827:
iodine are the two most commonly used antimicrobials. Chlorine is extensively used as a disinfectant in the water treatment plants, drug, and food industries. In wastewater treatment plants, chlorine is widely used as a disinfectant. It oxidizes soluble contaminants and kills bacteria and viruses. It is also highly effective against bacterial spores. The mode of action is by breaking the bonds present in these microorganisms. When a bacterial enzyme comes in contact with a compound containing chlorine, the hydrogen atom in that molecule gets displaced and is replaced with chlorine. This thus changes the enzyme function which in turn leads to the death of the bacterium. Iodine is most commonly used for sterilization and wound cleaning. The three major antimicrobial compounds containing iodine are alcohol-iodine solution, an aqueous solution of iodine, and iodophors. Iodophors are more bactericidal and are used as antiseptics as they are less irritating when applied to the skin. Bacterial spores on the other hand cannot be killed by iodine, but they can be inhibited by iodophors. The growth of microorganisms is inhibited when iodine penetrates into the cells and oxidizes proteins, genetic material, and fatty acids. Bromine is also an effective antimicrobial that is used in water treatment plants. When mixed with chlorine it is highly effective against bacterial spores such as
861:
commonly used in oral mouth washes and household cleaning agents. They are active against a wide range of bacteria, fungi and viruses. Today phenol derivatives such as thymol and cresol are used because they are less toxic compared to phenol. These phenolic compounds have a benzene ring along with the –OH group incorporated into their structures. They have a higher antimicrobial activity. These compounds inhibit microbial growth by precipitating proteins which lead to their denaturation and by penetrating into the cell membrane of microorganisms and disrupting it. Phenolic compounds can also deactivate enzymes and damage the amino acids in microbial cells. Phenolics such as fentichlore, an antibacterial and antifungal agent are used as an oral treatment for fungal infections. Trischlosan is highly effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Hexachlorophene (Bisphenol) is used as a surfactant. It is widely used in soaps, handwashes, and skin products because of its antiseptic properties. It is also used as a sterilizing agent. Cresol is an effective antimicrobial and is widely used in mouthwashes and cough drops. Phenolics have high antimicrobial activity against bacteria such as
731:, antimicrobial pesticides are used to control growth of microbes through disinfection, sanitation, or reduction of development and to protect inanimate objects, industrial processes or systems, surfaces, water, or other chemical substances from contamination, fouling, or deterioration caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, or slime. The EPA monitors products, such as disinfectants/sanitizers for use in hospitals or homes, to ascertain efficacy. Products that are meant for public health are therefore under this monitoring system, including products used for drinking water, swimming pools, food sanitation, and other environmental surfaces. These pesticide products are registered under the premise that, when used properly, they do not demonstrate unreasonable side effects to humans or the environment. Even once certain products are on the market, the EPA continues to monitor and evaluate them to make sure they maintain efficacy in protecting public health.
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inhibiting microbial growth. Alcohols are not quite efficient when it comes to spores. The mode of action is by denaturing the proteins. Alcohols interfere with the hydrogen bonds present in the protein structure. Alcohols also dissolve the lipid membranes that are present in microorganisms. Disruption of the cell membrane is another property of alcohols that aid in cell death. Alcohols are cheap and effective antimicrobials. They are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry. Alcohols are commonly used in hand sanitizers, antiseptics, and disinfectants.
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bacterial endospore are more resistant while vegetative cells are less resistant and are easily killed at lower temperatures. Another method that involves the use of heat to kill microorganisms is fractional sterilization. This process involves the exposure to a temperature of 100 degrees
Celsius for an hour, on each for several days. Fractional sterilization is also called tyndallization. Bacterial endospores can be killed using this method. Both dry and moist heat are effective in eliminating microbial life. For example, jars used to store preserves such as
287:. As a consequence of widespread and injudicious use of antibacterials, there has been an accelerated emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens, resulting in a serious threat to global public health. The resistance problem demands that a renewed effort be made to seek antibacterial agents effective against pathogenic bacteria resistant to current antibacterials. Possible strategies towards this objective include increased sampling from diverse environments and application of
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201:
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719:, essential oils have seen limited use in mainstream medicine. While 25 to 50% of pharmaceutical compounds are plant-derived, none are used as antimicrobials, though there has been increased research in this direction. Barriers to increased usage in mainstream medicine include poor regulatory oversight and quality control, mislabeled or misidentified products, and limited modes of delivery.
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water, the bacteria resume their growth, thus desiccation does not completely inhibit bacterial growth. The instrument used to carry out this process is called a desiccator. This process is widely used in the food industry and is an efficient method for food preservation. Desiccation is also largely used in the pharmaceutical industry to store vaccines and other products.
988:) or physical processes (micro/nano-pillars to rupture cell walls). These surfaces are especially important for the healthcare industry. Designing effective antimicrobial surfaces demands an in-depth understanding of the initial microbe-surface adhesion mechanisms. Molecular dynamics simulation and time-lapse imaging are typically used to investigate these mechanisms.
107:, which slow down or stall bacterial growth. In response, further advancements in antimicrobial technologies have resulted in solutions that can go beyond simply inhibiting microbial growth. Instead, certain types of porous media have been developed to kill microbes on contact. Overuse or misuse of antimicrobials can lead to the development of
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said to be in a hypotonic environment and water will flow into the cell.When the bacteria is placed in hypertonic solution, it causes plasmolysis or cell shrinking, similarly in hypotonic solution, bacteria undergoes plasmotysis or turgid state. This plasmolysis and plasmotysis kills bacteria because it causes change in osmotic pressure.
929:, a method for slowing the spoilage of foods such as milk, cheese, juices, wines and vinegar. Such products are heated to a certain temperature for a set period of time, which greatly reduces the number of harmful microorganisms. Low temperature is also used to inhibit microbial activity by slowing down microbial metabolism.
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compounds are of widespread practical use as disinfectant biocides, namely glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde, and ortho-phthalaldehyde (OPA) despite the demonstration that many other aldehydes possess good antimicrobial activity. However, due to its long contact time other disinfectants are commonly preferred.
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are a few bacteria whose growth can be inhibited by alcohols. Alcohols have a high efficiency against enveloped viruses (60–70% ethyl alcohol) 70% isopropyl alcohol or ethanol are highly effective as an antimicrobial agent. In the presence of water, 70% alcohol causes coagulation of the proteins thus
916:
Microorganisms have a minimum temperature, an optimum, and a maximum temperature for growth. High temperature as well as low temperatures are used as physical agents of control. Different organisms show different degrees of resistance or susceptibility to heat or temperature, some organisms such as
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They are highly effective against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Aldehydes inhibit bacterial growth by disrupting the outer membrane. They are used in the disinfection and sterilization of surgical instruments. Being highly toxic they are not used in antiseptics. Currently, only three aldehyde
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can reduce the accumulation of odors and stains on scrubs, which in turn improves their longevity. These scrubs also come in a variety of colors and styles. As antimicrobial technology develops at a rapid pace, these scrubs are readily available, with more advanced versions hitting the market every
275:
The discovery, development and use of antibacterials during the 20th century have reduced mortality from bacterial infections. The antibiotic era began with the therapeutic application of sulfonamide drugs in 1936, followed by a "golden" period of discovery from about 1945 to 1970, when a number of
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Osmotic pressure is the pressure required to prevent a solvent from passing from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration through a semipermeable membrane. When the concentration of dissolved materials or solute is higher inside the cell than it is outside, the cell is
620:
Traditional herbalists used plants to treat infectious disease. Many of these plants have been investigated scientifically for antimicrobial activity, and some plant products have been shown to inhibit the growth of pathogenic microorganisms. A number of these agents appear to have structures and
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Desiccation is also known as dehydration. It is the state of extreme dryness or the process of extreme drying. Some microorganisms like bacteria, yeasts and molds require water for their growth. Desiccation dries up the water content thus inhibiting microbial growth. On the availability of
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Alcohols are commonly used as disinfectants and antiseptics. Alcohols kill vegetative bacteria, most viruses and fungi. Ethyl alcohol, n-propanol and isopropyl alcohol are the most commonly used antimicrobial agents. Methanol is also a disinfecting agent but is not generally used as it is highly
348:
and a thin surface coating that neutralizes mold and encapsulates the surface to prevent spore release. Some paints are also manufactured with an added antifungal agent for use in high humidity areas such as bathrooms or kitchens. Other antifungal surface treatments typically contain variants of
276:
structurally diverse and highly effective agents were discovered and developed. Since 1980, the introduction of new antimicrobial agents for clinical use has declined, in part because of the enormous expense of developing and testing new drugs. In parallel, there has been an alarming increase in
860:
Phenol also known as carbolic acid was one of the first chemicals which was used as an antimicrobial agent. It has high antiseptic properties. It is bacteriostatic at concentrations of 0.1%–1% and is bactericidal/fungicidal at 1%–2%. A 5% solution kills anthrax spores in 48 hr. Phenols are most
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Elements such as chlorine, iodine, fluorine, and bromine are nonmetallic in nature and constitute the halogen family. Each of these halogens have a different antimicrobial effect that is influenced by various factors such as pH, temperature, contact time, and type of microorganism. Chlorine and
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and Jules
Francois Joubert observed antagonism between some bacteria and discussed the merits of controlling these interactions in medicine. Louis Pasteur's work in fermentation and spontaneous generation led to the distinction between anaerobic and aerobic bacteria. The information garnered by
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to incorporate antiseptic methods, such as sterilizing surgical tools and debriding wounds into surgical procedures. The implementation of these antiseptic techniques drastically reduced the number of infections and subsequent deaths associated with surgical procedures. Louis
Pasteur's work in
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Disinfectants: Destroy or inactivate microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, viruses,) but may not act as sporicides (as those are the most difficult form to destroy). According to efficacy data, the EPA will classify a disinfectant as limited, general/broad spectrum, or as a hospital
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such as gloves and safety glasses. Additionally, it is important to follow the handling instructions properly, as that is how the EPA has deemed them as safe to use. Employees should be educated about the health hazards and encouraged to seek medical care if exposure occurs.
2183:
Mollazadeh
Moghaddam K, Arfan M, Rafique J, Rezaee S, Jafari Fesharaki P, Gohari AR, Shahverdi AR (September 2010). "The antifungal activity of Sarcococca saligna ethanol extract and its combination effect with fluconazole against different resistant Aspergillus species".
99:. Though the term used to be restricted to antibacterials (and is often used as a synonym for them by medical professionals and in medical literature), its context has broadened to include all antimicrobials. Antibacterial agents can be further subdivided into
3588:
Muller, M.P.; MacDougall, C.; Lim, M.; Armstrong, I.; Bialachowski, A.; Callery, S.; Ciccotelli, W.; Cividino, M.; Dennis, J.; Hota, S.; Garber, G.; Johnstone, J.; Katz, K.; McGeer, A.; Nankoosingh, V.; Richard, C.; Vearncombe, M. (2016-01-01).
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year. These bacteria could then be spread to office desks, break rooms, computers, and other shared technology. This can lead to outbreaks and infections like MRSA, treatments for which cost the healthcare industry $ 20 billion a year.
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for use in addition to regular cleaning and disinfection to control infections. Antimicrobial copper alloys are being installed in some healthcare facilities and subway transit systems as a public hygienic measure. Copper
245:. Their classification within these categories depends on their antimicrobial spectra, pharmacodynamics, and chemical composition. Prolonged use of certain antibacterials can decrease the number of
3114:"Mechanism of antibacterial action of the alcoholic extracts of Hemidesmus indicus (L.) R. Br. ex Schult, Leucas aspera (Wild.), Plumbago zeylanica L., and Tridax procumbens (L.) R. Br. ex Schult"
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Podda, Enrico; Arca, Massimiliano; Atzeni, Giulia; Coles, Simon J.; Ibba, Antonella; Isaia, Francesco; Lippolis, Vito; OrrĂą, Germano; Orton, James B.; Pintus, Anna; Tuveri, Enrica (2020-04-28).
945:. There are two types of radiations that are used to inhibit the growth of microorganisms – ionizing and non-ionizing radiations. Common sources of radiation used in food sterilization include
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1968:"[Au(pyb-H)(mnt)]: A novel gold(III) 1,2-dithiolene cyclometalated complex with antimicrobial activity (pyb-H=C-deprotonated 2-benzylpyridine; mnt=1,2-dicyanoethene-1,2-dithiolate)"
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are similar at the molecular level, making it more difficult to find a target for an antifungal drug to attack that does not also exist in the host organism. Consequently, there are often
1337:
Brandt LJ (February 2013). "American
Journal of Gastroenterology Lecture: Intestinal microbiota and the role of fecal microbiota transplant (FMT) in treatment of C. difficile infection".
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report, health-care workers can take steps to improve their safety measures against antimicrobial pesticide exposure. Workers are advised to minimize exposure to these agents by wearing
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to identify bioactive compounds produced by currently unknown and uncultured microorganisms as well as the development of small-molecule libraries customized for bacterial targets.
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Pintus, Anna; Aragoni, M. Carla; Cinellu, Maria A.; Maiore, Laura; Isaia, Francesco; Lippolis, Vito; OrrĂą, Germano; Tuveri, Enrica; Zucca, Antonio; Arca, Massimiliano (May 2017).
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Committee on New
Directions in the Study of Antimicrobial Therapeutics (2006). "Challenges for the Development of New Antimicrobials— Rethinking the Approaches".
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Ozone can kill microorganisms in air, water and process equipment and has been used in settings such as kitchen exhaust ventilation, garbage rooms, grease traps,
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2531:"Comparative study on the antiviral activity of selected monoterpenes derived from essential oils: Antiviral Activity of Monoterpenes Derived FromEssential Oils"
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600:, either as ingredients or as disinfectants. For example, beef carcasses often are sprayed with acids, and then rinsed or steamed, to reduce the prevalence of
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Broad-spectrum therapeutics are active against multiple classes of pathogens. Such therapeutics have been suggested as potential emergency treatments for
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83:(which are applied to living tissue and help reduce infection during surgery), and antibiotics (which destroy microorganisms within the body). The term
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Fleming A (1929). "On the
Antibacterial Action of Cultures of a Penicillium, with Special Reference to their use in the Isolation of B. influenzae".
3702:
BURDEN of
Resistance and Disease in European Nations – An EU-Project to estimate the financial burden of antibiotic resistance in European Hospitals
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The
Antimicrobial Index – A continuously updated list of antimicrobial agents found in scientific literature (includes plant extracts and peptides)
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2858:"Acute antimicrobial pesticide-related illnesses among workers in health-care facilities – California, Louisiana, Michigan, and Texas, 2002–2007"
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have antimicrobial activities, but can be toxic. In recent years, the antimicrobial activity of coordination compounds has been investigated.
344:(baking soda) blasted on to surfaces acts as an antifungal. Another antifungal solution applied after or without blasting by soda is a mix of
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is also used to disinfect drinking water, both in small-scale personal-use systems and larger-scale community water purification systems.
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is caused by five unrelated hepatotropic viruses (A-E) and may be treated with antiviral drugs depending on the type of infection. Some
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Sibilo, Rafaël; Mannelli, Ilaria; Reigada, Ramon; Manzo, Carlo; Noyan, Mehmet A.; Mazumder, Prantik; Pruneri, Valerio (2020-05-19).
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Antibacterials are among the most commonly used drugs and among the drugs commonly misused by physicians, for example, in viral
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60:. They can also be classified according to their function. The use of antimicrobial medicines to treat infection is known as
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168:. Fleming and his associates struggled to isolate the antimicrobial but referenced its therapeutic potential in 1929 in the
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Antimicrobial surfaces are designed to either inhibit the ability of microorganisms to grow or damaging them by chemical (
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may be considered for patients who are having difficulty recovering from prolonged antibiotic treatment, as for recurrent
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3638:"Direct and Fast Assessment of Antimicrobial Surface Activity Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Time-Lapse Imaging"
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Marques, Fernanda; Sousa, SĂlvia A.; LeitĂŁo, Jorge H.; Morais, Tânia S.; Le Gal, Yann; Lorcy, Dominique (2021-04-01).
1868:"Lactic Acid Sprays Reduce Bacterial Pathogens on Cold Beef Carcass Surfaces and in Subsequently Produced Ground Beef"
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infections. Like antibiotics, specific antivirals are used for specific viruses. They should be distinguished from
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2832:"World leaders and experts call for significant reduction in the use of antimicrobial drugs in global food systems"
2015:"Gold(III) bisdithiolate complexes: molecular conductors that also exhibit anticancer and antimicrobial activities"
44:). Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example,
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and work by exploiting differences between mammalian and fungal cells. Unlike bacteria, both fungi and humans are
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2064:"Antibacterial Activity of Amidodithiophosphonato Nickel(II) Complexes: An Experimental and Theoretical Approach"
499:. Like all therapeutic antimicrobials, they must kill the infecting organism without serious damage to the host.
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3244:"Antimicrobial Activity of Naturally Occurring Phenols and Derivatives Against Biofilm and Planktonic Bacteria"
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Antimicrobial pesticides have the potential to be a major factor in drug resistance. Organizations such as the
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to some of these drugs. Some of these side effects can be life-threatening if the drug is not used properly.
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Sanders FT (2003). "The Role of the EPA in the
Regulation of Antimicrobial Pesticides in the United States".
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Arakawa, Tsutomu; Yamasaki, Hisashi; Ikeda, Keiko; Ejima, Daisuke; Naito, Takeshi; Koyama, A. Hajime (2009).
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Saritha, Kongari; Rajesh, Angireddy; Manjulatha, Khanapur; Setty, Oruganti H.; Yenugu, Suresh (2015-06-09).
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2375:"Antimicrobial properties of plant essential oils and essences against five important food-borne pathogens"
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Copper-alloy surfaces have natural intrinsic antimicrobial properties and can kill microorganisms such as
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originally described only those formulations derived from living microorganisms but is now also applied to
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Walsh, Danica J.; Livinghouse, Tom; Goeres, Darla M.; Mettler, Madelyn; Stewart, Philip S. (2019-10-01).
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https://courses.lumenlearning.com/microbiology/chapter/using-physical-methods-to-control-microorganis
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Castillo, A.; Lucia, L.M.; Roberson, D.B.; Stevenson, T.H.; Mercado, I.; Acuff, G.R. (January 2001).
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Antiparasitics are a class of medications indicated for the treatment of infectious diseases such as
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1382:"Prospects and challenges for intestinal microbiome therapy in pediatric gastrointestinal disorders"
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Ghaemmaghamian, Zahra; Zarghami, Reza; Walker, Gavin; O’Reilly, Emmet; Ziaee, Ahmad (2022-08-01).
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Malandrakis, Anastasios A.; Kavroulakis, Nektarios; Chrysikopoulos, Constantinos V. (June 2019).
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modes of action that are distinct from those of the antibiotics in current use, suggesting that
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microbiology also led to the development of many vaccines for life-threatening diseases such as
79:), which kill a wide range of microbes on non-living surfaces to prevent the spread of illness,
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Kalemba D, Kunicka A (May 2003). "Antibacterial and antifungal properties of essential oils".
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361:. These solutions are not usually available to the general public because of their toxicity.
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1601:"Use of copper, silver and zinc nanoparticles against foliar and soil-borne plant pathogens"
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Sanitizers: Reduce the number of microorganisms, but may not kill or eliminate all of them.
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3591:"Antimicrobial surfaces to prevent healthcare-associated infections: a systematic review"
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call for significant reduction in their use globally to combat this. According to a 2010
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207:, who was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine for developing 22 antibiotics—most notably
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2743:"The role of the EPA in the regulation of antimicrobial pesticides in the United States"
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2629:"Antimicrobial Activity of Some Essential Oils—Present Status and Future Perspectives"
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11341:
11324:
11188:
9930:
9897:
9730:
9571:
9461:
9355:
9216:
9041:
9004:
8894:
8196:
8188:
7909:
6151:
5394:
5100:
4875:
4693:
4689:
4258:
3861:
3667:
3659:
3618:
3610:
3574:
3562:
3554:
3336:
3326:
3291:
3273:
3210:
3153:
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3064:
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2955:
2947:
2908:
2869:
2813:
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2668:
2650:
2609:
2604:
2579:
2560:
2515:
2503:
2495:
2439:
2396:
2391:
2374:
2355:
2337:
2201:
2165:
2103:
2085:
2034:
1995:
1987:
1948:
1930:
1889:
1848:
1830:
1781:
1773:
1732:
1714:
1675:
1628:
1581:
1563:
1505:
1454:
1413:
1354:
1317:
1250:
1223:
1106:
922:
814:
805:
and spas, and in the laundering of clothes and treatment of in–house mold and odors.
610:
345:
336:
As well as their use in medicine, antifungals are frequently sought after to control
310:
153:
9876:
2408:
1983:
1793:
1640:
1624:
1235:
12827:
12763:
12750:
12579:
12568:
12460:
12440:
12275:
12189:
12164:
11895:
11842:
11781:
11672:
11319:
11247:
10938:
10848:
10799:
10578:
10546:
10068:
9856:
9841:
9697:
9558:
9471:
8053:
8003:
7097:
6640:
6347:
6319:
5982:
5133:
4931:
4828:
4741:
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4313:
3840:
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3544:
3281:
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3125:
3084:
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2431:
2386:
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2327:
2213:
2193:
2155:
2145:
2093:
2075:
2042:
2026:
1979:
1938:
1920:
1879:
1838:
1820:
1763:
1750:
Pink, Richard; Hudson, Alan; Mouriès, Marie-Annick; Bendig, Mary (September 2005).
1722:
1706:
1667:
1620:
1571:
1553:
1495:
1485:
1444:
1403:
1393:
1366:
1346:
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9397:
4001:
2150:
2030:
12695:
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12534:
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10350:
10138:
10117:
10091:
9861:
9659:
9466:
9424:
9315:
9295:
9265:
9248:
9174:
9164:
9094:
9033:
9029:
8978:
8487:
8478:
7635:
7625:
7084:
6536:
6362:
5770:
5214:
5041:
4732:
4727:
4439:
4308:
4303:
3835:
3654:
3637:
2475:
1825:
1125:"Antimicrobial Porous Media | Microbicidal Technology | Porex Barrier Technology"
918:
677:
468:
422:
96:
11443:
10807:
10051:
7080:
6136:
6132:
4845:
4841:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3985:
2014:
727:
According to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and defined by the
12725:
12658:
12601:
12373:
12262:
12254:
12179:
12132:
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11798:
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11483:
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10745:
10711:
10669:
10456:
10336:
10169:
9998:
9725:
9616:
9576:
9456:
9282:
9221:
8704:
8629:
8373:
8223:
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8065:
8008:
7978:
7963:
7731:
7620:
7288:
7022:
6909:
6779:
6579:
6574:
6564:
6428:
6423:
6387:
6245:
6070:
5000:
4775:
4592:
4522:
4507:
4268:
4153:
4141:
4019:
3792:
3606:
3549:
3532:
3040:
3023:
1710:
1671:
1524:
1027:
1014:
954:
926:
869:
734:
Public health products regulated by the EPA are divided into three categories:
464:
411:
370:
326:
242:
204:
181:
158:
3731:
3196:
2943:
2197:
2080:
1925:
1884:
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1219:
12849:
12606:
12563:
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12398:
12069:
11620:
11589:
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10477:
10430:
10364:
10292:
10251:
10111:
10052:
9881:
9866:
9836:
9831:
9686:
9439:
9434:
9343:
8988:
8860:
8563:
8550:
8541:
8455:
8401:
7968:
7864:
7838:
7645:
7597:
7563:
7518:
7488:
7364:
7344:
7293:
7221:
7201:
6877:
6827:
6817:
6775:
6765:
6755:
6687:
6611:
6569:
6489:
6413:
6382:
6301:
6287:
6275:
6265:
6259:
6255:
6250:
6240:
6195:
5964:
5823:
5438:
5266:
5178:
5172:
5118:
5114:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5059:
4995:
4966:
4956:
4737:
4681:
4673:
4635:
4625:
4597:
4577:
4567:
4562:
4527:
4512:
4449:
4444:
4368:
4333:
4121:
3797:
3782:
3663:
3614:
3558:
3340:
3277:
3268:
3139:
3130:
2951:
2912:
2798:
2766:
2654:
2645:
2499:
2435:
2341:
2089:
2038:
1991:
1934:
1834:
1777:
1718:
1655:
1567:
1526:
Challenges for the Development of New Antibiotics — Rethinking the Approaches
1206:
Kingston W (June 2008). "Irish contributions to the origins of antibiotics".
950:
802:
782:
745:
Sterilizers (Sporicides): Eliminate all bacteria, fungi, spores, and viruses.
680:
673:
585:
488:
456:
450:
403:
173:
140:
135:
128:
31:
11456:
9243:
7385:
2855:
2332:
2124:
Berida T, Adekunle Y, Dada-Adegbola H, Kdimy A, Roy S, Sarker S (May 2024).
1967:
776:
707:
is also known for its antimicrobial properties. Active constituents include
280:
of bacteria, fungi, parasites and some viruses to multiple existing agents.
64:, while the use of antimicrobial medicines to prevent infection is known as
12817:
12755:
12517:
12497:
12445:
12393:
12344:
12144:
12094:
11705:
11276:
11009:
10928:
10820:
10507:
10461:
10451:
10446:
10384:
10378:
10323:
10220:
10174:
10064:
10060:
10056:
9958:
9601:
9496:
9429:
9370:
9050:
8941:
8921:
8840:
8759:
8601:
8534:
8525:
8512:
8391:
8350:
8345:
8200:
8090:
8075:
7988:
7918:
7834:
7668:
7663:
7655:
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7630:
7548:
7538:
7533:
7523:
7508:
7498:
7483:
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7420:
7273:
7268:
7182:
6832:
6822:
6807:
6797:
6770:
6750:
6745:
6740:
6735:
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6725:
6707:
6702:
6697:
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6682:
6677:
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6631:
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6324:
6205:
5733:
5650:
5493:
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5336:
5142:
4971:
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4717:
4645:
4582:
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4323:
4298:
4283:
4273:
4263:
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4178:
4126:
4073:
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4036:
3671:
3622:
3566:
3295:
3214:
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3008:
2959:
2873:
2817:
2672:
2613:
2564:
2507:
2443:
2359:
2205:
2169:
2107:
1999:
1952:
1893:
1852:
1785:
1736:
1679:
1632:
1585:
1558:
1509:
1458:
1417:
1358:
1227:
1110:
692:
661:
584:
A wide range of chemical and natural compounds are used as antimicrobials.
387:
349:
metals known to suppress mold growth e.g. pigments or solutions containing
288:
208:
100:
72:
3098:
2693:
2400:
1490:
1398:
1092:
1075:
Leekha, Surbhi; Terrell, Christine L.; Edson, Randall S. (February 2011).
12710:
12512:
12435:
12410:
12159:
12139:
12044:
12004:
11928:
11299:
11294:
11215:
11198:
10970:
10816:
10655:
10441:
10436:
10342:
10298:
10184:
10144:
9745:
9735:
9596:
9402:
9290:
9258:
9184:
9046:
8937:
8929:
8870:
8865:
8845:
8623:
8589:
8555:
8545:
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8432:
8289:
8242:
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8028:
7998:
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7607:
7602:
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7553:
7528:
7503:
7354:
7329:
7278:
7239:
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7120:
7115:
7076:
6993:
6985:
6965:
6918:
6852:
6812:
6760:
6649:
6499:
6438:
6392:
6352:
6329:
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6124:
6123:
6045:
6023:
5992:
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5912:
5792:
5782:
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5514:
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5361:
5341:
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5274:
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4829:
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4341:
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4253:
4097:
4068:
3354:
3080:
2595:
1350:
704:
597:
593:
589:
496:
438:
375:
Antiviral drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating
337:
318:
230:
177:
53:
5920:
Insert into bacterial cell wall causing perforation and depolarization:
3736:
12648:
12623:
12591:
12368:
12349:
12339:
12327:
12174:
11786:
11758:
11584:
11544:
11069:
10965:
10946:
10923:
10913:
10905:
10856:
10696:
10647:
10628:
10536:
10530:
10522:
10517:
10497:
10486:
10370:
10356:
10272:
10231:
10226:
10212:
9871:
9846:
9536:
9486:
8855:
8641:
8617:
8605:
8495:
8274:
8257:
8232:
8099:
8080:
8043:
8038:
8023:
7993:
7973:
7938:
7858:
7853:
7848:
7809:
7788:
7753:
7706:
7543:
7493:
7478:
7442:
7416:
7359:
7324:
7319:
7309:
7259:
7249:
7211:
7206:
7140:
7135:
7125:
7110:
6955:
6881:
6868:
6857:
6802:
6659:
6654:
6626:
6559:
6529:
6377:
6190:
6145:
6033:
6028:
5996:
5972:
5943:
5921:
5787:
5760:
5710:
5691:
5622:
5612:
5574:
5564:
5554:
5539:
5534:
5482:
5453:
5419:
5409:
5389:
5346:
5316:
5311:
5301:
5270:
5196:
5168:
5147:
5123:
5064:
5055:
4896:
4703:
4663:
4658:
4607:
4587:
4572:
4547:
4502:
4497:
4431:
4402:
4382:
4202:
4197:
4188:
4183:
4168:
4163:
4111:
4063:
3977:
3787:
3318:
492:
254:
220:
200:
185:
80:
45:
2491:
2182:
880:
however.) Ihloff and Kalitzki 1961 find a small but measurable amount
156:
returned from a vacation and discovered that a Petri dish filled with
12720:
12199:
11232:
11227:
11160:
11064:
11035:
10918:
10896:
10888:
10874:
10803:
10661:
10502:
10492:
10317:
10246:
10198:
10163:
10086:
9920:
9491:
9364:
8933:
8850:
8818:
8810:
8635:
8612:
8584:
8529:
8521:
8414:
8409:
8386:
8294:
8247:
8237:
8218:
8085:
8033:
7762:
7721:
7687:
7513:
7469:
7369:
7339:
7334:
7314:
7283:
7234:
7192:
7150:
7105:
6975:
6970:
6960:
6942:
6616:
6584:
6554:
6504:
6357:
6280:
6040:
5926:
5777:
5755:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5696:
5686:
5617:
5588:
5579:
5549:
5504:
5428:
5423:
5414:
5404:
5384:
5356:
5331:
5321:
5306:
5296:
5291:
5251:
5246:
5239:
5228:
5218:
5209:
5090:
5011:
5006:
4833:
4532:
4492:
4479:
4412:
4407:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4218:
4173:
4136:
4131:
4102:
4092:
4082:
3484:"Irradiation of Food FAQ: What is the actual process of irradiation?"
2758:
2727:
2546:
2476:"Essential Oils for the Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections"
2457:
Blimie Wassertheil (Feb 5, 2018). "Beyond the Bowl of Chicken Soup".
2291:(Press release). Washington, DC: EPA Press Office. 10 February 2021.
946:
790:
708:
480:
472:
418:
407:
322:
300:
234:
19:"Microbicide" redirects here. For microbicides that target STDs, see
3530:
3311:
Antimicrobial Food Additives : Characteristics · Uses · Effects
2887:
Habibi Najafi, Mohammad B.; Haddad Khodaparast, M. H. (2009-01-01).
2289:"EPA Registers Copper Surfaces for Residual Use Against Coronavirus"
1768:
1751:
1598:
119:
Antimicrobial use has been common practice for at least 2000 years.
12703:
12618:
12194:
12169:
12122:
11667:
11237:
11180:
10990:
10975:
10892:
10829:
10706:
10641:
10590:
10573:
10239:
10206:
9762:
9755:
9750:
9720:
9476:
9412:
9407:
8596:
8381:
8279:
7983:
7726:
7678:
7588:
7374:
7244:
7229:
7158:
6621:
6408:
6185:
6016:
5607:
5583:
5569:
5544:
5499:
5472:
5433:
5379:
5234:
5223:
4617:
4087:
4058:
3936:
3533:"Stabilizing vaccines via drying: Quality by design considerations"
1699:
European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases
1179:
Wainwright M (1989). "Moulds in ancient and more recent medicine".
1008:
688:
664:
are attracting interest for the intrinsic antimicrobial behaviors.
514:
484:
380:
314:
309:. In medicine, they are used as a treatment for infections such as
49:
2889:"Efficacy of ozone to reduce microbial populations in date fruits"
2782:"Antimicrobial resistance in the environment: The Indian scenario"
1251:"Louis Pasteur | Biography, Inventions, Achievements, & Facts"
12507:
12378:
11631:
11057:
10999:
10838:
10689:
10585:
10421:
10283:
10102:
9481:
8925:
8464:
8269:
8104:
7716:
7173:
6494:
4602:
3486:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Archived from
3065:"Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance"
1022:
794:
476:
460:
145:
2123:
1540:
Houšť, JiĹ™Ă; SpĂĹľek, Jaroslav; HavlĂÄŤek, VladimĂr (2020-03-12).
683:
are claimed to possess antimicrobial activity, with the oils of
12715:
12280:
11933:
11529:
10980:
10956:
10192:
9784:
9769:
9060:
8284:
5766:
5262:
4699:
3314:
2886:
2529:
Astani, Akram; Reichling, JĂĽrgen; Schnitzler, Paul (May 2010).
2259:"Copper's Virus-Killing Powers Were Known Even to the Ancients"
354:
350:
250:
149:
76:
2627:
Chouhan, Sonam; Sharma, Kanika; Guleria, Sanjay (2017-08-08).
1865:
1752:"Opportunities and Challenges in Antiparasitic Drug Discovery"
1433:"The antibiotic resistance crisis: part 1: causes and threats"
383:, which actively deactivate virus particles outside the body.
11944:
9779:
9664:
9270:
9204:
8502:
7453:
5751:
5200:
4900:
3727:
Overview of the use of Antimicrobials in plastic applications
3241:
959:
873:
696:
540:
deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a
376:
306:
258:
57:
11158:
3587:
3111:
2975:"Antimicrobial resistance: a global multifaceted phenomenon"
2692:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Archived from
162:
was separated into colonies due to the antimicrobial fungus
11397:
9079:
801:, bottling plants, zoos, municipal drinking-water systems,
614:
358:
3635:
2972:
1965:
305:
Antifungals are used to kill or prevent further growth of
8757:
6932:
6908:
4359:
4010:
3430:"How Cold Does the Temperature Need to be to Kill Germs?"
2856:
Centers for Disease Control Prevention (CDC) (May 2010).
2528:
1907:
Ratia, Carlos; Soengas, Raquel G.; Soto, Sara M. (2022).
1653:
1146:
391:
386:
Many antiviral drugs are designed to treat infections by
10798:
7075:
3721:
2928:"Surface Germicidal Effects of Ozone for Microorganisms"
2126:"Plant antibacterials: The challenges and opportunities"
2012:
1809:"Broad-spectrum therapeutics: A new antimicrobial class"
1656:"Antiviral and Virucidal Activities of Natural Products"
257:
and reasonable eating may help to replace destroyed gut
2372:
1749:
588:
and their salts are used widely in food products, e.g.
5835:
Benzathine benzylpenicillin/procaine benzylpenicillin
2973:
Prestinaci F, Pezzotti P, Pantosti A (October 2015).
1478:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Infectious Diseases
1471:
1316:(48th ed.). Antimicrobial Therapy Incorporated.
872:-water solutions are used in immersion treatments of
16:
Drug used to kill microorganisms or stop their growth
2626:
2314:
Ermini, Maria Laura; Voliani, Valerio (2021-04-01).
2061:
1909:"Gold-Derived Molecules as New Antimicrobial Agents"
1472:
Tanwar J, Das S, Fatima Z, Hameed S (Jul 16, 2014).
1004:
2373:Smith-Palmer A, Stewart J, Fyfe L (February 1998).
1813:
Current Research in Pharmacology and Drug Discovery
1539:
729:
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act
8675:Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim
3170:
2456:
1074:
9937:Cedillo v. Secretary of Health and Human Services
3171:IngĂłlfsson, Helgi; Andersen, Olaf (August 2011).
1695:"Influenza and antiviral resistance: an overview"
1386:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology
749:
12847:
3062:
1906:
1296:"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1945"
855:
3173:"Alcohol's Effects on Lipid Bilayer Properties"
2252:
2250:
2248:
1807:Firth, Anton; Prathapan, Praveen (2021-01-01).
699:reported to be the most potent in studies with
441:, and the search for new substances continues.
3937:Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification
3229:"Phenols and Related Compounds – Pharmacology"
2421:
1806:
502:
21:Microbicides for sexually transmitted diseases
11510:
11144:
10784:
10037:
8902:
8743:
8173:
7415:
7401:
7061:
6109:
4814:
3962:
3752:
2313:
1307:
1305:
1278:The British Journal of Experimental Pathology
1077:"General Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy"
653:United States Environmental Protection Agency
538:The examples and perspective in this section
134:In the 19th century, microbiologists such as
71:The main classes of antimicrobial agents are
8665:Ethambutol/isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin
2779:
2245:
3686:"Physical agents to control microorganisms"
3466:"Physical agents to control microorganisms"
3402:"Physical agents to control microorganisms"
3377:"Physical Agents to Control Microorganisms"
2862:MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report
2316:"Antimicrobial Nano-Agents: The Copper Age"
1379:
1311:
722:
625:with agents already in use may be minimal.
11151:
11137:
10791:
10777:
10044:
10030:
8909:
8895:
8750:
8736:
8180:
8166:
7408:
7394:
7068:
7054:
6116:
6102:
4821:
4807:
4430:
3969:
3955:
3759:
3745:
2926:Li, Chih-Shan; Wang, Yu-Chun (July 2003).
2838:. Geneva, Nairobi, Paris, Rome. 2021-08-24
2684:
2682:
2473:
1474:"Multidrug resistance: an emerging crisis"
1302:
1178:
760:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
556:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
229:. Antibiotics are classified generally as
184:used Fleming's work to purify and extract
5942:Inhibits PG elongation and crosslinking:
3909:Antibiotics in poultry farming in America
3766:
3653:
3548:
3302:
3285:
3267:
3204:
3147:
3129:
3088:
3039:
2998:
2807:
2797:
2662:
2644:
2603:
2554:
2390:
2349:
2331:
2159:
2149:
2097:
2079:
2046:
1942:
1924:
1883:
1842:
1824:
1767:
1726:
1575:
1557:
1499:
1489:
1448:
1407:
1397:
1100:
979:
639:Antimicrobial copper-alloy touch surfaces
572:Learn how and when to remove this message
188:for medicinal uses earning them the 1945
170:British Journal of Experimental Pathology
3370:
3368:
2580:"Plant products as antimicrobial agents"
2256:
1339:The American Journal of Gastroenterology
1205:
199:
12225:Ear-Nose-Throat/Upper respiratory tract
11398:Access to water, sanitation and hygiene
2740:
2713:
2679:
2281:
1692:
1430:
1275:
1248:
921:can be sterilized by heating them in a
808:
131:and plant extracts to treat infection.
12848:
12808:Infectious disease (medical specialty)
12700:Antimicrobial resistance surveillance
3914:Subtherapeutic antibiotic use in swine
3063:McDonnell, G.; Russell, A. D. (1999).
3021:
2925:
2780:Taneja, Neelam; Sharma, Megha (2019).
2186:Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology
1336:
1314:Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy
249:, which may have a negative impact on
11132:
10772:
10025:
8890:
8731:
8161:
7389:
7049:
6097:
4802:
3950:
3933:
3740:
3722:National Pesticide Information Center
3374:
3365:
2577:
2119:
2117:
1529:. National Academies Press. NBK19843.
520:
12055:Compartmental models in epidemiology
3308:
3024:"Antimicrobial Activity of Halogens"
2690:"What Are Antimicrobial Pesticides?"
884:of fruits processed in this manner.
876:for packing. (It is not used on the
524:
487:. Antiparasitic medications include
3382:. Uniwersytet Medyczny we Wrocławiu
991:
657:antimicrobial copper alloy surfaces
13:
9964:Eradication of infectious diseases
9721:Androvax (androstenedione albumin)
2786:Indian Journal of Medical Research
2295:from the original on 22 March 2023
2269:from the original on 20 March 2023
2114:
1057:from the original on 24 April 2009
635:Antimicrobial properties of copper
14:
12872:
9554:Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
8758:Immune sera and immunoglobulins (
8680:Rifampicin/isoniazid/pyrazinamide
5967:subunit synthesis and transport:
3695:
3022:Odlaug, Theron E. (August 1981).
1972:Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry
1051:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary
715:. Despite their prevalent use in
667:
444:
433:viruses have become resistant to
225:Antibacterials are used to treat
214:
103:agents, which kill bacteria, and
12804:Economics of Infectious Diseases
10474:Glutamate-gated chloride channel
9943:Alternative vaccination schedule
8918:Artificial induction of immunity
3510:"UV Disinfection Drinking Water"
3472:from the original on 2017-08-19.
2741:Sanders, Frank T. (2003-02-05).
2392:10.1046/j.1472-765x.1998.00303.x
1605:Science of the Total Environment
1208:Irish Journal of Medical Science
1007:
529:
8670:Ethambutol/isoniazid/rifampicin
7891:thymidylate synthase inhibitors
3709:Wounds list of antimicrobials (
3678:
3629:
3581:
3524:
3502:
3476:
3458:
3436:
3422:
3408:
3394:
3347:
3235:
3221:
3164:
3105:
3056:
3015:
2966:
2919:
2880:
2849:
2824:
2773:
2734:
2707:
2620:
2571:
2522:
2467:
2450:
2415:
2379:Letters in Applied Microbiology
2366:
2307:
2257:Morrison, Jim (14 April 2020).
2220:
2176:
2055:
2006:
1984:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.02.015
1959:
1900:
1859:
1800:
1743:
1686:
1647:
1625:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.210
1592:
1533:
1516:
1465:
1424:
1380:Kellermayer R (November 2013).
1373:
1330:
1298:. The Nobel Prize Organization.
797:, food and hygiene production,
414:, are usually treated with the
340:in damp or wet home materials.
75:(non-selective agents, such as
12813:Infectious disease informatics
12644:Transmission-based precautions
9775:Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)
5865:Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam
4470:transpeptidation/translocation
3878:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
3537:Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews
2991:10.1179/2047773215Y.0000000030
2905:10.1016/j.foodcont.2008.01.010
1288:
1269:
1257:. Encyclopedia Britannica, inc
1242:
1199:
1172:
1117:
1068:
970:
750:Antimicrobial pesticide safety
294:
1:
12230:Chest/Lower respiratory tract
12005:Ocular (Eye) mucosal membrane
11366:Behavioral/lifestyle factors
9311:Group B streptococcal disease
9130:Vaccines for Children Program
6459:Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole
3595:Journal of Hospital Infection
3069:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2584:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2151:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31145
2031:10.1080/07853890.2021.1896913
1756:Nature Reviews Drug Discovery
1193:10.1016/S0269-915X(89)80010-2
1033:
856:Phenol and Phenolic compounds
764:personal protective equipment
701:foodborne bacterial pathogens
655:approved the registration of
364:
11792:Aerosol-generating procedure
11570:Silent/Subclinical infection
11270:Multidrug-resistant bacteria
3655:10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00367
1826:10.1016/j.crphar.2020.100011
1312:Gilbert DN, Saag MS (2018).
932:
887:
789:plants, textile production,
609:Heavy metal cations such as
285:respiratory tract infections
7:
12456:Vaccine-preventable disease
12404:Monoclonal antibody therapy
8796:Hepatitis B immune globulin
8564:Thioacetazone (amithiozone)
8365:Protein synthesis inhibitor
6464:Ormetoprim/sulfadimethoxine
5890:Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid
5810:Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid
4947:Phenoxymethylpenicillin (V)
4937:Benzathine benzylpenicillin
3904:Antibiotic use in livestock
2979:Pathogens and Global Health
2424:Current Medicinal Chemistry
1693:Lampejo, Temi (July 2020).
1660:Current Medicinal Chemistry
1160:. World Health Organization
1000:
896:
833:
821:
552:, discuss the issue on the
503:Broad-spectrum therapeutics
195:
10:
12877:
12597:Respiratory source control
10512:+esafoxolaner/praziquantel
10328:+esafoxolaner/eprinomectin
10179:+esafoxolaner/eprinomectin
3607:10.1016/j.jhin.2015.09.008
3550:10.1016/j.addr.2022.114313
3416:"Fractional sterilization"
3375:Pawel (21 November 2011).
3323:Springer Berlin Heidelberg
3041:10.4315/0362-028X-44.8.608
3028:Journal of Food Protection
1872:Journal of Food Protection
1711:10.1007/s10096-020-03840-9
1672:10.2174/092986709788682065
1154:"Antimicrobial resistance"
905:
863:Staphylococcus epidermidis
774:
632:
509:Broad-spectrum therapeutic
506:
448:
368:
298:
218:
114:
62:antimicrobial chemotherapy
18:
12787:
12741:Global Health Initiatives
12731:Evolutionary epidemiology
12679:
12471:
12426:Post-exposure prophylaxis
12362:Antimicrobial stewardship
12320:
12307:
12212:
12103:
12085:Multiplicity of infection
12050:Basic reproduction number
12025:
11997:
11983:
11969:
11953:
11921:
11883:
11826:Percutaneous inoculation
11812:
11774:
11767:
11749:
11681:
11648:
11641:
11605:
11598:
11501:
11388:
11310:Host–pathogen interaction
11285:
11179:
11172:
11083:
11044:
11026:
11008:
10989:
10955:
10937:
10904:
10887:
10865:
10847:
10828:
10815:
10729:
10616:
10557:
10472:
10419:
10403:
10309:
10281:
10266:
10155:
10128:
10100:
10085:
10078:Antiplatyhelmintic agents
10076:
9982:
9951:
9890:
9822:
9713:
9685:
9652:
9326:
9157:
9150:
9069:
8997:
8949:
8831:
8809:
8776:
8767:
8688:
8652:
8576:
8511:
8477:
8454:
8445:
8423:
8400:
8372:
8363:
8331:
8303:
8256:
8217:
8208:
8118:
7959:bromochlorosalicylanilide
7951:
7929:Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
7927:
7908:
7884:
7877:
7822:
7801:
7778:
7752:
7741:
7700:
7677:
7587:
7468:
7452:
7441:
7432:
7302:
7258:
7220:
7191:
7172:
7149:
7092:
7006:
6984:
6941:
6931:
6894:
6866:
6845:
6788:
6716:
6668:
6602:
6593:
6545:
6517:
6482:
6474:Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine
6451:
6401:
6338:
6310:
6231:
6216:
6166:
6144:
6054:
6006:
5956:
5935:
5911:
5902:
5815:Ampicillin/flucloxacillin
5802:
5742:
5709:
5677:
5659:
5631:
5598:
5463:
5370:
5282:
5261:
5195:
5161:
5132:
5099:
5040:
5029:
4980:
4942:Procaine benzylpenicillin
4920:
4909:
4895:
4853:
4759:
4714:Quinupristin/dalfopristin
4672:
4644:
4616:
4478:
4467:
4421:
4367:
4358:
4332:
4246:
4231:
4211:
4150:
4033:
4018:
4009:
3982:inhibit protein synthesis
3944:
3896:
3888:Production of antibiotics
3870:
3857:Antimicrobial stewardship
3849:
3806:
3775:
3197:10.1016/j.bpj.2011.07.013
3118:Frontiers in Microbiology
2944:10.1080/15428110308984851
2578:Cowan MM (October 1999).
2474:Schnitzler, Paul (2019).
2198:10.1007/s12010-009-8737-2
2081:10.3390/molecules25092052
1926:10.3389/fmicb.2022.846959
1913:Frontiers in Microbiology
1885:10.4315/0362-028X-64.1.58
1431:Ventola CL (April 2015).
1249:Ullmann A (23 Dec 2019).
1220:10.1007/s11845-008-0139-x
799:pharmaceutical industries
756:World Health Organization
628:
406:, best known for causing
325:. Thus, fungal and human
66:antimicrobial prophylaxis
38:) or stops their growth (
12559:Protective sequestration
12421:Pre-exposure prophylaxis
11712:Generational difference
11265:Horizontal gene transfer
11255:Antimicrobial resistance
9306:Clostridioides difficile
8447:Cell envelope antibiotic
8333:Topoisomerase inhibitors
4233:Tetracycline antibiotics
3819:Antimicrobial resistance
3269:10.3389/fchem.2019.00653
3131:10.3389/fmicb.2015.00577
2799:10.4103/ijmr.IJMR_331_18
2646:10.3390/medicines4030058
2436:10.2174/0929867033457719
912:Moist heat sterilization
770:
723:Antimicrobial pesticides
435:neuraminidase inhibitors
278:antimicrobial resistance
268:Clostridioides difficile
152:. On September 3, 1928,
109:antimicrobial resistance
12746:Microbial phylogenetics
12664:Wastewater surveillance
12185:Geographic distribution
12060:Critical community size
11858:Surgical site infection
11706:Iatrogenic/Medical care
11625:Microbial translocation
11621:Endogenous reactivation
11616:Normal flora overgrowth
11565:Opportunistic infection
11337:Opportunistic infection
9564:Tick-borne encephalitis
8786:Anthrax immune globulin
8425:Polypeptide antibiotics
8317:Calcium aminosalicylate
5880:Piperacillin/tazobactam
5840:Cefepime/enmetazobactam
3512:. Water Research Center
2333:10.1021/acsnano.0c10756
2228:"Copper Touch Surfaces"
1255:Encyclopedia Britannica
1081:Mayo Clinic Proceedings
925:. Heat is also used in
901:
867:Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
190:Nobel Prize in Medicine
30:is an agent that kills
12818:Microbial bioterrorism
12441:efficacy/effectiveness
11849:Surgical intervention
11741:Breakthrough infection
11363:Genetic predisposition
11347:Susceptible individual
11194:Germ theory of disease
9974:List of vaccine topics
8974:Mathematical modelling
8876:Tixagevimab/cilgavimab
8801:Zoster-immune globulin
8791:Rho(D) immune globulin
8322:Sodium aminosalicylate
8210:Nucleic acid inhibitor
8193:tuberculosis treatment
7743:Squalene monooxygenase
7580:Systemic: ketoconazole
6373:Sulfamethoxypyridazine
5971:synthesis inhibition (
5855:Ceftolozane/tazobactam
5845:Cefoperazone/sulbactam
5744:β-lactamase inhibitors
3831:Antibiotic prophylaxis
3814:Antibiotic sensitivity
3325:. pp. XXIIX+260.
3248:Frontiers in Chemistry
1559:10.3390/metabo10030106
980:Antimicrobial surfaces
908:Dry heat sterilization
467:, which are caused by
211:
12654:Universal precautions
11612:Endogenous overgrowth
11464:Poultry and livestock
9969:Vaccinate Your Family
9420:Japanese encephalitis
8833:Monoclonal antibodies
8769:Polyclonal antibodies
8492:arabinosyltransferase
8312:4-Aminosalicylic acid
7771:Systemic: terbinafine
6846:Newer non-fluorinated
6483:Other DHPS inhibitors
6469:Pyrimethamine/dapsone
6296:Succinylsulfathiazole
6292:Phthalylsulfathiazole
6176:2,4-Diaminopyrimidine
5885:Sulbactam/durlobactam
5870:Meropenem/vaborbactam
5850:Ceftazidime/avibactam
4982:β-lactamase resistant
4922:β-lactamase sensitive
2836:WHO Departmental News
2535:Phytotherapy Research
1399:10.4291/wjgp.v4.i4.91
1093:10.4065/mcp.2010.0639
849:Staphylococcus aureus
713:secondary metabolites
398:include the class of
203:
105:bacteriostatic agents
12756:Genomic reassortment
12736:Genetic epidemiology
12575:Health communication
12503:Flattening the curve
12493:Disease surveillance
12276:Systemic/Generalized
12040:Animal disease model
11520:Asymptomatic carrier
10993:-containing products
10959:-containing products
10832:-containing products
10684:naphthalenesulfonate
10568:tetrahydropyrimidine
10405:Antinematodal agents
9852:John Franklin Enders
8660:Ethambutol/isoniazid
8059:Whitfield's ointment
7886:Pyrimidine analogues
7702:Polyene antimycotics
7303:Other antibacterials
6270:Acetyl sulfisoxazole
6129:inhibit nucleic acid
5875:Panipenem/betamipron
5820:Ampicillin/sulbactam
4932:Benzylpenicillin (G)
4866:cell wall by binding
4423:Peptidyl transferase
3919:Pesticide resistance
3642:Analytical Chemistry
3309:LĂĽck, Erich (1997).
3081:10.1128/CMR.12.1.147
2596:10.1128/CMR.12.4.564
2263:Smithsonian Magazine
1351:10.1038/ajg.2012.450
809:Antimicrobial scrubs
787:wastewater treatment
717:alternative medicine
550:improve this section
396:antiretroviral drugs
227:bacterial infections
41:bacteriostatic agent
12823:Pandemic prevention
12779:Viral phylodynamics
12760:Re-emerging disease
12649:Travel restrictions
11853:Postoperative wound
11822:Blood-borne disease
11804:Respiratory droplet
11716:Vertical/Congenital
11701:Nosocomial/Hospital
11658:Spillover infection
10717:Tetrachloroethylene
9038:Virus-like particle
8962:Vaccine ingredients
8528:synth. inhibition:
6645:Alalevonadifloxacin
6312:Intermediate-acting
5860:Imipenem/cilastatin
5830:Aztreonam/avibactam
5641:Ceftaroline fosamil
4052:Dihydrostreptomycin
3883:List of antibiotics
3260:2019FrCh....7..653W
3189:2011BpJ...101..847I
3177:Biophysical Journal
2142:2024Heliy..1031145B
1617:2019ScTEn.670..292M
1491:10.1155/2014/541340
882:remains in the skin
416:nucleoside analogue
400:protease inhibitors
12769:Selection pressure
12065:Force of infection
11693:Contagious disease
11628:Endogenous seeding
11525:Chain of infection
11449:Injection drug use
11360:Vaccination status
11243:Case fatality rate
11161:infectious disease
11110:Never to phase III
10756:Never to phase III
10634:Diethylcarbamazine
10009:Never to phase III
9808:Hexavalent vaccine
9622:Epstein–Barr virus
9517:Oxford–AstraZeneca
9210:NmVac4-A/C/Y/W-135
8715:Never to phase III
8197:leprostatic agents
8189:Antimycobacterials
8145:Never to phase III
8049:tribromometacresol
8019:sodium thiosulfate
8014:selenium disulfide
7910:Mitotic inhibitors
7033:Never to phase III
6534:thereby inhibiting
6522:(inhibit bacterial
6368:Sulfametoxydiazine
6156:thereby inhibiting
6149:(inhibit bacterial
6081:Never to phase III
6013:Hydrolyze NAM-NAG
5101:Carboxypenicillins
4864:layer of bacterial
4860:(inhibit synthesis
4786:Never to phase III
2019:Annals of Medicine
1542:"Antifungal Drugs"
777:Ozone Applications
521:Non-pharmaceutical
342:Sodium bicarbonate
212:
165:Penicillium rubens
12843:
12842:
12833:Tropical medicine
12774:Synthetic biology
12675:
12674:
12634:Social distancing
12587:Outbreak response
12208:
12207:
12035:Agent-based model
12021:
12020:
12017:
12016:
12013:
12012:
11560:Natural reservoir
11550:Infectious period
11540:Incubation period
11497:
11496:
11453:Natural disaster
11422:Tropical diseases
11405:Biodiversity loss
11342:Risk of infection
11332:Microbiome health
11325:Immunosuppression
11126:
11125:
11120:
11119:
11079:
11078:
10883:
10882:
10800:Ectoparasiticides
10766:
10765:
10725:
10724:
10399:
10398:
10395:
10394:
10262:
10261:
10019:
10018:
9931:Vaccines and SIDS
9818:
9817:
9592:Hepatitis A and B
9568:Varicella zoster
9030:Subunit/component
8884:
8883:
8827:
8826:
8725:
8724:
8572:
8571:
8562:Others/unsorted:
8441:
8440:
8359:
8358:
8155:
8154:
7947:
7946:
7873:
7872:
7824:β-glucan synthase
7818:
7817:
7797:
7796:
7696:
7695:
7383:
7382:
7098:Lipoglycopeptides
7043:
7042:
7002:
7001:
6927:
6926:
6890:
6889:
6841:
6840:
6513:
6512:
6447:
6446:
6152:purine metabolism
6091:
6090:
5952:
5951:
5898:
5897:
5705:
5704:
5487:Antipseudomonal (
5395:Cefuroxime axetil
5191:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5134:Ureidopenicillins
5025:
5024:
4889:
4882:
4878:
4868:to and inhibiting
4796:
4795:
4755:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4463:
4462:
4354:
4353:
4350:
4349:
4259:Chlortetracycline
4227:
4226:
3935:Related drugs by
3927:
3926:
3862:Antibiotic misuse
3648:(10): 6795–6800.
3468:. 4 August 2017.
3332:978-3-642-59202-7
2747:Pesticide Outlook
2716:Pesticide Outlook
2492:10.1159/000501062
2463:. pp. 46–50.
2025:(sup1): S29–S30.
1666:(20): 2485–2497.
965:Ultraviolet light
923:conventional oven
878:packing materials
582:
581:
574:
346:hydrogen peroxide
263:Stool transplants
253:. Consumption of
154:Alexander Fleming
121:Ancient Egyptians
56:are used against
48:are used against
12868:
12828:Tropical disease
12764:Reverse zoonosis
12751:One Health Model
12580:Health education
12569:Community health
12488:Cordon sanitaire
12461:Ring vaccination
12431:Repurposed drugs
12318:
12317:
12237:Gastrointestinal
12080:Machine learning
11884:Gastrointestinal
11835:Intravenous line
11772:
11771:
11686:/Cross-infection
11673:Reverse zoonosis
11646:
11645:
11603:
11602:
11508:
11507:
11489:War and conflict
11357:Nutrition status
11320:Immunodeficiency
11177:
11176:
11153:
11146:
11139:
11130:
11129:
10939:Chloride channel
10902:
10901:
10849:Chloride channel
10826:
10825:
10793:
10786:
10779:
10770:
10769:
10579:pyrantel pamoate
10547:Milbemycin oxime
10417:
10416:
10411:macrofilaricides
10279:
10278:
10098:
10097:
10092:schistosomicides
10083:
10082:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10023:
10022:
9910:MMR autism fraud
9857:Maurice Hilleman
9842:Hilary Koprowski
9155:
9154:
8911:
8904:
8897:
8888:
8887:
8774:
8773:
8752:
8745:
8738:
8729:
8728:
8452:
8451:
8370:
8369:
8215:
8214:
8182:
8175:
8168:
8159:
8158:
8054:undecylenic acid
8004:potassium iodide
7882:
7881:
7750:
7749:
7466:
7465:
7450:
7449:
7439:
7438:
7410:
7403:
7396:
7387:
7386:
7070:
7063:
7056:
7047:
7046:
6939:
6938:
6906:
6905:
6641:Levonadifloxacin
6600:
6599:
6595:Fluoroquinolones
6543:
6542:
6348:Sulfadimethoxine
6320:Sulfamethoxazole
6241:Sulfaisodimidine
6229:
6228:
6164:
6163:
6118:
6111:
6104:
6095:
6094:
5909:
5908:
5280:
5279:
5136:(4th generation)
5103:(4th generation)
5044:(3rd generation)
5042:Aminopenicillins
5038:
5037:
4985:(2nd generation)
4925:(1st generation)
4918:
4917:
4907:
4906:
4893:
4892:
4888:
4880:
4876:
4862:of peptidoglycan
4858:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4476:
4475:
4428:
4427:
4365:
4364:
4314:Rolitetracycline
4244:
4243:
4031:
4030:
4016:
4015:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3931:
3930:
3841:Directed therapy
3761:
3754:
3747:
3738:
3737:
3690:
3689:
3688:. 4 August 2017.
3682:
3676:
3675:
3657:
3633:
3627:
3626:
3585:
3579:
3578:
3552:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3490:on 20 April 2016
3480:
3474:
3473:
3462:
3456:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3420:
3419:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3404:. 4 August 2017.
3398:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3387:
3381:
3372:
3363:
3362:
3359:Basicmedical Key
3351:
3345:
3344:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3289:
3271:
3239:
3233:
3232:
3225:
3219:
3218:
3208:
3168:
3162:
3161:
3151:
3133:
3109:
3103:
3102:
3092:
3060:
3054:
3053:
3043:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3002:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2884:
2878:
2877:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2828:
2822:
2821:
2811:
2801:
2777:
2771:
2770:
2759:10.1039/B314854H
2738:
2732:
2731:
2728:10.1039/b314854h
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2701:
2686:
2677:
2676:
2666:
2648:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2607:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2547:10.1002/ptr.2955
2526:
2520:
2519:
2471:
2465:
2464:
2454:
2448:
2447:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2394:
2370:
2364:
2363:
2353:
2335:
2326:(4): 6008–6029.
2311:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2274:
2254:
2243:
2242:
2240:
2239:
2230:. Archived from
2224:
2218:
2217:
2180:
2174:
2173:
2163:
2153:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2101:
2083:
2059:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2010:
2004:
2003:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1946:
1928:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1887:
1863:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1828:
1804:
1798:
1797:
1771:
1747:
1741:
1740:
1730:
1705:(7): 1201–1208.
1690:
1684:
1683:
1651:
1645:
1644:
1596:
1590:
1589:
1579:
1561:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1469:
1463:
1462:
1452:
1428:
1422:
1421:
1411:
1401:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1309:
1300:
1299:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1264:
1262:
1246:
1240:
1239:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1176:
1170:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1131:. Archived from
1121:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1062:
1043:
1017:
1012:
1011:
992:Osmotic pressure
962:
941:to kill harmful
937:Foods are often
841:Escherichia coli
623:cross-resistance
603:Escherichia coli
577:
570:
566:
563:
557:
533:
532:
525:
247:enteric bacteria
97:fluoroquinolones
91:agents, such as
12876:
12875:
12871:
12870:
12869:
12867:
12866:
12865:
12846:
12845:
12844:
12839:
12783:
12696:Antigenic shift
12691:Antigenic drift
12682:
12671:
12535:Barrier nursing
12483:Contact tracing
12474:
12467:
12312:
12310:
12303:
12214:
12204:
12105:
12099:
12090:Serial interval
12009:
11993:
11984:Cervico-vaginal
11979:
11970:Trans-placental
11965:
11949:
11917:
11879:
11815:Vascular system
11814:
11808:
11763:
11751:
11745:
11685:
11677:
11637:
11594:
11512:
11493:
11384:
11315:Immune response
11281:
11260:Drug resistance
11204:Infectious dose
11168:
11157:
11127:
11122:
11121:
11116:
11115:
11100:Clinical trials
11075:
11045:Other/ungrouped
11040:
11028:Organophosphate
11022:
11018:Benzyl benzoate
11004:
10985:
10951:
10933:
10879:
10867:Organophosphate
10861:
10843:
10811:
10797:
10767:
10762:
10761:
10746:Clinical trials
10721:
10702:Hexylresorcinol
10612:
10553:
10468:
10409:
10407:
10391:
10305:
10270:
10258:
10151:
10139:phosphonic acid
10124:
10118:Triclabendazole
10089:
10087:Antitrematodals
10072:
10050:
10020:
10015:
10014:
9999:Clinical trials
9978:
9947:
9886:
9862:Stanley Plotkin
9824:
9814:
9726:Cancer vaccines
9709:
9703:Schistosomiasis
9681:
9675:Trypanosomiasis
9648:
9612:Cytomegalovirus
9522:Pfizer–BioNTech
9322:
9146:
9095:Vaccine wastage
9065:
8993:
8945:
8915:
8885:
8880:
8823:
8805:
8763:
8756:
8726:
8721:
8720:
8705:Clinical trials
8684:
8648:
8568:
8507:
8488:Ethylenediamine
8479:Arabinogalactan
8473:
8437:
8419:
8396:
8374:Aminoglycosides
8355:
8336:
8327:
8299:
8252:
8222:
8204:
8186:
8156:
8151:
8150:
8135:Clinical trials
8114:
7943:
7923:
7904:
7889:
7869:
7826:
7814:
7793:
7774:
7770:
7745:
7737:
7729:
7704:
7692:
7673:
7626:fosravuconazole
7583:
7459:
7458:lanosterol 14α-
7445:
7434:
7428:
7414:
7384:
7379:
7298:
7254:
7216:
7187:
7168:
7145:
7096:
7088:
7074:
7044:
7039:
7038:
7023:Clinical trials
6998:
6980:
6946:
6923:
6899:
6886:
6862:
6837:
6784:
6712:
6664:
6589:
6537:DNA replication
6535:
6533:
6527:
6523:
6521:
6509:
6478:
6443:
6402:Other/ungrouped
6397:
6363:Sulfametomidine
6334:
6306:
6220:
6212:
6159:
6157:
6155:
6150:
6148:
6140:
6122:
6092:
6087:
6086:
6071:Clinical trials
6050:
6002:
5948:
5931:
5894:
5798:
5771:Clavulanic acid
5738:
5701:
5673:
5655:
5627:
5594:
5459:
5366:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5257:
5215:Antipseudomonal
5183:
5157:
5128:
5095:
5032:
5021:
4984:
4976:
4924:
4912:
4885:transpeptidases
4884:
4874:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4863:
4861:
4859:
4857:
4849:
4827:
4797:
4792:
4791:
4776:Clinical trials
4747:
4733:Streptogramin B
4728:Streptogramin A
4668:
4640:
4612:
4459:
4440:Chloramphenicol
4417:
4371:
4346:
4328:
4309:Penimepicycline
4304:Oxytetracycline
4235:
4223:
4207:
4146:
4022:
4020:Aminoglycosides
4005:
3975:
3940:
3928:
3923:
3892:
3866:
3845:
3836:Empiric therapy
3802:
3771:
3765:
3698:
3693:
3684:
3683:
3679:
3634:
3630:
3586:
3582:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3508:
3507:
3503:
3493:
3491:
3482:
3481:
3477:
3464:
3463:
3459:
3449:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3437:
3428:
3427:
3423:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3400:
3399:
3395:
3385:
3383:
3379:
3373:
3366:
3353:
3352:
3348:
3333:
3307:
3303:
3240:
3236:
3227:
3226:
3222:
3169:
3165:
3110:
3106:
3061:
3057:
3020:
3016:
2971:
2967:
2924:
2920:
2885:
2881:
2854:
2850:
2841:
2839:
2830:
2829:
2825:
2778:
2774:
2739:
2735:
2712:
2708:
2699:
2697:
2688:
2687:
2680:
2625:
2621:
2576:
2572:
2527:
2523:
2472:
2468:
2455:
2451:
2420:
2416:
2371:
2367:
2312:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2287:
2286:
2282:
2272:
2270:
2255:
2246:
2237:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2221:
2181:
2177:
2122:
2115:
2060:
2056:
2011:
2007:
1964:
1960:
1905:
1901:
1864:
1860:
1805:
1801:
1769:10.1038/nrd1824
1748:
1744:
1691:
1687:
1652:
1648:
1597:
1593:
1538:
1534:
1521:
1517:
1470:
1466:
1429:
1425:
1378:
1374:
1335:
1331:
1324:
1310:
1303:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1274:
1270:
1260:
1258:
1247:
1243:
1204:
1200:
1177:
1173:
1163:
1161:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1138:
1136:
1123:
1122:
1118:
1073:
1069:
1060:
1058:
1047:"Antimicrobial"
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:
1013:
1006:
1003:
994:
986:copper toxicity
982:
973:
958:
935:
914:
906:Main articles:
904:
899:
890:
858:
836:
824:
811:
779:
773:
752:
725:
670:
641:
633:Main articles:
631:
578:
567:
561:
558:
547:
534:
530:
523:
511:
505:
483:and infectious
453:
447:
423:Viral hepatitis
373:
367:
303:
297:
243:aminoglycosides
223:
217:
198:
117:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
12874:
12864:
12863:
12858:
12856:Antimicrobials
12841:
12840:
12838:
12837:
12836:
12835:
12825:
12820:
12815:
12810:
12805:
12802:
12797:
12791:
12789:
12785:
12784:
12782:
12781:
12776:
12771:
12766:
12761:
12758:
12753:
12748:
12743:
12738:
12733:
12728:
12726:Emergent virus
12723:
12718:
12713:
12708:
12707:
12706:
12698:
12693:
12687:
12685:
12677:
12676:
12673:
12672:
12670:
12669:
12666:
12661:
12659:Vector control
12656:
12651:
12646:
12641:
12636:
12631:
12626:
12621:
12616:
12615:
12614:
12609:
12604:
12602:N95 respirator
12594:
12589:
12584:
12583:
12582:
12577:
12572:
12561:
12556:
12555:
12554:
12544:
12539:
12538:
12537:
12527:
12526:
12525:
12520:
12515:
12505:
12500:
12495:
12490:
12485:
12479:
12477:
12475:pharmaceutical
12469:
12468:
12466:
12465:
12464:
12463:
12458:
12453:
12448:
12443:
12433:
12428:
12423:
12418:
12413:
12408:
12407:
12406:
12396:
12391:
12386:
12381:
12376:
12371:
12366:
12365:
12364:
12354:
12353:
12352:
12342:
12337:
12336:
12335:
12324:
12322:
12321:Pharmaceutical
12315:
12305:
12304:
12302:
12301:
12298:
12293:
12288:
12283:
12278:
12273:
12272:Cardiovascular
12270:
12265:
12260:
12257:
12252:
12251:Nervous system
12249:
12246:
12245:
12244:
12234:
12233:
12232:
12227:
12218:
12216:
12210:
12209:
12206:
12205:
12203:
12202:
12197:
12192:
12187:
12182:
12177:
12172:
12167:
12162:
12157:
12152:
12147:
12142:
12137:
12136:
12135:
12130:
12120:
12115:
12109:
12107:
12101:
12100:
12098:
12097:
12092:
12087:
12082:
12077:
12075:Infection rate
12072:
12067:
12062:
12057:
12052:
12047:
12042:
12037:
12031:
12029:
12023:
12022:
12019:
12018:
12015:
12014:
12011:
12010:
12008:
12007:
12001:
11999:
11995:
11994:
11992:
11991:
11987:
11985:
11981:
11980:
11978:
11977:
11973:
11971:
11967:
11966:
11964:
11963:
11957:
11955:
11951:
11950:
11948:
11947:
11941:
11936:
11931:
11925:
11923:
11919:
11918:
11916:
11915:
11910:
11905:
11900:
11899:
11898:
11887:
11885:
11881:
11880:
11878:
11877:
11876:
11875:
11870:
11862:
11861:
11860:
11855:
11847:
11846:
11845:
11840:
11837:
11832:
11830:Injection site
11824:
11818:
11816:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11806:
11801:
11799:Dental aerosol
11796:
11795:
11794:
11784:
11778:
11776:
11769:
11765:
11764:
11762:
11761:
11755:
11753:
11747:
11746:
11744:
11743:
11738:
11737:
11736:
11731:
11730:
11729:
11724:
11721:
11710:
11709:
11708:
11703:
11695:
11689:
11687:
11683:Human-to-human
11679:
11678:
11676:
11675:
11670:
11665:
11660:
11654:
11652:
11643:
11639:
11638:
11636:
11635:
11629:
11626:
11623:
11618:
11613:
11609:
11607:
11600:
11596:
11595:
11593:
11592:
11587:
11582:
11580:Super-spreader
11577:
11575:Superinfection
11572:
11567:
11562:
11557:
11552:
11547:
11542:
11537:
11532:
11527:
11522:
11516:
11514:
11505:
11499:
11498:
11495:
11494:
11492:
11491:
11486:
11484:Vector control
11481:
11476:
11471:
11466:
11461:
11460:
11459:
11451:
11446:
11441:
11436:
11431:
11426:
11425:
11424:
11419:
11413:Climate zones
11411:
11409:Climate change
11406:
11403:
11400:
11394:
11392:
11386:
11385:
11383:
11382:
11381:
11380:
11377:
11374:
11373:
11372:
11364:
11361:
11358:
11355:
11352:
11344:
11339:
11334:
11329:
11328:
11327:
11322:
11312:
11307:
11302:
11297:
11291:
11289:
11283:
11282:
11280:
11279:
11274:
11273:
11272:
11267:
11262:
11252:
11251:
11250:
11245:
11240:
11235:
11225:
11223:Quorum sensing
11220:
11219:
11218:
11208:
11207:
11206:
11196:
11191:
11185:
11183:
11174:
11170:
11169:
11156:
11155:
11148:
11141:
11133:
11124:
11123:
11118:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11112:
11111:
11108:
11097:
11091:
11085:
11084:
11081:
11080:
11077:
11076:
11074:
11073:
11061:
11054:
11048:
11046:
11042:
11041:
11039:
11038:
11032:
11030:
11024:
11023:
11021:
11020:
11014:
11012:
11006:
11005:
11003:
11002:
10996:
10994:
10987:
10986:
10984:
10983:
10978:
10973:
10968:
10962:
10960:
10953:
10952:
10950:
10949:
10943:
10941:
10935:
10934:
10932:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10910:
10908:
10899:
10885:
10884:
10881:
10880:
10878:
10877:
10871:
10869:
10863:
10862:
10860:
10859:
10853:
10851:
10845:
10844:
10842:
10841:
10835:
10833:
10823:
10813:
10812:
10796:
10795:
10788:
10781:
10773:
10764:
10763:
10760:
10759:
10758:
10757:
10754:
10743:
10737:
10731:
10730:
10727:
10726:
10723:
10722:
10720:
10719:
10714:
10712:Tribendimidine
10709:
10704:
10699:
10694:
10693:
10692:
10680:
10679:
10678:
10670:benzylammonium
10666:
10665:
10664:
10652:
10651:
10650:
10638:
10637:
10636:
10631:
10620:
10618:
10614:
10613:
10611:
10610:
10609:
10608:
10598:
10593:
10588:
10583:
10582:
10581:
10563:
10561:
10555:
10554:
10552:
10551:
10550:
10549:
10544:
10527:
10526:
10525:
10520:
10515:
10505:
10500:
10495:
10482:
10480:
10470:
10469:
10467:
10466:
10465:
10464:
10459:
10457:Ciclobendazole
10454:
10449:
10444:
10439:
10426:
10424:
10414:
10401:
10400:
10397:
10396:
10393:
10392:
10390:
10389:
10388:
10387:
10375:
10374:
10373:
10361:
10360:
10359:
10347:
10346:
10345:
10337:salicylanilide
10333:
10332:
10331:
10313:
10311:
10307:
10306:
10304:
10303:
10302:
10301:
10288:
10286:
10276:
10264:
10263:
10260:
10259:
10257:
10256:
10255:
10254:
10249:
10236:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10217:
10216:
10215:
10203:
10202:
10201:
10189:
10188:
10187:
10182:
10172:
10170:Arpraziquantel
10159:
10157:
10153:
10152:
10150:
10149:
10148:
10147:
10134:
10132:
10130:AChE inhibitor
10126:
10125:
10123:
10122:
10121:
10120:
10107:
10105:
10095:
10080:
10074:
10073:
10053:Antiparasitics
10049:
10048:
10041:
10034:
10026:
10017:
10016:
10013:
10012:
10011:
10010:
10007:
9996:
9990:
9984:
9983:
9980:
9979:
9977:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9955:
9953:
9949:
9948:
9946:
9945:
9940:
9933:
9928:
9923:
9918:
9913:
9900:
9894:
9892:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9884:
9879:
9877:Katalin KarikĂł
9874:
9869:
9864:
9859:
9854:
9849:
9844:
9839:
9834:
9828:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9816:
9815:
9813:
9812:
9811:
9810:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9787:
9782:
9777:
9772:
9767:
9766:
9765:
9760:
9759:
9758:
9753:
9743:
9738:
9733:
9723:
9717:
9715:
9711:
9710:
9708:
9707:
9706:
9705:
9700:
9691:
9689:
9683:
9682:
9680:
9679:
9678:
9677:
9669:
9668:
9667:
9656:
9654:
9650:
9649:
9647:
9646:
9645:
9644:
9639:
9634:
9632:Herpes simplex
9629:
9624:
9619:
9614:
9606:
9605:
9604:
9599:
9594:
9586:
9581:
9580:
9579:
9574:
9566:
9561:
9556:
9551:
9550:
9549:
9544:
9539:
9534:
9532:Sinopharm BIBP
9529:
9524:
9519:
9514:
9509:
9504:
9499:
9494:
9489:
9484:
9482:Bharat Biotech
9479:
9469:
9464:
9459:
9454:
9453:
9452:
9447:
9437:
9432:
9427:
9422:
9417:
9416:
9415:
9410:
9400:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9379:
9378:
9373:
9368:
9353:
9352:
9351:
9341:
9336:
9330:
9328:
9324:
9323:
9321:
9320:
9319:
9318:
9313:
9308:
9300:
9299:
9298:
9293:
9285:
9280:
9279:
9278:
9273:
9263:
9262:
9261:
9251:
9246:
9241:
9240:
9239:
9234:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9213:
9212:
9207:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9161:
9159:
9152:
9148:
9147:
9145:
9144:
9143:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9122:
9114:
9113:
9112:
9110:Vaccine injury
9107:
9102:
9097:
9092:
9087:
9082:
9073:
9071:
9070:Administration
9067:
9066:
9064:
9063:
9058:
9053:
9044:
9027:
9026:
9025:
9020:
9012:
9007:
9001:
8999:
8995:
8994:
8992:
8991:
8986:
8981:
8976:
8971:
8970:
8969:
8959:
8953:
8951:
8947:
8946:
8914:
8913:
8906:
8899:
8891:
8882:
8881:
8879:
8878:
8873:
8868:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8837:
8835:
8829:
8828:
8825:
8824:
8822:
8821:
8815:
8813:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8803:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8782:
8780:
8771:
8765:
8764:
8755:
8754:
8747:
8740:
8732:
8723:
8722:
8719:
8718:
8717:
8716:
8713:
8702:
8696:
8690:
8689:
8686:
8685:
8683:
8682:
8677:
8672:
8667:
8662:
8656:
8654:
8650:
8649:
8647:
8646:
8630:Nitroimidazole
8626:
8621:
8609:
8593:
8580:
8578:
8574:
8573:
8570:
8569:
8567:
8566:
8559:
8558:
8553:
8548:
8542:Thiocarbamides
8538:
8537:
8532:
8518:
8516:
8509:
8508:
8506:
8505:
8499:
8498:
8484:
8482:
8475:
8474:
8472:
8471:
8461:
8459:
8449:
8443:
8442:
8439:
8438:
8436:
8435:
8429:
8427:
8421:
8420:
8418:
8417:
8412:
8406:
8404:
8398:
8397:
8395:
8394:
8389:
8384:
8378:
8376:
8367:
8361:
8360:
8357:
8356:
8354:
8353:
8348:
8342:
8340:
8329:
8328:
8326:
8325:
8319:
8307:
8305:
8301:
8300:
8298:
8297:
8292:
8287:
8282:
8277:
8272:
8266:
8264:
8254:
8253:
8251:
8250:
8245:
8240:
8235:
8229:
8227:
8224:RNA polymerase
8212:
8206:
8205:
8185:
8184:
8177:
8170:
8162:
8153:
8152:
8149:
8148:
8147:
8146:
8143:
8132:
8126:
8120:
8119:
8116:
8115:
8113:
8112:
8107:
8102:
8093:
8088:
8083:
8078:
8073:
8068:
8066:citronella oil
8062:
8061:
8056:
8051:
8046:
8041:
8036:
8031:
8026:
8021:
8016:
8011:
8009:salicylic acid
8006:
8001:
7996:
7991:
7986:
7981:
7979:crystal violet
7976:
7971:
7966:
7964:chlorophetanol
7961:
7955:
7953:
7949:
7948:
7945:
7944:
7942:
7941:
7934:
7932:
7925:
7924:
7922:
7921:
7914:
7912:
7906:
7905:
7903:
7902:
7895:
7893:
7879:
7875:
7874:
7871:
7870:
7868:
7867:
7862:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7830:
7828:
7820:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7813:
7812:
7805:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7795:
7794:
7792:
7791:
7784:
7782:
7776:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7756:
7747:
7739:
7738:
7736:
7735:
7732:amphotericin B
7724:
7719:
7712:
7710:
7698:
7697:
7694:
7693:
7691:
7690:
7683:
7681:
7675:
7674:
7672:
7671:
7666:
7659:
7658:
7653:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7621:fosfluconazole
7618:
7611:
7610:
7605:
7600:
7593:
7591:
7585:
7584:
7582:
7581:
7577:
7576:
7571:
7566:
7561:
7556:
7551:
7546:
7541:
7536:
7531:
7526:
7521:
7516:
7511:
7506:
7501:
7496:
7491:
7486:
7481:
7474:
7472:
7463:
7447:
7436:
7430:
7429:
7413:
7412:
7405:
7398:
7390:
7381:
7380:
7378:
7377:
7372:
7367:
7362:
7357:
7352:
7347:
7342:
7337:
7332:
7327:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7306:
7304:
7300:
7299:
7297:
7296:
7291:
7289:Nitrofurantoin
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7265:
7263:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7232:
7226:
7224:
7222:Pleuromutilins
7218:
7217:
7215:
7214:
7209:
7204:
7198:
7196:
7189:
7188:
7186:
7185:
7179:
7177:
7176:antibacterials
7170:
7169:
7167:
7166:
7161:
7155:
7153:
7147:
7146:
7144:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7102:
7100:
7090:
7089:
7077:Antibacterials
7073:
7072:
7065:
7058:
7050:
7041:
7040:
7037:
7036:
7035:
7034:
7031:
7020:
7014:
7008:
7007:
7004:
7003:
7000:
6999:
6997:
6996:
6990:
6988:
6982:
6981:
6979:
6978:
6973:
6968:
6963:
6958:
6952:
6950:
6948:RNA polymerase
6936:
6929:
6928:
6925:
6924:
6922:
6921:
6915:
6913:
6910:Nitroimidazole
6903:
6892:
6891:
6888:
6887:
6885:
6884:
6878:Aminocoumarins
6874:
6872:
6864:
6863:
6861:
6860:
6855:
6849:
6847:
6843:
6842:
6839:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6830:
6825:
6820:
6815:
6810:
6805:
6800:
6794:
6792:
6786:
6785:
6783:
6782:
6780:Alatrofloxacin
6773:
6768:
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6722:
6720:
6718:4th generation
6714:
6713:
6711:
6710:
6705:
6700:
6695:
6690:
6685:
6680:
6674:
6672:
6670:3rd generation
6666:
6665:
6663:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6634:
6629:
6624:
6619:
6614:
6608:
6606:
6604:2nd generation
6597:
6591:
6590:
6588:
6587:
6582:
6580:Piromidic acid
6577:
6575:Pipemidic acid
6572:
6567:
6565:Nalidixic acid
6562:
6557:
6551:
6549:
6547:1st generation
6540:
6515:
6514:
6511:
6510:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6486:
6484:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6476:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6455:
6453:
6449:
6448:
6445:
6444:
6442:
6441:
6436:
6431:
6429:Sulfaguanidine
6426:
6424:Sulfadicramide
6421:
6416:
6411:
6405:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6396:
6395:
6390:
6388:Sulfaphenazole
6385:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6360:
6355:
6350:
6344:
6342:
6336:
6335:
6333:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6316:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6305:
6304:
6299:
6285:
6284:
6283:
6273:
6263:
6253:
6248:
6246:Sulfamethizole
6243:
6237:
6235:
6226:
6223:DHPS inhibitor
6214:
6213:
6211:
6210:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6198:
6193:
6188:
6183:
6172:
6170:
6168:DHFR inhibitor
6161:
6142:
6141:
6125:Antibacterials
6121:
6120:
6113:
6106:
6098:
6089:
6088:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6079:
6068:
6062:
6056:
6055:
6052:
6051:
6049:
6048:
6043:
6038:
6037:
6036:
6031:
6021:
6020:
6019:
6010:
6008:
6004:
6003:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5976:
5960:
5958:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5947:
5946:
5939:
5937:
5933:
5932:
5930:
5929:
5924:
5917:
5915:
5906:
5900:
5899:
5896:
5895:
5893:
5892:
5887:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5862:
5857:
5852:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5817:
5812:
5806:
5804:
5800:
5799:
5797:
5796:
5790:
5785:
5780:
5776:non-β-lactam (
5774:
5764:
5758:
5748:
5746:
5740:
5739:
5737:
5736:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5715:
5713:
5707:
5706:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5683:
5681:
5675:
5674:
5672:
5671:
5665:
5663:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5637:
5635:
5633:5th generation
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5604:
5602:
5600:4th generation
5596:
5595:
5593:
5592:
5586:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5557:
5552:
5547:
5542:
5537:
5532:
5527:
5522:
5517:
5512:
5507:
5502:
5497:
5491:
5485:
5480:
5475:
5469:
5467:
5465:3rd generation
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5426:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5402:
5397:
5392:
5387:
5382:
5376:
5374:
5372:2nd generation
5368:
5367:
5365:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5344:
5339:
5334:
5329:
5324:
5319:
5314:
5309:
5304:
5299:
5294:
5288:
5286:
5284:1st generation
5277:
5267:Cephalosporins
5259:
5258:
5256:
5255:
5249:
5243:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5221:
5212:
5205:
5203:
5193:
5192:
5189:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5182:
5181:
5176:
5165:
5163:
5159:
5158:
5156:
5155:
5150:
5145:
5139:
5137:
5130:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5121:
5112:
5106:
5104:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5082:
5077:
5072:
5067:
5062:
5053:
5047:
5045:
5035:
5027:
5026:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
5001:Flucloxacillin
4998:
4988:
4986:
4978:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4939:
4934:
4928:
4926:
4915:
4904:
4890:
4851:
4850:
4832:active on the
4830:Antibacterials
4826:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4773:
4767:
4761:
4760:
4757:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4745:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4711:
4697:
4678:
4676:
4674:Streptogramins
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4650:
4648:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4622:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4593:Troleandomycin
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4560:
4555:
4550:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4530:
4525:
4523:Flurithromycin
4520:
4515:
4510:
4508:Clarithromycin
4505:
4500:
4495:
4490:
4484:
4482:
4473:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4425:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4352:
4351:
4348:
4347:
4345:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4334:Glycylcyclines
4330:
4329:
4327:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4271:
4269:Demeclocycline
4266:
4261:
4256:
4250:
4248:
4241:
4229:
4228:
4225:
4224:
4222:
4221:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4160:
4158:
4154:Micromonospora
4148:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4142:Nourseothricin
4139:
4134:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4055:
4054:
4049:
4043:
4041:
4028:
4013:
4007:
4006:
3978:Antibacterials
3974:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3900:
3898:
3894:
3893:
3891:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3874:
3872:
3868:
3867:
3865:
3864:
3859:
3853:
3851:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3826:
3816:
3810:
3808:
3804:
3803:
3801:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3769:antimicrobials
3764:
3763:
3756:
3749:
3741:
3735:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3704:
3697:
3696:External links
3694:
3692:
3691:
3677:
3628:
3580:
3523:
3501:
3475:
3457:
3435:
3421:
3407:
3393:
3364:
3346:
3331:
3301:
3234:
3220:
3183:(4): 847–855.
3163:
3104:
3075:(1): 147–179.
3055:
3034:(8): 608–613.
3014:
2965:
2938:(4): 533–537.
2918:
2879:
2848:
2823:
2792:(2): 119–120.
2772:
2753:(6): 251–255.
2733:
2722:(2): 251–255.
2706:
2678:
2619:
2570:
2541:(5): 673–679.
2521:
2466:
2449:
2430:(10): 813–29.
2414:
2365:
2306:
2280:
2244:
2219:
2175:
2136:(10): e31145.
2113:
2054:
2005:
1958:
1899:
1858:
1799:
1762:(9): 727–740.
1742:
1685:
1646:
1591:
1532:
1515:
1464:
1423:
1372:
1329:
1323:978-1944272067
1322:
1301:
1287:
1268:
1241:
1198:
1171:
1145:
1116:
1087:(2): 156–167.
1067:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:Antiviral drug
1025:
1019:
1018:
1015:Biology portal
1002:
999:
993:
990:
981:
978:
972:
969:
955:electron beams
934:
931:
927:pasteurization
903:
900:
898:
895:
889:
886:
870:2-Phenylphenol
857:
854:
835:
832:
823:
820:
813:Antimicrobial
810:
807:
803:swimming pools
775:Main article:
772:
769:
751:
748:
747:
746:
743:
740:
724:
721:
681:pharmacopoeias
674:essential oils
669:
668:Essential oils
666:
649:Staphylococcus
630:
627:
580:
579:
544:of the subject
542:worldwide view
537:
535:
528:
522:
519:
507:Main article:
504:
501:
465:Chagas disease
449:Main article:
446:
445:Antiparasitics
443:
412:genital herpes
404:Herpes viruses
371:Antiviral drug
369:Main article:
366:
363:
311:athlete's foot
299:Main article:
296:
293:
237:, quinolones,
219:Main article:
216:
215:Antibacterials
213:
205:Selman Waksman
197:
194:
182:Edward Abraham
159:Staphylococcus
127:used specific
125:ancient Greeks
116:
113:
32:microorganisms
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12873:
12862:
12859:
12857:
12854:
12853:
12851:
12834:
12831:
12830:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12803:
12801:
12798:
12796:
12793:
12792:
12790:
12786:
12780:
12777:
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12772:
12770:
12767:
12765:
12762:
12759:
12757:
12754:
12752:
12749:
12747:
12744:
12742:
12739:
12737:
12734:
12732:
12729:
12727:
12724:
12722:
12719:
12717:
12714:
12712:
12709:
12705:
12702:
12701:
12699:
12697:
12694:
12692:
12689:
12688:
12686:
12684:
12678:
12667:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12657:
12655:
12652:
12650:
12647:
12645:
12642:
12640:
12639:Sterilization
12637:
12635:
12632:
12630:
12627:
12625:
12622:
12620:
12617:
12613:
12610:
12608:
12607:Surgical mask
12605:
12603:
12600:
12599:
12598:
12595:
12593:
12590:
12588:
12585:
12581:
12578:
12576:
12573:
12570:
12567:
12566:
12565:
12564:Public health
12562:
12560:
12557:
12553:
12550:
12549:
12548:
12545:
12543:
12540:
12536:
12533:
12532:
12531:
12528:
12524:
12521:
12519:
12516:
12514:
12511:
12510:
12509:
12506:
12504:
12501:
12499:
12496:
12494:
12491:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12480:
12478:
12476:
12470:
12462:
12459:
12457:
12454:
12452:
12449:
12447:
12444:
12442:
12439:
12438:
12437:
12434:
12432:
12429:
12427:
12424:
12422:
12419:
12417:
12416:Phage therapy
12414:
12412:
12409:
12405:
12402:
12401:
12400:
12399:Immunotherapy
12397:
12395:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12385:
12382:
12380:
12377:
12375:
12372:
12370:
12367:
12363:
12360:
12359:
12358:
12357:Antimicrobial
12355:
12351:
12348:
12347:
12346:
12343:
12341:
12338:
12334:
12331:
12330:
12329:
12326:
12325:
12323:
12319:
12316:
12314:
12306:
12299:
12297:
12294:
12292:
12289:
12287:
12284:
12282:
12279:
12277:
12274:
12271:
12269:
12266:
12264:
12261:
12258:
12256:
12253:
12250:
12248:Genitourinary
12247:
12243:
12240:
12239:
12238:
12235:
12231:
12228:
12226:
12223:
12222:
12220:
12219:
12217:
12211:
12201:
12198:
12196:
12193:
12191:
12188:
12186:
12183:
12181:
12178:
12176:
12173:
12171:
12168:
12166:
12163:
12161:
12158:
12156:
12153:
12151:
12148:
12146:
12143:
12141:
12138:
12134:
12131:
12129:
12126:
12125:
12124:
12121:
12119:
12116:
12114:
12111:
12110:
12108:
12106:in population
12102:
12096:
12093:
12091:
12088:
12086:
12083:
12081:
12078:
12076:
12073:
12071:
12070:Herd immunity
12068:
12066:
12063:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12032:
12030:
12028:
12024:
12006:
12003:
12002:
12000:
11996:
11989:
11988:
11986:
11982:
11975:
11974:
11972:
11968:
11962:
11959:
11958:
11956:
11954:Genitourinary
11952:
11946:
11942:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11926:
11924:
11920:
11914:
11911:
11909:
11906:
11904:
11901:
11897:
11896:Contamination
11894:
11893:
11892:
11889:
11888:
11886:
11882:
11874:
11871:
11869:
11866:
11865:
11864:Vector-borne
11863:
11859:
11856:
11854:
11851:
11850:
11848:
11844:
11841:
11838:
11836:
11833:
11831:
11828:
11827:
11825:
11823:
11820:
11819:
11817:
11811:
11805:
11802:
11800:
11797:
11793:
11790:
11789:
11788:
11785:
11783:
11780:
11779:
11777:
11773:
11770:
11766:
11760:
11757:
11756:
11754:
11748:
11742:
11739:
11735:
11732:
11728:
11725:
11722:
11719:
11718:
11717:
11714:
11713:
11711:
11707:
11704:
11702:
11699:
11698:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11690:
11688:
11684:
11680:
11674:
11671:
11669:
11666:
11664:
11661:
11659:
11656:
11655:
11653:
11651:
11650:Cross-species
11647:
11644:
11640:
11633:
11630:
11627:
11624:
11622:
11619:
11617:
11614:
11611:
11610:
11608:
11604:
11601:
11597:
11591:
11590:Window period
11588:
11586:
11583:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11555:Latent period
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11541:
11538:
11536:
11533:
11531:
11528:
11526:
11523:
11521:
11518:
11517:
11515:
11509:
11506:
11504:
11500:
11490:
11487:
11485:
11482:
11480:
11477:
11475:
11472:
11470:
11467:
11465:
11462:
11458:
11455:
11454:
11452:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11434:Deforestation
11432:
11430:
11427:
11423:
11420:
11418:
11415:
11414:
11412:
11410:
11407:
11404:
11401:
11399:
11396:
11395:
11393:
11391:
11387:
11379:Stress levels
11378:
11375:
11371:
11368:
11367:
11365:
11362:
11359:
11356:
11353:
11350:
11349:
11348:
11345:
11343:
11340:
11338:
11335:
11333:
11330:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11317:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11306:
11303:
11301:
11298:
11296:
11293:
11292:
11290:
11288:
11284:
11278:
11275:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11261:
11258:
11257:
11256:
11253:
11249:
11246:
11244:
11241:
11239:
11236:
11234:
11231:
11230:
11229:
11226:
11224:
11221:
11217:
11214:
11213:
11212:
11211:Pathogenicity
11209:
11205:
11202:
11201:
11200:
11197:
11195:
11192:
11190:
11187:
11186:
11184:
11182:
11178:
11175:
11171:
11166:
11162:
11154:
11149:
11147:
11142:
11140:
11135:
11134:
11131:
11109:
11107:
11104:
11103:
11101:
11098:
11095:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11086:
11082:
11071:
11067:
11066:
11062:
11060:
11059:
11055:
11053:
11050:
11049:
11047:
11043:
11037:
11034:
11033:
11031:
11029:
11025:
11019:
11016:
11015:
11013:
11011:
11007:
11001:
10998:
10997:
10995:
10992:
10988:
10982:
10979:
10977:
10974:
10972:
10969:
10967:
10964:
10963:
10961:
10958:
10954:
10948:
10945:
10944:
10942:
10940:
10936:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10911:
10909:
10907:
10903:
10900:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10886:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10868:
10864:
10858:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10846:
10840:
10837:
10836:
10834:
10831:
10827:
10824:
10822:
10818:
10814:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10794:
10789:
10787:
10782:
10780:
10775:
10774:
10771:
10755:
10753:
10750:
10749:
10747:
10744:
10741:
10738:
10736:
10733:
10732:
10728:
10718:
10715:
10713:
10710:
10708:
10705:
10703:
10700:
10698:
10695:
10691:
10688:
10687:
10686:
10685:
10681:
10677:
10674:
10673:
10672:
10671:
10667:
10663:
10660:
10659:
10658:
10657:
10653:
10649:
10646:
10645:
10644:
10643:
10639:
10635:
10632:
10630:
10627:
10626:
10625:
10622:
10621:
10619:
10617:Other/unknown
10615:
10606:
10602:
10599:
10597:
10594:
10592:
10589:
10587:
10584:
10580:
10577:
10576:
10575:
10572:
10571:
10570:
10569:
10565:
10564:
10562:
10560:
10556:
10548:
10545:
10542:
10538:
10535:
10534:
10533:
10532:
10528:
10524:
10521:
10519:
10516:
10513:
10509:
10506:
10504:
10501:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10489:
10488:
10484:
10483:
10481:
10479:
10478:GABA receptor
10475:
10471:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10434:
10433:
10432:
10431:benzimidazole
10428:
10427:
10425:
10423:
10418:
10415:
10412:
10406:
10402:
10386:
10383:
10382:
10381:
10380:
10376:
10372:
10369:
10368:
10367:
10366:
10365:butyrophenone
10362:
10358:
10355:
10354:
10353:
10352:
10351:aminoacridine
10348:
10344:
10341:
10340:
10339:
10338:
10334:
10329:
10325:
10322:
10321:
10320:
10319:
10315:
10314:
10312:
10310:Other/unknown
10308:
10300:
10297:
10296:
10295:
10294:
10293:benzimidazole
10290:
10289:
10287:
10285:
10280:
10277:
10274:
10269:
10268:Anticestodals
10265:
10253:
10252:Tartar emetic
10250:
10248:
10245:
10244:
10243:
10241:
10237:
10233:
10230:
10228:
10225:
10224:
10223:
10222:
10218:
10214:
10211:
10210:
10209:
10208:
10204:
10200:
10197:
10196:
10195:
10194:
10190:
10186:
10183:
10180:
10176:
10173:
10171:
10168:
10167:
10166:
10165:
10161:
10160:
10158:
10156:Other/unknown
10154:
10146:
10143:
10142:
10141:
10140:
10136:
10135:
10133:
10131:
10127:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10114:
10113:
10112:benzimidazole
10109:
10108:
10106:
10104:
10099:
10096:
10093:
10088:
10084:
10081:
10079:
10075:
10070:
10066:
10062:
10058:
10057:Anthelmintics
10054:
10047:
10042:
10040:
10035:
10033:
10028:
10027:
10024:
10008:
10006:
10003:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9994:
9991:
9989:
9986:
9985:
9981:
9975:
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9956:
9954:
9950:
9944:
9941:
9939:
9938:
9934:
9932:
9929:
9927:
9924:
9922:
9919:
9917:
9914:
9911:
9909:
9904:
9901:
9899:
9896:
9895:
9893:
9889:
9883:
9882:Drew Weissman
9880:
9878:
9875:
9873:
9870:
9868:
9867:H. Fred Clark
9865:
9863:
9860:
9858:
9855:
9853:
9850:
9848:
9845:
9843:
9840:
9838:
9837:Louis Pasteur
9835:
9833:
9832:Edward Jenner
9830:
9829:
9827:
9821:
9809:
9806:
9804:
9803:DTwP-HepB-Hib
9801:
9799:
9798:DTaP-IPV-HepB
9796:
9794:
9791:
9790:
9789:combination:
9788:
9786:
9783:
9781:
9778:
9776:
9773:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9752:
9749:
9748:
9747:
9744:
9742:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9732:
9729:
9728:
9727:
9724:
9722:
9719:
9718:
9716:
9712:
9704:
9701:
9699:
9696:
9695:
9693:
9692:
9690:
9688:
9687:Helminthiasis
9684:
9676:
9673:
9672:
9670:
9666:
9663:
9662:
9661:
9658:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9643:
9640:
9638:
9635:
9633:
9630:
9628:
9625:
9623:
9620:
9618:
9615:
9613:
9610:
9609:
9607:
9603:
9600:
9598:
9595:
9593:
9590:
9589:
9588:combination:
9587:
9585:
9582:
9578:
9575:
9573:
9570:
9569:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9560:
9557:
9555:
9552:
9548:
9545:
9543:
9540:
9538:
9535:
9533:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9523:
9520:
9518:
9515:
9513:
9510:
9508:
9505:
9503:
9500:
9498:
9495:
9493:
9490:
9488:
9485:
9483:
9480:
9478:
9475:
9474:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9451:
9448:
9446:
9443:
9442:
9441:
9438:
9436:
9433:
9431:
9428:
9426:
9423:
9421:
9418:
9414:
9411:
9409:
9406:
9405:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9377:
9374:
9372:
9369:
9366:
9362:
9359:
9358:
9357:
9354:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9345:
9342:
9340:
9337:
9335:
9332:
9331:
9329:
9325:
9317:
9314:
9312:
9309:
9307:
9304:
9303:
9301:
9297:
9294:
9292:
9291:DPT/DTwP/DTaP
9289:
9288:
9287:combination:
9286:
9284:
9281:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9268:
9267:
9264:
9260:
9257:
9256:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9238:
9235:
9233:
9230:
9229:
9228:
9225:
9223:
9220:
9218:
9215:
9211:
9208:
9206:
9203:
9202:
9201:
9200:Meningococcus
9198:
9196:
9193:
9191:
9190:Leptospirosis
9188:
9186:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9156:
9153:
9149:
9141:
9138:
9136:
9133:
9131:
9128:
9126:
9125:Vaccine court
9123:
9121:
9118:
9117:
9115:
9111:
9108:
9106:
9103:
9101:
9098:
9096:
9093:
9091:
9088:
9086:
9083:
9081:
9080:GAVI Alliance
9078:
9077:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9068:
9062:
9059:
9057:
9054:
9052:
9048:
9045:
9043:
9039:
9035:
9031:
9028:
9024:
9021:
9019:
9016:
9015:
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8996:
8990:
8987:
8985:
8982:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8968:
8965:
8964:
8963:
8960:
8958:
8955:
8954:
8952:
8948:
8943:
8939:
8935:
8931:
8927:
8923:
8919:
8912:
8907:
8905:
8900:
8898:
8893:
8892:
8889:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8862:
8861:Obiltoxaximab
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8838:
8836:
8834:
8830:
8820:
8817:
8816:
8814:
8812:
8808:
8802:
8799:
8797:
8794:
8792:
8789:
8787:
8784:
8783:
8781:
8779:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8766:
8761:
8753:
8748:
8746:
8741:
8739:
8734:
8733:
8730:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8691:
8687:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8657:
8655:
8651:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8637:
8632:
8631:
8627:
8625:
8622:
8619:
8615:
8614:
8610:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8598:
8594:
8591:
8587:
8586:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8577:Other/unknown
8575:
8565:
8561:
8560:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8551:Prothionamide
8549:
8547:
8543:
8540:
8539:
8536:
8533:
8531:
8527:
8523:
8520:
8519:
8517:
8514:
8510:
8504:
8501:
8500:
8497:
8493:
8489:
8486:
8485:
8483:
8480:
8476:
8470:
8466:
8463:
8462:
8460:
8457:
8456:Peptidoglycan
8453:
8450:
8448:
8444:
8434:
8431:
8430:
8428:
8426:
8422:
8416:
8413:
8411:
8408:
8407:
8405:
8403:
8399:
8393:
8390:
8388:
8385:
8383:
8380:
8379:
8377:
8375:
8371:
8368:
8366:
8362:
8352:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8343:
8341:
8339:
8334:
8330:
8323:
8320:
8318:
8314:
8313:
8309:
8308:
8306:
8302:
8296:
8293:
8291:
8288:
8286:
8283:
8281:
8278:
8276:
8273:
8271:
8268:
8267:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8255:
8249:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8239:
8236:
8234:
8231:
8230:
8228:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8211:
8207:
8202:
8198:
8194:
8190:
8183:
8178:
8176:
8171:
8169:
8164:
8163:
8160:
8144:
8142:
8139:
8138:
8136:
8133:
8130:
8127:
8125:
8122:
8121:
8117:
8111:
8108:
8106:
8103:
8101:
8097:
8094:
8092:
8089:
8087:
8084:
8082:
8079:
8077:
8074:
8072:
8069:
8067:
8064:
8063:
8060:
8057:
8055:
8052:
8050:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8040:
8037:
8035:
8032:
8030:
8027:
8025:
8022:
8020:
8017:
8015:
8012:
8010:
8007:
8005:
8002:
8000:
7997:
7995:
7992:
7990:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7980:
7977:
7975:
7972:
7970:
7969:chlorphenesin
7967:
7965:
7962:
7960:
7957:
7956:
7954:
7950:
7940:
7936:
7935:
7933:
7930:
7926:
7920:
7916:
7915:
7913:
7911:
7907:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7894:
7892:
7887:
7883:
7880:
7878:Intracellular
7876:
7866:
7865:ibrexafungerp
7863:
7860:
7857:
7855:
7852:
7850:
7847:
7845:
7842:
7840:
7839:anidulafungin
7836:
7835:echinocandins
7832:
7831:
7829:
7825:
7821:
7811:
7807:
7806:
7804:
7800:
7790:
7786:
7785:
7783:
7781:
7777:
7769:
7766:
7764:
7760:
7759:
7757:
7755:
7751:
7748:
7744:
7740:
7733:
7728:
7725:
7723:
7720:
7718:
7714:
7713:
7711:
7708:
7703:
7699:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7676:
7670:
7667:
7665:
7661:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7646:oteseconazole
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7636:isavuconazole
7634:
7632:
7629:
7627:
7624:
7622:
7619:
7617:
7613:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7601:
7599:
7598:efinaconazole
7595:
7594:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7579:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7570:
7567:
7565:
7564:sertaconazole
7562:
7560:
7557:
7555:
7552:
7550:
7547:
7545:
7542:
7540:
7537:
7535:
7532:
7530:
7527:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7519:fenticonazole
7517:
7515:
7512:
7510:
7507:
7505:
7502:
7500:
7497:
7495:
7492:
7490:
7489:chlormidazole
7487:
7485:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7461:
7455:
7451:
7448:
7444:
7440:
7437:
7431:
7426:
7422:
7418:
7411:
7406:
7404:
7399:
7397:
7392:
7391:
7388:
7376:
7373:
7371:
7368:
7366:
7365:Spectinomycin
7363:
7361:
7358:
7356:
7353:
7351:
7348:
7346:
7345:Mandelic acid
7343:
7341:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7326:
7323:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7307:
7305:
7301:
7295:
7294:Nitrofurazone
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7257:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7241:
7238:
7236:
7233:
7231:
7228:
7227:
7225:
7223:
7219:
7213:
7210:
7208:
7205:
7203:
7202:Metronidazole
7200:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7190:
7184:
7181:
7180:
7178:
7175:
7171:
7165:
7162:
7160:
7157:
7156:
7154:
7152:
7148:
7142:
7139:
7137:
7134:
7132:
7129:
7127:
7124:
7122:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7109:
7107:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7099:
7095:
7094:Glycopeptides
7091:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7071:
7066:
7064:
7059:
7057:
7052:
7051:
7048:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7026:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7015:
7013:
7010:
7009:
7005:
6995:
6992:
6991:
6989:
6987:
6983:
6977:
6974:
6972:
6969:
6967:
6964:
6962:
6959:
6957:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6949:
6944:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6930:
6920:
6917:
6916:
6914:
6911:
6907:
6904:
6902:
6897:
6893:
6883:
6879:
6876:
6875:
6873:
6870:
6865:
6859:
6856:
6854:
6851:
6850:
6848:
6844:
6834:
6831:
6829:
6828:Pradofloxacin
6826:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6818:Marbofloxacin
6816:
6814:
6811:
6809:
6806:
6804:
6801:
6799:
6796:
6795:
6793:
6791:
6787:
6781:
6777:
6776:Trovafloxacin
6774:
6772:
6769:
6767:
6766:Prulifloxacin
6764:
6762:
6759:
6757:
6756:Clinafloxacin
6754:
6752:
6749:
6747:
6744:
6742:
6739:
6737:
6734:
6732:
6729:
6727:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6719:
6715:
6709:
6706:
6704:
6701:
6699:
6696:
6694:
6691:
6689:
6688:Grepafloxacin
6686:
6684:
6681:
6679:
6676:
6675:
6673:
6671:
6667:
6661:
6658:
6656:
6653:
6651:
6648:
6646:
6642:
6638:
6635:
6633:
6630:
6628:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6618:
6615:
6613:
6612:Ciprofloxacin
6610:
6609:
6607:
6605:
6601:
6598:
6596:
6592:
6586:
6583:
6581:
6578:
6576:
6573:
6571:
6570:Oxolinic acid
6568:
6566:
6563:
6561:
6558:
6556:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6548:
6544:
6541:
6538:
6531:
6526:
6525:topoisomerase
6520:
6516:
6506:
6503:
6501:
6498:
6496:
6493:
6491:
6490:Acediasulfone
6488:
6487:
6485:
6481:
6475:
6472:
6470:
6467:
6465:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6456:
6454:
6450:
6440:
6437:
6435:
6432:
6430:
6427:
6425:
6422:
6420:
6417:
6415:
6414:Sulfacetamide
6412:
6410:
6407:
6406:
6404:
6400:
6394:
6391:
6389:
6386:
6384:
6383:Sulfamerazine
6381:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6359:
6356:
6354:
6351:
6349:
6346:
6345:
6343:
6341:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6326:
6323:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6315:
6313:
6309:
6303:
6302:Sulfathiourea
6300:
6297:
6293:
6289:
6288:Sulfathiazole
6286:
6282:
6279:
6278:
6277:
6276:Sulfanilamide
6274:
6271:
6267:
6266:Sulfafurazole
6264:
6261:
6260:Sulfasalazine
6257:
6256:Sulfapyridine
6254:
6252:
6251:Sulfadimidine
6249:
6247:
6244:
6242:
6239:
6238:
6236:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6224:
6219:
6215:
6207:
6204:
6202:
6199:
6197:
6196:Pyrimethamine
6194:
6192:
6189:
6187:
6184:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6177:
6174:
6173:
6171:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6153:
6147:
6143:
6138:
6134:
6130:
6126:
6119:
6114:
6112:
6107:
6105:
6100:
6099:
6096:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6074:
6072:
6069:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6057:
6053:
6047:
6044:
6042:
6039:
6035:
6032:
6030:
6027:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6018:
6015:
6014:
6012:
6011:
6009:
6005:
5998:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5977:
5974:
5970:
5966:
5962:
5961:
5959:
5957:Intracellular
5955:
5945:
5941:
5940:
5938:
5934:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5919:
5918:
5916:
5914:
5910:
5907:
5905:
5901:
5891:
5888:
5886:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5863:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5853:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5833:
5831:
5828:
5825:
5824:Sultamicillin
5821:
5818:
5816:
5813:
5811:
5808:
5807:
5805:
5801:
5794:
5791:
5789:
5786:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5775:
5772:
5768:
5765:
5762:
5759:
5757:
5753:
5750:
5749:
5747:
5745:
5741:
5735:
5732:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5716:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5690:
5688:
5685:
5684:
5682:
5680:
5676:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5664:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5649:
5647:
5644:
5642:
5639:
5638:
5636:
5634:
5630:
5624:
5621:
5619:
5616:
5614:
5611:
5609:
5606:
5605:
5603:
5601:
5597:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5561:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5551:
5548:
5546:
5543:
5541:
5538:
5536:
5533:
5531:
5528:
5526:
5523:
5521:
5518:
5516:
5513:
5511:
5508:
5506:
5503:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5490:
5486:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5474:
5471:
5470:
5468:
5466:
5462:
5455:
5451:
5448:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5439:Cefbuperazone
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5425:
5421:
5418:
5416:
5413:
5411:
5408:
5406:
5403:
5401:
5398:
5396:
5393:
5391:
5388:
5386:
5383:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5375:
5373:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5358:
5355:
5353:
5350:
5348:
5345:
5343:
5340:
5338:
5335:
5333:
5330:
5328:
5325:
5323:
5320:
5318:
5315:
5313:
5310:
5308:
5305:
5303:
5300:
5298:
5295:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5287:
5285:
5281:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5220:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5208:Carbapenems (
5207:
5206:
5204:
5202:
5198:
5194:
5180:
5179:Sulbenicillin
5177:
5174:
5173:Pivmecillinam
5170:
5167:
5166:
5164:
5160:
5154:
5151:
5149:
5146:
5144:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5131:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5119:Carindacillin
5116:
5115:Carbenicillin
5113:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5098:
5092:
5089:
5086:
5085:Talampicillin
5083:
5081:
5080:Metampicillin
5078:
5076:
5075:Lenampicillin
5073:
5071:
5070:Bacampicillin
5068:
5066:
5063:
5061:
5060:Pivampicillin
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5048:
5046:
5043:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5028:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4997:
4996:Dicloxacillin
4993:
4990:
4989:
4987:
4983:
4979:
4973:
4970:
4968:
4967:Clometocillin
4965:
4963:
4960:
4958:
4957:Pheneticillin
4955:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4938:
4935:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4927:
4923:
4919:
4916:
4914:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4886:
4872:
4856:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4785:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4774:
4771:
4768:
4766:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4743:
4739:
4738:Virginiamycin
4736:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4682:Pristinamycin
4680:
4679:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4649:
4647:
4643:
4637:
4636:Solithromycin
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4626:Telithromycin
4624:
4623:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4598:Tulathromycin
4596:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4578:Telithromycin
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4568:Solithromycin
4566:
4564:
4563:Roxithromycin
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4529:
4528:Gamithromycin
4526:
4524:
4521:
4519:
4516:
4514:
4513:Dirithromycin
4511:
4509:
4506:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4471:
4466:
4456:
4453:
4451:
4450:Thiamphenicol
4448:
4446:
4445:Azidamfenicol
4443:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4433:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4420:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4381:
4380:
4378:
4375:
4370:
4369:Oxazolidinone
4366:
4363:
4361:
4357:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4275:
4272:
4270:
4267:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4247:Tetracyclines
4245:
4242:
4239:
4234:
4230:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4195:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4149:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4123:
4122:Spectinomycin
4120:
4117:
4113:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4072:
4070:
4067:
4065:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4057:
4056:
4053:
4050:
4048:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4032:
4029:
4026:
4021:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4008:
4003:
3999:
3995:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3943:
3938:
3932:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3899:
3895:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3854:
3852:
3850:Social issues
3848:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3805:
3799:
3798:Antiparasitic
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:Antibacterial
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3762:
3757:
3755:
3750:
3748:
3743:
3742:
3739:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3712:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3699:
3687:
3681:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3632:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3584:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3527:
3511:
3505:
3489:
3485:
3479:
3471:
3467:
3461:
3445:
3439:
3431:
3425:
3417:
3411:
3403:
3397:
3378:
3371:
3369:
3361:. 9 May 2021.
3360:
3356:
3350:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3230:
3224:
3216:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3145:
3141:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3108:
3100:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3059:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2985:(7): 309–18.
2984:
2980:
2976:
2969:
2961:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2945:
2941:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2883:
2875:
2871:
2868:(18): 551–6.
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2837:
2833:
2827:
2819:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2776:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2737:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2710:
2696:on 2013-05-20
2695:
2691:
2685:
2683:
2674:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2590:(4): 564–82.
2589:
2585:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2562:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2525:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2470:
2462:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2385:(2): 118–22.
2384:
2380:
2376:
2369:
2361:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2334:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2310:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2253:
2251:
2249:
2234:on 2012-07-23
2233:
2229:
2223:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:(1): 127–33.
2191:
2187:
2179:
2171:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2127:
2120:
2118:
2109:
2105:
2100:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2058:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1932:
1927:
1922:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1903:
1895:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1746:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1689:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1650:
1642:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1543:
1536:
1528:
1527:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1468:
1460:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1443:(4): 277–83.
1442:
1438:
1434:
1427:
1419:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1387:
1383:
1376:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1352:
1348:
1345:(2): 177–85.
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1319:
1315:
1308:
1306:
1297:
1291:
1284:(3): 226–236.
1283:
1279:
1272:
1256:
1252:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1175:
1159:
1155:
1149:
1135:on 2017-03-03
1134:
1130:
1129:www.porex.com
1126:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1071:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1042:
1038:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1005:
998:
989:
987:
977:
968:
966:
961:
956:
952:
951:gamma emitter
948:
944:
940:
930:
928:
924:
920:
913:
909:
894:
885:
883:
879:
875:
871:
868:
864:
853:
850:
846:
842:
831:
830:
819:
816:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
783:biogas plants
778:
768:
765:
761:
757:
744:
741:
739:disinfectant.
737:
736:
735:
732:
730:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
679:
675:
665:
663:
662:nanoparticles
658:
654:
650:
646:
640:
636:
626:
624:
618:
616:
612:
607:
605:
604:
599:
595:
591:
587:
586:Organic acids
576:
573:
565:
555:
551:
545:
543:
536:
527:
526:
518:
516:
510:
500:
498:
494:
490:
489:metronidazole
486:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
457:leishmaniasis
452:
451:Antiparasitic
442:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:. Important
393:
389:
384:
382:
378:
372:
362:
360:
356:
352:
347:
343:
339:
334:
332:
328:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
302:
292:
290:
286:
281:
279:
273:
271:
269:
264:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
239:tetracyclines
236:
232:
228:
222:
210:
206:
202:
193:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
174:Howard Florey
171:
167:
166:
161:
160:
155:
151:
147:
142:
141:Joseph Lister
137:
136:Louis Pasteur
132:
130:
126:
122:
112:
110:
106:
102:
98:
94:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
73:disinfectants
69:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
43:
42:
37:
33:
29:
28:antimicrobial
22:
12547:Notification
12518:Hand washing
12513:Food hygiene
12498:Disinfection
12394:Immunization
12356:
12345:Anthelmintic
12333:prophylactic
12221:Respiratory
12145:Hyperendemic
12095:WAIFW matrix
11750:Environment-
11503:Transmission
11479:Urbanization
11277:Host tropism
11173:Determinants
11159:Concepts in
11063:
11056:
10929:Bioallethrin
10821:pediculicide
10682:
10668:
10654:
10640:
10623:
10566:
10529:
10508:Eprinomectin
10485:
10462:Flubendazole
10452:Fenbendazole
10447:Tiabendazole
10429:
10385:Dichlorophen
10379:chlorophenol
10377:
10363:
10349:
10335:
10324:Praziquantel
10316:
10291:
10238:
10221:thioxanthone
10219:
10205:
10191:
10175:Praziquantel
10162:
10137:
10110:
10065:endectocides
9959:Epidemiology
9935:
9907:
9793:DTaP-IPV/Hib
9584:Yellow fever
9497:EpiVacCorona
9254:Tuberculosis
9227:Pneumococcal
9195:Lyme disease
9023:Heterologous
8922:Immunization
8841:Bezlotoxumab
8653:Combinations
8640:
8634:
8628:
8611:
8602:Pyrazinamide
8595:
8583:
8535:Methaniazide
8526:mycolic acid
8513:Mycolic acid
8392:Streptomycin
8351:Moxifloxacin
8346:Gatifloxacin
8310:
8191:, including
8091:tea tree oil
8076:lemon myrtle
7989:ethylparaben
7919:griseofulvin
7780:Benzylamines
7669:ravuconazole
7664:albaconazole
7656:voriconazole
7651:posaconazole
7641:itraconazole
7631:hexaconazole
7549:neticonazole
7539:luliconazole
7534:ketoconazole
7524:flutrimazole
7509:eberconazole
7499:clotrimazole
7484:butoconazole
7274:Nifuroxazide
7269:Furazolidone
7183:Fusidic acid
6986:Lipiarmycins
6833:Sarafloxacin
6823:Orbifloxacin
6808:Enrofloxacin
6798:Danofloxacin
6771:Sitafloxacin
6751:Moxifloxacin
6746:Gemifloxacin
6741:Finafloxacin
6736:Gatifloxacin
6731:Delafloxacin
6726:Besifloxacin
6708:Tosufloxacin
6703:Temafloxacin
6698:Sparfloxacin
6693:Pazufloxacin
6683:Balofloxacin
6678:Levofloxacin
6637:Nadifloxacin
6632:Lomefloxacin
6452:Combinations
6434:Sulfametrole
6419:Sulfaclozine
6325:Sulfadiazine
6233:Short-acting
6218:Sulfonamides
6206:Trimethoprim
5995:inhibitors (
5985:inhibitors (
5913:Lipopeptides
5904:Polypeptides
5803:Combinations
5734:Nocardicin A
5651:Ceftobiprole
5494:Cefoperazone
5352:Cefaloridine
5337:Cefaloglycin
5275:Carbacephems
5143:Piperacillin
4972:Penamecillin
4873:, a group of
4722:Quinupristin
4718:Dalfopristin
4646:Lincosamides
4583:Tildipirosin
4553:Oleandomycin
4518:Erythromycin
4488:Azithromycin
4324:Tetracycline
4299:Omadacycline
4284:Meclocycline
4274:Eravacycline
4264:Clomocycline
4179:Micronomicin
4152:
4127:Hygromycin B
4116:+loteprednol
4074:Ribostamycin
4047:Streptomycin
4037:Streptomyces
4035:
3871:Pharmacology
3768:
3680:
3645:
3641:
3631:
3598:
3594:
3583:
3540:
3536:
3526:
3514:. Retrieved
3504:
3492:. Retrieved
3488:the original
3478:
3460:
3448:. Retrieved
3438:
3424:
3410:
3396:
3384:. Retrieved
3358:
3349:
3310:
3304:
3251:
3247:
3237:
3223:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3121:
3117:
3107:
3072:
3068:
3058:
3031:
3027:
3017:
2982:
2978:
2968:
2935:
2932:AIHA Journal
2931:
2921:
2899:(1): 27–30.
2896:
2893:Food Control
2892:
2882:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2840:. Retrieved
2835:
2826:
2789:
2785:
2775:
2750:
2746:
2736:
2719:
2715:
2709:
2698:. Retrieved
2694:the original
2636:
2632:
2622:
2587:
2583:
2573:
2538:
2534:
2524:
2483:
2480:Chemotherapy
2479:
2469:
2458:
2452:
2427:
2423:
2417:
2382:
2378:
2368:
2323:
2319:
2309:
2297:. Retrieved
2283:
2271:. Retrieved
2262:
2236:. Retrieved
2232:the original
2222:
2189:
2185:
2178:
2133:
2129:
2071:
2067:
2057:
2022:
2018:
2008:
1975:
1971:
1961:
1916:
1912:
1902:
1878:(1): 58–62.
1875:
1871:
1861:
1816:
1812:
1802:
1759:
1755:
1745:
1702:
1698:
1688:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1608:
1604:
1594:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1525:
1518:
1481:
1477:
1467:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1389:
1385:
1375:
1342:
1338:
1332:
1313:
1290:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1259:. Retrieved
1254:
1244:
1214:(2): 87–92.
1211:
1207:
1201:
1187:(1): 21–23.
1184:
1180:
1174:
1162:. Retrieved
1157:
1148:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1128:
1119:
1084:
1080:
1070:
1059:. Retrieved
1050:
1041:
995:
983:
974:
936:
915:
891:
866:
862:
859:
848:
844:
840:
837:
829:S. faecalis.
828:
825:
812:
780:
753:
733:
726:
676:included in
671:
648:
644:
642:
619:
608:
601:
583:
568:
562:January 2018
559:
539:
512:
454:
390:, including
388:retroviruses
385:
374:
335:
331:side effects
304:
289:metagenomics
282:
274:
267:
231:beta-lactams
224:
209:Streptomycin
169:
163:
157:
139:Pasteur led
133:
118:
101:bactericidal
93:sulfonamides
84:
70:
39:
35:
27:
25:
12800:Eradication
12711:Biosecurity
12436:Vaccination
12411:Inoculation
12389:Drug safety
12384:Combination
12311:and Control
12259:Soft tissue
12213:Anatomical
12180:Seasonality
12160:Mesoendemic
12140:Holoendemic
12133:Farr's laws
12045:Attack rate
11843:Animal bite
11839:Insect bite
11775:Respiratory
11402:Air quality
11390:Environment
11300:Comorbidity
11216:Attack rate
11199:Infectivity
11096:from market
11052:Dimethicone
10971:Dixanthogen
10906:Pyrethrines
10817:Insecticide
10742:from market
10656:quinolinium
10541:+fluralaner
10531:milbemycins
10487:avermectins
10442:Albendazole
10437:Mebendazole
10343:Niclosamide
10299:Albendazole
10273:taeniacides
10185:Oxamniquine
10145:Metrifonate
9995:from market
9891:Controversy
9825:researchers
9741:Hepatitis B
9627:Hepatitis C
9572:Chicken pox
9398:Hepatitis E
9393:Hepatitis B
9388:Hepatitis A
9339:Chikungunya
9316:Shigellosis
9170:Brucellosis
9056:Therapeutic
9010:Inactivated
8950:Development
8938:Inoculation
8930:Vaccination
8871:Raxibacumab
8866:Palivizumab
8846:Motavizumab
8701:from market
8624:Bedaquiline
8590:Clofazimine
8556:Thiocarlide
8546:Ethionamide
8494:inhibitor:
8469:Cycloserine
8433:Capreomycin
8402:Oxazolidone
8290:Solasulfone
8258:Antifolates
8243:Rifapentine
8131:from market
8110:pentamidine
8071:lemon grass
8029:taurolidine
7999:polynoxylin
7900:flucytosine
7844:caspofungin
7768:terbinafine
7754:Allylamines
7616:fluconazole
7608:terconazole
7603:fluconazole
7574:tioconazole
7569:sulconazole
7559:oxiconazole
7554:omoconazole
7529:isoconazole
7504:croconazole
7462:inhibitors)
7460:demethylase
7417:Antifungals
7355:Nitroxoline
7350:Methenamine
7330:Furaltadone
7279:Nifurtoinol
7262:derivatives
7240:Retapamulin
7195:derivatives
7164:Polymyxin B
7131:Teicoplanin
7121:Oritavancin
7116:Dalbavancin
7019:from market
6994:Fidaxomicin
6966:Rifapentine
6919:Secnidazole
6912:derivatives
6853:Nemonoxacin
6813:Ibafloxacin
6761:Garenoxacin
6650:Norfloxacin
6500:Solasulfone
6439:Sulfanitran
6393:Sulfamazone
6353:Sulfadoxine
6340:Long-acting
6330:Sulfamoxole
6201:Tetroxoprim
6181:Brodimoprim
6158:DNA and RNA
6146:Antifolates
6067:from market
6046:Teixobactin
6024:Tyrothricin
5993:bactoprenol
5987:Cycloserine
5793:Vaborbactam
5783:Durlobactam
5711:Monobactams
5669:Cefiderocol
5661:Siderophore
5646:Ceftolozane
5560:Cefpimizole
5530:Cefpodoxime
5525:Cefpiramide
5520:Cefmenoxime
5515:Ceftizoxime
5510:Cefdaloxime
5489:Ceftazidime
5478:Ceftriaxone
5450:Carbacephem
5444:Cefmetazole
5400:Cefamandole
5362:Cefatrizine
5342:Cefacetrile
5327:Cefroxadine
5271:Cephamycins
5197:Carbapenems
5153:Mezlocillin
5110:Ticarcillin
5051:Amoxicillin
5017:Methicillin
4992:Cloxacillin
4962:Azidocillin
4952:Propicillin
4897:Penicillins
4772:from market
4708:Linopristin
4654:Clindamycin
4631:Cethromycin
4558:Rokitamycin
4543:Midecamycin
4538:Kitasamycin
4455:Florfenicol
4432:Amphenicols
4376:inhibitors)
4342:Tigecycline
4319:Sarecycline
4294:Minocycline
4289:Metacycline
4279:Lymecycline
4254:Doxycycline
4098:Bekanamycin
4069:Paromomycin
4027:inhibitors)
3897:Agriculture
3601:(1): 7–13.
3386:13 November
3355:"Aldehydes"
2074:(9): 2052.
1978:: 188–194.
1611:: 292–299.
1546:Metabolites
1392:(4): 91–3.
1261:24 February
971:Desiccation
839:poisonous.
705:Coconut oil
598:acetic acid
594:citric acid
590:lactic acid
497:albendazole
439:oseltamivir
427:influenza A
338:indoor mold
295:Antifungals
178:Ernst Chain
172:. In 1942,
81:antiseptics
54:antifungals
46:antibiotics
36:microbicide
12850:Categories
12683:infections
12624:Sanitation
12592:Quarantine
12451:resistance
12369:Antiseptic
12350:Ascaricide
12340:Antifungal
12328:Antibiotic
12309:Prevention
12242:Intestinal
12175:Prevalence
12155:Inequality
12104:Occurrence
11903:Breastmilk
11787:Bioaerosol
11759:Sapronosis
11734:Horizontal
11606:Endogenous
11585:Viral load
11545:Index case
11070:Crotamiton
10966:Disulfiram
10947:Ivermectin
10924:Phenothrin
10914:Permethrin
10857:Ivermectin
10697:Ascaridole
10648:Levamisole
10629:Piperazine
10624:piperazine
10537:Moxidectin
10523:Selamectin
10518:Ivermectin
10498:Doramectin
10408:(including
10371:Desaspidin
10357:Quinacrine
10232:Lucanthone
10227:Hycanthone
10213:Niridazole
9926:Thiomersal
9872:Paul Offit
9847:Jonas Salk
9823:Inventors/
9694:research:
9671:research:
9608:research:
9537:Skycovione
9527:Sanofi–GSK
9472:SARS-CoV-2
9383:Hantavirus
9349:rVSV-ZEBOV
9334:Adenovirus
9302:research:
9180:Diphtheria
9018:Attenuated
8856:Nirsevimab
8642:Pretomanid
8618:Terizidone
8606:Morinamide
8522:Hydrazides
8496:Ethambutol
8467:analogue:
8338:quinolones
8275:Acedapsone
8233:Rifampicin
8219:Rifamycins
8100:atovaquone
8081:orange oil
8044:tolnaftate
8039:tolciclate
8024:sulbentine
7994:haloprogin
7974:ciclopirox
7939:tavaborole
7931:inhibitors
7917:Systemic:
7898:Systemic:
7859:rezafungin
7854:micafungin
7849:cilofungin
7833:Systemic:
7827:inhibitors
7810:amorolfine
7789:butenafine
7746:inhibitors
7730:Systemic:
7707:ergosterol
7614:Systemic:
7544:miconazole
7494:climbazole
7479:bifonazole
7470:Imidazoles
7446:inhibitors
7443:Ergosterol
7360:Novobiocin
7325:Fosfomycin
7320:Daptomycin
7310:Bacitracin
7260:Nitrofuran
7250:Valnemulin
7212:Tinidazole
7207:Ornidazole
7151:Polymyxins
7141:Vancomycin
7136:Telavancin
7126:Ristocetin
7111:Corbomycin
7079:: others (
6956:Rifampicin
6943:Rifamycins
6901:inhibitors
6882:Novobiocin
6858:Ozenoxacin
6803:Difloxacin
6790:Veterinary
6660:Rufloxacin
6655:Pefloxacin
6627:Fleroxacin
6560:Flumequine
6530:DNA gyrase
6519:Quinolones
6378:Sulfaperin
6191:Ormetoprim
6160:synthesis)
6034:Tyrocidine
6029:Gramicidin
5997:Bacitracin
5973:Fosfomycin
5944:Ramoplanin
5922:Daptomycin
5788:Relebactam
5761:Tazobactam
5692:Cefquinome
5679:Veterinary
5623:Cefquinome
5613:Cefozopran
5575:Ceftiolene
5565:Cefsulodin
5555:Cefodizime
5540:Cefditoren
5535:Ceftibuten
5483:Cefotaxime
5454:Loracarbef
5420:Cephamycin
5410:Ceforanide
5390:Cefuroxime
5347:Cefalonium
5317:Cefazaflur
5312:Cefazedone
5302:Cefadroxil
5169:Mecillinam
5148:Azlocillin
5124:Temocillin
5065:Hetacillin
5056:Ampicillin
4704:Flopristin
4664:Pirlimycin
4659:Lincomycin
4608:Tylvalosin
4588:Tilmicosin
4573:Spiramycin
4548:Miocamycin
4503:Carrimycin
4498:Carbomycin
4480:Macrolides
4403:Ranbezolid
4383:Eperezolid
4374:initiation
4203:Astromicin
4198:Verdamicin
4189:Isepamicin
4184:Plazomicin
4169:Netilmicin
4164:Gentamicin
4112:Tobramycin
4064:Framycetin
4025:initiation
3939:(ATC code)
3788:Antifungal
3543:: 114313.
3450:28 October
3444:"20467413"
3319:Heidelberg
2842:2022-04-18
2700:2013-05-05
2486:(1): 1–7.
2238:2011-09-27
1919:: 846959.
1819:: 100011.
1552:(3): 106.
1484:: 541340.
1181:Mycologist
1139:2017-02-16
1061:2009-05-02
1034:References
939:irradiated
845:Salmonella
709:terpenoids
493:iodoquinol
481:trematodes
408:cold sores
365:Antivirals
323:eukaryotes
270:infections
255:probiotics
235:macrolides
221:Antibiotic
186:penicillin
85:antibiotic
12795:Discovery
12721:Disease X
12681:Emerging
12629:Screening
12530:Isolation
12374:Antiviral
12200:Twindemic
12150:Incidence
12027:Modelling
11990:Perinatal
11922:Cutaneous
11813:Linked to
11723:Perinatal
11642:Exogenous
11634:formation
11376:Pregnancy
11233:Endotoxin
11228:Virulence
11106:Phase III
11094:Withdrawn
11065:toluidine
11036:Malathion
10919:Pyrethrum
10897:scabicide
10889:Acaricide
10875:Malathion
10804:arthropod
10752:Phase III
10740:Withdrawn
10676:Bephenium
10662:Pyrvinium
10605:felsantel
10596:Carbantel
10503:Emamectin
10493:Abamectin
10318:quinoline
10247:Stibophen
10242:compounds
10199:Bithionol
10164:quinoline
10005:Phase III
9993:Withdrawn
9921:Pox party
9731:ALVAC-CEA
9653:Protozoan
9542:Sputnik V
9492:CoronaVac
9462:Rotavirus
9365:Pandemrix
9217:Pertussis
9158:Bacterial
9042:Synthetic
9005:Conjugate
8957:Adjuvants
8934:Infection
8851:Nebacumab
8819:Antivenom
8811:Antiserum
8711:Phase III
8699:Withdrawn
8636:Delamanid
8613:Isoxazole
8585:Phenazine
8530:Isoniazid
8415:Sutezolid
8410:Linezolid
8387:Kanamycin
8295:Sulfoxone
8248:Rifalazil
8238:Rifabutin
8226:inhibitor
8141:Phase III
8129:Withdrawn
8086:patchouli
8034:ticlatone
7937:Topical:
7808:Topical:
7787:Topical:
7763:naftifine
7761:Topical:
7734:, hamycin
7722:natamycin
7715:Topical:
7688:abafungin
7686:Topical:
7679:Thiazoles
7662:Unknown:
7596:Topical:
7589:Triazoles
7514:econazole
7477:Topical:
7370:Tedizolid
7340:Linezolid
7335:Lefamulin
7315:Clofoctol
7284:Nifurzide
7235:Lefamulin
7193:Imidazole
7106:Avoparcin
7029:Phase III
7017:Withdrawn
6976:Rifalazil
6971:Rifaximin
6961:Rifabutin
6935:synthesis
6896:Anaerobic
6867:Related (
6617:Ofloxacin
6585:Rosoxacin
6555:Cinoxacin
6505:Sulfoxone
6358:Sulfalene
6281:Prontosil
6077:Phase III
6065:Withdrawn
6041:Isoniazid
5927:Surfactin
5778:Avibactam
5756:Sulbactam
5729:Carumonam
5724:Tigemonam
5719:Aztreonam
5697:Cefovecin
5687:Ceftiofur
5618:Cefpirome
5589:Latamoxef
5580:Oxacephem
5550:Cefetamet
5505:Cefcapene
5429:Cefotetan
5424:Cefoxitin
5415:Cefuzonam
5405:Cefonicid
5385:Cefprozil
5357:Cefalotin
5332:Ceftezole
5322:Cefradine
5307:Cefapirin
5297:Cefalexin
5292:Cefazolin
5252:Ritipenem
5247:Faropenem
5240:Panipenem
5229:Meropenem
5219:Doripenem
5210:Ertapenem
5091:Epicillin
5012:Nafcillin
5007:Oxacillin
4855:β-lactams
4834:cell wall
4782:Phase III
4770:Withdrawn
4618:Ketolides
4533:Josamycin
4493:Boromycin
4413:Tedizolid
4408:Sutezolid
4398:Radezolid
4393:Posizolid
4388:Linezolid
4219:Butirosin
4174:Sisomicin
4137:Apramycin
4132:Totomycin
4103:Dibekacin
4093:Arbekacin
4083:Kanamycin
3824:multidrug
3793:Antiviral
3664:0003-2700
3615:0195-6701
3575:248934971
3559:0169-409X
3341:851702956
3278:2296-2646
3140:1664-302X
2952:1542-8117
2913:0956-7135
2767:1465-8933
2655:2305-6320
2639:(3): 58.
2633:Medicines
2516:195356798
2500:0009-3157
2342:1936-0851
2090:1420-3049
2068:Molecules
2039:0785-3890
1992:1873-3344
1935:1664-302X
1835:2590-2571
1778:1474-1784
1719:0934-9723
1568:2218-1989
1437:P & T
947:cobalt-60
943:pathogens
933:Radiation
888:Aldehydes
791:breweries
554:talk page
515:pandemics
473:nematodes
469:parasites
419:acyclovir
381:viricides
301:Fungicide
89:synthetic
12861:Biocides
12704:EARS-Net
12619:Safe sex
12571:services
12542:Lockdown
12313:measures
12215:location
12195:Syndemic
12190:Sporadic
12170:Pandemic
12165:Outbreak
12123:Epidemic
11976:Prenatal
11868:Mosquito
11752:to-human
11727:Neonatal
11720:Prenatal
11668:Zoonosis
11513:concepts
11444:Humidity
11429:Commerce
11305:Diabetes
11238:Exotoxin
11010:Benzoate
10991:Chlorine
10976:Mesulfen
10893:miticide
10830:Chlorine
10707:Santonin
10642:thiazole
10601:Febantel
10591:Morantel
10574:Pyrantel
10240:antimony
10207:thiazole
10055: –
9763:Prostvac
9756:Gardasil
9751:Cervarix
9698:Hookworm
9577:Shingles
9559:Smallpox
9477:Corbevax
9413:Gardasil
9408:Cervarix
9151:Vaccines
9105:Schedule
9076:Global:
8984:Timeline
8926:Vaccines
8597:Pyrazine
8382:Amikacin
8280:Diucifon
7984:dimazole
7727:nystatin
7709:binding)
7435:membrane
7375:Xibornol
7245:Tiamulin
7230:Azamulin
7159:Colistin
6622:Enoxacin
6409:Mafenide
6186:Iclaprim
6017:lysozyme
5963:Inhibit
5608:Cefepime
5584:Flomoxef
5570:Cefteram
5545:Cefotiam
5500:Cefdinir
5473:Cefixime
5434:Cefminox
5380:Cefaclor
5245:Penems (
5235:Biapenem
5224:Imipenem
5033:spectrum
5031:Extended
4913:spectrum
4883:-alanine
4879:-alanyl-
4838:envelope
4240:binding)
4151:-micin (
4088:Amikacin
4059:Neomycin
4034:-mycin (
3807:Concepts
3707:Cochrane
3672:32295344
3623:26601608
3567:35597307
3516:18 April
3494:17 April
3470:Archived
3446:. US EPA
3296:31632948
3215:21843475
3158:26106379
3050:30836538
3009:26343252
2960:12908871
2874:20467413
2818:31219076
2673:28930272
2614:10515903
2565:19653195
2508:31234166
2444:12678685
2409:39803630
2360:33792292
2320:ACS Nano
2293:Archived
2267:Archived
2206:19685213
2170:38803958
2161:11128932
2108:32354035
2000:28260677
1953:35401486
1894:11198442
1853:34870144
1794:19379800
1786:16138106
1737:32056049
1680:19601794
1641:85460203
1633:30903901
1586:32178468
1510:25140175
1459:25859123
1418:24244876
1359:23318479
1236:32847260
1228:18347757
1164:18 March
1111:21282489
1055:Archived
1001:See also
897:Physical
834:Alcohols
822:Halogens
689:cinnamon
548:You may
485:protozoa
477:cestodes
471:such as
437:such as
315:ringworm
196:Chemical
50:bacteria
12508:Hygiene
12446:booster
12379:Asepsis
12118:Endemic
12113:Cluster
11697:Source
11632:Biofilm
11469:Poverty
11439:Ecology
11417:El Niño
11370:Smoking
11248:factors
11189:Biofilm
11165:Outline
11058:Quassia
11000:Lindane
10839:Lindane
10690:Suramin
10586:Oxantel
10422:tubulin
10284:tubulin
10103:tubulin
9952:Related
9898:General
9660:Malaria
9547:Valneva
9512:Novavax
9507:Moderna
9502:Janssen
9487:CanSino
9467:Rubella
9425:Measles
9296:Td/Tdap
9266:Typhoid
9249:Tetanus
9244:Q fever
9175:Cholera
9165:Anthrax
9034:Peptide
8998:Classes
8979:Storage
8465:Alanine
8270:Dapsone
8105:dapsone
7717:hamycin
7174:Steroid
6528:and/or
6495:Dapsone
5263:Cephems
4603:Tylosin
3767:Use of
3287:6779693
3256:Bibcode
3254:: 653.
3206:3175087
3185:Bibcode
3149:4460426
3124:: 577.
3099:9880479
3000:4768623
2809:6563737
2664:5622393
2556:7167768
2401:9569693
2351:8155324
2299:2 April
2273:2 April
2214:8211327
2138:Bibcode
2130:Heliyon
2099:7248947
2048:8480714
1944:8984462
1844:8035643
1728:7223162
1613:Bibcode
1577:7143493
1501:4124702
1450:4378521
1409:3829459
1367:5843938
1158:who.int
1102:3031442
1023:Biocide
795:dairies
645:E. coli
461:malaria
146:anthrax
115:History
12716:CRISPR
12668:Zoning
12523:Gloves
11934:Fomite
11768:Routes
11663:Vector
11530:Fomite
11511:Basic
11474:Travel
11354:Gender
11089:WHO-EM
10981:Thiram
10957:Sulfur
10735:WHO-EM
10420:Binds
10282:Binds
10193:phenol
10101:Binds
10063:) and
9988:WHO-EM
9908:Lancet
9785:TA-NIC
9770:NicVAX
9617:Dengue
9457:Rabies
9283:Typhus
9222:Plague
9100:Policy
9061:Toxoid
8989:Trials
8694:WHO-EM
8285:Promin
8124:WHO-EM
7952:Others
7802:Others
7454:Azoles
7012:WHO-EM
6060:WHO-EM
5767:Clavam
5201:Penems
4911:Narrow
4901:Penams
4765:WHO-EM
4700:NXL103
4002:QJ01XQ
3670:
3662:
3621:
3613:
3573:
3565:
3557:
3339:
3329:
3315:Berlin
3294:
3284:
3276:
3213:
3203:
3156:
3146:
3138:
3097:
3087:
3048:
3007:
2997:
2958:
2950:
2911:
2872:
2816:
2806:
2765:
2671:
2661:
2653:
2612:
2602:
2563:
2553:
2514:
2506:
2498:
2442:
2407:
2399:
2358:
2348:
2340:
2212:
2204:
2168:
2158:
2106:
2096:
2088:
2045:
2037:
1998:
1990:
1951:
1941:
1933:
1892:
1851:
1841:
1833:
1792:
1784:
1776:
1735:
1725:
1717:
1678:
1639:
1631:
1584:
1574:
1566:
1508:
1498:
1457:
1447:
1416:
1406:
1365:
1357:
1320:
1234:
1226:
1109:
1099:
960:X-rays
847:, and
815:scrubs
678:herbal
651:. The
629:Copper
355:silver
351:copper
319:thrush
251:health
180:, and
150:rabies
77:bleach
52:, and
12788:Other
12296:Fetus
12291:Mouth
12286:Tooth
12281:Blood
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