580:
762:
471:
299:
750:
479:
681:, which historian Patrick Henry notes, was "longer than some national armies" managed. Such activity "worked powerfully against the anti-Semitic stereotype...that Jews would not fight." Correspondingly, there are estimates that 30,000 Jews joined partisan units in Belorussia and western Ukraine alone, while other Jewish partisan groups joined fighters from Bulgaria, Greece, and Yugoslavia, where they assisted in derailing trains, destroying bridges, and carrying out sabotage acts that contributed to the deaths of thousands of German soldiers.
579:
808:. In areas under military jurisdiction (the Army Group Rear Areas), the Army High Command had the overall responsibility. The directive declared the entire population of "bandit" (i.e. partisan-controlled) territories as enemy combatants. In practice, this meant that the aims of security warfare was not pacification, but complete destruction and depopulation of "bandit" and "bandit-threatened" territories, turning them into "dead zones" (
183:, were put into effect. Some of the theories laid out by Jomini contained instructions for intense offensive operations and the necessity of securing one's "lines of operations". German military officers took this to mean as much attention should be given to logistical operations used to fight the war at the rear as those in the front, and certainly entailed security operations. Following Jomini's lead,
919:
hundred eighty people were exterminated, in the settlements Vjazem and Selets about a hundred, in
Bazevich about fifty. The majority were old men, women, and children...As soon as you have threshed the grain from the new harvest, hide it in the woods, establish stores of food, or the Hitler people will expose our people to starvation. Let us not give a single gram of grain to these Hitler-dogs!"
33:
660:, and army forces—for the most part—worked cooperatively to combat partisans ("bandits"), not only acting as judge, jury, and executioners in the field, but also in plundering "bandit areas"; they laid these areas to waste, seized crops and livestock, enslaved the local population, or murdered them. Anti-bandit operations were characterised by "special cruelty". For instance,
634:
how the nature and course of the partisan war was affected by the relationship between the occupied rear and the front line. Indeed, in eastern Europe during World War II, most directly in the Soviet Union, keeping occupied territory pacified was crucial to supplying not just the German front line, but also the German domestic population.
195:), which outlined in detail the tactical procedures related to partisan and anti-partisan warfare—likely deliberately written without clear distinctions between combatants and non-combatants. To what extent this contributed to the intensification of unrestrained warfare cannot be known, but Prussian officers like
646:, SD and other SS formations would combat any resistance movements in the rear. In effect, the German Army willingly ensnared itself in the Nazi machinery of annihilation and extermination by working with the SS to systematically suppress partisan movements and other forms of perceived resistance." To this end,
947:
Given the Nazis' diverse social engineering projects and its ethnic cleansing as well as its
Germanization policies, countries across Europe, such as France, Denmark, Norway, Italy, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Greece, Albana, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Holland, Belgium, Denmark, Poland, and the UK's
712:
Across western and southern Europe, the implementation of anti-bandit operations was uneven, owing to a constantly evolving set of rules of engagement, command and control disputes at the local level, and the complexity of regional politics with regard to the regime's goals in each respective nation.
633:
As the war dragged on, the occupation's mounting economic rapacity engendered a vicious cycle of further resistance, further German brutality in response, and the erosion of order and stability across occupied Europe. Here, the issue of how occupation strategy shaped the partisan war connects with...
502:
command were informed that any "Partisan-Battalions" formed behind the front that were not properly uniformed and without appropriate means of identification, "were to be treated as guerrillas, whether they were soldiers or not". Any civilians who provided any assistance whatsoever were to be treated
704:
of August 1944, the Nazis intensified their anti-partisan operations in Poland, during which German forces employed their version of anti-partisan tactics by shooting upwards of 120,000 civilians in Warsaw. Ideologically speaking, since partisans represented an immediate existential threat, in that,
696:
reports that anti-partisan operations had a significant impact on German operations in the East; namely, since they caused "widespread economic disruption, tied down manpower which could have been deployed elsewhere, and by instilling fear and provoking extreme countermeasures, drove a wedge between
672:
According to historian Erich
Haberer, the Nazis' murderous policies toward the Jews provided the victims little choice; driven to "coalesce into small groups to survive in forested areas from where they emerged periodically to forage food in nearby fields and villages, the Germans created their own
604:
Directive on 11 November 1942 for "anti-bandit warfare in the East" that announced sentimental considerations as "irresponsible" and instructed the men to shoot or preferably hang bandits, including women. Misgivings from commanders within Army Group Rear that such operations were counterproductive
559:
issued orders on 13 September 1941, that "Russian soldiers who had been overrun by the German forces and had then reorganised behind the front were to be treated as partisans—that is, to be shot. It was left to the commanders on the spot to decide who belonged to this category." On 23 October 1942,
898:
The German troops were merciless in spite of international efforts highlighted by the Hague
Conventions of 1899 and 1907, which included injunctions codifying and restraining "both the conduct of irregular warfare and the measures to which an occupying power should be entitled in order to combat
875:
Historian
Kenneth Slepyan observes that throughout history, "irregular fighters have walked a fine (and often blurred) line between being popular heroes and outlaws." Although the general citizenry may at times have envied "the freedom and wild lives of fictionalized and mythologized bandits and
668:
asserts that by the second half of 1942, "German anti-partisan operations were all but indistinguishable from the mass murder of the Jews." Other historians have made similar observations. Omer Bartov argued that under the auspices of destroying their "so-called political and biological enemies",
231:
hanged or shot, and encouraged his military commanders to burn down villages that housed them. More formal structures like Chief of the Field
Railway, a Military Railway Corps, District Commanders, Special Military Courts, intelligence units, and military police of varying duties and nomenclature
908:
Omer Bartov explicitly states that "in the East military units played a role in identifying Jewish communities for 'special treatment', that is, murder, by the SS; that it took part in so called anti-partisan operations that culminated in the destruction of centres of Jewish habitation; and that
353:
and created an infrastructure to support ongoing military operations, including guard posts, patrols, and a security network. Maintaining security meant dealing with
Russian prisoners, many of whom tried to sabotage German plans and kill German soldiers, so harsh pacification measures and terror
918:
A partisan leaflet is telling in this regard, as it encourages partisan-style resistance, citing the woeful behaviors of the invading Nazis; the leaflet states: "The
Hitlerite cannibals burned the villages, and hundreds of innocent civilians were shot or burned alive. In the village of Uskino a
624:
acculturated to the large scale anti-bandit operations, as they too came to see the entire population as criminal and complicit in any operation against German troops. Many German Army commanders were unbothered by the fact that these operations fell under the jurisdiction of the SS. Historians
928:
After the war during the 1950s, when scholars were debating "Jewish passivity," the only people whose opinion was deemed legitimate in combating this mistaken view, came from the Ghetto fighters and those who participated as partisans—namely, since they had at least "done something to stop the
609:." During late November 1942, forty-one "Polish-Jewish bandits" were killed in the forest area of Lubionia, which included "reprisals" against villages in the area. Another action undertaken under the auspices of anti-bandit operations occurred near Lublin in early November 1943; named
252:(1899–1901), after two German officers went missing, which was followed up with more than fifty operations by German troops, who set fire to a village and held prisoners. Shortly after these operations, the infantry was provided with a handbook for "operations against Chinese bandits" (
371:
had already absolved his soldiers and police from any responsibility for brutality against civilians, expecting them to kill anyone that even "looked askance" at the German forces. Much of the partisan warfare became an exercise of antisemitism, as military commanders like
General
203:, Chief of the Prussian General Staff, added hostage-taking as a means of deterrence to sabotage activities and the employment of collective measures against entire communities, which became the basis for German anti-partisan policies from 1870 and remained as such through 1945.
321:
ignored many of the commonly-understood
European conventions of war when between August and October 1914, some 6,500 French and Belgian citizens were murdered. On some occasions, attacks against German infantry positions and patrols that may have actually been attributable to
463:, Jews, and anyone of position in the communist party. This was part of the SS contribution to prevent crime in the newly conquered territories, to maintain order, and to ensure the efficient establishment of miniature Nazi governments, constituted by mobile versions of the
800:
of 18 August 1942, where security warfare's aim was defined as "complete extermination". The directive called on the security forces to act with "utter brutality", while providing immunity from prosecution for any acts committed during "bandit-fighting" operations.
576:, spies, or bandit sympathisers. During Gottberg's first major operations, Operations Nürnberg and Hamburg, conducted between November through December 1942, he reported 5,000 murdered Jews, another 5,000 bandits or suspects eliminated, and 30 villages burned down.
494:
but were to be "sentenced on the spot by an officer", meaning they were to be summarily shot. To this end, the Nazis welcomed partisan warfare since in the mind of Hitler, such circumstances opened up "the possibility of annihilating all opposition".
673:
partisan problem, which, by its very nature, was perceived as banditry." Typically these "heroic and futile acts of resistance" against the Nazi occupiers were often in vain considering the "insurmountable odds" of success, although Jews in the
909:
soldiers participated regularly, both by orders of their superiors and on their own initiative, in killing Jews wherever they encountered them, even before they turned their attention to other potential targets among the civilian population."
354:
actions were carried out, including brutal reprisals against civilians, who were subsequently labeled as bandits. Before long, similar practices were instituted throughout the Eastern and Western areas of German occupied territory.
782:) was the term chosen to be used by German forces. Hitler insisted that Himmler was "solely responsible" for combating bandits except in districts under military administration; such districts were under the authority of the
540:) to become the guiding principle of Nazi Germany's security warfare and occupational policies; largely as a result of Himmler's insistence that for psychological reasons, bandit was somehow preferable. Himmler charged the
2216:
Rutherford, Jeff (2010). "'One senses danger from all sides, especially from fanatical civilians': The 121st Infantry Division and Partisan War, June 1941 – April 1942". In Ben Shepherd; Juliette Pattinson (eds.).
376:
exclaimed that whenever an act of sabotage was committed and one killed the Jews from that village, then "one can be certain that one has destroyed the perpetrators, or at least those who stood behind them".
777:
In July 1942, Himmler was appointed to lead the security initiatives in rear areas. One of his first actions in this role was the prohibition of the use of "partisan" to describe counter-insurgents. Bandits
142:
estimates that around one million civilians may have died as a result of German anti-partisan warfare—excluding actual partisans—among the 13 to 14 million people murdered by the Nazis during World War II.
366:
policy for deterring partisan or "bandit" activities against its forces was to strike "such terror into the population that it loses all will to resist". Even before the Nazi campaign in the East began,
705:
they were equated with Jews or people under their influence, the systematic murder of anyone associated with them was an expression of the regime's racial antisemitism and was viewed by members of the
757:, Belorussia in 1942. The placard, in German and Belarusian, reads: "This man was the leader of a guerrilla group, and tortured the population for months, and plundered; therefore he is hanged!"
2784:
333:
Throughout the war, Germany's integrated intelligence, perimeter police, guard network, and border control measures coalesced to define the German military's security operations. Along the
413:
entered Serbia in 1941, they carried out mass reprisals against alleged "partisans" by executing Jews there. The commander responsible for combating partisan warfare in 1941, General
2735:
552:—who were likewise tasked to deal with partisans—included foreign recruits overseen by experienced German "bandit" fighters well-versed in the "mass murder of unarmed civilians".
726:) for Germany. In the first eleven months of the war against the Soviet Union, German forces liquidated in excess of 80,000 alleged partisans. Implemented by units of the SS,
709:
as a "necessity of war". Much of this Nazi mindset in killing partisan "enemies" was not just an immediate expediency but was preemptive warfare against "future" enemies.
455:"—against potential enemies; this included partisans and anyone deemed a threat by the Nazi functionaries. When Heydrich repeated this directive as an operational order (
2840:
330:, who were regarded as bandits and outside the rules of war, eliciting ruthless measures by German forces against civilians and villages suspected of harboring them.
2425:
2000:
605:
and in poor taste, since women and children were also being murdered, went ignored or resisted from Bach-Zelewski, who frequently "cited the special powers of the
692:'s did not just eliminate "bandits" but laid entire regions where they operated to waste. The scale of this effort must be taken into consideration, as historian
549:
511:
were instructed likewise on 4 August 1941. Nearly always, these genocidal measures were "camouflaged" in reports by coded formalised language, using terms like
2743:
2739:
572:
operations were conducted on a permanent basis, a task which Gottberg carried out with fanatical ruthlessness, declaring the entire population bandits, Jews,
2688:
404:. There were a number of SS-led actions implemented against so–called "partisans" in Lemberg, Warsaw, Lublin, Kovel, and other places across Poland.
373:
17:
2801:
948:
Channel Islands all experienced varied and distinctive intensities of German occupation security policies. See for instance: Meershoek, Guus, et al.
1935:; Edele, Mike (2009). "States of Exception: The Nazi-Soviet War as a System of Violence, 1939–1945". In Geyer, Michael; Fitzpatrick, Sheila (eds.).
761:
2929:
2159:
Messerschmidt, Manfred (2000). "Forward Defense: The "Memorandum of the Generals" for the Nuremberg Court". In Hannes Heer; Klaus Naumann (eds.).
669:
often described as "bandits" or "partisans", the Nazis made no effort "to distinguish between real guerrillas, political suspects, and Jews."
2418:
876:
irregulars... real-life partisans threatened their survival, especially in the harsh conditions of war," when resources were otherwise scarce.
541:
720:, these doctrines amalgamated with the Nazi regime's genocidal plans for the racial reshaping of the Eastern Europe to secure "living space" (
821:
786:. The organisational changes, putting experienced SS killers in charge, and language that criminalised resistance, whether real or imagined,
2322:
950:
Repression und Kriegsverbrechen:Die Bekämpfung von Widerstand und Partisanenbewegungen gegen die deutsche Besatzung in West- und Südeuropa
2258:
Shepherd, Ben H.; Pattinson, Juliette (2010). "Introduction: Illuminating a Twilight World". In Ben Shepherd; Juliette Pattinson (eds.).
938:
This practice was in keeping with Führer Directive 46, where once pro-bandit areas were turned into "dead zones" by the German forces.
2950:
2411:
470:
2450:
794:
749:
1977:
Haberer, Erich (2010). "The German Gendarmerie and Partisans in Belorussia, 1941–4". In Ben Shepherd; Juliette Pattinson (eds.).
885:
A more thorough examination of the German Army's crimes during the First World War can be found in: Horne, John and Alan Kramer.
661:
298:
2299:
Slepyan, Kenneth (2010). "Partisans, Civilians, and the Soviet State: An Overview". In Ben Shepherd; Juliette Pattinson (eds.).
2197:
Nolte, Hans-Heinrich (2005). "Partisan War in Belorussia, 1941–1944". In Roger Chickering; Stig Förster; Bernd Greiner (eds.).
417:, reiterated to the German forces, "that rivers of German blood" had been spilled in Serbia during the First World War and the
199:
encouraged their professional soldiers to embrace a dictum advocating that "for every problem, there was a military solution".
2964:
2393:
2370:
2351:
2332:
2308:
2289:
2267:
2248:
2226:
2206:
2187:
2168:
2127:
2108:
2089:
2064:
2041:
2010:
1986:
1967:
1948:
1922:
1903:
1881:
1862:
1841:
1819:
1800:
957:
766:
3031:
3011:
2016:
1913:
Fritze, Lothar (2014). "Did the National Socialists Have a Different Morality?". In Wolfgang Bialas; Lothar Fritze (eds.).
2633:
2628:
2623:
2608:
2603:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2403:
2545:
2149:
487:
3016:
478:
232:
were integrated into the Prussian system to bolster security operations all along the military's operational lines.
508:
151:
According to historian and television documentary producer, Christopher Hale, there are indications that the term
2489:
3001:
2789:
2613:
2943:
2565:
264:(1904–08), a campaign of racial extermination and collective punishment that the German Empire undertook in
2835:
848:
717:
342:
200:
2986:
2051:
Heer, Hannes (2000). "The Logic of the War of Extermination: The Wehrmacht and the Anti-Partisan War". In
442:
107:
during wartime with extreme brutality. The doctrine provided a rationale for disregarding the established
2991:
2936:
2912:
2907:
2822:
2651:
2643:
2463:
840:
561:
363:
334:
168:
55:
39:'s report Number 51 from 1 October 1942 to 1 December 1942 detailing the murder of "bandits" and Jews in
2468:
2458:
2385:
1940:
1852:
827:
556:
464:
388:
operations. Aside from the groups assigned to fight partisans, additional manpower was provided by the
1891:
804:
The directive designated the SS as the organisation responsible for rear-area warfare in areas under
3026:
600:
had ordered "anti-bandit warfare" in Army Group Rear Area Centre, which was shortly followed by an
350:
265:
261:
217:
reservists, whose duties ranged from guarding railroad lines, to taking hostages, and carrying out
128:
2763:
2758:
2671:
2618:
735:
689:
664:
were murdered outright under the pretext that they were partisans per Hitler's orders. Historian
601:
460:
124:
2661:
2996:
2957:
2699:
2550:
834:
678:
2812:
2717:
2694:
2441:
2079:
499:
196:
79:"bandit-fighting" or "combating of bandits"; English equivalent of "anti-partisan operations"
2747:
2729:
2725:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2597:
2437:
617:
units, accompanied by members of the Lublin police, rounded up and killed 42,000 Jews.
425:
338:
318:
176:
156:
2178:
Middleton-Kaplan, Richard (2014). "The Myth of Jewish Passivity". In Patrick Henry (ed.).
8:
3021:
2902:
2721:
2433:
172:
164:
100:
2555:
734:
as applied by the Nazi regime and directed by the SS across occupied Europe led to mass
2856:
2807:
2753:
2530:
805:
656:
384:
in 1939 and its reorganisation, security and policing merged with the establishment of
381:
48:
2301:
War in a Twilight World: Partisan and Anti-Partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–45
2260:
War in a Twilight World: Partisan and Anti-Partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–45
2219:
War in a Twilight World: Partisan and Anti-Partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–45
1979:
War in a Twilight World: Partisan and Anti-Partisan Warfare in Eastern Europe, 1939–45
430:
2793:
2656:
2499:
2389:
2366:
2347:
2328:
2304:
2285:
2263:
2244:
2222:
2202:
2183:
2164:
2145:
2123:
2104:
2085:
2060:
2037:
2006:
1982:
1963:
1944:
1918:
1899:
1877:
1858:
1837:
1815:
1796:
1789:
953:
685:
565:
537:
438:
397:
160:
112:
97:
93:
597:
482:
German soldiers relaxing after destroying a village in Epirus, Greece (1942 or 1943)
3006:
2535:
2504:
2494:
1996:
693:
517:
507:
claims "always meant one thing only: death by shooting or hanging". Members of the
490:
command issued orders that guerilla warfare combatants were not to be quartered as
452:
434:
36:
2525:
2866:
2797:
2540:
2520:
2277:
2236:
2137:
701:
651:
626:
593:
491:
393:
346:
307:
293:
289:
249:
104:
65:
40:
2199:
A World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937–1945
564:
the "Commissioner for Anti-Bandit Warfare." Then Himmler transferred SS General
211:
Prussian security operations during the Franco-Prussian War included the use of
2684:
2318:
1829:
665:
447:
240:
Operationally, the first attempts to use tactics that would later develop into
223:
451:
leaders of their responsibility to secure the rear areas—using the euphemism "
414:
2980:
2897:
2861:
2675:
1932:
674:
573:
323:
273:
132:
116:
1958:
Gregor, Neil (2008). "Nazism – A Political Religion". In Neil Gregor (ed.).
787:
2122:. London and Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
486:
Starting the same day Germany invaded the Soviet Union (22 June 1941), the
368:
245:
120:
89:
1812:
The Eastern Front, 1941–45: German Troops and the Barbarisation of Warfare
2871:
2779:
2074:
2052:
1784:
528:
From September 1941 onwards through the course of World War II, the term
504:
314:
277:
139:
2201:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 261–276.
2876:
793:
The radicalisation of "anti-bandit" warfare saw further impetus in the
722:
591:
Also in October 1942—just a couple months prior to Gottberg's exploits—
421:
should consider any acts of violence there as "avenging these deaths".
108:
302:
A depiction of the execution of Belgian civilians by German troops at
175:
flourished; martial traditions that included the military doctrine of
2434:
409:
115:
to civilians, as "bandits" or "members of gangs". As applied by the
2881:
2830:
2363:
The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871
643:
218:
213:
835:
Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust in Belarus
1854:
Hitler's Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
828:
Hitler's Bandit Hunters: The SS and the Nazi Occupation of Europe
389:
269:
44:
32:
2032:
Henry, Patrick (2014). "Introduction". In Patrick Henry (ed.).
1135:
952:. Berlin: Göttingen Verlag der Buchläden Schwarze Risse, 1997,
583:
Village residents in front of their burning home during a Nazi
474:
Execution of alleged partisans by German troops, September 1941
303:
1454:
1745:
1610:
754:
2382:
Hitler's Police Battalions: Enforcing Racial War in the East
1762:
1760:
1718:
1502:
2182:. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press.
2036:. Washington DC: The Catholic University of America Press.
1735:
1733:
1490:
1277:
1275:
753:
A supposed partisan summarily executed by German forces in
2241:
War in the Wild East: The German Army and Soviet Partisans
1791:
Hitler's Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich
684:
Surging operations from better equipped partisans against
548:
to expressly deal with "partisan revolts". Units like the
167:—formed as a union of twenty-five German states under the
2484:
2161:
War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II
2057:
War of Extermination: The German Military in World War II
1757:
459:), he stressed that this also meant functionaries of the
1730:
1682:
1466:
1430:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1272:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1202:
1200:
1198:
2958:
Marching into Darkness: The Wehrmacht and the Holocaust
2103:. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.
1658:
1634:
1622:
1442:
1328:
1147:
1039:
790:
the transformation of security warfare into massacres.
2365:. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press.
1874:
Ethics and Extermination: Reflections on Nazi Genocide
1598:
1550:
1478:
1396:
1394:
1381:
1379:
1183:
1171:
1111:
1087:
2282:
Hitler's Soldiers: The German Army in the Third Reich
1937:
Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared
1694:
1646:
1586:
1526:
1364:
1287:
1195:
1051:
187:
Albrecht von Boguslawski published lectures entitled
2002:
Hitler's Foreign Executioners: Europe's Dirty Secret
1670:
1574:
1562:
1538:
1514:
1418:
1316:
1304:
1260:
1075:
1005:
1003:
1001:
889:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2001.
716:
Throughout the war in Europe, and especially on the
1876:. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press.
1406:
1391:
1376:
1352:
1340:
1248:
1159:
1123:
1099:
1063:
1027:
1015:
2802:Guidelines for the Conduct of the Troops in Russia
1788:
1706:
638:Historian Jeff Rutherford claims that "Whilst the
235:
2344:Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning
2257:
1460:
1141:
998:
986:
974:
2978:
2177:
2144:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1795:. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
1616:
2284:. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
2120:Pandora's Box: A History of the First World War
2101:Hitler's Death Squads: The Logic of Mass Murder
738:and was an instrumental part of the Holocaust.
688:during 1943 intensified to the degree that the
587:operation in the Soviet Union, July–August 1942
2419:
2158:
1508:
822:Axis anti-partisan operations in World War II
244:or be recognised as such were carried out in
111:and for targeting any number of groups, from
2930:Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945
2324:Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin
887:German Atrocities, 1914: A History of Denial
555:In keeping with these extreme measures, the
127:committed by the two regimes, including the
2243:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
1917:. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars.
191:("The Small War", a literal translation of
69:
2426:
2412:
2379:
2215:
2098:
1931:
1766:
1751:
1472:
1281:
1230:
1045:
613:(Action Harvest Festival), SS-Police, and
374:Anton von Mauchenheim gennant Bechtolsheim
2136:
1962:. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
1739:
1724:
159:. Under the German Empire established by
2276:
2235:
2117:
1871:
1640:
1628:
1496:
1153:
760:
748:
578:
477:
469:
297:
31:
2298:
1976:
1556:
1081:
337:sometime in August 1915, Field Marshal
14:
2979:
2841:Persecution of Soviet prisoners of war
2341:
2317:
1957:
1912:
1828:
1809:
1783:
1700:
1676:
1664:
1652:
1592:
1544:
1532:
1484:
1370:
1298:
1266:
1254:
1206:
741:
206:
2965:The Wehrmacht: History, Myth, Reality
2407:
2360:
2196:
2031:
1890:
1850:
1688:
1604:
1580:
1568:
1520:
1436:
1424:
1322:
1310:
1242:
1218:
1189:
1177:
1165:
1129:
1117:
1105:
1093:
1069:
1057:
1033:
1021:
1009:
424:Before invading the Soviet Union for
2050:
1995:
1712:
1448:
1412:
1400:
1385:
1358:
1346:
1334:
992:
2180:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis
2073:
2034:Jewish Resistance Against the Nazis
980:
24:
18:Anti-partisan operations in Belarus
2951:Hitler's War in the East 1941−1945
25:
3043:
679:resist for upwards of four months
568:to Belorussia to ensure that the
256:). The first full application of
2785:Hitler's speech of 30 March 1941
2303:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2262:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2221:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
2082:: A History of Nazi Mass Killing
1981:. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
123:, it became instrumental in the
2736:Police Regiment Special Purpose
1776:
941:
932:
922:
912:
902:
892:
879:
869:
357:
236:Boxer Rebellion and Herero Wars
2380:Westermann, Edward B. (2005).
2346:. New York: Tim Duggan Books.
283:
13:
1:
1461:Shepherd & Pattinson 2010
1142:Shepherd & Pattinson 2010
857:
629:and Juliette Pattinson note:
146:
2836:Kamianets-Podilskyi massacre
2490:Kommandostab Reichsführer-SS
2451:Army Group Rear Area Command
2163:. New York: Berghahn Books.
2059:. New York: Berghahn Books.
1836:. New York: Modern Library.
967:
343:Government General of Warsaw
201:Helmuth von Moltke the Elder
169:Hohenzollern king of Prussia
92:, refers to the concept and
7:
3032:Herero and Namaqua genocide
3012:Racially motivated violence
2913:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
2908:War crimes of the Wehrmacht
2652:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
2099:Langerbein, Helmut (2003).
815:
562:Erich von dem Bach-Zelewski
326:" were blamed on potential
10:
3048:
2944:Hitler's Generals on Trial
2386:University Press of Kansas
1941:Cambridge University Press
1939:. Cambridge and New York:
1872:Burleigh, Michael (1997).
697:occupiers and occupied".
503:likewise, which historian
465:Reich Security Main Office
306:in August 1914 during the
287:
155:may go back as far as the
2921:
2890:
2849:
2821:
2772:
2670:
2642:
2598:Police Battalion (PB) 309
2564:
2513:
2477:
2449:
2327:. New York: Basic Books.
2084:. Yale University Press.
1851:Blood, Philip W. (2006).
560:Himmler named SS General
362:During World War II, the
181:Summary of the Art of War
3017:German words and phrases
2478:Commanding organisations
2361:Wawro, Geoffrey (2009).
2342:Snyder, Timothy (2015).
2055:; Klaus Naumann (eds.).
1960:Nazism, War and Genocide
1915:Nazi Ideology and Ethics
862:
441:, as well as SS General
266:German South West Africa
262:Herero and Nama genocide
129:Herero and Nama genocide
2937:Hitler’s Bandit Hunters
2764:2nd SS Infantry Brigade
2759:1st SS Infantry Brigade
2118:Leonhard, Jörn (2018).
806:civilian administration
767:8th SS Cavalry Division
736:crimes against humanity
690:221st Security Division
521:(special handling), or
396:(criminal police), the
221:to deter activities of
125:crimes against humanity
103:or insurrection in the
84:), also referred to as
56:German military history
2700:Police Regiment Centre
2551:Max von Schenckendorff
1896:The Third Reich at War
1814:. New York: Palgrave.
1810:Bartov, Omer (2001) .
1767:Geyer & Edele 2009
774:
758:
636:
588:
488:12th Infantry Division
483:
475:
437:, and Chief of the SD
310:
227:. Bismarck wanted all
51:
27:Aspect of war fighting
3002:Holocaust terminology
2813:Nazi security warfare
2718:Police Regiment South
2695:Police Regiment North
2438:Army Group Rear Areas
2080:Empire of Destruction
2005:. The History Press.
1898:. New York: Penguin.
1617:Middleton-Kaplan 2014
764:
752:
631:
582:
538:anti-partisan warfare
498:On 31 July 1941, the
481:
473:
301:
288:Further information:
260:in practice, was the
197:Alfred von Schlieffen
86:Nazi security warfare
35:
2662:Hans-Adolf Prützmann
730:, and Order Police,
509:18th Panzer Division
426:Operation Barbarossa
339:Erich von Falkenhayn
319:Imperial German Army
177:Antoine-Henri Jomini
2903:War of annihilation
2546:Edwin von Rothkirch
1754:, pp. 191–192.
1727:, pp. 626–627.
1691:, pp. 241–242.
1499:, pp. 364–367.
1451:, pp. 118–119.
1439:, pp. 223–224.
1337:, pp. 112–113.
1245:, pp. 216–240.
1221:, pp. 216–217.
380:Following the Nazi
248:in the wake of the
207:Franco-Prussian War
173:Prussian militarism
165:Franco-Prussian War
2992:Military doctrines
2857:High Command Trial
2808:Mogilev conference
2754:SS Cavalry Brigade
2566:Security Divisions
2531:Kuno-Hans von Both
2019:on 23 October 2020
1509:Messerschmidt 2000
852:in popular culture
841:Myth of the clean
775:
759:
657:SS-Sonderkommandos
589:
534:Partisanenkämpfung
484:
476:
382:invasion of Poland
311:
179:'s 1837 treatise,
163:in 1871 after the
52:
49:Bialystok District
2974:
2973:
2850:War crimes trials
2794:Barbarossa Decree
2657:Friedrich Jeckeln
2500:Army Group Centre
2485:Army High Command
2442:German–Soviet War
2395:978-0-7006-1724-1
2372:978-0-52161-743-7
2353:978-1-10190-345-2
2334:978-0-46503-147-4
2310:978-0-23057-569-1
2291:978-0-30017-903-3
2269:978-0-23057-569-1
2250:978-0-67401-296-7
2228:978-0-23057-569-1
2208:978-0-52183-432-2
2189:978-0-81322-589-0
2170:978-1-57181-232-2
2129:978-0-78643-935-5
2110:978-1-58544-285-0
2091:978-0-300-26253-7
2066:978-1-57181-232-2
2043:978-0-81322-589-0
2012:978-0-7524-5974-5
1997:Hale, Christopher
1988:978-0-23057-569-1
1969:978-0-85989-806-5
1950:978-0-521-89796-9
1924:978-1-44385-422-1
1905:978-0-14311-671-4
1883:978-0-52158-816-4
1864:978-1-59797-021-1
1857:. Potomac Books.
1843:978-0-81297-557-4
1821:978-0-33394-944-3
1802:978-0-19506-879-5
1667:, pp. 79–80.
1192:, pp. 24–25.
1180:, pp. 22–23.
1120:, pp. 16–18.
1096:, pp. 12–14.
1060:, pp. 10–11.
958:978-3-92473-741-2
686:Army Group Centre
566:Curt von Gottberg
453:special treatment
439:Reinhard Heydrich
161:Otto von Bismarck
157:Thirty Years' War
94:military doctrine
16:(Redirected from
3039:
2987:Bandenbekämpfung
2891:Related articles
2556:Joachim Witthöft
2536:Franz von Roques
2505:Army Group South
2495:Army Group North
2428:
2421:
2414:
2405:
2404:
2399:
2376:
2357:
2338:
2314:
2295:
2278:Shepherd, Ben H.
2273:
2254:
2237:Shepherd, Ben H.
2232:
2212:
2193:
2174:
2155:
2142:Heinrich Himmler
2138:Longerich, Peter
2133:
2114:
2095:
2070:
2047:
2028:
2026:
2024:
2015:. Archived from
1992:
1973:
1954:
1928:
1909:
1887:
1868:
1847:
1825:
1806:
1794:
1770:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1692:
1686:
1680:
1674:
1668:
1662:
1656:
1650:
1644:
1638:
1632:
1626:
1620:
1614:
1608:
1607:, p. xviii.
1602:
1596:
1590:
1584:
1578:
1572:
1566:
1560:
1554:
1548:
1542:
1536:
1530:
1524:
1518:
1512:
1506:
1500:
1494:
1488:
1482:
1476:
1470:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1422:
1416:
1410:
1404:
1398:
1389:
1383:
1374:
1368:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1344:
1338:
1332:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1296:
1285:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1061:
1055:
1049:
1043:
1037:
1031:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
996:
990:
984:
978:
961:
945:
939:
936:
930:
926:
920:
916:
910:
906:
900:
896:
890:
883:
877:
873:
771:Bandenbekämpfung
765:Troopers of the
732:Bandenbekämpfung
694:Michael Burleigh
611:Aktion Erntefest
585:Bandenbekämpfung
570:Bandenbekämpfung
530:Bandenbekämpfung
518:Sonderbehandlung
435:Heinrich Himmler
386:Bandenbekämpfung
351:Hans von Beseler
341:established the
258:Bandenbekämpfung
242:Bandenbekämpfung
189:Der Kleine Krieg
153:Bandenbekämpfung
113:armed guerrillas
83:
80:
77:
74:
71:
61:Bandenbekämpfung
37:Heinrich Himmler
21:
3047:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3036:
3027:Rape of Belgium
2977:
2976:
2975:
2970:
2917:
2886:
2867:Krasnodar Trial
2845:
2817:
2798:Commissar Order
2790:Criminal orders
2768:
2666:
2638:
2560:
2541:Karl von Roques
2521:Erich Friderici
2509:
2473:
2445:
2432:
2402:
2396:
2384:. Kansas City:
2373:
2354:
2335:
2319:Snyder, Timothy
2311:
2292:
2270:
2251:
2229:
2209:
2190:
2171:
2152:
2130:
2111:
2092:
2067:
2044:
2022:
2020:
2013:
1989:
1970:
1951:
1925:
1906:
1884:
1865:
1844:
1830:Bessel, Richard
1822:
1803:
1779:
1774:
1773:
1765:
1758:
1752:Westermann 2005
1750:
1746:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1675:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1647:
1639:
1635:
1627:
1623:
1615:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1591:
1587:
1579:
1575:
1567:
1563:
1555:
1551:
1543:
1539:
1531:
1527:
1519:
1515:
1507:
1503:
1495:
1491:
1487:, p. xxii.
1483:
1479:
1473:Rutherford 2010
1471:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1431:
1427:, pp. 217.
1423:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1392:
1384:
1377:
1369:
1365:
1357:
1353:
1345:
1341:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1297:
1288:
1282:Langerbein 2003
1280:
1273:
1265:
1261:
1253:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1231:Langerbein 2003
1229:
1225:
1217:
1213:
1205:
1196:
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1128:
1124:
1116:
1112:
1104:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1080:
1076:
1068:
1064:
1056:
1052:
1046:Rutherford 2010
1044:
1040:
1036:, pp. 8–9.
1032:
1028:
1024:, pp. 5–6.
1020:
1016:
1008:
999:
991:
987:
979:
975:
970:
965:
964:
946:
942:
937:
933:
927:
923:
917:
913:
907:
903:
897:
893:
884:
880:
874:
870:
865:
860:
818:
773:sweep, May 1943
747:
702:Warsaw Uprising
642:focused on the
620:Over time, the
594:Reichsmarschall
443:Heinrich Müller
431:Reichsführer-SS
360:
347:Congress Poland
308:Rape of Belgium
296:
294:Rape of Belgium
290:Schrecklichkeit
286:
250:Boxer Rebellion
238:
209:
149:
81:
78:
75:
72:
41:Southern Russia
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3045:
3035:
3034:
3029:
3024:
3019:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2972:
2971:
2969:
2968:
2961:
2954:
2947:
2940:
2933:
2925:
2923:
2922:Historiography
2919:
2918:
2916:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2894:
2892:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2853:
2851:
2847:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2825:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2769:
2767:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2733:
2715:
2697:
2692:
2685:Einsatzgruppen
2681:
2679:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2570:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2517:
2515:
2511:
2510:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2481:
2479:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2471:
2466:
2461:
2455:
2453:
2447:
2446:
2431:
2430:
2423:
2416:
2408:
2401:
2400:
2394:
2377:
2371:
2358:
2352:
2339:
2333:
2315:
2309:
2296:
2290:
2274:
2268:
2255:
2249:
2233:
2227:
2213:
2207:
2194:
2188:
2175:
2169:
2156:
2151:978-0199592326
2150:
2134:
2128:
2115:
2109:
2096:
2090:
2071:
2065:
2048:
2042:
2029:
2011:
1993:
1987:
1974:
1968:
1955:
1949:
1933:Geyer, Michael
1929:
1923:
1910:
1904:
1892:Evans, Richard
1888:
1882:
1869:
1863:
1848:
1842:
1834:Nazism and War
1826:
1820:
1807:
1801:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:, p. 380.
1756:
1744:
1742:, p. 627.
1740:Longerich 2012
1729:
1725:Longerich 2012
1717:
1705:
1703:, p. 128.
1693:
1681:
1669:
1657:
1655:, p. 273.
1645:
1643:, p. 103.
1633:
1631:, p. 166.
1621:
1609:
1597:
1595:, p. 286.
1585:
1583:, p. xvi.
1573:
1571:, p. 272.
1561:
1559:, p. 108.
1549:
1537:
1535:, p. 240.
1525:
1523:, p. 263.
1513:
1511:, p. 394.
1501:
1489:
1477:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1415:, p. 115.
1405:
1403:, p. 114.
1390:
1388:, p. 113.
1375:
1373:, p. 110.
1363:
1361:, p. 314.
1351:
1349:, p. 275.
1339:
1327:
1325:, p. 261.
1315:
1313:, p. 262.
1303:
1301:, p. 120.
1286:
1271:
1259:
1247:
1235:
1223:
1211:
1209:, p. 234.
1194:
1182:
1170:
1158:
1156:, p. 151.
1146:
1134:
1122:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1074:
1072:, p. 279.
1062:
1050:
1038:
1026:
1014:
997:
985:
983:, p. 282.
972:
971:
969:
966:
963:
962:
940:
931:
921:
911:
901:
891:
878:
867:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
855:
854:
846:
838:
831:
824:
817:
814:
746:
740:
700:Following the
666:Timothy Snyder
648:Einsatzgruppen
598:Hermann Göring
525:(relocated).
448:Einsatzgruppen
359:
356:
349:under General
328:francs-tireurs
285:
282:
272:) against the
237:
234:
229:francs-tireurs
224:francs-tireurs
208:
205:
185:Oberstleutnant
148:
145:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3044:
3033:
3030:
3028:
3025:
3023:
3020:
3018:
3015:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2997:The Holocaust
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2948:
2946:
2945:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2920:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2898:The Holocaust
2896:
2895:
2893:
2889:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2862:Kharkov Trial
2860:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2848:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2820:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2716:
2713:
2709:
2705:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2690:
2686:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2645:
2641:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2625:
2622:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2563:
2557:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2547:
2544:
2542:
2539:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2526:Ludwig Kübler
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2448:
2443:
2439:
2436:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2417:
2415:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2397:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2364:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2306:
2302:
2297:
2293:
2287:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2271:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2214:
2210:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2185:
2181:
2176:
2172:
2166:
2162:
2157:
2153:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2131:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2018:
2014:
2008:
2004:
2003:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1965:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1866:
1860:
1856:
1855:
1849:
1845:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1804:
1798:
1793:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1753:
1748:
1741:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1721:
1715:, p. xx.
1714:
1709:
1702:
1697:
1690:
1685:
1679:, p. 80.
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1654:
1649:
1642:
1641:Burleigh 1997
1637:
1630:
1629:Shepherd 2004
1625:
1618:
1613:
1606:
1601:
1594:
1589:
1582:
1577:
1570:
1565:
1558:
1553:
1547:, p. 83.
1546:
1541:
1534:
1529:
1522:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1498:
1497:Shepherd 2016
1493:
1486:
1481:
1475:, p. 61.
1474:
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1421:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1395:
1387:
1382:
1380:
1372:
1367:
1360:
1355:
1348:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1324:
1319:
1312:
1307:
1300:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1284:, p. 33.
1283:
1278:
1276:
1269:, p. 17.
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1244:
1239:
1233:, p. 43.
1232:
1227:
1220:
1215:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1191:
1186:
1179:
1174:
1168:, p. 21.
1167:
1162:
1155:
1154:Leonhard 2018
1150:
1144:, p. 15.
1143:
1138:
1132:, p. 20.
1131:
1126:
1119:
1114:
1108:, p. 15.
1107:
1102:
1095:
1090:
1084:, p. 48.
1083:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1059:
1054:
1048:, p. 60.
1047:
1042:
1035:
1030:
1023:
1018:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1002:
995:, p. 41.
994:
989:
982:
977:
973:
959:
955:
951:
944:
935:
925:
915:
905:
895:
888:
882:
872:
868:
853:
851:
847:
845:
844:
839:
837:
836:
832:
830:
829:
825:
823:
820:
819:
813:
811:
807:
802:
799:
797:
791:
789:
785:
781:
772:
768:
763:
756:
751:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
724:
719:
718:Eastern Front
714:
710:
708:
703:
698:
695:
691:
687:
682:
680:
676:
675:Warsaw Ghetto
670:
667:
663:
659:
658:
653:
649:
645:
641:
635:
630:
628:
623:
618:
616:
612:
608:
603:
599:
596:
595:
586:
581:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
558:
553:
551:
547:
545:
539:
535:
531:
526:
524:
520:
519:
514:
510:
506:
501:
496:
493:
489:
480:
472:
468:
466:
462:
458:
457:Einsatzbefehl
454:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
433:
432:
427:
422:
420:
416:
412:
411:
405:
403:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
378:
375:
370:
365:
355:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
335:Eastern Front
331:
329:
325:
324:friendly fire
320:
316:
309:
305:
300:
295:
291:
281:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
233:
230:
226:
225:
220:
216:
215:
204:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
144:
141:
136:
134:
133:the Holocaust
130:
126:
122:
118:
117:German Empire
114:
110:
106:
102:
99:
95:
91:
87:
67:
63:
62:
57:
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
30:
19:
2963:
2956:
2949:
2942:
2935:
2928:
2823:Major crimes
2672:Order Police
2381:
2362:
2343:
2323:
2300:
2281:
2259:
2240:
2218:
2198:
2179:
2160:
2141:
2119:
2100:
2078:
2075:Kay, Alex J.
2056:
2033:
2021:. Retrieved
2017:the original
2001:
1978:
1959:
1936:
1914:
1895:
1873:
1853:
1833:
1811:
1790:
1785:Bartov, Omer
1777:Bibliography
1747:
1720:
1708:
1696:
1684:
1672:
1660:
1648:
1636:
1624:
1619:, p. 7.
1612:
1600:
1588:
1576:
1564:
1557:Haberer 2010
1552:
1540:
1528:
1516:
1504:
1492:
1480:
1468:
1463:, p. 9.
1456:
1444:
1432:
1420:
1408:
1366:
1354:
1342:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1262:
1257:, p. 7.
1250:
1238:
1226:
1214:
1185:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1125:
1113:
1101:
1089:
1082:Slepyan 2010
1077:
1065:
1053:
1041:
1029:
1017:
1012:, p. 5.
988:
976:
949:
943:
934:
924:
914:
904:
894:
886:
881:
871:
849:
842:
833:
826:
809:
803:
798:Directive 46
795:
792:
783:
779:
776:
770:
745:Directive 46
742:
731:
727:
721:
715:
711:
706:
699:
683:
671:
655:
652:Order Police
647:
639:
637:
632:
627:Ben Shepherd
621:
619:
614:
610:
607:Reichsführer
606:
592:
590:
584:
569:
554:
543:
533:
529:
527:
522:
516:
512:
497:
485:
456:
446:
445:briefed the
429:
423:
418:
408:
406:
401:
385:
379:
369:Adolf Hitler
361:
358:World War II
345:over former
332:
327:
312:
268:(modern-day
257:
253:
241:
239:
228:
222:
212:
210:
192:
188:
184:
180:
152:
150:
137:
121:Nazi Germany
90:World War II
85:
60:
59:
53:
29:
2872:Minsk Trial
2780:Hunger Plan
2678:Detachments
2440:during the
2053:Hannes Heer
1701:Bessel 2006
1677:Fritze 2014
1665:Fritze 2014
1653:Snyder 2015
1593:Snyder 2010
1545:Bartov 1991
1533:Snyder 2010
1485:Bartov 2001
1371:Bartov 2001
1299:Bartov 2001
1267:Gregor 2008
1255:Gregor 2008
1207:Snyder 2010
677:managed to
662:Soviet Jews
550:SS Galizien
544:Prinz Eugen
532:supplanted
505:Omer Bartov
415:Franz Böhme
364:German Army
315:World War I
284:World War I
278:Nama people
140:Alex J. Kay
109:laws of war
3022:Euphemisms
2981:Categories
2877:Riga Trial
2773:Milestones
2514:Commanders
1689:Blood 2006
1605:Henry 2014
1581:Henry 2014
1569:Nolte 2005
1521:Evans 2010
1437:Blood 2006
1425:Blood 2006
1323:Nolte 2005
1311:Nolte 2005
1243:Blood 2006
1219:Blood 2006
1190:Blood 2006
1178:Blood 2006
1166:Blood 2006
1130:Blood 2006
1118:Blood 2006
1106:Blood 2006
1094:Blood 2006
1070:Wawro 2009
1058:Blood 2006
1034:Blood 2006
1022:Blood 2006
1010:Blood 2006
929:killing".
858:References
810:Tote Zonen
723:Lebensraum
546:" Division
523:Umsiedlung
400:, and the
147:Background
138:Historian
119:and later
101:resistance
98:countering
47:, and the
2444:, 1941–45
2435:Wehrmacht
1713:Hale 2011
1449:Heer 2000
1413:Heer 2000
1401:Heer 2000
1386:Heer 2000
1359:Hale 2011
1347:Hale 2011
1335:Heer 2000
993:Hale 2011
968:Citations
850:Waffen-SS
843:Wehrmacht
784:Wehrmacht
728:Wehrmacht
707:Wehrmacht
640:Wehrmacht
622:Wehrmacht
615:Waffen-SS
500:16th Army
461:Comintern
419:Wehrmacht
410:Wehrmacht
407:When the
402:Waffen-SS
219:reprisals
193:guerrilla
105:rear area
2882:Ukase 43
2831:Babi Yar
2321:(2010).
2280:(2016).
2239:(2004).
2140:(2012).
2077:(2021).
1999:(2011).
1894:(2010).
1832:(2006).
1787:(1991).
981:Kay 2021
816:See also
788:presaged
644:Red Army
214:Landwehr
3007:Nazi SS
2023:1 April
574:Gypsies
390:Gestapo
313:During
270:Namibia
88:during
73:
45:Ukraine
2748:PB 320
2744:PB 315
2740:PB 304
2730:PB 314
2726:PB 303
2712:PB 322
2708:PB 316
2704:PB 307
2644:HSS-PF
2464:Centre
2392:
2369:
2350:
2331:
2307:
2288:
2266:
2247:
2225:
2205:
2186:
2167:
2148:
2126:
2107:
2088:
2063:
2040:
2009:
1985:
1966:
1947:
1921:
1902:
1880:
1861:
1840:
1818:
1799:
956:
796:Führer
780:Banden
743:Führer
513:Aktion
392:, the
317:, the
304:Blegny
274:Herero
254:Banden
66:German
2722:PB 45
2634:707th
2629:454th
2624:444th
2619:403rd
2614:286th
2609:285th
2604:281st
2594:221st
2589:213th
2584:207th
2579:203rd
2574:201st
2469:South
2459:North
863:Notes
769:on a
755:Minsk
394:Kripo
246:China
2689:PB 9
2674:and
2390:ISBN
2367:ISBN
2348:ISBN
2329:ISBN
2305:ISBN
2286:ISBN
2264:ISBN
2245:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2184:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2146:ISBN
2124:ISBN
2105:ISBN
2086:ISBN
2061:ISBN
2038:ISBN
2025:2017
2007:ISBN
1983:ISBN
1964:ISBN
1945:ISBN
1919:ISBN
1900:ISBN
1878:ISBN
1859:ISBN
1838:ISBN
1816:ISBN
1797:ISBN
954:ISBN
899:it".
492:POWs
292:and
276:and
131:and
70:lit.
812:).
602:OKH
557:OKW
96:of
54:In
2983::
2800:*
2796:*
2746:,
2742:,
2728:,
2724:,
2710:,
2706:,
2676:SS
2388:.
1943:.
1759:^
1732:^
1393:^
1378:^
1289:^
1274:^
1197:^
1000:^
654:,
650:,
515:,
467:.
428:,
398:SD
280:.
135:.
68:;
58:,
43:,
2804:)
2792:(
2750:)
2738:(
2732:)
2720:(
2714:)
2702:(
2691:)
2687:(
2600:)
2596:(
2427:e
2420:t
2413:v
2398:.
2375:.
2356:.
2337:.
2313:.
2294:.
2272:.
2253:.
2231:.
2211:.
2192:.
2173:.
2154:.
2132:.
2113:.
2094:.
2069:.
2046:.
2027:.
1991:.
1972:.
1953:.
1927:.
1908:.
1886:.
1867:.
1846:.
1824:.
1805:.
960:.
778:(
542:"
536:(
322:"
171:—
82:'
76:'
64:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
