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setseft-seeds, bone-of-the-sword-fish, cooked, redfish, cooked, skull-of-crayfish, cooked, honey, and abra-ointment." Some of the recommended treatments made use of cannabis and incense. "Egyptian medicinal use of plants in antiquity is known to be extensive, with some 160 distinct plant products..." Amidst the many plant extracts and fruits, the
Egyptians also used animal feces and even some metals as treatments. These prescriptions of antiquity were measured out by volume, not weight, which makes their prescription-making craft more like cooking than what pharmacists do today. While their treatments and herbal remedies seem almost boundless, they still included incantations along with some therapeutic remedies.
1643:
436:. Surgery was a common practice among physicians as treatment for physical injuries. The Egyptian physicians recognized three categories of injuries; treatable, contestable, and untreatable ailments. Treatable ailments the surgeons would quickly set to right. Contestable ailments were those where the victim could presumably survive without treatment, so patients assumed to be in this category were observed and if they survived then surgical attempts could be made to fix the problem with them. They used knives, hooks, drills, forceps, pincers, scales, spoons, saws and a vase with burning incense.
929:'; the prince, the royal chancellor, the unique companion, the prophet of the one who lives with them, the chief physician, the one truly known and loved by the king, the scribe, the inspector of the scribes of the dedet-court, the first among the great scribes of the prison, the director of the palace, the admiral of the royal navy of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt Khnemibre , the admiral of the royal navy of the king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Ankhkaenre , head of the province of Sais PeftuĂŽneit
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25:
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many types were widely grown. Oil was produced from the linseed plant and there was a limited selection of spices and herbs. Meat (sheep, goats, pigs, wild game) was regularly available to at least the upper classes and fish were widely consumed, although there is evidence of prohibitions during certain periods against certain types of animal products; Herodotus wrote of the pig as being 'unclean'. Offerings to
401:, but more commonly created a hole in the back of the head so that the brain and other fluids could drain from the foramen magnum. They also had a general idea that inner organs are in the body cavity. They removed the organs through a small incision in the left groin. Whether this knowledge was passed down to the practitioners is unknown; yet it did not seem to have had any impact on their medical theories.
4208:
1322:
486:, a musician from Thebes, who died around the age of thirty five from extensive dental disease and a large infected cyst. If an individual's teeth escaped being worn down, cavities were rare, due to the rarity of sweeteners. Dental treatment was ineffective and the best sufferers could hope for was the quick loss of an infected tooth. The
340:(c. 2494â2345 BC) were recorded as "...milk, three kinds of beer, five kinds of wine, ten loaves, four of bread, ten of cakes, four meats, different cuts, joints, roast, spleen, limb, breast, quail, goose, pigeon, figs, ten other fruits, three kinds of corn, barley, spelt, five kinds of oil, and fresh plants..."
360:
such as pills and mouth rinses; still others were taken through inhalation. The recipes to cure constipation consisted of berries from the castor oil tree, Male Palm, and
Gengent beans, just to name a few. One recipe that was to help headaches called for "inner-of-onion, fruit-of-the-am-tree, natron,
330:
The ancient
Egyptians were at least partially aware of the importance of diet, both in balance and moderation. Owing to Egypt's great endowment of fertile land, food production was never a major issue, although, no matter how bountiful the land, paupers and starvation still exist. The main crops for
685:
and
Egyptologists ascribe to him the designed the Pyramid of Djoser (the Step Pyramid) at Saqqara in Egypt in 2630â2611 BC. He may have been responsible for the first known use of columns to support a building. The Egyptian historian Manetho credited him with inventing the method of a stone-dressed
355:
contains many recipes to help heal different ailments. One short section of the papyrus lays out five recipes: one dealing with problems women may have had, three on techniques for refining the complexion, and the fifth recipe for ailments of the colon. The ancient
Egyptians were known to use honey
335:
and barley. Consumed in the form of loaves which were produced in a variety of types through baking and fermentation, with yeast greatly enriching the nutritional value of the product, one farmer's crop could support an estimated twenty adults. Barley was also used in beer. Vegetables and fruits of
1346:
A collection of ancient
Egyptian medical documents in parts III, IV, and V, and written in vertical columns that mainly dealt with ailments, diseases, the structure of the body, and supposed remedies used to heal these afflictions. namely ophthalmologic ailments, gynaecology, muscles, tendons, and
490:
contains the maxim "There is no tooth that rots yet stays in place". No records document the hastening of this process and no tools suited for the extraction of teeth have been found, though some remains show sign of forced tooth removal. Replacement teeth have been found, although it is not clear
423:
Many of their medical practices were effective, such as the surgical procedures given in the Edwin Smith papyrus. Mostly, the physicians' advice for staying healthy was to wash and shave the body, including under the arms, to prevent infections. They also advised patients to look after their diet,
364:
Egyptian drug therapy is considered ineffective by today's standards according to
Michael D. Parkins, who says that 28% of 260 medical prescriptions in the Hearst Papyrus had ingredients which can be perceived "to have had activity towards the condition being treated" and another third supplied to
481:
Dentistry as an independent profession dated from the early 3rd millennium BC, although it may never have been prominent. The
Egyptian diet was high in abrasives from sand left over from grinding grain and bits of rocks in which the way bread was prepared, and so the condition of their teeth was
472:
The extensive use of surgery, mummification practices, and autopsy as a religious exercise gave
Egyptians a vast knowledge of the body's morphology, and even a considerable understanding of organ functions. The function of most major organs was correctly presumedâfor example, blood was correctly
404:
Egyptian physicians were aware of the existence of the pulse and its connection to the heart. The author of the Smith
Papyrus even had a vague idea of the cardiac system. However, he did not know about blood circulation and deemed it unimportant to distinguish between blood vessels, tendons, and
266:
observations and the "examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis" of numerous ailments. It was probably written around 1600 BC, but is regarded as a copy of several earlier texts. Medical information in it dates from as early as 3000 BC. It is thus viewed as a learning manual. Treatments
270:
The Ebers papyrus (c. 1550 BC) includes 877 prescriptions â as categorized by a modern editor â for a variety of ailments and illnesses, some of them involving magical remedies, for Egyptian beliefs regarding magic and medicine were often intertwined. It also contains documentation revealing
1201:
The vast majority of the papyrus is concerned with trauma and surgery, with short sections on gynaecology and cosmetics on the verso. On the recto side, there are 48 cases of injury. The verso side consists of eight magic spells and five prescriptions. The oldest known surgical treatise on
468:
Prosthetics, such as artificial toes and eyeballs, were also used; typically, they served little more than decorative purposes. In preparation for burial, missing body parts would be replaced; however, these do not appear as if they would have been useful, or even attachable, before death.
456:
as trophies, which suggests novelty. However, other records describe initiates into the religious orders as involving circumcision which would imply that the practice was special and not widespread. The only known depiction of the procedure, in The Tomb of the Physician, burial place of
482:
poor. Archaeologists have noted a steady decrease in severity and incidence of worn teeth throughout 4000 BC to 1000 AD, probably due to improved grain grinding techniques. All Egyptian remains have sets of teeth in quite poor states. Dental disease could even be fatal, such as for
3509:
Richard-Alain Jean, Anne-Marie Loyrette, La mĂšre, lâenfant et le lait en Ăgypte Ancienne. Traditions mĂ©dico-religieuses. Une Ă©tude de sĂ©nologie Ă©gyptienne, S.H. AufrĂšre (Ă©d.), Ă©d. LâHarmattan, coll. Kubaba â SĂ©rie AntiquitĂ© â UniversitĂ© de Paris 1, PanthĂ©on Sorbonne, Paris, 2010
1246:
The scroll contains some 700 magical formulas and remedies, chapters on contraception, diagnosis of pregnancy and other gynecological matters, intestinal disease and parasites, eye and skin problems, dentistry and the surgical treatment of abscesses and tumors, bone-setting and
772:
The sealbearer of the King of Lower Egypt, the sole companion, the attendant of the Lord of the Two Lands, the favorite of the good god, king's scribe, the king's subordinate, First servant of the Aten in the mansion of the Aten in Akhetaten, Chief of physicians, and
1609:
a collection of papyri which belong to the end of the 30th dynasty, dated to around 450 BC, or the beginning of the Ptolemaic Period. However, it is written with the Middle Kingdom style which could suggest its origin might be from the Thirteenth dynasty of
297:
Other information comes from the images that often adorn the walls of Egyptian tombs and the translation of the accompanying inscriptions. Advances in modern medical technology also contributed to the understanding of ancient Egyptian medicine.
282:
treats women's complaints, including problems with conception. Thirty four cases detailing diagnosis and treatment survive, some of them fragmentarily. Dating to 1800 BC, it is the oldest surviving medical text of any kind.
2392:
473:
guessed to be a transpiration medium for vitality and waste which is not too far from its actual role in carrying oxygen and removing carbon dioxideâwith the exception of the heart and brain whose functions were switched.
356:
as medicine, and the juices of pomegranates served as both an astringent and a delicacy. In the Ebers Papyrus, there are over 800 remedies; some were topical-like ointments and wrappings, others were oral
597:
and may have had medical functions, being at times associated in inscriptions with physicians, such as Peftauawyneit and Wedjahorresnet living in the middle of the 1st millennium BC. By the time of the
3419:
Richard-Alain Jean, Ă propos des objets Ă©gyptiens conservĂ©s du musĂ©e dâHistoire de la MĂ©decine, Ă©d. UniversitĂ© RenĂ© Descartes â Paris V, coll. MusĂ©e d'Histoire de la MĂ©decine de Paris, Paris, 1999 (
1516:
between the 19th and 20th dynasties, New Kingdom; its style relates it to the 12th dynasty. Some fragments date back to c. 2000 BC, othersâthe Tebtunis manuscriptsâdate back to c. 1st century AD
3196:
1564:
Chester Beatty Papyri, Papyrus VI of the Chester Beatty Papyri 46 (Papyrus no. 10686, British Museum), Chester Beatty V BM 10685, VI BM 10686, VII BM 10687, VIII BM 10688, XV BM 10695
3430:
Richard-Alain Jean, La chirurgie en Ăgypte ancienne. Ă propos des instruments mĂ©dico-chirurgicaux mĂ©talliques Ă©gyptiens conservĂ©s au musĂ©e du Louvre, Editions Cybele, Paris, 2012 (
267:
consisted of ointments made from animal, vegetable or fruit substances or minerals. There is evidence of oral surgery being performed as early as the 4th Dynasty (2900â2750 BC).
178:
1449:
1359:
956:
1482:
discussing general medical cases and bears a great similarity to the Ebers papyrus. Some historians believe that this papyrus was used by Galen in his writings
1293:
448:. Though its performance as a procedure was rarely mentioned, the uncircumcised nature of other cultures was frequently noted, the uncircumcised nature of the
2570:
1582:
started off as a private collection by the scribe Qen-her-khepeshef in the 19th Dynasty and passed on down through his family until they were placed in a tomb
665:
Chancellor of the King of Egypt, Doctor, First in line after the King of Upper Egypt, Administrator of the Great Palace, Hereditary nobleman, High Priest of
420:
is the Ebers Papyrus and many medications were administered using enemas. One of the many types of medical specialists was an Iri, the Shepherd of the Anus.
784:
Chief physician to Akhenaten, but may have survived the upheavals of the end of the Amarna period, and served under Ay, after being Vizier under Tutankhamun
678:
Two thousand years after his death, Imhotep's status was raised to that of a deity of medicine and healing. Whether he was actually a physician is debated.
1288:
The text is divided into thirty-four sections that deals with women's healthâgynaecological diseases, fertility, pregnancy, contraception, etc. The later
3630:
1102:
2345:
3188:
2194:
1619:
It speaks about remedies to drive out poison from snakes, scorpions and tarantulas. The style of these remedies relates to that of the Ebers papyrus
2265:
1728:
926:
343:
It is clear that the Egyptian diet was not lacking for the upper classes and that even the lower classes may have had some selection (Nunn, 2002).
192:
Until the 19th century, the main sources of information about ancient Egyptian medicine were writings from later in antiquity. The Greek historian
1192:
dates to Dynasties 16â17 of the Second Intermediate Period in ancient Egypt, c. 1500 BC, but believed to be a copy from Old Kingdom, 3000â2500 BC
4264:
3844:
2612:
1718:
659:
Egyptian á»á»-m-áž„tp *jÄ-im-áž„Ätap meaning "the one who comes in peace, is with peace", Immutef, Im-hotep, or Ii-em-Hotep; called Imuthes (áŒžÎŒÎżÏΞηÏ)
2305:
1791:
3490:
Richard-Alain Jean, Anne-Marie Loyrette, à propos des textes médicaux des Papyrus du Ramesseum nos III et IV, I : la gynécologie (1),
458:
397:
process, mummifiers knew how to insert a long hooked implement through a nostril, breaking the thin bone of the braincase and removing the
3870:
3460:
Richard-Alain Jean, Anne-Marie Loyrette, à propos des textes médicaux des Papyrus du Ramesseum nos III et IV, I : la contraception,
3441:
Richard-Alain Jean, Anne-Marie Loyrette, à propos des textes médicaux des Papyrus du Ramesseum nos III et IV, I : la reproduction,
883:
The Head of Physicians, the scorpion charmer, chief physician and chief dentist (wr ጰbង) of Psamtik Seneb, an admiral of the royal fleet
89:
2925:
42:
1217:
a scroll 4.68 m in length. The recto (front side) has 377 lines in 17 columns, while the verso (backside) has 92 lines in five columns
61:
3942:
3272:
558:, even their own specialists. There were inspectors of doctors, overseers and chief doctors. Known ancient Egyptian specialists are
351:
Like many civilizations in the past, the ancient Egyptians amply discovered the medicinal properties of plant life around them. The
3165:
3130:
3028:
3771:
1997:
1508:
974:
The Head of Physicians, chief physician of Upper and Lower Egypt, leader of Aegean foreign (troops) and admiral of the royal fleet
4171:
3999:
3623:
2684:
68:
409:; if it became blocked, crops became unhealthy. They applied this principle to the body: If a person was unwell, they would use
4573:
4322:
3679:
1034:
990:(P. BM 10508) as the source of the plot that led to the imprisonment of the unfortunate Ankhsheshonq (P. BM. 10508 col. 1 to 3)
4719:
3515:
3473:
3454:
3435:
3244:
3101:
2737:
2648:
2464:
2386:
2240:
1799:
2894:
2743:
2368:
4724:
4699:
4117:
2067:
75:
2980:
2662:
4526:
4231:
3989:
3984:
3865:
2888:
2823:
2028:
1396:
260 paragraphs on 18 columns in 18 pages of medical prescriptions for problems of urinary system, blood, hair, and bites
861:
His mummy in the limestone sarcophagus and 22 bronze statues of different deities and statuette of Imhotep the physician
4694:
4598:
4392:
4257:
3837:
3616:
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2880:
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nerves. They developed their theory of "channels" that carried air, water, and blood to the body by analogies with the
3062:
57:
4714:
4709:
4704:
3954:
3541:
3533:
3503:
3424:
3403:
1622:
a scroll of papyrus divided into two parts with some parts missing, its total length is estimated to 175 Ă 27 cm
139:
is some of the oldest documented. From the beginnings of the civilization in the late fourth millennium BC until the
108:
2562:
4107:
3875:
2112:
322:
and various forensic techniques allowed scientists unique glimpses of the state of health in Egypt 4000 years ago.
2158:
4605:
4490:
4460:
4139:
4085:
3937:
2510:
4480:
4357:
4211:
4112:
3776:
2872:
1559:
243:
in the 19th century led to the discovery of several sets of extensive ancient medical documents, including the
46:
895:
Ushabti of the Head of Physician Psamtik-seneb, photo in relief of Ankh-ef-en-Sekhmet Entertained by a Harpist
4652:
4250:
3898:
3893:
3830:
3528:
Wolfhart Westendorf, Handburch der altÀgyptischen Medizin, éd. Brill, coll. HdO, Leiden, 1999 (Band 1 :
877:
4729:
4485:
4470:
4428:
4362:
4312:
4045:
3920:
3888:
3801:
3161:
2456:
1271:
279:
2948:
2331:
4475:
4129:
4092:
4040:
3959:
2341:
1667:
Holds some medical formulae and a list of anatomic names (body and viscera) and about 20 magical formulae
987:
864:
He died at the age of fifty years and was buried in his tomb at Saqqara, which was re-used several times
599:
582:, literally translates as "shepherd of the anus". The latter title is already attested around 2200 BC by
487:
2257:
2184:
515:
word for doctor is "swnw". This title has a long history. The earliest recorded physician in the world,
4664:
4317:
3979:
3364:
Medicine in the Days of the Pharaohs, Bruno Halioua, Bernard Ziskind, M. B. DeBevoise (Translator), 200
2378:
2228:
2180:
1642:
1629:
899:
666:
465:
may have been practiced, although the single reference to it in ancient texts may be a mistranslation.
82:
143:
invasion of 525 BC, Egyptian medical practice went largely unchanged and included simple non-invasive
4465:
4102:
4070:
4055:
3949:
3903:
3583:
Texts from the Pyramid Age by Nigel C. Strudwick, Ronald J. Leprohon, 2005, Brill Academic Publishers
3236:
3126:
3093:
2593:
1679:
1498:
1312:
1026:
A naophorous statue of the chief physician Petuaneith (Louvre A 93), he restored the temple of Abydos
3479:
Bruno Halioua, La médecine au temps des Pharaons, éd. Liana Levi, coll. Histoire lieu, Paris, 2002 (
2494:
2297:
4521:
4433:
4221:
4097:
4018:
3969:
3811:
1753:
1616:
deals only with snakes and scorpion bites, and the formulae to drive out the poison of such animals
1329:
520:
196:
visited Egypt around 440 BC and wrote extensively of his observations of their medicinal practice.
3020:
An Account of Egypt (from The History of Herodotus Translated into English, Vol. I, Pages 115â208)
1824:
Metwaly AM, Ghoneim MM, Eissa IH, Elsehemy IA, Mostafa AE, Hegazy MM, et al. (October 2021).
3753:
3587:
3582:
2426:
1992:
805:
236:
172:
35:
2869:
Hidden Treasures of the Egyptian Museum: One Hundred Masterpieces from the Centennial Exhibition
2232:
2222:
432:
The oldest metal (Bronze or copper ) surgical tools in the world were discovered in the tomb of
4511:
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4201:
4134:
3974:
3806:
1743:
1423:
843:
594:
554:
There were many ranks and specializations in the field of medicine. Royalty employed their own
256:
221:
3153:
2218:
4166:
3367:
2608:
1387:
c. 0000 but believed to have been composed earlier, during the Middle Kingdom, around 2000 BC
1380:
444:
2917:
2508:
Ritner, Robert K. (April 2000). "Innovations and Adaptations in Ancient Egyptian Medicine".
1539:
The structure of the papyrus bears great resemblance to that of the Kahun and Berlin papyri.
4678:
4625:
4563:
4327:
4273:
4191:
4149:
4006:
3915:
3908:
3653:
2988:
1837:
1787:
3387:
Ange Pierre Leca, La MĂ©decine Ă©gyptienne au temps des Pharaons, Ă©d. Dacosta, Paris, 1992 (
2767:"The Edwin Smith Papyrus: The Birth of Analytical Thinking in Medicine and Otolaryngology"
8:
4011:
3932:
3786:
3695:
3398:
Thierry Bardinet, Les papyrus mĂ©dicaux de l'Ăgypte pharaonique, Ă©d. Fayard, Paris, 1995 (
3260:
3018:
2725:
1758:
1184:
1000:
824:
578:" and an unspecified "inspector of liquids". The ancient Egyptian term for proctologist,
532:
491:
whether they are just post-mortem cosmetics. Extreme pain might have been medicated with
462:
352:
315:
248:
232:
128:
3118:
2217:
Bynum, W. F.; Hardy, Anne; Jacyna, Stephen; Lawrence, Christopher; Tansey, E.M. (2006).
1841:
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2804:
2783:
2766:
2543:
2527:
2482:
2150:
2096:
2059:
2052:
1964:
1931:
1913:
1858:
1825:
1748:
1523:
382:
373:
131:
documents ancient Egyptian medicine, including the diagnosis and treatment of injuries.
2696:
2085:"Further Evidence That Dentistry Was Practiced in Ancient Egypt, Phoenicia and Greece"
1987:
1917:
4292:
4023:
3964:
3537:
3529:
3511:
3499:
3480:
3469:
3450:
3431:
3420:
3399:
3388:
3240:
3097:
3024:
2884:
2796:
2788:
2733:
2692:
2654:
2644:
2535:
2470:
2460:
2382:
2236:
2104:
2063:
1969:
1951:
1894:
1863:
1805:
1795:
603:
512:
319:
140:
2808:
2547:
365:
any given disorder would produce a purgative effect on the gastrointestinal system.
4377:
4080:
3994:
3761:
3370:, Michael D. Parkins, 10th Annual Proceedings of the History of Medicine Days, 2001
2778:
2519:
2452:
2190:
1959:
1943:
1890:
1853:
1845:
1601:
1405:
563:
378:
531:(2400 BC) may be the first recorded female doctor: she was possibly the mother of
4593:
4455:
4387:
3766:
3720:
2864:
2828:
2719:
1635:
1465:
1306:
1289:
559:
507:
This wood and leather prosthetic toe was used by an amputee to facilitate walking
291:
197:
3577:
3572:
3358:
The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A medical History of Humanity, Roy Porter, 1997
4495:
4352:
4060:
3796:
3567:
3268:
3054:
2992:
1908:
Jouanna, Jacques; Allies, Neil (2012), "Egyptian Medicine and Greek Medicine",
1849:
1689:
1591:
1585:
1531:
1372:
1052:
483:
299:
287:
252:
160:
4337:
2841:
2658:
2020:
1947:
4688:
4583:
4542:
4382:
3853:
3791:
3781:
3725:
3562:
3554:
2792:
2422:
2374:
1955:
1650:
1384:
1229:
907:
790:
244:
228:
181:
156:
136:
3608:
1457:
1440:
61 recipes, of which 25 are classified as medical the remainder are of magic
1055:(inscriptions on statue indicate sacrificial relations to Memphite city god)
452:
was frequently referenced and military campaigns brought back uncircumcised
424:
and avoid foods such as raw fish or other animals considered to be unclean.
4615:
4413:
4122:
3715:
3710:
3658:
2953:
2800:
2539:
2474:
2108:
1973:
1867:
1069:
869:
835:
567:
439:
433:
209:
3578:
Brian Brown (ed.) (1923) The Wisdom of the Egyptians. New York: Brentano's
1285:
Medicine, Obestitrics & gynecology, pediatrics and veterinary medicine
4620:
4588:
3603:
1527:
1415:
1402:
discovered by an Egyptian peasant of village of Der-el-Ballas before 1901
1221:
1077:
939:
733:
332:
201:
123:
3334:
3307:
2640:
Scanning the Pharaohs : CT Imaging of the New Kingdom Royal Mummies
2154:
2100:
669:, Builder, Chief Carpenter, Chief Sculptor, and Maker of Vases in Chief.
294:(1200 BC) also provide valuable insight into ancient Egyptian medicine.
4568:
4242:
4161:
3822:
3689:
3413:
2138:
2084:
611:
543:, which has been translated as "Lady Overseer of the Lady Physicians" (
406:
357:
263:
240:
205:
3595:
2638:
2531:
1932:"Orthopaedics in the dawn of civilisation, practices in ancient Egypt"
1536:
Obestitrics & gynecology, Medicine, Pediatrics & ophthalmology
159:. Egyptian medical thought influenced later traditions, including the
4630:
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4367:
3684:
3674:
3189:"Dispelling the myth â Herodotus, Cambyses, and Egyptian religion #1"
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Magic spells and medical recipes for headache & anorectal disease
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1009:
965:
916:
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725:
583:
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193:
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against the god Xenus", it recommends "do thou nothing there against"
152:
2765:
Stiefel, Marc; Shaner, Arlene; Schaefer, Steven D. (February 2006).
1658:
Middle dated from the beginning of the New Kingdom (16th century BC)
235:
inscriptions and papyri, including many related to medical matters (
220:, and acknowledged the contribution of ancient Egyptian medicine to
24:
4610:
4408:
4307:
4033:
3742:
3705:
3224:
2837:
2523:
2139:"The Beginnings of Medicine: Medicine and Surgery in Ancient Egypt"
1606:
47.218.48 och 47.218.85, also known as the Brooklyn Medical Papyrus
1519:
1302:
1296:
cover much of the same ground, often giving identical prescriptions
969:
920:
797:
607:
528:
307:
3494:
S.H. AufrĂšre (Ă©d.), EncyclopĂ©die religieuse de lâUnivers vĂ©gĂ©tal (
3464:
S.H. AufrĂšre (Ă©d.), EncyclopĂ©die religieuse de lâUnivers vĂ©gĂ©tal (
3445:
S.H. AufrĂšre (Ă©d.), EncyclopĂ©die religieuse de lâUnivers vĂ©gĂ©tal (
1809:
1343:
Medicine, gynecology, ophthalmology, rheumatology & pediatrics
1237:
c. 1550 BC but believed to be a copy from earlier texts of 3400 BC
1061:
A statue of him is displayed at the museum of Egyptology in Leiden
4635:
4558:
4075:
3668:
3663:
3596:
Site sur la médecine et la chirurgie dans l'Antiquité Egyptienne.
3588:
Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book by Marshall Clagett, 1989
2604:
2337:
1492:
1206:
993:
925:
The Head of Physicians, supervisor of the medical schools â the '
694:
654:
575:
571:
516:
503:
390:
144:
1437:
skin complaints, eye complaints, bleeding, miscarriage and burns
1263:
1120:
the chief physician of Upper and Lower Egypt (wr swnw n sma MHw)
945:
His titles are preserved on a beautiful statue (Vatican inv.196)
593:, are known to have been established in ancient Egypt since the
442:
of males was the normal practice, as stated by Herodotus in his
4450:
4302:
3700:
3294:
Fonahn, Adolf (1 January 1909). "Der altÀgyptische Arzt Iwti".
3232:
3089:
1722:
1111:
949:
758:
682:
524:
453:
3321:
Fonahn, Adolf (February 1909). "Der altÀgyptische Arzt Iwti".
2336:. University of Chicago Oriental Institute publications ;3-4.
4445:
4423:
2876:
2833:
2567:
An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt
2302:
An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt
2262:
An introduction to the history and culture of Pharaonic Egypt
1763:
1321:
820:
Midwife (?), earliest known female physician in ancient Egypt
536:
492:
449:
417:
398:
394:
311:
303:
272:
262:
The Edwin Smith Papyrus is a textbook on surgery and details
213:
185:
2685:"What progress did the Egyptians make in medical knowledge?"
1881:
Steinbock RT (1990). "The Medical Skills of Ancient Egypt".
177:
4440:
4297:
1823:
1141:
779:
337:
148:
3225:"The Saite Period: The Emergence of a Mediterranean Power"
3086:
The Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt
2216:
2601:
Proceedings of the 10th Annual History of Medicine Days
2186:
The Petrie Papyri: Hieratic Papyri from Kahun and Gurob
1551:
Egyptological Institute of the University of Copenhague
617:
3373:
Pain, Stephanie. (2007). "The pharaohs' pharmacists."
1253:
Assassif district of the Theban necropolis before 1862
858:
The oldest Bronze or copper surgical tool in the world
681:
Imhotep was one of the chief officials of the Pharaoh
4662:
2764:
2143:
Science Progress in the Twentieth Century (1919-1933)
523:. He was "Chief of Dentists and Physicians" to King
461:
at Saqqara, shows adolescents or adults, not babies.
2207:(Please note the book pages run from back to front.)
1243:
Medicine, Obestitrics & gynecology & Surgery
231:
finally allowed the translation of ancient Egyptian
539:dedicated to her in his tomb she is referred to as
377:Ancient Egyptian medical instruments depicted in a
200:also wrote favorably of them in historical review.
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
2689:Medicine Through Time: Model Questions and Answers
2592:Parkins, Michael D.; Szekrenyes, J. (March 2001).
2051:
2591:
2054:The Seventy Great Inventions of the Ancient World
1826:"Traditional ancient Egyptian medicine: A review"
1276:Kahun Papyrus, Kahun Medical Papyrus, or UC 32057
4686:
1259:a 110-page scroll, which is about 20 meters long
3218:
3216:
3214:
3116:
2636:
1655:given with the Westcar papyrus to Berlin museum
3222:
1317:2 gynecologic papyri & 1 veterinary payrus
4258:
3838:
3638:
3624:
3498:â III), Montpellier, 2005, pp. 351â487 (
3355:Ancient Egyptian Medicine, John F. Nunn, 1996
3119:"Knowledge and production: the House of Life"
3084:Gordan, Andrew H.; Shwabe, Calvin W. (2004).
1988:"Edwin Smith papyrus (Egyptian medical book)"
1907:
1792:American Association of Neurological Surgeons
1334:Ramesseum medical papyri parts III, IV, and V
527:, who ruled in the 27th century BC. The lady
3468:â II), Montpellier, 2001, pp. 564â592 (
3449:â II), Montpellier, 2001, pp. 537â564 (
3211:
3117:Grajetzki, Wolfram; Quirke, Stephen (2003).
3083:
2594:"Pharmacological Practices of Ancient Egypt"
2291:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2283:
2219:"The Rise of Science in Medicine, 1850â1913"
1485:24 pages (21 to the front and 3 on the back)
1198:The oldest known surgical treatise on trauma
498:
275:, along with instructions on tumor removal.
3361:A History of Medicine, Lois N. Magner, 1992
2585:
2325:
2323:
1470:Brugsch Papyrus, the Greater Berlin Papyrus
714:possibly the first known dentist in history
4265:
4251:
3845:
3831:
3631:
3617:
3410:Histoire de la médecine en Egypte ancienne
3368:Pharmacological practices of ancient Egypt
2082:
1727:
1641:
942:' new royal name, Mesuti-Ra ('born of Ra')
739:leader of the eye physicians of the palace
259:and others dating back as far as 2900 BC.
3013:
2782:
2295:
2280:
1963:
1880:
1857:
1256:Library of University of Leipzig, Germany
1008:Twenty-sixth Dynasty during the reign of
602:their employees enjoyed such benefits as
166:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
4272:
3852:
3048:
3046:
2949:"Mummy of ancient doctor comes to light"
2412:
2410:
2329:
2320:
2224:The Western Medical Tradition: 1800â2000
2179:
1910:Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen
1142:Table of ancient Egyptian medical papyri
948:His tomb has been discovered in 1995 at
502:
372:
176:
122:
2978:
2946:
2916:Lauer, Jean Philippe (3 January 2013).
2821:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2132:
2130:
1781:
1473:19th dynasty, and dated c. 1350â1200 BC
1431:19th dynasty 1300 BC or c. 1629â1628 BC
720:buried in an elaborate tomb at Saqqara
4687:
4574:Medicine in the medieval Islamic world
4323:Traditional healers of Southern Africa
3320:
3293:
2862:
2717:
2643:. American University in Cairo Press.
2507:
2136:
2031:from the original on 23 September 2016
811:lady overseer of the female physicians
389:Egyptians had some knowledge of human
331:most of ancient Egyptian history were
4246:
3826:
3612:
3275:from the original on 25 December 2015
3151:
3133:from the original on 31 December 2003
3043:
2915:
2618:from the original on 23 February 2017
2560:
2416:
2407:
2366:
2255:
2049:
1930:Said, Galal Zaki (17 November 2013).
184:treatment for cancer: recounting a "
4207:
3568:Ancient Egyptian Medicine â Aldokkan
3414:http://medecineegypte.canalblog.com/
3186:
3065:from the original on 24 January 2020
3055:"Medicine in Ancient Egypt â Part 3"
2985:Creighton University Virtual Museums
2947:Jackson, Russell (6 December 2006).
2928:from the original on 11 January 2014
2573:from the original on 15 January 2021
2446:
2433:
2370:The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt
2348:from the original on 25 January 2022
2308:from the original on 15 January 2021
2197:from the original on 25 January 2022
2161:from the original on 19 October 2018
2127:
2115:from the original on 19 October 2018
2021:"Medicine in Ancient Egypt â Part 1"
2000:from the original on 3 December 2022
1929:
1830:Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences
618:Table of ancient Egyptian physicians
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
4527:Medieval medicine of Western Europe
4227:
2089:Bulletin of the History of Medicine
589:Institutions, called (Per Ankh) or
416:The oldest written text mentioning
13:
4393:Traditional Alaska Native medicine
3377:. 15 December 2007, pp. 40â43
3344:
3031:from the original on 15 April 2021
2881:American University in Cairo Press
2784:10.1097/01.mlg.0000191461.08542.a3
2296:Dollinger, André (December 2002).
2268:from the original on 19 April 2012
2258:"The Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus"
2083:Weinberger, Bernhard Wolf (1946).
1706:It mostly deals with magical texts
14:
4741:
3955:Ancient Egyptian race controversy
3548:
3323:Archiv fĂŒr Geschichte der Medizin
3296:Archiv fĂŒr Geschichte der Medizin
3199:from the original on 6 March 2016
3187:Wood, Gemma Ellen (4 July 2012).
3154:"The Shaft Tomb of Udjahorresnet"
2822:El-Aref, Nevine (December 2006).
1628:might originate from a temple at
1573:Headache, and Anorectal disorders
1051:Most likely worked or trained in
4672:
4647:
4646:
4336:
4226:
4216:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4185:
4148:
3231:. Handbook of Oriental Studies.
3168:from the original on 7 July 2024
3052:
3023:. Translated by Macaulay, G. C.
2897:from the original on 7 July 2024
2746:from the original on 7 July 2024
2665:from the original on 7 July 2024
2395:from the original on 7 July 2024
2018:
1895:10.1001/jama.1990.03450230110044
1456:
1414:
1320:
1262:
1220:
912:Wedjahor-Resne or Udjahor-Resnet
310:to view the bones and organs of
227:In 1822, the translation of the
23:
4606:History of alternative medicine
4491:Traditional Vietnamese medicine
4461:Sri Lankan traditional medicine
4217:
3314:
3287:
3253:
3229:Ancient Egyptian Administration
3223:Agut-LabordĂšre, Damien (2013).
3180:
3145:
3110:
3077:
3007:
2972:
2940:
2909:
2865:"The tomb of the physician Qar"
2856:
2815:
2758:
2711:
2677:
2630:
2554:
2511:Journal of Near Eastern Studies
2501:
2360:
2249:
2210:
2173:
686:building during Djoser's reign.
346:
34:needs additional citations for
4481:Traditional Mongolian medicine
4358:Brazilian traditional medicine
3777:Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus
3123:Digital Egypt for Universities
2873:Supreme Council of Antiquities
2330:Breasted, James Henry (1930).
2076:
2043:
2012:
1980:
1923:
1901:
1874:
1817:
1775:
1560:Chester Beatty Medical Papyrus
1170:Date & place of discovery
750:Known from his mastaba at Giza
393:. For example, in the classic
1:
4653:Category:Traditional medicine
3158:Czech Institute of Egyptology
1769:
1694:Rijksmuseum, Leiden 1343â1345
1664:Medicine, Magic & Anatomy
1588:(the workers village) in 1928
1491:Discovered by an Egyptian in
1082:The wise scribe and physician
878:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
239:). The resultant interest in
4720:Traditional African medicine
4486:Traditional Tibetan medicine
4471:Traditional Chinese medicine
4429:Iranian traditional medicine
4363:Chumash traditional medicine
4313:Traditional African medicine
3802:Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus
3162:Charles University in Prague
2457:University of Oklahoma Press
1782:Wilkins, Robert H. (1992) .
1272:Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus
1214:New York Academy of Medicine
1189:Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
1110:transitional period between
823:A personal stela at her son
476:
368:
325:
286:Other documents such as the
280:Kahun Gynaecological Papyrus
204:(the "father of medicine"),
7:
4725:Ancient Egyptian technology
4700:History of ancient medicine
4476:Traditional Korean medicine
4140:EgyptâMesopotamia relations
3960:Population history of Egypt
2981:"Ancient Egyptian Medicine"
2342:University of Chicago Press
2298:"Ancient Egyptian Medicine"
1737:
1393:Urology, Medicine and bites
1364:3 papyri (parts III, IV, V)
1340:Hieroglyphic & Hieratic
988:Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
874:may King Psamtik be healthy
717:Wooden panel set of Hesy-Ra
631:Kings service & Dating
488:Instruction of Ankhsheshonq
413:to unblock the "channels".
58:"Ancient Egyptian medicine"
16:Remedies from ancient Egypt
10:
4746:
4318:Traditional Hausa medicine
2379:Metropolitan Museum of Art
2229:Cambridge University Press
2137:Dawson, Warren R. (1927).
1936:International Orthopaedics
1850:10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.044
1408:, University of California
427:
170:
155:, and an extensive set of
4695:Ancient Egyptian medicine
4644:
4551:
4535:
4504:
4466:Traditional Thai medicine
4401:
4345:
4334:
4288:Ancient Egyptian medicine
4280:
4180:
4157:
4146:
3884:
3861:
3752:
3734:
3646:
3640:Ancient Egyptian medicine
3573:Ancient Egyptian Medicine
3237:Brill Academic Publishers
3127:University College London
3094:Brill Academic Publishers
3088:. Egyptological Memoirs.
2449:Ancient Egyptian Medicine
1948:10.1007/s00264-013-2183-z
1450:Royal institute of London
1313:University College London
705:Great one of the dentists
662:Djoser circa 2650â2600 BC
574:, "doctor who supervises
499:Doctors and other healers
216:studied at the temple of
4715:Ancient Egyptian society
4710:Ancient Egyptian science
4705:Ancient Egyptian culture
4522:Medicine in ancient Rome
4192:Ancient Egypt portal
3812:Ramesseum medical papyri
3604:Ancient medicine website
3152:BareĆĄ, Ladislav (2005).
2637:Hawass, Zahi A. (2018).
2050:Fagan, Brian M. (2004).
1912:, Brill, pp. 3â20,
1754:Medicine in ancient Rome
1632:, discovered before 1885
1360:Oxford Ashmoulian Museum
1330:Ramesseum medical papyri
1211:Luxor, Egypt before 1862
938:Wedjahor-Resne composed
3754:Egyptian medical papyri
2924:. Egypt Tourism Board.
2607:, Alberta, Canada: The
2427:D. Appleton and Company
2367:Allen, James P (2005).
2333:The Edwin Smith Papyrus
1993:Encyclopedia Britannica
1042:19th dynasty c. 2500 BC
898:His tomb discovered at
806:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt
699:re-hesy, Hesire, Hesira
237:Egyptian medical papyri
173:Egyptian medical papyri
4512:Ancient Greek medicine
4419:Georgian folk medicine
3807:London Medical Papyrus
3193:The Egyptiana Emporium
2979:Greiner, Ryan (2001).
2824:"Too big for a coffin"
2447:Nunn, John F. (1996).
1918:10.1163/j.ctt1w76vxr.6
1784:Neurosurgical Classics
1744:Ancient Greek medicine
1424:London Medical Papyrus
1377:Hearst Medical Papyrus
1205:Attributed by some to
957:Harsiese son of Ramose
844:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt
640:Medical practice Site
508:
386:
257:London Medical Papyrus
189:
167:Sources of information
132:
3866:Glossary of artifacts
3555:Medicine in Old Egypt
3239:. pp. 965â1027.
3017:(25 February 2006) .
2863:Hawass, Zahi (2003).
2721:A History of Medicine
2718:Magner, Lois (1992).
2609:University of Calgary
2417:Bryan, Cyril (1932).
1567:dated around 1200 BC]
1381:18th Dynasty of Egypt
769:c. 1350 BC, and later
506:
376:
180:
126:
4626:Prehistoric medicine
4564:Alternative medicine
4274:Traditional medicine
2989:Creighton University
2569:. Kibbutz Reshafim.
2304:. Kibbutz Reshafim.
2264:. Kibbutz Reshafim.
1788:Park Ridge, Illinois
1347:diseases of children
1294:Ramesseum Papyrus IV
1173:place of preserving
1161:Medical specialties
316:Electron microscopes
135:The medicine of the
43:improve this article
4730:Egyptian inventions
4012:Cursive hieroglyphs
3787:Edwin Smith Papyrus
3696:Payeftjauemawyneith
2995:on 23 December 2001
2844:on 18 November 2014
2726:Boca Raton, Florida
2060:Thames & Hudson
1996:(Online ed.).
1842:2021SJBS...28.5823M
1759:History of medicine
1697:18thâ19th dynasties
1466:Papyrus Berlin 3038
1185:Edwin Smith Papyrus
1045:The Chief physician
1014:The Chief physician
1005:Payeftjauemawyneith
849:The royal physician
646:Non medical legacy
547:is the feminine of
463:Female circumcision
381:inscription on the
353:Edwin Smith Papyrus
249:Edwin Smith Papyrus
129:Edwin Smith Papyrus
4517:Byzantine medicine
3985:Funerary practices
3559:History of Science
3557:â Transcript from
3271:. 22 August 2015.
2922:Egypt Tourism News
2561:Dollinger, André.
2459:. pp. 57â68.
2256:Dollinger, André.
1749:Byzantine medicine
1630:ancient Heliopolis
564:gastroenterologist
509:
387:
383:Temple of Kom Ombo
190:
133:
4660:
4659:
4293:Tabernanthe iboga
4240:
4239:
3995:Great Royal Wives
3965:Prehistoric Egypt
3820:
3819:
3772:Carlsberg papyrus
3536:, Band II :
3516:978-2-296-13096-8
3474:978-2-84269-502-6
3455:978-2-84269-502-6
3436:978-2-915840-29-2
3246:978-90-04-24952-3
3103:978-90-04-12391-5
3025:Project Gutenberg
2739:978-0-8247-8673-1
2693:Passmores Academy
2650:978-977-416-887-1
2611:. pp. 5â11.
2563:"Herbal Medicine"
2466:978-0-8061-2831-3
2451:. Vol. 113.
2419:The Ebers Papyrus
2388:978-0-300-10728-9
2242:978-0-521-47565-5
1836:(10): 5823â5832.
1801:978-1-879284-09-8
1735:
1734:
1509:Carlsberg papyrus
1383:, around time of
1139:
1138:
1103:Peftjauemauineith
702:Djoser c. 2670 BC
689:Probably Saqqara
604:medical insurance
320:mass spectrometry
302:were able to use
300:Paleopathologists
137:ancient Egyptians
119:
118:
111:
93:
4737:
4677:
4676:
4675:
4668:
4650:
4649:
4378:Mapuche medicine
4340:
4267:
4260:
4253:
4244:
4243:
4230:
4229:
4220:
4219:
4210:
4209:
4200:
4199:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4152:
3847:
3840:
3833:
3824:
3823:
3762:Brooklyn Papyrus
3633:
3626:
3619:
3610:
3609:
3602:
3594:
3412:, Paris, 2013â (
3339:
3338:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3280:
3261:"Wedjahor-Resne"
3257:
3251:
3250:
3220:
3209:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3184:
3178:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3140:
3138:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3059:Arab World Books
3050:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3036:
3011:
3005:
3004:
3002:
3000:
2991:. Archived from
2976:
2970:
2969:
2967:
2965:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2918:"Imhoteb Museum"
2913:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2860:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2840:. Archived from
2819:
2813:
2812:
2786:
2771:The Laryngoscope
2762:
2756:
2755:
2753:
2751:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2695:. Archived from
2681:
2675:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2617:
2598:
2589:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2492:
2488:
2486:
2478:
2453:Norman, Oklahoma
2444:
2431:
2430:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2400:
2364:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2340:, Illinois: The
2327:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2313:
2293:
2278:
2277:
2275:
2273:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2214:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2191:Bernard Quaritch
2181:Griffith, F. Ll.
2177:
2171:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2134:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2069:978-0-50005130-6
2057:
2047:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2025:Arab World Books
2016:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1927:
1921:
1920:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1861:
1821:
1815:
1813:
1786:(2nd ed.).
1779:
1731:
1645:
1602:Brooklyn Papyrus
1460:
1418:
1406:Bancroft Library
1324:
1266:
1224:
1146:
1145:
622:
621:
379:Ptolemaic period
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
4745:
4744:
4740:
4739:
4738:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4671:
4663:
4661:
4656:
4640:
4599:herbs and fungi
4594:Herbal medicine
4547:
4531:
4500:
4456:Siddha medicine
4397:
4388:Navajo medicine
4341:
4332:
4328:YorĂčbĂĄ medicine
4276:
4271:
4241:
4236:
4186:
4184:
4176:
4153:
4144:
3880:
3857:
3851:
3821:
3816:
3767:Brugsch Papyrus
3748:
3730:
3721:Shepseskaf-ankh
3642:
3637:
3600:
3592:
3551:
3347:
3345:Further reading
3342:
3319:
3315:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3276:
3259:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3221:
3212:
3202:
3200:
3185:
3181:
3171:
3169:
3150:
3146:
3136:
3134:
3115:
3111:
3104:
3096:. p. 154.
3082:
3078:
3068:
3066:
3053:Arab, Sameh M.
3051:
3044:
3034:
3032:
3012:
3008:
2998:
2996:
2977:
2973:
2963:
2961:
2945:
2941:
2931:
2929:
2914:
2910:
2900:
2898:
2891:
2890:978-977424778-1
2861:
2857:
2847:
2845:
2829:Al-Ahram Weekly
2820:
2816:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2747:
2740:
2716:
2712:
2702:
2700:
2683:
2682:
2678:
2668:
2666:
2651:
2635:
2631:
2621:
2619:
2615:
2596:
2590:
2586:
2576:
2574:
2559:
2555:
2506:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2480:
2479:
2467:
2445:
2434:
2415:
2408:
2398:
2396:
2389:
2365:
2361:
2351:
2349:
2328:
2321:
2311:
2309:
2294:
2281:
2271:
2269:
2254:
2250:
2243:
2215:
2211:
2200:
2198:
2178:
2174:
2164:
2162:
2149:(86): 275â284.
2135:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2081:
2077:
2070:
2048:
2044:
2034:
2032:
2019:Arab, Sameh M.
2017:
2013:
2003:
2001:
1986:
1985:
1981:
1928:
1924:
1906:
1902:
1879:
1875:
1822:
1818:
1802:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1740:
1703:Medicine, Magic
1636:Brooklyn Museum
1337:18th century BC
1307:Flinders Petrie
1144:
846:c. 2350â2180 BC
643:Medical legacy
625:Physician Name
620:
560:ophthalmologist
519:, practiced in
501:
479:
430:
371:
349:
328:
290:(1450 BC), and
198:Pliny the Elder
175:
169:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4743:
4733:
4732:
4727:
4722:
4717:
4712:
4707:
4702:
4697:
4682:
4681:
4658:
4657:
4645:
4642:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4591:
4586:
4581:
4576:
4571:
4566:
4561:
4555:
4553:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4539:
4537:
4533:
4532:
4530:
4529:
4524:
4519:
4514:
4508:
4506:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4498:
4496:Unani medicine
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4405:
4403:
4399:
4398:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4355:
4353:Aztec medicine
4349:
4347:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4333:
4331:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4284:
4282:
4278:
4277:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4238:
4237:
4235:
4234:
4224:
4214:
4204:
4194:
4181:
4178:
4177:
4175:
4174:
4169:
4164:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4147:
4145:
4143:
4142:
4137:
4132:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4037:
4036:
4031:
4021:
4016:
4015:
4014:
4004:
4003:
4002:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3967:
3962:
3957:
3952:
3947:
3946:
3945:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3924:
3923:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3901:
3891:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3879:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3862:
3859:
3858:
3850:
3849:
3842:
3835:
3827:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:Hearst papyrus
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3758:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3746:
3738:
3736:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3666:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3644:
3643:
3636:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3598:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3550:
3549:External links
3547:
3546:
3545:
3525:
3524:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3488:
3485:2-867-46-306-8
3477:
3458:
3439:
3428:
3417:
3407:
3396:
3393:2-851-28-029-5
3384:
3383:
3379:
3378:
3371:
3365:
3362:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3351:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3340:
3329:(5): 375â378.
3313:
3302:(5): 375â378.
3286:
3269:Jona Lendering
3252:
3245:
3210:
3179:
3144:
3109:
3102:
3076:
3042:
3006:
2971:
2939:
2908:
2889:
2883:. p. xx.
2855:
2814:
2777:(2): 182â188.
2757:
2738:
2732:. p. 31.
2710:
2676:
2649:
2629:
2584:
2553:
2524:10.1086/468799
2518:(2): 107â117.
2500:
2491:|journal=
2465:
2432:
2406:
2387:
2359:
2319:
2279:
2248:
2241:
2209:
2172:
2126:
2095:(2): 188â195.
2075:
2068:
2042:
2011:
1979:
1942:(4): 905â909.
1922:
1900:
1873:
1816:
1800:
1773:
1771:
1768:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1739:
1736:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1690:Leiden Papyrus
1686:
1685:
1682:
1677:
1676:before 1886 AD
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1653:
1647:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1626:
1623:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1598:
1597:
1594:
1592:British Museum
1589:
1586:Deir el-Medina
1583:
1580:
1577:
1574:
1571:
1568:
1565:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1552:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1505:
1504:
1501:
1496:
1489:
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1462:
1461:
1454:
1452:
1447:
1444:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1429:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1412:
1409:
1403:
1400:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1378:
1375:
1373:Hearst papyrus
1369:
1368:
1365:
1362:
1357:
1351:
1348:
1344:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1315:
1310:
1300:
1297:
1290:Berlin Papyrus
1286:
1283:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1177:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:Scribe/Author
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1108:
1105:
1099:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:Khonsu temple?
1086:
1083:
1080:
1075:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1056:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1031:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
997:
996:
991:
984:
981:
978:
975:
972:
962:
959:
953:
952:
946:
943:
936:
933:
930:
927:Houses of life
923:
913:
910:
904:
903:
902:in 1931/32 AD
896:
893:
890:
887:
884:
881:
875:
872:
866:
865:
862:
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
841:
838:
832:
831:
828:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
803:
800:
794:
793:
788:
787:Vizier to king
785:
782:
777:
774:
770:
764:
761:
755:
754:
751:
748:
746:
743:
740:
737:
731:
728:
722:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
706:
703:
700:
697:
691:
690:
687:
679:
676:
673:
670:
663:
660:
657:
651:
650:
647:
644:
641:
638:
635:
632:
629:
626:
619:
616:
591:Houses of Life
500:
497:
484:Djedmaatesankh
478:
475:
429:
426:
370:
367:
348:
345:
327:
324:
292:Berlin Papyrus
288:Hearst papyrus
253:Hearst Papyrus
222:Greek medicine
171:Main article:
168:
165:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4742:
4731:
4728:
4726:
4723:
4721:
4718:
4716:
4713:
4711:
4708:
4706:
4703:
4701:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4692:
4690:
4680:
4679:Ancient Egypt
4670:
4669:
4666:
4655:
4654:
4643:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4600:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4585:
4584:Ethnomedicine
4582:
4580:
4577:
4575:
4572:
4570:
4567:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4543:Bush medicine
4541:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4528:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4510:
4509:
4507:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4442:
4439:
4435:
4432:
4431:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4389:
4386:
4384:
4383:Maya medicine
4381:
4379:
4376:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4350:
4348:
4344:
4339:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4283:
4279:
4275:
4268:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4254:
4249:
4248:
4245:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4213:
4205:
4203:
4195:
4193:
4183:
4182:
4179:
4173:
4170:
4168:
4167:Egyptologists
4165:
4163:
4160:
4159:
4156:
4151:
4141:
4138:
4136:
4133:
4131:
4128:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4009:
4008:
4005:
4001:
3998:
3997:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3971:
3968:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3951:
3948:
3944:
3941:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3922:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3914:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3896:
3895:
3892:
3890:
3887:
3886:
3883:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3863:
3860:
3855:
3854:Ancient Egypt
3848:
3843:
3841:
3836:
3834:
3829:
3828:
3825:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3792:Erman Papyrus
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3782:Ebers Papyrus
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3759:
3757:
3755:
3751:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3733:
3727:
3726:Udjahorresnet
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3665:
3662:
3660:
3657:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3634:
3629:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3614:
3611:
3605:
3599:
3597:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3563:George Sarton
3560:
3556:
3553:
3552:
3543:
3542:90-04-11321-5
3539:
3535:
3534:90-04-11320-7
3531:
3527:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3517:
3513:
3508:
3505:
3504:2-84269-695-6
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3486:
3482:
3478:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3440:
3437:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3425:2-9508470-3-X
3422:
3418:
3415:
3411:
3408:
3405:
3404:2-213-59280-2
3401:
3397:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3381:
3380:
3376:
3375:New Scientist
3372:
3369:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3349:
3348:
3336:
3332:
3328:
3325:(in German).
3324:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3290:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3256:
3248:
3242:
3238:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3219:
3217:
3215:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3049:
3047:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3016:
3010:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2960:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2896:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2866:
2859:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2825:
2818:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2722:
2714:
2699:on 1 May 2008
2698:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2680:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2646:
2642:
2641:
2633:
2614:
2610:
2606:
2602:
2595:
2588:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2525:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2512:
2504:
2496:
2484:
2476:
2472:
2468:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2411:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2371:
2363:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2324:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2252:
2244:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2220:
2213:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2187:
2182:
2176:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2133:
2131:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2065:
2061:
2056:
2055:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2015:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1989:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
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32:This article
30:
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4616:Mithridatism
4414:Dhivehi beys
4287:
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3894:Architecture
3741:
3711:Psamtikseneb
3692:(fictitious)
3659:Djehutyemheb
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2952:
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2842:the original
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2688:
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2024:
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1982:
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1886:
1882:
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1833:
1829:
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1783:
1777:
1719:Rijks museum
1152:Other names
1070:Djehutyemheb
870:Psamtikseneb
649:Burial site
628:Other names
600:19th Dynasty
590:
588:
579:
568:proctologist
555:
553:
548:
544:
540:
511:The ancient
510:
480:
471:
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440:Circumcision
438:
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388:
363:
350:
347:Pharmacology
342:
329:
296:
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277:
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233:hieroglyphic
226:
210:Erasistratus
191:
134:
120:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
4621:Naturopathy
4589:Health care
4232:WikiProject
4046:Mathematics
4007:Hieroglyphs
3921:Portraiture
3889:Agriculture
3876:Main topics
3601:(in French)
3593:(in French)
3137:18 November
3069:18 November
2669:15 November
2399:24 November
2231:. pp.
2035:18 November
1638:in New York
1528:Hieroglyphs
1495:before 1827
1428:BM EA 10059
1078:Ramesses II
1001:Peftuaneith
773:chamberlain
734:Old Kingdom
595:1st Dynasty
541:imy-r swnwt
535:, and on a
333:emmer wheat
202:Hippocrates
4689:Categories
4569:Apothecary
4162:Egyptology
4130:Technology
4093:Philosophy
4041:Literature
3933:Chronology
3690:Merit-Ptah
3647:Physicians
3265:Livius.org
2659:1078493215
2189:. London:
2165:9 December
2119:9 December
1810:2011293270
1770:References
1279:c. 1800 BC
900:Heliopolis
825:Akhethetep
808:c. 2500 BC
736:c. 2500 BC
667:Heliopolis
612:sick leave
580:neru phuyt
533:Akhethotep
459:Ankh-Mahor
407:River Nile
358:medication
306:and later
264:anatomical
241:Egyptology
212:and later
206:Herophilos
99:April 2016
69:newspapers
4631:Shamanism
4579:Electuary
4373:Kallawaya
4368:Curandero
4066:Mythology
3990:Geography
3980:Dynasties
3928:Astronomy
3685:Medunefer
3675:Irynachet
3671:(dubious)
3654:Amenhotep
3279:1 January
3203:1 January
3172:1 January
3015:Herodotus
2959:Edinburgh
2932:1 January
2879:, Egypt:
2848:1 January
2836:, Egypt:
2793:0023-852X
2750:2 January
2730:CRC Press
2703:1 January
2622:24 August
2577:9 October
2493:ignored (
2483:cite book
2352:1 January
2201:1 January
2004:1 January
1956:0341-2695
1613:Hieratic?
1570:Hieratic?
1476:Hieratic?
1354:Ramesseum
1164:Contents
1158:Language
1116:Amasis II
767:Akhenaten
726:Medunefer
584:Irynachet
477:Dentistry
445:Histories
411:laxatives
369:Practices
338:King Unas
326:Nutrition
308:CAT Scans
218:Amenhotep
194:Herodotus
153:dentistry
4611:Humorism
4409:Ayurveda
4346:Americas
4308:Saltigue
4202:Category
4123:District
4118:Capitals
4103:Religion
4086:Titulary
4076:Pharaohs
4056:Military
4051:Medicine
4034:Hieratic
4024:Language
3950:Clothing
3904:Obelisks
3735:Concepts
3706:Peseshet
3335:20772830
3308:20772830
3273:Archived
3197:Archived
3166:Archived
3131:Archived
3063:Archived
3035:29 March
3029:Archived
2964:24 March
2926:Archived
2895:Archived
2838:Al-Ahram
2809:35256503
2801:16467701
2744:Archived
2663:Archived
2613:Archived
2571:Archived
2548:39263523
2540:16468204
2475:10326089
2423:New York
2393:Archived
2375:New York
2346:Archived
2312:31 March
2306:Archived
2272:21 April
2266:Archived
2195:Archived
2183:(1898).
2159:Archived
2155:43430010
2113:Archived
2109:20277446
2101:44441040
2029:Archived
1998:Archived
1974:24240438
1868:34588897
1738:See also
1520:Hieratic
1434:Hieratic
1411:18 pages
1390:Hieratic
1303:El-Lahun
1292:and the
1282:Hieratic
1240:Hieratic
1195:Hieratic
970:Darius I
940:Cambyses
921:Darius I
798:Peseshet
608:pensions
576:butchers
529:Peseshet
513:Egyptian
4636:Theriac
4559:Alchemy
4536:Oceania
4434:Ancient
4222:Outline
4212:Commons
4172:Museums
4108:Scribes
4098:Pottery
4029:Demotic
4019:History
3970:Cuisine
3899:Revival
3669:Imhotep
3664:Hesy-Ra
3350:English
2999:2 April
2605:Calgary
2338:Chicago
2233:198â199
1965:3971265
1859:8459052
1838:Bibcode
1530:and in
1524:Demotic
1493:Saqqara
1479:Medical
1309:in 1889
1207:Imhotep
1155:Dating
1053:Memphis
994:Saqqara
827:'s tomb
695:Hesy-Ra
675:Memphis
655:Imhotep
637:Gender
634:Titles
572:dentist
517:Hesy-Ra
450:Libyans
428:Surgery
391:anatomy
312:mummies
145:surgery
141:Persian
83:scholar
4665:Portal
4505:Europe
4451:Ramuan
4303:Nganga
4281:Africa
4071:People
3938:Cities
3856:topics
3701:Penthu
3540:
3532:
3523:German
3514:
3502:
3483:
3472:
3453:
3434:
3423:
3402:
3391:
3382:French
3333:
3306:
3243:
3233:Leiden
3100:
3090:Leiden
2901:23 May
2887:
2807:
2799:
2791:
2736:
2657:
2647:
2546:
2538:
2532:545610
2530:
2473:
2463:
2385:
2377:: The
2239:
2153:
2107:
2099:
2066:
1972:
1962:
1954:
1916:
1866:
1856:
1808:
1798:
1723:Leiden
1356:temple
1202:trauma
1179:image
1112:Apries
1010:Amasis
966:Amasis
950:Abusir
917:Amasis
759:Penthu
683:Djoser
525:Djoser
454:phalli
418:enemas
304:X-rays
273:tumors
255:, the
251:, the
247:, the
161:Greeks
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
4552:Other
4446:Kampo
4424:Hilot
4135:Trade
4113:Sites
4061:Music
3975:Dance
3909:Pylon
3871:Index
3331:JSTOR
3304:JSTOR
2877:Cairo
2834:Cairo
2805:S2CID
2616:(PDF)
2597:(PDF)
2544:S2CID
2528:JSTOR
2151:JSTOR
2097:JSTOR
1914:JSTOR
1764:Unani
1610:Egypt
1532:Greek
1247:burns
1176:size
964:from
915:from
545:swnwt
537:stela
493:opium
399:brain
214:Galen
186:tumor
149:bones
90:JSTOR
76:books
4441:Jamu
4402:Asia
4298:Muti
4081:List
4000:List
3943:List
3743:wáž«dw
3680:Iwti
3538:ISBN
3530:ISBN
3512:ISBN
3500:ISBN
3496:ERUV
3481:ISBN
3470:ISBN
3466:ERUV
3451:ISBN
3447:ERUV
3432:ISBN
3421:ISBN
3400:ISBN
3389:ISBN
3281:2016
3241:ISBN
3205:2016
3174:2016
3139:2011
3098:ISBN
3071:2011
3037:2015
3001:2011
2966:2011
2934:2016
2903:2020
2885:ISBN
2850:2016
2797:PMID
2789:ISSN
2752:2020
2734:ISBN
2705:2016
2671:2022
2655:OCLC
2645:ISBN
2624:2017
2579:2015
2536:PMID
2495:help
2471:PMID
2461:ISBN
2401:2020
2383:ISBN
2354:2016
2314:2011
2274:2012
2237:ISBN
2203:2016
2167:2018
2121:2018
2105:PMID
2064:ISBN
2037:2011
2006:2016
1970:PMID
1952:ISSN
1883:JAMA
1864:PMID
1814:<
1806:LCCN
1796:ISBN
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1596:N/A
1554:N/A
1503:N/A
1367:N/A
1135:N/A
1114:and
1097:N/A
1064:N/A
1035:Iwti
1029:N/A
830:N/A
780:Aten
753:N/A
610:and
556:swnw
549:swnw
278:The
127:The
62:news
3916:Art
3716:Qar
3561:by
2779:doi
2775:116
2520:doi
1960:PMC
1944:doi
1891:doi
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1350:N/A
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1132:N/A
1129:N/A
1126:N/A
1107:N/A
1094:N/A
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1039:N/A
1023:N/A
1020:N/A
983:N/A
980:N/A
968:to
935:N/A
919:to
892:N/A
889:N/A
855:N/A
840:N/A
836:Qar
817:N/A
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745:N/A
730:N/A
711:N/A
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