcohols
6452:products
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6332:products
6219:amidines
6186:Acridine
6118:13791183
6021:"Virkon"
5982:29177047
5899:31166139
5864:32825737
5813:23510109
5770:32205870
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3359:NBC News
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2357:NBC News
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1817:28220216
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1603:31146848
1401:33854246
1222:See also
1215:Bayer AG
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643:Research
633:SARS-CoV
627:SARS-CoV
620:Cochrane
302:UV light
284:such as
251:viricide
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6030:9 April
6005:9 April
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3016:Inc.com
2908:FAZ.NET
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2441:4024226
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2329:7691478
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1808:7079851
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