527:, particularly in patients with uncomplicated infections and noncompromised immune systems. Bacteriostatic agents have been effectively used for treatment that are considered to require bactericidal activity. Furthermore, some broad classes of antibacterial agents considered bacteriostatic can exhibit bactericidal activity against some bacteria on the basis of in vitro determination of MBC/MIC values. At high concentrations, bacteriostatic agents are often bactericidal against some susceptible organisms. The ultimate guide to treatment of any infection must be clinical outcome.
522:
As of 2004, the distinction between bactericidal and bacteriostatic agents appeared to be clear according to the basic/clinical definition, but this only applies under strict laboratory conditions and it is important to distinguish microbiological and clinical definitions. The distinction is more
757:
Hasan, Jafar; Webb, Hayden K.; Truong, Vi Khanh; Pogodin, Sergey; Baulin, Vladimir A.; Watson, Gregory S.; Watson, Jolanta A.; Crawford, Russell J.; Ivanova, Elena P. (October 2013). "Selective bactericidal activity of nanopatterned superhydrophobic cicada
Psaltoda claripennis wing surfaces".
329:(i.e., germicide agents that can be used on human or animal body, skin, mucosae, wounds and the like), few of the above-mentioned disinfectants can be used, under proper conditions (mainly concentration, pH, temperature and toxicity toward humans and animals). Among them, some important are
523:
arbitrary when agents are categorized in clinical situations. The supposed superiority of bactericidal agents over bacteriostatic agents is of little relevance when treating the vast majority of infections with
809:
Ivanova, Elena P.; Linklater, Denver P.; Werner, Marco; Baulin, Vladimir A.; Xu, XiuMei; Vrancken, Nandi; Rubanov, Sergey; Hanssen, Eric; Wandiyanto, Jason; Truong, Vi Khanh; Elbourne, Aaron (2020-06-09).
705:
Morones, Jose Ruben; Elechiguerra, Jose Luis; Camacho, Alejandra; Holt, Katherine; Kouri, Juan B; Ramírez, Jose Tapia; Yacaman, Miguel Jose (2005-10-01). "The bactericidal effect of silver nanoparticles".
553:
wings were found to have a selective anti-gram-negative bactericidal effect based on their physical surface structure. Mechanical deformation of the more or less rigid
58:. However, material surfaces can also have bactericidal properties based solely on their physical surface structure, as for example biomaterials like insect wings.
300:
560:
In 2020 researchers combined cationic polymer adsorption and femtosecond laser surface structuring to generate a bactericidal effect against both gram-positive
303:
etc. Heavy metals and their salts are the most toxic and environment-hazardous bactericides and therefore their use is strongly discouraged or prohibited
175:
251:
316:(sodium, potassium, calcium hydroxides), such as of pH > 13, particularly under elevated temperature (above 60 °C), kills bacteria.
666:"Clinical Relevance of Bacteriostatic versus Bactericidal Mechanisms of Action in the Treatment of Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections"
944:
341:, 0.5% sodium or potassium hypochlorite solution, pH-adjusted to pH 7–8, or 0.5–1% solution of sodium benzenesulfochloramide (
557:
found on the wing releases energy, striking and killing bacteria within minutes, hence called a mechano-bactericidal effect.
1036:
1001:
1730:
1284:
546:
for example depends on its size with a preferential diameter of about 1–10 nm to interact with bacteria.
1720:
235:
1660:
1153:
231:
1715:
1411:
1322:
1188:
1640:
1265:
1193:
879:"Bactericidal surfaces prepared by femtosecond laser patterning and layer-by-layer polyelectrolyte coating"
535:
Material surfaces can exhibit bactericidal properties because of their crystallographic surface structure.
17:
1383:
87:
1118:
937:
223:
1630:
1378:
1372:
1695:
1397:
239:
1446:
1208:
1203:
1113:
1031:
455:
1582:
1343:
1318:
1253:
1142:
1026:
524:
519:
are usually considered bactericidal, although they may be bacteriostatic with some organisms.
1760:
1690:
1482:
961:
930:
562:
243:
227:
91:
576:
surfaces, providing a practical platform for the study of the bacteria-surface interaction.
1725:
1587:
1497:
1338:
1218:
986:
890:
823:
715:
288:
219:
114:
8:
1635:
1523:
1492:
1138:
1098:
1021:
585:
543:
376:
360:
356:
338:
140:
122:
894:
827:
719:
1605:
1555:
1456:
1269:
1248:
1148:
1069:
981:
854:
811:
791:
573:
727:
1600:
1461:
1451:
1279:
1273:
1108:
908:
859:
841:
783:
775:
739:
731:
687:
646:
641:
616:
213:
795:
310:(phosphoric, nitric, sulfuric, amidosulfuric, toluenesulfonic acids), pH < 1, and
1645:
1533:
1528:
1328:
1298:
1084:
1064:
1046:
898:
849:
831:
767:
723:
677:
636:
628:
568:
171:
118:
95:
1685:
1560:
1388:
1348:
1333:
1041:
991:
494:
427:
Others are generally not applicable as safe antiseptics, either because of their
409:
370:
205:
197:
136:
126:
1243:
1675:
1655:
1574:
1416:
1158:
1103:
903:
878:
516:
506:
502:
448:
399:
296:
284:
209:
110:
771:
1754:
1680:
1167:
1074:
845:
812:"The multi-faceted mechano-bactericidal mechanism of nanostructured surfaces"
779:
735:
510:
498:
467:
420:
383:
292:
247:
836:
1650:
1610:
1511:
1435:
1313:
996:
953:
912:
863:
787:
743:
691:
539:
391:
276:
270:
79:
67:
47:
650:
1222:
1198:
632:
590:
395:
387:
167:
1615:
1547:
1439:
1214:
554:
490:
483:
479:
475:
459:
444:
342:
326:
255:
163:
159:
155:
83:
55:
51:
379:
with or without antiseptic additives, used mainly for skin antisepsis,
1393:
428:
413:
201:
1515:
1487:
1474:
1163:
682:
665:
595:
366:
352:
334:
262:
147:
106:
75:
43:
976:
617:"Antiseptics and Disinfectants: Activity, Action, and Resistance"
181:
151:
922:
550:
471:
454:
Bactericidal antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis: the
405:
348:
313:
280:
193:
189:
185:
132:
102:
704:
463:
432:
419:
cationic surfactants, such as 0.05–0.5% benzalkonium, 0.5–4%
266:
808:
1368:
1261:
1257:
1059:
307:
1434:
1708:
196:, halogenated (chlorinated, brominated) phenols, such as
1510:
359:(ointment, solutions, wound plasters), in the past also
1668:
1130:
756:
538:
Somewhere in the mid-2000s it was shown that metallic
1092:
143:, iodine tincture, iodinated nonionic surfactants),
1752:
614:
246:) and others, non-quaternary compounds, such as
816:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
451:antibiotics slow their growth or reproduction.
1573:
938:
663:
945:
931:
877:Chen, C.; Enrico, A.; et al. (2020).
876:
1546:
1014:
969:
902:
853:
835:
681:
640:
369:such as urea perhydrate solutions and pH-
883:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
1473:
1181:
14:
1753:
1306:
1236:
760:Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology
926:
373:0.1 – 0.25% peracetic acid solutions,
1361:
542:can kill bacteria. The effect of a
279:and their salts, such as colloidal
24:
1731:Minimum bactericidal concentration
615:McDonnell, G; Russell, AD (1999).
25:
1772:
1721:Minimum inhibitory concentration
952:
236:didecyldimethylammonium chloride
61:
1661:WHO list of essential medicines
1154:Non-specific effect of vaccines
664:Pankey, GA; Sabath, LD (2004).
232:cetyl trimethylammonium bromide
188:(also called "carbolic acid"),
170:and mixtures thereof; further,
1716:Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics
870:
802:
750:
698:
657:
608:
438:
423:, 0.1–2% octenidine solutions.
320:
216:, salts and isomers thereof),
13:
1:
1641:Functional analog (chemistry)
601:
42:, is a substance which kills
27:An agent which kills bacteria
1194:Hill equation (biochemistry)
7:
728:10.1088/0957-4484/16/10/059
579:
530:
517:Aminoglycosidic antibiotics
224:quaternary ammonium cations
10:
1777:
1709:Antimicrobial pharmacology
1189:Dose–response relationship
1119:Desensitization (medicine)
904:10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.107
1631:Coinduction (anesthetics)
1624:
1425:
1297:
1083:
960:
772:10.1007/s00253-012-4628-5
1696:Multiple drug resistance
1669:Tolerance and resistance
1037:Physiological antagonist
240:cetylpyridinium chloride
38:, sometimes abbreviated
1447:Neuropsychopharmacology
1209:Cheng-Prussoff Equation
1204:Del Castillo Katz model
1131:Other effects of ligand
1114:Receptor (biochemistry)
1032:Irreversible antagonist
837:10.1073/pnas.1916680117
456:beta-lactam antibiotics
1583:Classical pharmacology
1344:Plasma protein binding
1319:Volume of distribution
1027:Competitive antagonist
525:gram-positive bacteria
489:Also bactericidal are
351:preparations, such as
258:dihydrochloride etc.),
1691:Antibiotic resistance
1483:Clinical pharmacology
1002:Physiological agonist
962:Ligand (biochemistry)
563:Staphylococcus aureus
301:copper oxide-chloride
244:benzethonium chloride
228:benzalkonium chloride
92:trichloroisocyanurate
1588:Reverse pharmacology
1498:Pharmacoepidemiology
1339:Biological half-life
1219:Ligand binding assay
1093:Activity at receptor
987:Irreversible agonist
633:10.1128/cmr.12.1.147
220:cationic surfactants
115:potassium persulfate
88:dichloroisocyanurate
1636:Combination therapy
1524:Pharmacoinformatics
1493:Medicinal chemistry
1099:Mechanism of action
895:2020JCIS..575..286C
828:2020PNAS..11712598I
822:(23): 12598–12605.
720:2005Nanot..16.2346R
586:List of antibiotics
544:silver nanoparticle
408:compounds, such as
337:preparations (f.e.
182:phenolic substances
123:sodium percarbonate
70:are those applying
46:. Bactericides are
1606:Immunopharmacology
1556:Pharmacotoxicology
1457:Psychopharmacology
1249:Intrinsic activity
1149:Pleiotropy (drugs)
1070:Agonist-antagonist
982:Endogenous agonist
621:Clin Microbiol Rev
574:borosilicate glass
566:and gram-negative
176:2-phenoxypropanols
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1704:
1703:
1601:Photopharmacology
1596:
1595:
1569:
1568:
1542:
1541:
1506:
1505:
1469:
1468:
1462:Electrophysiology
1452:Neuropharmacology
1407:
1406:
1357:
1356:
1293:
1292:
1280:Therapeutic index
1232:
1231:
1177:
1176:
1126:
1125:
1055:
1054:
1010:
1009:
766:(20): 9257–9262.
714:(10): 2346–2353.
416:and Dibromol, and
333:properly diluted
214:pentachlorophenol
16:(Redirected from
1768:
1706:
1705:
1666:
1665:
1646:Polypharmacology
1571:
1570:
1544:
1543:
1534:Pharmacogenomics
1529:Pharmacogenetics
1508:
1507:
1471:
1470:
1432:
1431:
1359:
1358:
1329:Rate of infusion
1304:
1303:
1299:Pharmacokinetics
1234:
1233:
1179:
1178:
1128:
1127:
1090:
1089:
1085:Pharmacodynamics
1065:Neurotransmitter
1047:Enzyme inhibitor
1012:
1011:
967:
966:
947:
940:
933:
924:
923:
917:
916:
906:
874:
868:
867:
857:
839:
806:
800:
799:
754:
748:
747:
702:
696:
695:
685:
661:
655:
654:
644:
612:
569:Escherichia coli
495:fluoroquinolones
361:Lugol's solution
339:Dakin's solution
289:mercury chloride
172:2-phenoxyethanol
141:Lugol's solution
119:sodium perborate
96:chlorine dioxide
94:, wet chlorine,
21:
1776:
1775:
1771:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1765:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1740:
1700:
1686:Drug resistance
1664:
1620:
1592:
1565:
1561:Neurotoxicology
1538:
1502:
1465:
1427:
1421:
1403:
1353:
1349:Bioavailability
1334:Onset of action
1289:
1228:
1173:
1122:
1079:
1051:
1042:Inverse agonist
1006:
992:Partial agonist
956:
951:
921:
920:
875:
871:
807:
803:
755:
751:
703:
699:
670:Clin Infect Dis
662:
658:
613:
609:
604:
582:
533:
447:kill bacteria;
441:
410:hexachlorophene
323:
222:, such as some
206:trichlorophenol
198:hexachlorophene
137:povidone-iodine
127:urea perhydrate
66:The most used
64:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1774:
1764:
1763:
1746:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1726:Bacteriostatic
1723:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1702:
1701:
1699:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1676:Drug tolerance
1672:
1670:
1663:
1658:
1656:Lists of drugs
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1619:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1597:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:Drug discovery
1567:
1566:
1564:
1563:
1558:
1552:
1550:
1540:
1539:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1526:
1520:
1518:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1479:
1477:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1442:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1420:
1419:
1417:Bioequivalence
1414:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1401:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1365:
1363:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1316:
1310:
1308:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1251:
1246:
1240:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1226:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1185:
1183:
1175:
1174:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1159:Adverse effect
1156:
1151:
1146:
1134:
1132:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1104:Mode of action
1101:
1096:
1094:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1024:
1018:
1016:
1008:
1007:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
979:
973:
971:
964:
958:
957:
950:
949:
942:
935:
927:
919:
918:
869:
801:
749:
708:Nanotechnology
697:
683:10.1086/381972
676:(6): 864–870.
656:
627:(1): 147–179.
606:
605:
603:
600:
599:
598:
593:
588:
581:
578:
532:
529:
507:co-trimoxazole
503:nitrofurantoin
468:cephalosporins
449:bacteriostatic
440:
437:
425:
424:
417:
402:
400:salicylic acid
380:
374:
364:
346:
322:
319:
318:
317:
311:
304:
297:copper sulfate
285:silver nitrate
274:
259:
252:glucoprotamine
217:
210:tribromophenol
179:
158:, called also
144:
130:
111:peracetic acid
99:
63:
60:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1773:
1762:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1707:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1681:Tachyphylaxis
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1598:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1572:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1545:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1509:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1472:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1409:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1360:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1311:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1169:
1168:Neurotoxicity
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1144:
1140:
1137:Selectivity (
1136:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1091:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1076:
1075:Pharmacophore
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1057:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1023:
1020:
1019:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
993:
990:
988:
985:
983:
980:
978:
975:
974:
972:
968:
965:
963:
959:
955:
948:
943:
941:
936:
934:
929:
928:
925:
914:
910:
905:
900:
896:
892:
888:
884:
880:
873:
865:
861:
856:
851:
847:
843:
838:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
805:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
753:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
701:
693:
689:
684:
679:
675:
671:
667:
660:
652:
648:
643:
638:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
611:
607:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
583:
577:
575:
571:
570:
565:
564:
558:
556:
552:
547:
545:
541:
540:nanoparticles
536:
528:
526:
520:
518:
514:
512:
511:telithromycin
508:
504:
500:
499:metronidazole
496:
492:
487:
485:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
462:derivatives (
461:
457:
452:
450:
446:
443:Bactericidal
436:
434:
430:
422:
421:chlorhexidine
418:
415:
411:
407:
403:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
384:organic acids
381:
378:
375:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
354:
350:
347:
344:
340:
336:
332:
331:
330:
328:
315:
312:
309:
305:
302:
298:
294:
293:phenylmercury
290:
286:
282:
278:
275:
272:
268:
264:
260:
257:
253:
249:
248:chlorhexidine
245:
241:
237:
234:or chloride,
233:
229:
225:
221:
218:
215:
211:
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:
177:
173:
169:
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146:concentrated
145:
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128:
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120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
97:
93:
89:
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81:
80:hypochlorites
77:
73:
72:
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69:
68:disinfectants
62:Disinfectants
59:
57:
53:
49:
48:disinfectants
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
1761:Bactericides
1735:
1651:Chemotherapy
1611:Cell biology
1512:Biochemistry
1436:Neuroscience
1384:Distribution
1314:Loading dose
997:Superagonist
954:Pharmacology
886:
882:
872:
819:
815:
804:
763:
759:
752:
711:
707:
700:
673:
669:
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624:
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572:bacteria on
567:
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559:
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515:
488:
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426:
392:benzoic acid
353:iodopovidone
324:
277:heavy metals
271:permanganate
65:
39:
36:bacteriocide
35:
31:
29:
18:Bactericidal
1736:Bactericide
1412:Compartment
1223:Patch clamp
1199:Schild plot
889:: 286–297.
591:Microbicide
555:nanopillars
480:carbapenems
476:monobactams
445:antibiotics
439:Antibiotics
396:lactic acid
388:sorbic acid
355:in various
327:antiseptics
321:Antiseptics
174:and 1- and
168:isopropanol
84:chloramines
56:antibiotics
52:antiseptics
32:bactericide
1616:Physiology
1548:Toxicology
1440:psychology
1389:Metabolism
1379:Absorption
1373:Liberation
1215:Organ bath
1143:Functional
1022:Antagonist
1015:Inhibitory
970:Excitatory
602:References
491:daptomycin
484:vancomycin
460:penicillin
343:chloramine
273:solutions;
265:, such as
256:octenidine
178:are used),
164:2-propanol
160:n-propanol
156:1-propanol
109:, such as
1398:Clearance
1394:Excretion
1213:Methods (
846:0027-8424
780:0175-7598
736:0957-4484
549:In 2013,
429:corrosive
414:triclosan
367:peroxides
345:B)), some
263:oxidizers
226:(such as
202:triclosan
184:(such as
166:, called
107:peroxides
1755:Category
1516:genetics
1488:Pharmacy
1475:Medicine
1285:Affinity
1244:Efficacy
1182:Analysis
1164:Toxicity
913:32380320
864:32457154
796:16568909
788:23250225
744:20818017
692:14999632
596:Virucide
580:See also
531:Surfaces
435:nature.
406:phenolic
386:such as
377:alcohols
371:buffered
357:galenics
335:chlorine
192:such as
150:(mainly
148:alcohols
98:, etc.),
76:chlorine
44:bacteria
1426:Related
1369:(L)ADME
1323:Initial
1307:Metrics
1254:Potency
1237:Metrics
1139:Binding
1109:Binding
977:Agonist
891:Bibcode
855:7293705
824:Bibcode
716:Bibcode
651:9880479
472:cephems
314:alkalis
306:strong
295:salts,
261:strong
190:cresols
152:ethanol
101:active
78:(i.e.,
74:active
1428:fields
911:
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778:
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551:cicada
482:) and
478:, and
464:penams
349:iodine
281:silver
194:thymol
186:phenol
133:iodine
125:, and
103:oxygen
40:Bcidal
1625:Other
1362:LADME
792:S2CID
642:88911
433:toxic
404:some
382:weak
308:acids
267:ozone
54:, or
1514:and
1438:and
1274:TD50
1270:LD50
1266:ED50
1262:IC50
1258:EC50
1060:Drug
909:PMID
860:PMID
842:ISSN
784:PMID
776:ISSN
740:PMID
732:ISSN
688:PMID
647:PMID
398:and
269:and
162:and
90:and
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899:doi
887:575
850:PMC
832:doi
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768:doi
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678:doi
637:PMC
629:doi
474:),
466:),
431:or
325:As
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