Andronovo culture - Knowledge

5059:"assive broad-faced proto-Europoid type is a trait of post-Mariupol’ cultures, Sredniy Stog, as well as the Pit-grave culture of the Dnieper’s left bank, the Donets, and Don... During the period of the Timber-grave culture the population of the Ukraine was represented by the medium type between the dolichocephalous narrow-faced population of the Multi-roller Ware culture (Babino) and the more massive broad-faced population of the Timber-grave culture of the Volga region... The anthropological data confirm the existence of an impetus from the Volga region to the Ukraine in the formation of the Timber-grave culture. During the Belozerka stage the dolichocranial narrow-faced type became the prevalent one. A close affinity among the skulls of the Timber-grave, Belozerka, and Scythian cultures of the Pontic steppes, on the one hand, and of the same cultures of the forest-steppe region, on the other, has been shown... This proves the genetical continuity between the Iranian-speaking Scythian population and the previous Timber-grave culture population in the Ukraine... The heir of the Neolithic Dnieper-Donets and Sredniy Stog cultures was the Pit-grave culture. Its population possessed distinct Europoid features, was tall, with massive skulls... The tribes of the Abashevo culture appear in the forest-steppe zone, almost simultaneously with the Poltavka culture. The Abashevans are marked by dolichocephaly and narrow faces. This population had its roots in the Balanovo and Fatyanovo cultures on the Middle Volga, and in Central Europe... he early Timber-grave culture (the Potapovka) population was the result of the mixing of different components. One type was massive, and its predecessor was the Pit-grave-Poltavka type. The second type was a dolichocephalous Europoid type genetically related to the Sintashta population... One more participant of the ethno-cultural processes in the steppes was that of the tribes of the Pokrovskiy type. They were dolichocephalous narrow-faced Europoids akin to the Abashevans and different from the Potapovkans... The majority of Timber-grave culture skulls are dolichocranic with middle-broad faces. They evidence the significant role of Pit-grave and Poltavka components in the Timber-grave culture population... One may assume a genetic connection between the populations of the Timber-grave culture of the Urals region and the Alakul’ culture of the Urals and West Kazakhstan belonging to a dolichocephalous narrow-face type with the population of the Sintashta culture... he western part of the Andronovo culture population belongs to the dolichocranic type akin to that of the Timber-grave culture. 3746: 2523: 3501: 2257: 2542: 5110:"European Late Neolithic and Bronze Age cultures such as Corded Ware, Bell Beakers, Unetice, and the Scandinavian cultures are genetically very similar to each other... The close affinity we observe between peoples of Corded Ware and Sintashta cultures suggests similar genetic sources of the two... Among Bronze Age Europeans, the highest tolerance frequency was found in Corded Ware and the closely-related Scandinavian Bronze Age cultures... The Andronovo culture, which arose in Central Asia during the later Bronze Age, is genetically closely related to the Sintashta peoples, and clearly distinct from both Yamnaya and Afanasievo. Therefore, Andronovo represents a temporal and geographical extension of the Sintashta gene pool, as there are many similarities between Sintasthta/Androvono rituals and those described in the Rig Veda and such similarities even extend as far as to the Nordic Bronze Age." 2720: 3560: 2714: 5659:, in: The Holocene, p. 5: "...The Andronovo people, with a similar economic base to that of the Qiemu’erqieke people, arrived from the west ca. 3800 cal year BP, by which time the climate had peaked, with the Bortala Valley experiencing a further increase in moisture but some cooling...Traces of the Andronovo culture fade out in Xinjiang around 3300 cal year BP for reasons that are not yet clear. This roughly coincides with the rise of the first mounted horsemen of the steppes, the Deer Stone-Khirigsuur (DSK) complex, emerging in Mongolia and southern Russia (Fitzhugh, 2009)..." 3823: 2533:"It is likely that militarized elite, whose power was based on the physical control of fellow tribesmen and neighbors with the help of riding and fighting skills, was buried in the Novoilinovsky-2 burial ground. The rider has a significant advantage over the infantryman. There may be another explanation: These elite fulfilled the function of mediating conflicts within the collective, and therefore had power and high social status. Metaphorically, this kind of elite can be called Sheriffs of the Bronze Age" said Igor Chechushkov. 3710: 5141:"Many of the samples from this group are individuals buried in association with artifacts of the Corded Ware, Srubnaya, Petrovka, Sintashta and Andronovo complexes, all of which harboreda mixture of Steppe_EMBA ancestry and ancestry from European Middle Neolithic agriculturalists (Europe_MN). This is consistent with previous findings showing that following westward movement of eastern European populations and mixture with local European agriculturalists, there was an eastward reflux back beyond the Urals." 3309: 3758: 3782: 2610: 3722: 3734: 134: 2372: 2009: 2471: 3770: 29: 9859: 9849: 4929: 5068:"The Eurasian steppe nomadic Saka were not immigrants from the Near East but direct descendants of Andronovans, and the mixed character of the Indo-Iranian-speaking populations of Iran and India is the result of a new population spreading among aboriginals with whom a new language is probably to be associated. This conclusion is confirmed by the evidence of Indo-Iranian tradition. The 5873: 5795: 5226:, in: Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии. 2019. № 4 (47): "The article describes morphological and typological characteristics of non-ferrous metal, determines the formulae of alloys, as well as identifies techniques used for the production of tools by the Alekseyevka-Sargary culture from the South Trans-Urals (15th/14th and 12th/11th BC)..." 2703:. While the earliest phases of the Andronovo culture are regarded as co-ordinate with the late period of Indo-Iranian linguistic unity, it is likely that in the later period they constituted a branch of the Iranians. According to Narasimhan et al. (2019), the expansion of the Andronovo culture towards the BMAC took place via the 5656: 3683:. People in the northwestern areas of Andronovo were found to be "genetically largely homogeneous" and "genetically almost indistinguishable" from Sintashta people. The genetic data suggested that the Andronovo culture and its Sintastha predecessor were ultimately derived of a remigration of Central European peoples with 5364: 1960:(c. 2200–1900 BC), formerly included within the Andronovo culture, is now considered separately to Early Andronovo cultures. Andronovo culture's first stage could have begun at the end of the 3rd millennium BC, with cattle grazing, as natural fodder was by no means difficult to find in the pastures close to dwellings. 5997:"...the presence of the so-called Andronovo or steppe culture in campsites located on the sand dunes among BMAC settlements or close to them, has been clearly brought to light...This culture is characterized by a typical gray-brown handmade pottery with incised geometrical decoration (Incised Coarse Ware - ICW)..." 6107:

Viktorovich; Gnuni, Artak; Kriiska, Aivar; Lasak, Irena; Metspalu, Mait; Moiseyev, Vyacheslav; Gromov, Andrei; Pokutta, Dalia; Saag, Lehti; Varul, Liivi; Yepiskoposyan, Levon; Sicheritz-Pontén, Thomas; Foley, Robert A.; Lahr, Marta Mirazón; Nielsen, Rasmus; Kristiansen, Kristian; Willerslev, Eske (October 2015).

5354:, Summary (in French): "...Durant la première étape de la culture d’Andronovo (Bronze ancien à la fin du IIIe millénaire avant n.è.), le cheptel (principalement constitué de bovins) était réduit et le fourrage naturel n’était nullement difficile à trouver dans les pâturages proches des habitations..." 3745: 3197:

According to Hiebert, an expansion of the BMAC into Iran and the margin of the Indus Valley is "the best candidate for an archaeological correlate of the introduction of Indo-Iranian speakers to Iran and South Asia", despite the absence of the characteristic timber graves of the steppe in the Near

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Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten Erik; Nielsen, Kasper; Orlando, Ludovic; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Pedersen, Anders Gorm; Schubert, Mikkel; Van Dam, Alex; Kapel, Christian Moliin Outzen; Nielsen, Henrik Bjørn; Brunak, Søren; Avetisyan, Pavel; Epimakhov, Andrey; Khalyapin, Mikhail

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Rasmus G. Bjørn (2022) describes the linguistic heritage of the Andronovo cultural complex as "Indo-Iranic dialect continuum", with a later split between Iranic and Indic. Early Iranic can be associated with later stages of the Andronovo horizon. Indo-Iranian derived loanwords via the Andronovo

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Ventresca Miller, A., Usmanova, E., Logvin, V., Kalieva, S., Shevnina, I., Logvin, A., Kolbina, A., Suslov, A., Privat, K., Haas, K. and Rosenmeier, M., 2014. Subsistence and social change in central Eurasia: stable isotope analysis of populations spanning the Bronze Age transition. Journal of

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The Andronovo culture comprised both highly mobile communities and settled villages, with a notable concentration of settlements in its Central Asian regions. Fortifications include ditches, earthen banks as well as timber palisades, of which an estimated twenty have been discovered. Andronovo

2565:). Burials were accompanied by livestock, wheeled vehicles, cheek-pieces for horses, and weapons, ceramics and ornaments. Among the most notable remains are the burials of chariots, dating from around 2000 BC and possibly earlier. The chariots are found with paired horse-teams, and the ritual 7682:

Ning, Chao & Zheng, Hong-Xiang & Zhang, Fan & Wu, Sihao & Li, Chunxiang & Zhao, Yongbin & Xu, Yang & Wei, Dong & Wu, Yong & Gao, Shizhu & Jin, Li & Cui, Yinqiu. (2021). "Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes Reveal Extensive Genetic Influence of the Steppe

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Allentoft, Morten E.; Sikora, Martin; Sjögren, Karl-Göran; Rasmussen, Simon; Rasmussen, Morten; Stenderup, Jesper; Damgaard, Peter B.; Schroeder, Hannes; Ahlström, Torbjörn; Vinner, Lasse; Malaspinas, Anna-Sapfo; Margaryan, Ashot; Higham, Tom; Chivall, David; Lynnerup, Niels (June 2015).

3694:, and Priya Moorjani (in a peer-reviewed paper, July 18, 2022) estimate through DATES (Distribution of Ancestry Tracts of Evolutionary Signals) that genetic characteristics, typical of Andronovo culture's people formed around 900 years before this archaeological culture appeared, 2432:

is notably absent, which is typical of a mobile economy. The percentage of cattle among Andronovo remains are significantly higher than among their western Srubna neighbours. The horse was represented on Andronovo sites and was used for both riding and traction. According to the

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Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark; Kim, Alexander M.; Olivieri, Luca M.; Coppa, Alfredo; Vidale, Massimo; Mallory, James (2019-09-06).

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was 18 years old. According to scientists, animals were buried with the person they accompanied throughout their lives, and they were used not only for food, but also for harnessing to vehicles and riding. Agriculture did not play an important role in the Andronovo economy.

5164:, in: The Digital Archaeological Record: "...Particular attention focuses on the role of agriculture during the unusual episode of sedentary, settled pastoralism that spread across the Eurasian steppes with the Srubnaya and Andronovo cultures (1900-1200 BC)..." 6344:: "The settlement and cemetery of Sintashta, for example, though located far to the north on the Trans-Ural steppe, provides the type of Indo-Iranian archaeological evidence that would more than delight an archaeologist seeking their remains in Iran or India." 5128:"Genetic analysis indicates that the individuals in our study classified as falling within the Andronovo complex are genetically similar to the main clusters of Potapovka, Sintashta, and Srubnaya in being well modeled as a mixture of Yamnaya-related and 2276:-Kazakhstan. Since then, at the 2nd millennium, in the Alakul Phase (2000–1700 BC), the Fedorovo Phase (1850–1450 BC) and the final Alekseyevka Phase (1400–1000 BC), the Andronovo cultures move intensively eastwards, expanding as far east as the Upper 3235:, Kuzmina (1994) argues that the chariot corroborates the identification of Andronovo as Indo-Iranian. Klejn (1974) and Brentjes (1981) found the Andronovo culture much too late for an Indo-Iranian identification since chariot-using Aryans appear in 5634:".... The Fyodorovka dates in the north of the forest- steppe Tobol region are close to the dates in the Southern Transurals and lie in the interval of the 20th–16th centuries BC...Fyodorovka culture, in general, is synchronous with Alakul..." 3414:(part of the Andronovo culture during Bronze Age) was of West Eurasian origin (with mtDNA haplogroups such as U, H, HV, T, I and W), and that prior to the thirteenth to seventh century BC, all Kazakh samples belonged to European lineages. 5119:"We observed a main cluster of Sintashta individuals that was similar to Srubnaya, Potapovka, and Andronovo in being well modeled as a mixture of Yamnaya-related and Anatolian Neolithic (European agriculturalist-related) ancestry." 5371:: "During the first stage of the Andronovo culture (Early Bronze Age to the end of the 3rd millennium BC), the livestock (mainly cattle) was small and natural fodder was not difficult to find in the pastures near the settlements." 5084:

population who were a dark-skinned, small people speaking another language and who did not believe in the Vedic gods... Skin color was the basis of social division of the Vedic Aryans; their society was divided into social groups

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Keyser, Christine; Bouakaze, Caroline; Crubézy, Eric; Nikolaev, Valery G.; Montagnon, Daniel; Reis, Tatiana; Ludes, Bertrand (May 16, 2009). "Ancient DNA provides new insights into the history of south Siberian Kurgan people".

5335:“The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): An overview of major socio-economic changes, derived from funerary practices of the Andronovo and Saka populations of the Bronze and Iron Ages (2nd-1st millennium BCE)” 2590:

bacteria, the strain does so weakly; later, historic plague does not express flagellin at all, accounting for its virulence. The Kytmanovo strain was therefore under selection toward becoming a plague (although it was not

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discovered its first remains in 1914. Several graves were discovered, with skeletons in crouched positions, buried with richly decorated pottery. The Andronovo culture was first identified by the Russian archaeologist

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Sarazm is unique as a gateway to the steppe world, up to Southern Siberia, during the Chalcolithic period (Afanasevo) long before the spread of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium

6014:"...a significant amount of Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), related to Bronze Age nomadic stock-riders over a vast portion of Eurasia, between the Urals and . Soviet authors have often labelled ...as 'Andronovo Ware'..." 3210:. Mallory acknowledges the difficulties of making a case for expansions from Andronovo to northern India, and that attempts to link the Indo-Aryans to such sites as the Beshkent and Vakhsh cultures "only gets the 6659:, p. 405: "Moreover, the south Siberian tribes under study (Andronovo, Karasuk, Tagar) have been described as exhibiting pronounced Europoid features (Kozintsev et al. 1999; Lebedynsky 2003; Moiseyev 2006)." 5323:

Hoshko, Tatiana, (2019). "Oriental Technologies in the Production of Cauldrons of Late bronze Age", in _Historiography, Source Studies and Special Historical Disciplines_,SKHID No. 2 (160) March–April 2019, p.

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In studies from the mid-2000s, the Andronovo have been described by archaeologists as having cranial features similar to ancient and modern European populations. Andronovo skulls are similar to those of the

5623: 4042: 3981: 2453:. Researcher Igor Chechushkov, indicated that the Andronovites had an ability on horse riding several centuries earlier than many researchers had previously expected. Among the horses investigated, the 2506:

in the south. This pottery is called Incised Coarse Ware (ICW), which is handmade and grey to brown in color, as well as incised with geometrical decoration, spread over much of Eurasian region, from

5223: 1975:-speaking area to its eastern fringe. Allentoft et al. (2015) concluded from their genetic studies that the Andronovo culture and the preceding Sintashta culture should be partially derived from the 5668:

Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 632, 634, 637.

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Hans J.J.G. Holm: The Earliest Wheel Finds, Their Archeology and Indo-European Terminology in Time and Space, and Early Migrations around the Caucasus. Archaeolingua Alapítvány, Budapest, 2019,

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rely heavily on the supposition that the Andronovo expanded southwards into Central Asia or at least achieved linguistic dominance across the Bronze Age urban centres of the region, such as the

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Jia, Peter W., Alison Betts, Dexin Cong, Xiaobing Jia, & Paula Doumani Dupuy, (2017). "Adunqiaolu: new evidence for the Andronovo in Xinjiang, China", in _Antiquity 91 (357)_, pp. 621-639.

4653: 5694:, in J.P. Mallory and Douglas Q. Adams (eds.), Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture, Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, London and Chicago, 2157:

Some authors have challenged the chronology and model of eastward spread due to increasing evidence for the earlier presence of these cultural features in parts of east Central Asia.

3540:, suggesting that the Sintashta culture represented an eastward expansion of Corded Ware peoples. The Corded Ware peoples were in turn found to be closely genetically related to the 2380:

villages typically contain around two to twenty houses, but settlements containing as much as a hundred houses have been discovered. Andronovo houses were generally constructed from

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Based on its use by Indo-Aryans in Mitanni and Vedic India, its prior absence in the Near East and Harappan India, and its 17th–16th century BC attestation at the Andronovo site of

5383:, p. 49: "Archaeologists are now generally agreed that the Andronovo culture of the Central Steppe region in the second millennium BC is to be equated with the Indo-Iranians." 3485:. Of the individuals surveyed, only two (or 22%) were determined to be of Asian ancestry, while seven (or 78%) were determined to be of European ancestry, with the majority being 3500: 4894: 2165:

The geographical extent of the culture is vast and difficult to delineate exactly. On its western fringes, it overlaps with the approximately contemporaneous, but distinct,

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south of Andronovo could be an offshoot of the former (or Srubna), alternatively the result of an amalgamation of steppe cultures and the Central Asian oasis cultures (

2541: 2256: 5620: 3272:, occupation by some other languages (also lost ones) cannot be ruled out altogether, at least for part of the Andronovo area, i. e., Uralic and Yeniseian. 6081: 5254:"It is assumed that the Indo–Iranian language family, which appeared around 2200 bc, was related to the cultural complex of Andronovo in eastern Central Asia." 1979:, given the higher proportion of ancestry matching the earlier farmers of Europe, similar to the admixture found in the genomes of the Corded Ware population. 2633:, where the oldest known chariots have been found. The association between the Andronovo culture and the Indo-Iranians is corroborated by the distribution of 5938: 6010:, in: A. Gubaev, G. Koshelenko, and M. Tosi (eds.), Murghab: A Civilization Heartland between River and Desert, Istituto Italiano Per L'Africa E L'Oriente, 2502:

One of the characteristics of Andronovo culture is its pottery, especially in campsites located in Central Asia, some of them very close to settlements of

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area. In the Volga basin, interaction with the Srubna culture was the most intense and prolonged, and Federovo style pottery is found as far west as

9923: 9898: 6590:"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia: Six new perspectives on prehistoric exchange in the Eastern Steppe Zone" 2625:

It is almost universally agreed among scholars that the Andronovo culture was Indo-Iranian. It is credited with the invention of the spoke-wheeled

3659:, although other haplogroups also occurred. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the people of the 7750: 5161: 4641: 2396:. Larger homes range in the size from 80 to 300 m, and probably belonged to extended families, a typical feature among early Indo-Iranians. 5955: 9928: 9918: 9913: 4728: 4625: 2264:

cultures, at the easternmost edge of Adronovo culture (Summed probability distribution for new human bone dates, Afanasievo to Tagar cultures).

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plague). The three people in that grave all died at the same time, and the researcher believes that this para-plague is what killed them.

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place-names across the Andronovo horizon and by the historical evidence of dominance by various Iranian-speaking peoples, including the

9893: 9568: 8843: 7247: 4237: 2726: 9618: 5987:"Who interacted with whom? redefining the interaction between BMAC people and mobile pastoralists in Bronze Age southern Turkmenistan" 9061: 4805: 5796:"New Radiocarbon Dates and a Review of the Chronology of Prehistoric Populations from the Minusinsk Basin, Southern Siberia, Russia" 2691:) are frequently made to support the Indo-Iranian identity of the Andronovo. The modern explanations for the Indo-Iranianization of 9938: 5986: 3332:, this physical type expanded southwards and mixed with aboriginal peoples, contributing to the formation of modern populations of 3163: 9888: 7932: 4587: 4398: 7704: 6316: 9163: 7709: 5874:"Russian Scientists Have Discovered the Most Ancient Evidence of Horsemanship in the Bronze Age - South Ural State University" 7257: 6422: 6303: 5778: 5736: 5657:"Environmental change and the timing of the settlement of the Bronze Age Andronovo culture, in far northwest Xinjiang, China" 5604: 5577: 5247: 4414: 2062:(4th–3rd millennium BC) precedes the arrival of the Andronovo steppe culture in South Central Asia in the 2nd millennium BC. 2017: 1890: 1862: 7722: 6572: 2672:, forming one of the earliest parts of the "Andronovo horizon". It is conjectured that the language spoken was still in the 9908: 7632:"Early evidence for horse utilization in the Eurasian steppes and the case of the Novoil'inovskiy 2 Cemetery in Kazakhstan" 6027:"Early evidence for horse utilization in the Eurasian steppes and the case of the Novoil'inovskiy 2 Cemetery in Kazakhstan" 4914: 4784: 4591: 4544: 4082: 2230: 741: 7723:

Archaic Motifs in North Russian Folk Embroidery and Parallels in Ancient Ornamental Designs of the Eurasian Steppe Peoples

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in a "head and hooves" cult has also been found. Some Andronovo dead were buried in pairs, of adults or adult and child.

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Svyatko, Svetlana V; Mallory, James P; Murphy, Eileen M; Polyakov, Andrey V; Reimer, Paula J; Schulting, Rick J (2009).

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show without any shade of doubt that Andronovo tribes penetrated to a minimum extent into Bactria and Margianian oases".

3345: 9608: 9113: 8114: 7454: 7419: 7389: 7226: 4579: 4569: 3552:. Numerous cultural similarities between the Sintashta/Andronovo culture, the Nordic Bronze Age and the peoples of the 3521: 3434: 3313: 2679:

Comparisons between the archaeological evidence of the Andronovo and textual evidence of Indo-Iranians (i. e. the

1912: 1869: 800: 9829: 9286: 8524: 7493: 7330: 7322: 7304: 6085: 5678: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 3996: 3513: 3470: 3433:. Ten individuals of the Andronovo horizon in southern Siberia from 1800 BC to 1400 BC were surveyed. Extractions of 2434: 133: 5960: 6895: 5679:"Megalithic structure from Burabay: Gold mining and cult communities of the Late Bronze Age of Northern Kazakhstan" 5204:"Royal 'Chariot' Burials of Sanauli near Delhi and Archaeological Correlates of Prehistoric Indo-Iranian Languages" 4826: 4372: 4360: 4261: 2226: 1876: 640: 6969:"Ancient human genome-wide data from a 3000-year interval in the Caucasus corresponds with eco-geographic regions" 5691: 5210:: "...the Alakul’ culture (c.2000–1700 BCE) in the west and the Fëdorovo culture (c.1850–1450 BCE) in the east..." 3257:

has suggested that the Andronovo people spoke a separate branch of Indo-Iranian. He claims that borrowings in the

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was extracted from a dead woman's tooth in a grave common to her and to two children. This strain's genes express

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Damgaard, Peter de Barros; et al. (May 2018). "137 ancient human genomes from across the Eurasian steppes".

4950: 4565: 151: 5769:; Shao Huiqiu; Pan Ling (2020). "Chapter 2: The Expansion of Steppe Culture During the Second Millennium B.C.". 5076:

are tall, light-skinned people with light hair; their women were light-eyed, with long, light tresses... In the

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has proposed that borrowings in Finno-Ugric indicate that the language was specifically of the Indo-Aryan type.

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Fox, Lalueza; Sampietro, M. L.; Gilbert, M. T. P.; Facchini, F.; Pettener, D.; Bertranpetit, J. (May 7, 2004).

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The Andronovo culture and its population derived primarily from an eastwards expansion of the Central European

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Fox et al. (2004) established that, during the Bronze and Iron Age period, the majority of the population of

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The Metal Road of the Eastern Eurasian Steppe: The Formation of the Xiongnu Confederation and the Silk Road

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The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World

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in September 2019, a large number of remains from the Andronovo horizon was examined. The vast majority of

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Rasmussen, 578: the phylogenetic tree has RISE505 split off before the common ancestor of historic plague.

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light skin alongside language is the main feature of the Aryans, differentiating them from the aboriginal

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Guarino-Vignon, Perle; Marchi, Nina; Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio; Heyer, Evelyne; Bon, Céline (2022-01-14).

5367:, in: Eurasian steppe civilization: Human and the Historical and Cultural Environment, Almaty–Turkistan, 5299:

The Horse The Wheel And Language. How Bronze-Age Riders From the Eurasian Steppes Shaped The Modern World

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The southern neighbours of Finno-Ugrians: Iranians or an extinct branch of Aryans („Andronovo Aryans")?

5530: 4943: 4529: 4464: 4102: 3802: 3691: 820: 778: 378: 7631: 9653: 9554: 9341: 9251: 8609: 7903: 7148: 6356: 6026: 5177: 4657: 4649: 4174: 3944: 3576: 2987: 2047: 1522: 1487: 1160: 464: 6763: 3532:. The people of the Andronovo culture were found to be closely genetically related to the preceding 3517: 3402:, suggesing two independent routes, one via the BMAC and one via the Inner Asian mountain corridor. 2719: 9943: 9834: 9056: 8629: 8343: 8333: 8328: 7923: 7913: 7878: 6213: 4306: 2926: 2614: 1782: 1672: 1492: 1023: 855: 806: 702: 504: 459: 454: 374: 83: 6414: 3733: 3721: 9742: 9736: 9490: 9153: 9041: 8918: 8823: 8667: 8549: 7958: 7908: 7759: 7208: 5019: 4621: 4603: 4583: 4470: 4442: 3934: 3600: 3564: 3559: 3000: 2831: 1677: 1404: 514: 509: 499: 143: 3836: 9716: 9133: 8893: 7918: 7853: 7367: 6891:"Unravelling migrations in the steppe: mitochondrial DNA sequences from ancient central Asians" 5129: 4152: 4030: 3840: 3375: 2762: 2445:

horses with the aid of radiocarbon dating from Kurgan 5 of the Novoilinovsky 2 cemetery in the

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cultural traits but preserving their language and religion while moving into Iran and India.

3180: 3067: 2954: 2324: 1814: 1643: 551: 547: 532: 528: 6401: 3353: 2272:

phase, the Andronovo culture is limited to the northern and western steppes in the southern

9862: 9726: 9721: 9598: 9441: 9371: 8903: 8750: 8285: 8083: 7648: 7571: 7518: 7041: 6980: 6778: 6709: 6039: 5810: 5489: 4426: 4229: 3656: 3482: 3462: 3458: 3454: 3446: 2051: 2043: 1760: 1725: 1038: 721: 673: 610: 580: 538: 518: 382: 236: 7095:"The spatiotemporal patterns of major human admixture events during the European Holocene" 3687:

back into the steppe. This is in particular defined by the majority (n=12) of R-Z93 SNPs.

3512:, one male and three female individuals of Andronovo culture were surveyed. Extraction of 2109:

Other authors identified previously the following sub-cultures also as part of Andronovo:

906: 8: 9804: 9799: 9366: 9296: 9256: 9236: 9143: 9077: 8933: 8358: 8348: 8078: 8003: 7446: 7214:

Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present

6698:"Genetic continuity of Indo-Iranian speakers since the Iron Age in southern Central Asia" 5543: 4394: 4339: 4207: 3992: 3822: 3769: 3660: 3588: 3537: 3359: 3262: 2696: 2316: 2269: 1976: 1033: 1028: 924: 848: 813: 736: 726: 585: 286: 281: 250: 7652: 7522: 7045: 6984: 6782: 6713: 6622: 6589: 6256:

Kuznetsov, P.F. (2006-09-01). "The emergence of Bronze Age chariots in eastern Europe".

6043: 5924: 5814: 5493: 5451: 5418: 5365:"The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan): Territory, power and religion" 5224:

Metal Products of the Alekseyevka-Sargary Culture From the Middle and Upper Tobol Areas"

2664:, noted for its chariot burials and kurgans containing horse burials, is considered the 2586:, which triggers the human immune response. However, by contrast with other prehistoric 9681: 9520: 9515: 9266: 9093: 9046: 8913: 8828: 8813: 8770: 8725: 8589: 8378: 8164: 8053: 8013: 7938: 7783: 7664: 7594: 7557: 7539: 7504: 7485: 7411: 7283: 7176: 7121: 7094: 7075: 7009: 6968: 6917: 6890: 6866: 6833: 6810: 6738: 6697: 6381: 6281: 6238: 6133: 6108: 6063: 5513: 4991: 4708: 4672: 4611: 4599: 4507: 4460: 4200: 4098: 4086: 4000: 3988: 3908: 3378:

admixture. The spread of Sintashta-Andronovo ancestry correlates with the expansion of

2941: 2242: 2039: 1739: 1690: 1624: 1608: 1233: 886: 625: 311: 216: 211: 105: 71: 7481:

The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West

5908: 9824: 9431: 9426: 9381: 9331: 9276: 9271: 9148: 8257: 8099: 8073: 8068: 7968: 7953: 7843: 7838: 7788: 7668: 7599: 7562: 7544: 7489: 7450: 7415: 7404: 7385: 7326: 7318: 7300: 7267: 7253: 7222: 7180: 7168: 7126: 7079: 7067: 7014: 6996: 6922: 6871: 6853: 6802: 6794: 6743: 6725: 6627: 6609: 6418: 6385: 6373: 6320: 6317:"An Overview of the Andronovo Culture: Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia" 6299: 6285: 6273: 6230: 6138: 6067: 6055: 5774: 5732: 5600: 5573: 5505: 5456: 5438: 5243: 4595: 4559: 4555: 4448: 4275: 4257: 4245: 4120: 4106: 4090: 4057: 4010: 3863: 3811: 3668: 3664: 3636: 3549: 3533: 3478: 3474: 3387: 3367: 3325: 3080: 3054: 2790: 2669: 2634: 2630: 2221:

in far-western China has also been found, mainly concentrated in the area comprising

2186: 1997: 1988: 1957: 1753: 1719: 1711: 1655: 1649: 1631: 1602: 1581: 1567: 1559: 1329: 1190: 1130: 1112: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1010: 834: 697: 346: 339: 332: 318: 304: 264: 243: 180: 172: 75: 7338: 6242: 9819: 9814: 9809: 9676: 9613: 9593: 9577: 9505: 9500: 9446: 9411: 9376: 9361: 9311: 9291: 9281: 9246: 9231: 9138: 9066: 8687: 8574: 8383: 8368: 8217: 8063: 8023: 7978: 7963: 7656: 7589: 7581: 7534: 7526: 7509: 7381: 7275: 7160: 7116: 7106: 7057: 7049: 7004: 6988: 6912: 6904: 6861: 6845: 6814: 6786: 6733: 6717: 6617: 6601: 6410: 6365: 6265: 6222: 6128: 6120: 6047: 5920: 5818: 5517: 5497: 5480: 5446: 5430: 5184:"...By Andronovo cultures we may understand only Fyodorovka and Alakul cultures..." 5086: 5034: 5010: 4981: 4551: 4410: 4328: 4285: 4078: 4068: 3680: 3672: 3617: 3509: 3321: 3147: 3132: 3119: 3028: 2340: 2296: 2246: 1992: 1972: 1968: 1747: 1697: 1514: 1320: 1208: 1148: 1125: 1068: 1063: 1000: 987: 982: 972: 645: 258: 206: 198: 191: 6567:Уральско-арийские взаимоотношения: история исследований, новые решения и проблемы. 6369: 2335:

and Assyria in the late 8th century BC, and possibly also west into Europe as the

9711: 9701: 9436: 9351: 9336: 9321: 9128: 9071: 9011: 9001: 8963: 8705: 8398: 8197: 8154: 8136: 7973: 7943: 7848: 7823: 7778: 7660: 7479: 7440: 7375: 7212: 6576: 6569: 6051: 5627: 4691: 4225: 4163: 4141: 4020: 3913: 3684: 3676: 3545: 3430: 3422: 3391: 3371: 3289: 3285: 3269: 3254: 3203: 2900: 2887: 2874: 2578: 2487: 2450: 2442: 2288: 2261: 2198: 2089: 1828: 1797: 1792: 1787: 1768: 1704: 1683: 1661: 1246: 1135: 1058: 967: 900: 841: 707: 439: 424: 414: 409: 325: 297: 101: 93: 39: 9346: 5101:) were opposed to the varṇas of the aboriginal Dáśa, called ‘black-skinned’..." 9658: 9510: 9480: 9451: 9386: 9088: 9051: 8873: 8808: 8682: 8534: 8519: 8489: 8252: 8247: 8242: 8207: 8058: 8048: 8008: 7793: 7719:(a Russian-language article by two archaeologists who directed the excavations) 7475: 6992: 6721: 6570:Индоевропейская история в свете новых исследований. М.: МГОУ, 2010. С. 229—242. 6124: 5837:

The Indo-Aryans of Ancient South Asia: Language, Material Culture and Ethnicity

5475: 4249: 4241: 4185: 4130: 3897: 3883: 3852: 3648: 3644: 3541: 3504:

Andronovo costume set (reconstruction). Lisakovsk Museum of History and Culture

3308: 3244: 3106: 2861: 2818: 2618: 2292: 2287:

In southern Siberia and Kazakhstan, the Andronovo culture was succeeded by the

2281: 2273: 2250: 2182: 2166: 1573: 1440: 1315: 873: 827: 795: 731: 222: 79: 7053: 6269: 6226: 5822: 5397:

Linguistic Evidence for Cultural Exchange in Prehistoric Western Central Asia.

5203: 9877: 9766: 9485: 9421: 9416: 9401: 9396: 9391: 9316: 9083: 9036: 8928: 8760: 8745: 8677: 8436: 8202: 8174: 8159: 8119: 8018: 7873: 7858: 7813: 7471: 7436: 7399: 7371: 7172: 7000: 6857: 6798: 6729: 6613: 6377: 6277: 6059: 5442: 4933: 4629: 4317: 4267: 3954: 3924: 3437:

from nine individuals were determined to represent two samples of haplogroup

3426: 3379: 3211: 3041: 3015: 2913: 2846: 2604: 2507: 2291:(1500–800 BC). On its western border, it is roughly contemporaneous with the 2277: 2146: 2142: 2065:

Currently only two sub-cultures are considered as part of Andronovo culture:

2031: 1945: 1833: 1297: 1213: 930: 788: 650: 404: 7585: 6849: 3296:

respectively. Some loanwords related to horse pastoralism are also found in

620: 9753: 9215: 9006: 8973: 8953: 8858: 8765: 8720: 8697: 8614: 8509: 8426: 8416: 8308: 8043: 8038: 8028: 7988: 7928: 7893: 7818: 7603: 7548: 7249:

The Quest for the Origins of Vedic Culture: The Indo-Aryan Migration Debate

7164: 7149:"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" 7130: 7071: 7018: 6926: 6908: 6875: 6806: 6747: 6631: 6234: 6142: 6024:

Chechushkov, Igor V.; Usmanova, Emma R.; Kosintsev, Pavel A. (2020-08-01).

5909:"THE NEW FINDS OF ORNAMENTAL SHAFT-HOLE AXES OF BRONZE AGE FROM KYRGYZSTAN" 5766: 5621:"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" 5509: 5460: 5351: 5334: 5178:"Andronovo Problem: Studies of Cultural Genesis in the Eurasian Bronze Age" 4496: 4485: 4402: 4074: 3442: 3268:

Since older forms of Indo-Iranian words have been taken over in Uralic and

3248: 2692: 2609: 2576:

in Russia between Mongolia and Kazakhstan, dated 1746–1626 BC, a strain of

2566: 2397: 2194: 2102: 1452: 1290: 764: 635: 434: 429: 419: 7728: 7315:

Complex Societies of Central Eurasia from the 3rd to the 1st Millennium BC

7093:

Chintalapati, Manjusha; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya (July 18, 2022).

6695: 5419:"Indo-European loanwords and exchange in Bronze Age Central and East Asia" 5162:"Bronze Age Economy and Rituals at Krasnosamarskoe in the Russian Steppes" 3477:, while the other two extractions were determined to belong to haplogroup 1952:. Some researchers have preferred to term it an archaeological complex or 9771: 9585: 9306: 9098: 9031: 8983: 8948: 8923: 8888: 8883: 8878: 8868: 8863: 8818: 8798: 8790: 8619: 8604: 8554: 8544: 8499: 8456: 8232: 8227: 8192: 7993: 7948: 7888: 5681:, in: Archaeological Research in Asia, Volume 39, September 2024, 100536. 4573: 4474: 4456: 4434: 4422: 3844: 3297: 3220: 2744: 2356: 2027: 1428: 1414: 1378: 1086: 7530: 7111: 7062: 6967:

Wang, Chuan-Chao; Reinhold, Sabine; Kalmykov, Alexey (4 February 2019).

6790: 6605: 6319:. The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN). Archived from 5501: 5434: 615: 9781: 9691: 9623: 9466: 9223: 9205: 8978: 8803: 8735: 8730: 8657: 8639: 8599: 8584: 8564: 8529: 8514: 8476: 8466: 8451: 8441: 8408: 8295: 8222: 7998: 7898: 7828: 6109:"Early Divergent Strains of Yersinia pestis in Eurasia 5,000 Years Ago" 4215: 3494: 3486: 3411: 3399: 2661: 2646: 2479: 2385: 2371: 2300: 2222: 2210: 2202: 2174: 2129: 2125: 2008: 1937: 1391: 1305: 1183: 948: 50: 8182: 7287: 2470: 9668: 8898: 8848: 8780: 8715: 8662: 8652: 8624: 8559: 8504: 8494: 8431: 8421: 8267: 8144: 8104: 8033: 7883: 7317:, 2 vols, JIES Monograph Series Nos. 45, 46, Washington D.C. (2002), 5094: 4686: 4406: 4221: 3490: 3232: 3207: 3199: 3168: 2665: 2657: 2642: 2583: 2573: 2446: 2360: 2348: 2336: 2308: 2238: 2213:). The northern boundary vaguely corresponds to the beginning of the 2206: 2190: 2178: 2117: 2098: 2085: 2077: 1594: 1371: 1363: 1356: 1349: 1335: 1203: 7198:

Anthony, David; Vinogradov, Nikolai (1995), "Birth of the Chariot",

6008:"Preliminary Report on Ornamental Elements of 'Incised Coarse Ware'" 2137:(1500–900 BC) Late Bronze Age in northern Kazakhstan, contacts with 28: 9761: 9686: 9643: 9633: 9603: 9546: 9537: 9326: 8958: 8938: 8539: 8363: 8277: 8212: 7983: 7644: 7576: 7279: 5047: 5046:

Sarianidi states that "direct archaeological data from Bactria and

4703: 4607: 4430: 4253: 3873: 3293: 2454: 2344: 2332: 2328: 2299:. The earliest historical peoples associated with the area are the 2218: 2121: 2081: 1537: 1528: 1419: 1220: 1195: 1099: 590: 166: 7613:

The Roots of Hinduism. The Early Aryans and the Indus Civilization

6830: 1944: 2000–1150 BC, spanning from the southern Urals to the upper 9696: 9638: 8838: 8833: 8775: 8710: 8594: 8579: 8446: 8323: 8313: 8262: 7868: 7295:

Fussman, G.; Kellens, J.; Francfort, H. P.; Tremblay, X. (2005).

5706: 5704: 5206:, in Studia Orientalia Electronica, Vol. 8, No. 1, Oct 23, 2020, 5090: 5077: 4438: 3553: 3473:

from one individual was determined to belong to Y-DNA haplogroup

3418: 3328:, exhibiting features such as dolicocephaly. Through Iranian and 3236: 2753: 2653:, throughout the Andronovo horizon during the 1st millennium BC. 2626: 2598: 2511: 2494:

objects were numerous, and workshops existed for working copper.

2320: 2312: 2234: 2138: 1949: 1587: 1551: 1544: 1342: 962: 595: 7406:

In Search of the Indo-Europeans: Language, Archaeology, and Myth

6105: 8740: 8672: 8303: 8237: 8149: 7863: 6760: 6533:

Kuzmina (1994), Klejn (1974), and Brentjes (1981), as cited in

5765: 5727:

Okladnikov, A. P. (1994), "Inner Asia at the dawn of history",

5073: 3621:

in May 2018 examined the remains of an Andronovo female buried

3481:, which is thought to mark the eastward migration of the early 3191:), and other contemporary cultures and polities circa 2000 BCE. 3093: 2687: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2527: 2491: 2483: 2409: 2352: 2059: 1310: 1264: 783: 600: 7558:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 6834:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia" 5701: 3563:

Admixture proportions of Andronovo populations. They combined

9731: 9628: 9174: 8569: 8461: 8388: 8338: 8187: 7833: 7092: 6656: 6209: 5850:"The most ancient evidence of horsemanship in the bronze age" 5069: 4971: 4418: 3904: 3652: 3640: 3333: 3215: 2969: 2681: 2650: 2554: 2425: 2417: 2413: 2393: 2389: 2217:. More recently, evidence for the presence of the culture in 2214: 2170: 2150: 1409: 1283: 1277: 1259: 630: 605: 7505:"Genome-wide patterns of selection in 230 ancient Eurasians" 6023: 5793: 1963:

Most researchers associate the Andronovo horizon with early

8993: 8755: 7803: 6888: 5341:, Publications scientifiques du Muséum, Paris, pp. 479-503. 5098: 5081: 3628:. She was found to be a carrier of the maternal haplogroup 2978: 2735: 2638: 2458: 2421: 2381: 2304: 2073: 1801: 7556:

Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (September 6, 2019).

6662: 6177: 2478:

The Andronovo culture is notable for regional advances in

6445: 6443: 6441: 6439: 5352:“The first nomads in Central Asia’s steppes (Kazakhstan)" 5132:-related or Anatolian agriculturalist-related ancestry." 2429: 2097:(2000–1450 BC) in southern Siberia (earliest evidence of 1991:

of Kranoyarsk Krai, Siberia, where the Russian zoologist

7341:. The Center for the Study of the Eurasian Nomads (CSEN) 6938: 6936: 6496:, p. 220); Francfort (1989), Fouilles de Shortugai. 6460: 6458: 5950: 5948: 2181:

depression, with some sites as far west as the southern

5593:

Ibbotson, Sophie; Lovell-Hoare, Max (4 December 2017).

3536:, which was in turn closely genetically related to the 3370:, which are characterized by the combination of mainly 2545:

Reconstruction of an Andronovo burial. Lisakovsk Museum

7270:(1995), "Two Recent Studies of Indo-Iranian Origins", 6674: 6638: 6436: 5956:"Central Asian Arts: Neolithic and Metal Age cultures" 5339:

Nomad lives: From Prehistoric Times to the Present Day

3417:

Keyser et al. (2009) published a study of the ancient

1987:

The name derives from the village of Andronovo in the

7356:Откуда пришли индоарии? (Whence came the Indo-Aryans) 6948: 6933: 6511: 6470: 6455: 5989:, in: Bertille Lyonnet and Nadezhda A Dubova (eds.), 5945: 5024: 3675:. These were found to harbor mixed ancestry from the 2189:. Additional sites are scattered as far south as the 6966: 5592: 3214:

to Central Asia, but not as far as the seats of the

2403: 2392:, and were usually aligned overlooking the banks of 7630: 7628: 7403: 6499: 6400: 6355: 6025: 5089:, literally ‘color’. The varṇas of Aryan priests ( 2351:beyond the Danube, north of the Thracians, and by 7629:Chechushkov, Igor V.; et al. (August 2020). 7197: 6529: 6195: 5937:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 ( 5731:, Cambridge : Cambridge Univ. Press, p. 83, 3240: 3218:, Persians or Indo-Aryans". He has developed the 9875: 4824: 4517: 7274:, vol. 115, no. 3, pp. 473–477, 5545:Nomination to the World Heritage list of Sarazm 3312:Andronovo culture woman, dress reconstruction, 2177:interfluvial. To the east, it reaches into the 7294: 6493: 6489: 6357:"The Old Avesta and Birth of Iranian Identity" 5913:Theory and Practice of Archaeological Research 5698:: "...Alekseyevka culture...(1200–1000 BC)..." 5305: 3394:, while BMAC admixture is not found among the 3382:. Andronovo ancestry (c. 57%), in tandem with 2599:Ethnolinguistic affiliation with Indo-Iranians 2400:may have originated in the Andronovo culture. 9562: 9190: 7744: 7705:Late Bronze Age Indo-Iranians in Central Asia 6409:, Oxford University Press, pp. 106–116, 4951: 3224:model that has the Indo-Iranians taking over 1913: 7353: 6082:"Bronze Age Necropolis Unearthed In Siberia" 5218: 5216: 3524:were determined to represent two samples of 3284:, suggesting some forms of contact near the 2514:, a pottery made by late Bronze Age nomads. 7758: 7470: 6764:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" 6205: 6203: 6183: 5572:. Princeton University Press. p. 433. 5476:"Population genomics of Bronze Age Eurasia" 5172: 5170: 2185:, overlapping with the area of the earlier 9858: 9848: 9569: 9555: 9197: 9183: 7751: 7737: 7637:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 7555: 7336: 7297:Āryas, aryens et iraniens en Asie centrale 7202:, vol. 48, no. 2, pp. 36–41 6449: 6147:, S14-15. This sample is marked "RISE505". 6032:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 5726: 5722: 5720: 5718: 5716: 5474:Allentoft, Morten; Sikora, Martin (2015). 5374: 5311: 5239:History of Central Asia, The: 4-volume set 5160:Brown, Dorcas, and David Anthony, (2017). 4958: 4944: 3751:Andronovo tools, foundry molds and pottery 3516:from the male was determined to belong to 3346:Fatyanovo–Balanovo culture § Genetics 2557:chambers under both round and rectangular 1971:-speaking area at its northern fringe and 1967:, though it may have overlapped the early 1920: 1906: 1884:Indogermanisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 27: 9062:Murals from the Christian temple at Qocho 7593: 7575: 7538: 7502: 7313:Jones-Bley, K.; Zdanovich, D. G. (eds.), 7266: 7146: 7120: 7110: 7061: 7008: 6954: 6942: 6916: 6882: 6865: 6737: 6621: 6415:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195687859.003.0012 6353: 6314: 6255: 6249: 6132: 5729:The Cambridge history of early Inner Asia 5643: 5473: 5450: 5213: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5062: 5053: 3647:or various subclades of it (particularly 3386:admixture (c. 43%), represents the later 2003: 16:Group of Bronze Age cultures, 2000–900 BC 7272:Journal of the American Oriental Society 7207: 7031: 6200: 5380: 5167: 3558: 3499: 3307: 2608: 2540: 2521: 2469: 2370: 2255: 2012:Archaeological cultures associated with 2007: 9924:Archaeological cultures in Turkmenistan 9899:Archaeological cultures of Central Asia 9795:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 8909:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 7799:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 7699:Center for the Study of Eurasian Nomads 7683:Pastoralists in Western Xinjiang". In: 7610: 7435: 7398: 7366: 7147:Grigoriev, Stanislav (1 January 2021). 6680: 6668: 6644: 6464: 6341: 5897:Archaeological Science, 42, pp.525-538. 5773:. Springer Singapore. pp. 47–131. 5761: 5759: 5750: 5713: 5565: 5296: 5284: 5280: 2701:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 2504:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 9876: 9164:Siberian Collection of Peter the Great 7242: 6554:Finnisch-ugrische Sprachen in Kontakt. 6534: 6517: 6505: 6476: 6398: 5906: 5649: 5278: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5268: 5266: 5264: 5262: 5260: 5242:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 136. 5235: 5187: 3303: 3276:cultural complex can be found in both 3117: 2323:from ca. the 9th century BC (see also 1936:is a collection of similar local Late 9929:Archaeological cultures in Uzbekistan 9919:Archaeological cultures in Kyrgyzstan 9914:Archaeological cultures in Kazakhstan 9550: 9178: 7732: 7503:Mathieson, Iain (November 23, 2015). 7442:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 7142: 7140: 6826: 6824: 6691: 6689: 6587: 5416: 5391: 5389: 5033: 3421:cultures, the Andronovo culture, the 3198:East, or south of the region between 3104: 3091: 3078: 3065: 3052: 3039: 3026: 3013: 2998: 2985: 2952: 2939: 2924: 2911: 2898: 2885: 2872: 2859: 2844: 2829: 2816: 2803: 2773: 2760: 2724: 2363:and Strabo identify them as Iranian. 1891:Indo-European Etymological Dictionary 1863:Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture 9934:Indo-Iranian archaeological cultures 9576: 7358:, Moscow: Российская академия наук ( 5756: 3679:and peoples of the Central European 3548:and particularly the peoples of the 3145: 3130: 2976: 2967: 2788: 2751: 2742: 2733: 2160: 9119:Kandahar Bilingual Rock Inscription 5599:. Bradt Travel Guides. p. 10. 5257: 5236:Baumer, Christoph (18 April 2018). 2280:, succeeding the non-Indo-European 1848:Copenhagen Studies in Indo-European 13: 9904:Archaeological cultures of Siberia 9609:List of Paleolithic sites in China 9114:Pul-i-Darunteh Aramaic inscription 8115:Silk Road transmission of Buddhism 7621: 7137: 6821: 6686: 5991:The World of the Oxus Civilization 5566:Anthony, David W. (26 July 2010). 5524: 5386: 5363:Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, (2022). 5222:Degtyareva, A.D., et al., (2019). 4831: 3508:In a June 2015 study published in 3339: 3314:Central State Museum of Kazakhstan 2629:around 2000 BC, if we include the 2549:The Andronovo dead were buried in 2366: 1870:The Horse, the Wheel, and Language 14: 9955: 9894:10th-century BC disestablishments 9830:List of Bronze Age sites in China 8525:Desert castles of ancient Khorezm 7692: 6588:Bjørn, Rasmus G. (January 2022). 6354:Irannejad, A. Mani (2022-06-01). 5035:[ɐnˈdronəfskəjəkʊlʲˈturə] 4845: 3350:Sintashta culture § Genetics 3239:by the 15th century BC. However, 2490:from around the 14th century BC. 2435:Journal of Archaeological Science 2404:Livestock, horse, and agriculture 2315:records after the decline of the 9857: 9847: 7687:. 12. 10.3389/fgene.2021.740167. 6896:Proceedings of the Royal Society 5677:Yarigin, Sergey, et al. (2024). 5630:, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), 5350:Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. 5333:Bendezu-Sarmiento, Julio, 2021. 5180:, in Open Archaeology 2021 (7), 4927: 3821: 3780: 3768: 3756: 3744: 3732: 3720: 3708: 3635:In a genetic study published in 3354:Srubnaya culture § Genetics 2718: 2712: 2457:was nearly 20 years old and the 2437:, in July 2020, scientists from 2295:, which partly derives from the 2030:have often been associated with 1877:Journal of Indo-European Studies 641:Bible translations into Armenian 132: 9939:Iranian archaeological cultures 9124:Kandahar Greek Edicts of Ashoka 8394:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi 7377:The Origin of the Indo-Iranians 7086: 7025: 6960: 6754: 6650: 6581: 6559: 6540: 6530:Anthony & Vinogradov (1995) 6523: 6482: 6392: 6347: 6335: 6308: 6292: 6189: 6168: 6159: 6150: 6099: 6074: 6017: 6000: 5979: 5900: 5890: 5866: 5842: 5829: 5787: 5744: 5684: 5671: 5662: 5637: 5613: 5586: 5559: 5536: 5467: 5417:Bjørn, Rasmus G. (2022-04-22). 5410: 5357: 5344: 5327: 5317: 5135: 5122: 5113: 5104: 5040: 4839:Not internationally recognized. 3605: 3593: 3581: 3569: 3241:Anthony & Vinogradov (1995) 3185: 3173: 152:List of Indo-European languages 9889:20th-century BC establishments 9357:Liaoning bronze dagger culture 9204: 9159:Boar hunter (Hermitage Museum) 9104:Aramaic Inscription of Laghman 5961:Encyclopædia Britannica Online 5655:Dodson, John, et al., (2021). 5619:Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). 5290: 5229: 5176:Grigoriev, Stanislav, (2021). 5154: 5130:early European agriculturalist 5004: 4833: 4297:General Secretariat of Ukraine 3655:samples extracted belonged to 1: 8110:Silk Road transmission of art 6556:Maastricht 1997, pp. 117–125. 6492:, p. 268); Fussman, in ( 6370:10.1080/05786967.2022.2082313 6196:Anthony & Vinogradov 1995 5301:. Princeton University Press. 5148: 4847: 4065:Great Stand on the Ugra River 3695: 3622: 3615:A genetic study published in 3380:Indo-Iranian-speaking peoples 2465: 2408:Andronovo livestock included 1941: 1478:Proto-Indo-European mythology 747:Paleolithic continuity theory 60: 9407:South-Western Iberian Bronze 9109:Kandahar Aramaic inscription 7661:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102420 7299:. Paris: Collège de France. 6052:10.1016/j.jasrep.2020.102420 6006:Cerasetti, Barbara, (1998). 5985:Cerasetti, Barbara, (2020). 5839:, Walter de Gruyter, p. 371. 2705:Inner Asia Mountain Corridor 1982: 1166:Northern Black Polished Ware 365:Proto-Indo-European language 7: 9909:Bronze Age cultures of Asia 9682:Early Neolithic settlements 7360:Russian Academy of Sciences 7252:, Oxford University Press, 6594:Evolutionary Human Sciences 6399:Sharma, R.S. (2007-01-25), 5925:10.14258/tpai(2014)1(9).-08 5423:Evolutionary Human Sciences 5025: 4977:Multi-cordoned ware culture 4361:Provisional Priamurye Govt. 3792: 2439:South Ural State University 1483:Proto-Indo-Iranian paganism 10: 9960: 9457:Wilburton-Wallington Phase 7717:The Discovery of Sintashta 7339:"Sintashta-Arkaim Culture" 7219:Princeton University Press 7190: 6993:10.1038/s41467-018-08220-8 6722:10.1038/s41598-021-04144-4 6125:10.1016/j.cell.2015.10.009 5531:Great Soviet Encyclopaedia 5297:Anthony, David W. (2007). 3701: 3405: 3343: 2602: 2536: 2517: 2497: 2048:Painted Grey Ware cultures 779:Domestication of the horse 9843: 9780: 9752: 9667: 9584: 9534: 9465: 9342:Indus Valley Civilisation 9252:Armorican Tumulus culture 9222: 9212: 9024: 8992: 8789: 8696: 8638: 8610:Siypantosh Rock Paintings 8475: 8407: 8294: 8276: 8173: 8135: 8128: 8092: 7766: 7615:, Oxford University Press 7054:10.1038/s41586-018-0094-2 6402:"The Age of the Rig Veda" 6270:10.1017/s0003598x00094096 6227:10.1007/s00439-009-0683-0 5823:10.1017/S0033822200033798 5014: 4803: 4782: 4764:Luhansk People's Republic 4761: 4743:Donetsk People's Republic 4740: 4719: 4702: 4685: 4506: 4495: 4359: 4338: 4327: 4316: 4295: 4184: 4173: 4162: 4151: 4140: 3945:Principality of Chernigov 3787:Andronovo distribution. 3577:Caucasian Hunter-Gatherer 2482:. They mined deposits of 2268:In the initial Sintashta- 2241:. Mallory notes that the 1940:cultures that flourished 1488:Historical Vedic religion 765:Chalcolithic (Copper Age) 89: 67: 56: 45: 35: 26: 9835:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 9057:Mogao Christian painting 8630:Zarautsoy Rock Paintings 8344:Petroglyphs of Arpa-Uzen 8334:Merke Turkic Sanctuaries 7710:Sintashta-Arkaim Culture 7354:Kuz'mina, E. E. (1994), 7209:Beckwith, Christopher I. 4997: 4370: 4040: 3964: 3882: 3872: 3862: 3715:Andronovo decorated bowl 2621:and across Central Asia. 2615:Indo-European migrations 2120:mountains (Northwestern 1493:Ancient Iranian religion 856:Novotitarovskaya culture 703:Indo-European migrations 84:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 9743:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 9737:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 9619:Paleolithic Mesopotamia 9302:Deverel–Rimbury culture 9154:Saksanokhur gold buckle 9042:Hephthalite silver bowl 8919:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi Stupa 7959:Second Turkic Khaganate 7760:History of Central Asia 7586:10.1126/science.aat7487 7337:Koryakova, L. (1998a). 6850:10.1126/science.aat7487 6184:Mallory & Mair 2008 5966:Encyclopædia Britannica 5690:Mallory, J.P., (1997). 5202:Parpola, Asko, (2020). 4622:Eurasian Economic Union 4471:Parade of sovereignties 3935:Principality of Polotsk 3763:Andronovo axe and knife 3690:Manjusha Chintalapati, 3601:Western Hunter Gatherer 3565:Eastern Hunter Gatherer 2124:, China), southeastern 2072:(2000–1700 BC) between 2050:are candidates for the 2014:Indo-Iranian migrations 994:Northern/Eastern Steppe 98:Begazy–Dandybai culture 63: 2000 BC – 1150 BC 9853:Archaeological periods 9134:Stamp seal (BM 119999) 8894:Alexandria Prophthasia 7919:First Turkic Khaganate 7854:Greco-Bactrian Kingdom 7611:Parpola, Asko (2015), 7165:10.1515/opar-2020-0123 6909:10.1098/rspb.2004.2698 6315:Koryakova, L. (1998). 5927:(inactive 2024-09-12). 5835:George Erdosy (2012), 5533:, Article "Andronovo". 4212:Provisional Government 4153:Grand Duchy of Finland 4031:Principality of Moscow 3643:extracted belonged to 3612: 3505: 3441:and single samples of 3376:Early European Farmers 3316: 2622: 2546: 2530: 2475: 2474:Andronovo bronze axes. 2376: 2265: 2055: 2004:Dating and subcultures 1965:Indo-Iranian languages 1954:archaeological horizon 1465:Religion and mythology 1424:Medieval Scandinavians 715:Alternative and fringe 9649:South Asian Stone Age 8944:Gawhar Shad Mausoleum 8319:Karsakpay inscription 7774:Mal'ta–Buret' culture 7685:Frontiers in Genetics 6973:Nature Communications 5907:Ivanov, S.S. (2014). 5026:Andrónovskaya kultúra 5015:Андроновская культура 4987:Prehistory of Siberia 4853:Not fully controlled. 4687:Republic of Tatarstan 4580:Constitutional crisis 3562: 3503: 3396:Indo-Aryan migrations 3330:Indo-Aryan migrations 3311: 3259:Finno-Ugric languages 3181:Seima-Turbino culture 2612: 2544: 2525: 2473: 2374: 2325:Ukrainian stone stela 2259: 2011: 1956:. The slightly older 1815:Indo-European studies 1178:Peoples and societies 9727:Neolithic South Asia 9722:Neolithic Revolution 9599:Japanese Paleolithic 9372:Mumun pottery period 8751:Kutlug Timur Minaret 8286:Noin-Ula burial site 8084:Chinese Central Asia 7447:Taylor & Francis 6407:India’s Ancient Past 5401:Sino-Platonic Papers 4626:Annexation of Crimea 4234:Constituent Assembly 4111:Second Patriotic War 3556:have been detected. 3164:class=notpageimage| 2052:Indo-Aryan migration 722:Anatolian hypothesis 674:Proto-Indo-Europeans 581:Hittite inscriptions 126:Indo-European topics 9805:Bronze Age Caucasus 9800:Bronze Age Anatolia 9367:Minoan civilization 9297:Deer stones culture 9257:Atlantic Bronze Age 9237:Aegean civilization 9144:Siberian Ice Maiden 8934:Dokhtar-i-Noshirwan 8349:Petrovka settlement 8079:Soviet Central Asia 8004:Great Seljuq Empire 7653:2020JArSR..32j2420C 7531:10.1038/nature16152 7523:2015Natur.528..499M 7486:Thames & Hudson 7112:10.7554/eLife.77625 7046:2018Natur.557..369D 6985:2019NatCo..10..590W 6791:10.1038/nature14507 6783:2015Natur.522..167A 6714:2022NatSR..12..733G 6671:, pp. 383–385. 6606:10.1017/ehs.2022.16 6494:Fussman et al. 2005 6490:Fussman et al. 2005 6323:on 28 February 2019 6044:2020JArSR..32j2420C 5815:2009Radcb..51..243S 5692:"Andronovo Culture" 5502:10.1038/nature14507 5494:2015Natur.522..167A 5435:10.1017/ehs.2022.16 4806:Zaporizhzhia Oblast 4638:Invasion of Ukraine 4427:Great Patriotic War 4399:Cultural revolution 4340:Transcaucasian SFSR 4208:February Revolution 4095:Emancipation reform 3993:Council of Uvetichi 3843: • 3839: • 3661:Corded Ware culture 3651:). The majority of 3589:Anatolian Neolithic 3538:Corded Ware culture 3528:and two samples of 3489:with predominantly 3390:dispersal into the 3360:Corded Ware culture 3304:Physical appearance 3263:Vladimir Napolskikh 3261:support this view. 3251:to around 2000 BC. 2697:Indian subcontinent 2567:burial of the horse 2317:Alekseyevka culture 2135:Alekseyevka-Sargary 1977:Corded Ware culture 978:Multi-cordoned ware 849:Mikhaylovka culture 737:Indigenous Aryanism 727:Armenian hypothesis 586:Hieroglyphic Luwian 23: 9692:Trialetian culture 9516:Leyla-Tepe culture 9473:and Transcaucasia) 9287:Chinese Bronze Age 9267:Bronze Age Britain 9094:Buddhas of Bamiyan 9047:Chilek silver bowl 8914:Buddhas of Bamiyan 8590:Obi-Rakhmat Grotto 8379:Talapty Settlement 8165:Filippovka kurgans 8054:Khanate of Bukhara 8014:Khwarazmian Empire 7939:Ikhshids of Sogdia 7784:Afanasievo culture 7570:(6457): eaat7487. 7268:Diakonoff, Igor M. 6702:Scientific Reports 6657:Keyser et al. 2009 6575:2014-07-14 at the 6546:Helimski, Eugene. 5626:2021-12-09 at the 4992:Tazabagyab culture 4722:Republic of Crimea 4673:Russian Federation 4616:Presidential terms 4508:Karelo-Finnish SSR 4461:Chernobyl disaster 4201:Russian Revolution 4099:Russo-Japanese War 4087:1812 Patriotic War 4001:Battle of Kulikovo 3989:Council of Liubech 3739:Andronovo ceramics 3727:Andronovo ceramics 3613: 3506: 3364:Fatyanovo–Balanovo 3317: 3288:(specifically the 2674:Proto-Indo-Iranian 2623: 2547: 2531: 2476: 2377: 2375:Andronovo ceramics 2327:), and across the 2266: 2243:Tazabagyab culture 2116:(1850–1350 BC) in 2056: 2022:): The Andronovo, 558:Proto-Indo-Iranian 544:Proto-Balto-Slavic 525:Proto-Italo-Celtic 106:Tazabagyab culture 72:Kelteminar culture 36:Geographical range 21: 9884:Andronovo culture 9871: 9870: 9825:Bronze Age Levant 9790:Andronovo culture 9697:Nemrikian culture 9544: 9543: 9427:Terramare culture 9382:Nordic Bronze Age 9332:Hallstatt culture 9277:Canegrate culture 9272:Bronze Age Europe 9242:Andronovo culture 9172: 9171: 9149:Ai-Khanoum plaque 9020: 9019: 8824:Chakhil-i-Ghoundi 8100:Central Asian art 8074:Russian Turkestan 8069:Chinese Turkestan 7969:Abbasid Caliphate 7933:Anxi Protectorate 7879:Kushano-Sasanians 7844:Macedonian Empire 7839:Achaemenid Empire 7809:Andronovo culture 7789:Sintashta culture 7517:(7583): 499–503. 7412:Thames and Hudson 7368:Kuzmina, Elena E. 7259:978-0-19-513777-4 7211:(16 March 2009). 7040:(7705): 369–374. 6777:(7555): 167–172. 6565:Напольских В. В. 6424:978-0-19-568785-9 6304:978-615-5766-29-9 5780:978-981-329-157-7 5738:978-0-521-24304-9 5606:978-1-78477-054-9 5579:978-1-4008-3110-4 5488:(7555): 167–172. 5249:978-1-83860-868-2 5023: 4968: 4967: 4934:Russia portal 4862: 4861: 4556:Belavezha Accords 4538: 4537: 4449:Era of Stagnation 4415:Industrialization 4381: 4380: 4258:Soviet-Polish War 4194: 4193: 4175:Russian Manchuria 4121:Tsardom of Russia 4107:October Manifesto 4091:Decembrist Revolt 4083:Petrovian reforms 4051: 4050: 4011:Novgorod Republic 3975: 3974: 3891: 3890: 3669:Sintashta culture 3665:Potapovka culture 3610: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3550:Nordic Bronze Age 3534:Sintashta culture 3520:. Extractions of 3469:. Extractions of 3368:Sintashta culture 3326:Sintashta culture 3190: 3178: 2670:Sintashta culture 2631:Sintashta culture 2319:, migrating into 2187:Afanasevo culture 2161:Geographic extent 2141:VI in Turkmenia, 1998:Sergei Teploukhov 1989:Uzhursky District 1958:Sintashta culture 1934:Andronovo culture 1930: 1929: 1191:Anatolian peoples 1161:Painted Grey Ware 1049:Nordic Bronze Age 698:Kurgan hypothesis 651:Old Irish glosses 616:Gaulish epigraphy 111: 110: 76:Sintashta culture 22:Andronovo culture 9951: 9861: 9860: 9851: 9850: 9820:Bronze Age Korea 9815:Bronze Age India 9810:Bronze Age China 9687:Khiamian culture 9677:Fertile Crescent 9614:Natufian culture 9594:Dmanisi hominins 9578:Prehistoric Asia 9571: 9564: 9557: 9548: 9547: 9474: 9447:Urnfield culture 9412:Srubnaya culture 9377:Mycenaean Greece 9362:Lusatian culture 9312:Ewart Park Phase 9292:Cycladic culture 9282:Catacomb culture 9247:Apennine culture 9232:Abashevo culture 9199: 9192: 9185: 9176: 9175: 9139:Seal of Khingila 9067:Penjikent murals 8688:Kalai Kafirnigan 8575:Koi Krylgan Kala 8384:Turkistan (city) 8369:Steppe Geoglyphs 8133: 8132: 8064:Khanate of Khiva 8024:Chagatai Khanate 7979:Saffarid dynasty 7964:Uyghur Khaganate 7753: 7746: 7739: 7730: 7729: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7634: 7616: 7607: 7597: 7579: 7552: 7542: 7499: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7432: 7430: 7428: 7409: 7395: 7363: 7350: 7348: 7346: 7310: 7290: 7262: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7203: 7185: 7184: 7153:Open Archaeology 7144: 7135: 7134: 7124: 7114: 7090: 7084: 7083: 7065: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7012: 6964: 6958: 6952: 6946: 6940: 6931: 6930: 6920: 6886: 6880: 6879: 6869: 6828: 6819: 6818: 6768: 6758: 6752: 6751: 6741: 6693: 6684: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6654: 6648: 6642: 6636: 6635: 6625: 6585: 6579: 6563: 6557: 6544: 6538: 6527: 6521: 6515: 6509: 6503: 6497: 6486: 6480: 6474: 6468: 6462: 6453: 6447: 6434: 6433: 6432: 6431: 6404: 6396: 6390: 6389: 6359: 6351: 6345: 6339: 6333: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6312: 6306: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6264:(309): 638–645. 6253: 6247: 6246: 6207: 6198: 6193: 6187: 6181: 6175: 6172: 6166: 6163: 6157: 6154: 6148: 6146: 6136: 6103: 6097: 6096: 6094: 6093: 6084:. Archived from 6078: 6072: 6071: 6029: 6021: 6015: 6004: 5998: 5983: 5977: 5976: 5974: 5972: 5952: 5943: 5942: 5936: 5928: 5904: 5898: 5894: 5888: 5887: 5885: 5884: 5870: 5864: 5863: 5861: 5860: 5846: 5840: 5833: 5827: 5826: 5800: 5791: 5785: 5784: 5763: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5724: 5711: 5708: 5699: 5688: 5682: 5675: 5669: 5666: 5660: 5653: 5647: 5641: 5635: 5617: 5611: 5610: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5563: 5557: 5556: 5550: 5540: 5534: 5528: 5522: 5521: 5471: 5465: 5464: 5454: 5414: 5408: 5393: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5331: 5325: 5321: 5315: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5294: 5288: 5287:, pp. 20–21 5282: 5255: 5253: 5233: 5227: 5220: 5211: 5200: 5185: 5174: 5165: 5158: 5142: 5139: 5133: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5108: 5102: 5093:) and warriors ( 5066: 5060: 5057: 5051: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5018: 5016: 5008: 4982:Abashevo culture 4960: 4953: 4946: 4932: 4931: 4930: 4918: 4856: 4855: 4842: 4841: 4818: 4797: 4776: 4755: 4734: 4714: 4704:Chechen Republic 4697: 4680: 4669: 4668: 4566:USSR dissolution 4482: 4481: 4411:Collectivization 4329:Byelorussian SSR 4286:Russian Republic 4282: 4281: 4117: 4116: 4079:Treaty of Nystad 4007: 4006: 3921: 3920: 3849: 3848: 3847: 3825: 3815: 3797: 3796: 3784: 3772: 3760: 3748: 3736: 3724: 3712: 3697: 3681:Middle Neolithic 3673:Srubnaya culture 3627: 3624: 3609: 3608: 3604: 3597: 3596: 3592: 3585: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3572: 3568: 3322:Srubnaya culture 3226:Bactria-Margiana 3189: 3188: 3184: 3177: 3176: 3172: 3158: 3156: 3143: 3141: 3128: 3126: 3115: 3113: 3102: 3100: 3089: 3087: 3076: 3074: 3063: 3061: 3050: 3048: 3037: 3035: 3024: 3022: 3011: 3009: 2996: 2994: 2983: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2965: 2963: 2950: 2948: 2937: 2935: 2922: 2920: 2909: 2907: 2896: 2894: 2883: 2881: 2870: 2868: 2857: 2855: 2842: 2840: 2837:Northeast Asians 2827: 2825: 2814: 2812: 2801: 2799: 2786: 2784: 2771: 2769: 2758: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2740: 2738: 2731: 2729: 2722: 2716: 2341:Thraco-Cimmerian 2297:Abashevo culture 2247:Bishkent culture 2145:in the south of 2114:Eastern Fedorovo 2054:into South Asia. 2034:migrations. The 1993:Arkadi Tugarinov 1943: 1922: 1915: 1908: 1763: 1756: 1742: 1735: 1728: 1714: 1707: 1700: 1693: 1686: 1611: 1597: 1590: 1576: 1554: 1547: 1540: 1531: 1366: 1359: 1352: 1345: 1338: 1321:Germanic peoples 1311:Hellenic peoples 1300: 1293: 1286: 1209:Mycenaean Greeks 1198: 1126:Thraco-Cimmerian 1024:Globular Amphora 1001:Abashevo culture 940: 933: 903: 858: 851: 844: 837: 830: 823: 816: 809: 646:Tocharian script 349: 342: 335: 328: 321: 314: 307: 300: 267: 253: 246: 239: 225: 201: 194: 175: 136: 113: 112: 62: 31: 24: 20: 9959: 9958: 9954: 9953: 9952: 9950: 9949: 9948: 9944:History of Ural 9874: 9873: 9872: 9867: 9839: 9776: 9748: 9717:Neolithic Korea 9712:Neolithic Tibet 9707:Neolithic China 9702:Zarzian culture 9663: 9580: 9575: 9545: 9540: 9530: 9526:Khojaly–Gadabay 9496:Shulaveri-Shomu 9472: 9471:(North Caucasus 9470: 9469: 9461: 9442:Únětice culture 9437:Tumulus culture 9352:Karasuk culture 9337:Helladic period 9327:Argaric culture 9322:Glazkov culture 9218: 9208: 9203: 9173: 9168: 9129:Afrasiab murals 9072:Sampul tapestry 9016: 9012:Shahr-e Sukhteh 9002:Bandian complex 8988: 8964:Musalla Complex 8844:Tapa-i Kafariha 8785: 8706:Cave of Dzhebel 8692: 8634: 8471: 8403: 8399:Araltobe kurgan 8290: 8272: 8198:Kizilgaha caves 8169: 8155:Pazyryk burials 8137:Southern Russia 8124: 8088: 7974:Tahirid dynasty 7944:Tokhara Yabghus 7849:Seleucid Empire 7824:Pazyryk culture 7779:Yamnaya culture 7762: 7757: 7695: 7690: 7673: 7671: 7624: 7622:Further reading 7619: 7496: 7476:Mair, Victor H. 7461: 7459: 7457: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7392: 7344: 7342: 7307: 7260: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7193: 7188: 7145: 7138: 7091: 7087: 7030: 7026: 6965: 6961: 6953: 6949: 6941: 6934: 6903:(1542): 941–7. 6887: 6883: 6829: 6822: 6766: 6759: 6755: 6694: 6687: 6679: 6675: 6667: 6663: 6655: 6651: 6643: 6639: 6586: 6582: 6577:Wayback Machine 6564: 6560: 6545: 6541: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6516: 6512: 6504: 6500: 6488:Francfort, in ( 6487: 6483: 6475: 6471: 6463: 6456: 6450:Narasimhan 2019 6448: 6437: 6429: 6427: 6425: 6397: 6393: 6352: 6348: 6340: 6336: 6326: 6324: 6313: 6309: 6297: 6293: 6254: 6250: 6208: 6201: 6194: 6190: 6182: 6178: 6174:Rasmussen, S15. 6173: 6169: 6164: 6160: 6156:Rasmussen, 575. 6155: 6151: 6104: 6100: 6091: 6089: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6022: 6018: 6005: 6001: 5984: 5980: 5970: 5968: 5954: 5953: 5946: 5930: 5929: 5905: 5901: 5895: 5891: 5882: 5880: 5872: 5871: 5867: 5858: 5856: 5848: 5847: 5843: 5834: 5830: 5798: 5792: 5788: 5781: 5764: 5757: 5749: 5745: 5739: 5725: 5714: 5709: 5702: 5689: 5685: 5676: 5672: 5667: 5663: 5654: 5650: 5642: 5638: 5628:Wayback Machine 5618: 5614: 5607: 5591: 5587: 5580: 5564: 5560: 5548: 5542: 5541: 5537: 5529: 5525: 5472: 5468: 5415: 5411: 5394: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5362: 5358: 5349: 5345: 5332: 5328: 5322: 5318: 5312:Koryakova 1998a 5310: 5306: 5295: 5291: 5283: 5258: 5250: 5234: 5230: 5221: 5214: 5201: 5188: 5175: 5168: 5159: 5155: 5151: 5146: 5145: 5140: 5136: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5109: 5105: 5067: 5063: 5058: 5054: 5045: 5041: 5030: 5009: 5005: 5000: 4964: 4928: 4926: 4921: 4920: 4916: 4909: 4897: 4885: 4872: 4864: 4863: 4844: 4843: 4830: 4816: 4795: 4774: 4753: 4732: 4712: 4695: 4678: 4667: 4662:2022 annexation 4646:Mass emigration 4634:2020 amendments 4617: 4575: 4561: 4548: 4547: 4539: 4480: 4466: 4444: 4391: 4390: 4382: 4280: 4263: 4226:Kornilov affair 4204: 4203: 4195: 4164:Congress Poland 4142:Russian America 4115: 4103:1905 Revolution 4070: 4061: 4060: 4052: 4021:Vladimir-Suzdal 4005: 3997:Mongol conquest 3985: 3984: 3976: 3919: 3914:Russkaya Pravda 3909:Baptism of Rus' 3901: 3900: 3892: 3857:pre-9th century 3835: 3833: 3813: 3806: 3795: 3788: 3785: 3776: 3775:Andronovo area. 3773: 3764: 3761: 3752: 3749: 3740: 3737: 3728: 3725: 3716: 3713: 3704: 3685:steppe ancestry 3677:Yamnaya culture 3625: 3606: 3594: 3582: 3570: 3546:Unetice culture 3431:Tashtyk culture 3423:Karasuk culture 3408: 3392:Iranian Plateau 3356: 3342: 3340:Archaeogenetics 3306: 3290:Minusinsk basin 3286:Altai Mountains 3270:Proto-Yeniseian 3255:Eugene Helimski 3195: 3194: 3193: 3192: 3186: 3174: 3166: 3160: 3159: 3152: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3137: 3133: 3131: 3129: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3107: 3105: 3103: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3081: 3079: 3077: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3055: 3053: 3051: 3042: 3040: 3038: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3012: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2997: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2986: 2984: 2979: 2977: 2975: 2970: 2968: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2931: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2901: 2899: 2897: 2888: 2886: 2884: 2875: 2873: 2871: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2845: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2806: 2804: 2802: 2795: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2780: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2766: 2763: 2761: 2759: 2754: 2752: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2607: 2601: 2588:Yersinia pestis 2579:Yersinia pestis 2539: 2526:Chariot model, 2520: 2500: 2488:Altai Mountains 2468: 2451:Kostanay region 2443:Late Bronze Age 2428:. The domestic 2406: 2369: 2367:Characteristics 2311:, appearing in 2289:Karasuk culture 2262:Minusinsk Basin 2163: 2090:Kyzylkum Desert 2058:The culture of 2006: 1985: 1926: 1897: 1896: 1829:Marija Gimbutas 1817: 1807: 1806: 1798:Winter solstice 1788:Horse sacrifice 1759: 1752: 1738: 1731: 1724: 1710: 1703: 1696: 1689: 1682: 1635: 1620: 1607: 1593: 1586: 1572: 1563: 1550: 1543: 1536: 1527: 1518: 1497: 1466: 1458: 1457: 1400: 1387: 1362: 1355: 1348: 1341: 1334: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1273: 1255: 1242: 1229: 1200: 1194: 1179: 1171: 1170: 1144: 1121: 1108: 1096: 1077: 1019: 996: 958: 951: 945: 936: 929: 920: 918:Northern Europe 899: 895: 882: 869: 854: 847: 840: 833: 826: 819: 812: 805: 801:Steppe cultures 774: 767: 760: 752: 751: 742:Baltic homeland 716: 712: 708:Eurasian nomads 692: 688: 664: 656: 655: 626:Runic epigraphy 621:Latin epigraphy 576: 568: 567: 505:Proto-Anatolian 489: 444: 440:Thraco-Illyrian 425:Graeco-Phrygian 415:Graeco-Armenian 410:Graeco-Albanian 389: 367: 354: 345: 338: 331: 324: 317: 310: 303: 296: 263: 249: 242: 235: 221: 197: 190: 171: 156: 148: 146: 102:Tasmola culture 94:Karasuk culture 40:Eurasian steppe 17: 12: 11: 5: 9957: 9947: 9946: 9941: 9936: 9931: 9926: 9921: 9916: 9911: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9891: 9886: 9869: 9868: 9866: 9865: 9855: 9844: 9841: 9840: 9838: 9837: 9832: 9827: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9797: 9792: 9786: 9784: 9778: 9777: 9775: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9758: 9756: 9750: 9749: 9747: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9684: 9679: 9673: 9671: 9665: 9664: 9662: 9661: 9659:Xiaochangliang 9656: 9651: 9646: 9641: 9636: 9631: 9626: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9590: 9588: 9582: 9581: 9574: 9573: 9566: 9559: 9551: 9542: 9541: 9535: 9532: 9531: 9529: 9528: 9523: 9518: 9513: 9511:Maykop culture 9508: 9503: 9498: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9477: 9475: 9463: 9462: 9460: 9459: 9454: 9452:Wessex culture 9449: 9444: 9439: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9419: 9414: 9409: 9404: 9399: 9394: 9389: 9387:Okunev culture 9384: 9379: 9374: 9369: 9364: 9359: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9309: 9304: 9299: 9294: 9289: 9284: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9264: 9259: 9254: 9249: 9244: 9239: 9234: 9228: 9226: 9220: 9219: 9213: 9210: 9209: 9202: 9201: 9194: 9187: 9179: 9170: 9169: 9167: 9166: 9161: 9156: 9151: 9146: 9141: 9136: 9131: 9126: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9106: 9101: 9096: 9091: 9089:Bimaran Casket 9086: 9081: 9078:Sogdian Daēnās 9074: 9069: 9064: 9059: 9054: 9052:Gardez Ganesha 9049: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9028: 9026: 9022: 9021: 9018: 9017: 9015: 9014: 9009: 9004: 8998: 8996: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986: 8981: 8976: 8971: 8966: 8961: 8956: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8936: 8931: 8926: 8921: 8916: 8911: 8906: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8886: 8881: 8876: 8874:Takht-e Rostam 8871: 8866: 8861: 8856: 8851: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8821: 8816: 8811: 8809:Dilberjin Tepe 8806: 8801: 8795: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8784: 8783: 8778: 8773: 8768: 8763: 8758: 8753: 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8723: 8718: 8713: 8708: 8702: 8700: 8694: 8693: 8691: 8690: 8685: 8683:Takht-i Sangin 8680: 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8650: 8644: 8642: 8636: 8635: 8633: 8632: 8627: 8622: 8617: 8612: 8607: 8602: 8597: 8592: 8587: 8582: 8577: 8572: 8567: 8562: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8542: 8537: 8535:Guldursun-Kala 8532: 8527: 8522: 8520:Dalverzin Tepe 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8490:Akchakhan-Kala 8487: 8481: 8479: 8473: 8472: 8470: 8469: 8464: 8459: 8454: 8449: 8444: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8405: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8396: 8391: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8366: 8361: 8356: 8351: 8346: 8341: 8336: 8331: 8326: 8321: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8300: 8298: 8292: 8291: 8289: 8288: 8282: 8280: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8270: 8265: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8248:Dunhuang Caves 8245: 8243:Bezeklik Caves 8240: 8235: 8230: 8225: 8220: 8215: 8210: 8208:Subashi Temple 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8185: 8179: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8141: 8139: 8130: 8126: 8125: 8123: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8090: 8089: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8066: 8061: 8059:Durrani Empire 8056: 8051: 8049:Timurid Empire 8046: 8041: 8036: 8031: 8026: 8021: 8016: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7831: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7794:Vakhsh culture 7791: 7786: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7768: 7764: 7763: 7756: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7733: 7727: 7726: 7720: 7714: 7713: 7712: 7707: 7694: 7693:External links 7691: 7689: 7688: 7680: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7617: 7608: 7577:10.1101/292581 7553: 7500: 7494: 7472:Mallory, J. P. 7468: 7456:978-1884964985 7455: 7437:Mallory, J. P. 7433: 7421:978-0500050521 7420: 7400:Mallory, J. P. 7396: 7391:978-9004160545 7390: 7372:Mallory, J. P. 7364: 7351: 7334: 7311: 7305: 7292: 7280:10.2307/606224 7264: 7258: 7240: 7228:978-0691135892 7227: 7205: 7194: 7192: 7189: 7187: 7186: 7136: 7105:(11): e77625. 7085: 7024: 6959: 6955:Mathieson 2015 6947: 6943:Allentoft 2015 6932: 6881: 6820: 6753: 6685: 6683:, p. 172. 6673: 6661: 6649: 6647:, p. 171. 6637: 6580: 6558: 6539: 6522: 6520:, p. 216. 6510: 6498: 6481: 6479:, p. 206. 6469: 6454: 6435: 6423: 6391: 6346: 6334: 6307: 6291: 6248: 6221:(3): 395–410. 6214:Human Genetics 6199: 6188: 6186:, p. 261. 6176: 6167: 6158: 6149: 6119:(3): 571–582. 6098: 6073: 6016: 5999: 5978: 5944: 5899: 5889: 5865: 5841: 5828: 5809:(1): 243–273. 5786: 5779: 5755: 5743: 5737: 5712: 5700: 5683: 5670: 5661: 5648: 5644:Diakonoff 1995 5636: 5612: 5605: 5585: 5578: 5558: 5551:. p. 22. 5535: 5523: 5466: 5409: 5385: 5373: 5356: 5343: 5326: 5316: 5304: 5289: 5256: 5248: 5228: 5212: 5186: 5166: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5143: 5134: 5121: 5112: 5103: 5061: 5052: 5039: 5002: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4979: 4974: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4940: 4937: 4936: 4923: 4922: 4873: 4870: 4869: 4866: 4865: 4860: 4859: 4857: 4821: 4820: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4788: 4785:Kherson Oblast 4779: 4778: 4767: 4758: 4757: 4746: 4737: 4736: 4725: 4716: 4715: 4706: 4699: 4698: 4689: 4682: 4681: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4542: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4535: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4523: 4514: 4513: 4510: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4492: 4491: 4488: 4479: 4478: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4379: 4378: 4376: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4356: 4355: 4352: 4346: 4345: 4342: 4335: 4334: 4331: 4324: 4323: 4320: 4313: 4312: 4309: 4303: 4302: 4299: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4279: 4278: 4242:Bolshevik Coup 4198: 4197: 4196: 4192: 4191: 4188: 4186:Uryankhay Krai 4181: 4180: 4177: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4159: 4158: 4155: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4137: 4136: 4133: 4131:Russian Empire 4127: 4126: 4123: 4114: 4113: 4058:Tsarist Russia 4055: 4054: 4053: 4049: 4048: 4046: 4037: 4036: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4023: 4017: 4016: 4013: 4004: 4003: 3979: 3978: 3977: 3973: 3972: 3970: 3961: 3960: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3947: 3941: 3940: 3937: 3931: 3930: 3927: 3918: 3917: 3895: 3894: 3893: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3879: 3878: 3876: 3869: 3868: 3866: 3864:Rus' Khaganate 3859: 3858: 3855: 3834: 3831: 3830: 3827: 3826: 3818: 3817: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3794: 3791: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3779: 3777: 3774: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3743: 3741: 3738: 3731: 3729: 3726: 3719: 3717: 3714: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3692:Nick Patterson 3626: 1200 BC 3611:WHG) ancestry. 3542:Beaker culture 3483:Indo-Europeans 3475:C (but not C3) 3407: 3404: 3341: 3338: 3305: 3302: 3245:chariot burial 3167: 3162: 3161: 2717: 2711: 2710: 2709: 2658:Sintashta site 2619:Pontic steppes 2603:Main article: 2600: 2597: 2538: 2535: 2519: 2516: 2508:Southern Urals 2499: 2496: 2467: 2464: 2405: 2402: 2368: 2365: 2293:Srubna culture 2282:Okunev culture 2251:Vakhsh culture 2183:Ural Mountains 2167:Srubna culture 2162: 2159: 2155: 2154: 2132: 2107: 2106: 2092: 2036:Gandhara grave 2005: 2002: 2000:in the 1920s. 1984: 1981: 1928: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1917: 1910: 1902: 1899: 1898: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1880: 1873: 1866: 1858: 1857: 1851: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1837: 1836: 1831: 1825: 1824: 1818: 1813: 1812: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1804: 1795: 1790: 1785: 1783:Fire sacrifice 1779: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1766: 1765: 1764: 1757: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1736: 1729: 1717: 1716: 1715: 1708: 1701: 1694: 1687: 1675: 1670: 1665: 1628: 1627: 1615: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1591: 1579: 1578: 1577: 1574:Zoroastrianism 1556: 1555: 1548: 1541: 1534: 1533: 1532: 1511: 1510: 1504: 1503: 1496: 1495: 1490: 1485: 1480: 1474: 1473: 1467: 1464: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1456: 1455: 1444: 1443: 1441:Medieval India 1432: 1431: 1426: 1417: 1412: 1407: 1395: 1394: 1382: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1367: 1360: 1353: 1346: 1339: 1323: 1318: 1316:Italic peoples 1313: 1308: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1294: 1287: 1268: 1267: 1262: 1250: 1249: 1237: 1236: 1224: 1223: 1217: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1187: 1186: 1180: 1177: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1152: 1151: 1139: 1138: 1133: 1128: 1116: 1115: 1103: 1102: 1095: 1094: 1092:Gandhara grave 1089: 1084: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1061: 1056: 1051: 1046: 1041: 1036: 1031: 1026: 1014: 1013: 1008: 1003: 991: 990: 985: 980: 975: 970: 965: 953: 952: 944: 943: 942: 941: 938:Middle Dnieper 934: 915: 914: 909: 904: 893:Eastern Europe 890: 889: 877: 876: 864: 863: 862: 861: 860: 859: 852: 838: 831: 824: 821:Dnieper–Donets 817: 810: 798: 796:Kurgan culture 793: 792: 791: 781: 769: 768: 761: 758: 757: 754: 753: 750: 749: 744: 739: 734: 732:Beech argument 729: 724: 718: 717: 711: 710: 705: 700: 694: 693: 687: 686: 681: 676: 671: 665: 662: 661: 658: 657: 654: 653: 648: 643: 638: 633: 628: 623: 618: 613: 608: 603: 598: 593: 588: 583: 577: 574: 573: 570: 569: 566: 565: 555: 541: 536: 522: 515:Proto-Germanic 512: 510:Proto-Armenian 507: 502: 500:Proto-Albanian 496: 495: 488: 487: 482: 477: 472: 467: 462: 457: 451: 450: 443: 442: 437: 432: 427: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 396: 395: 388: 387: 386: 385: 361: 360: 353: 352: 351: 350: 343: 336: 329: 322: 315: 308: 301: 289: 284: 278: 277: 271: 270: 269: 268: 256: 255: 254: 247: 240: 228: 227: 226: 214: 209: 204: 203: 202: 195: 183: 178: 177: 176: 163: 162: 155: 154: 147: 142: 141: 138: 137: 129: 128: 122: 121: 109: 108: 91: 87: 86: 80:Okunev culture 69: 65: 64: 58: 54: 53: 47: 43: 42: 37: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9956: 9945: 9942: 9940: 9937: 9935: 9932: 9930: 9927: 9925: 9922: 9920: 9917: 9915: 9912: 9910: 9907: 9905: 9902: 9900: 9897: 9895: 9892: 9890: 9887: 9885: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9864: 9856: 9854: 9846: 9845: 9842: 9836: 9833: 9831: 9828: 9826: 9823: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9796: 9793: 9791: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9783: 9779: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9767:Halaf culture 9765: 9763: 9760: 9759: 9757: 9755: 9751: 9745:(Mesopotamia) 9744: 9741: 9739:(Mesopotamia) 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9683: 9680: 9678: 9675: 9674: 9672: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9657: 9655: 9652: 9650: 9647: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9635: 9632: 9630: 9627: 9625: 9622: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9591: 9589: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9572: 9567: 9565: 9560: 9558: 9553: 9552: 9549: 9539: 9533: 9527: 9524: 9522: 9519: 9517: 9514: 9512: 9509: 9507: 9504: 9502: 9499: 9497: 9494: 9492: 9489: 9487: 9484: 9482: 9479: 9478: 9476: 9468: 9464: 9458: 9455: 9453: 9450: 9448: 9445: 9443: 9440: 9438: 9435: 9433: 9430: 9428: 9425: 9423: 9420: 9418: 9417:Tagar culture 9415: 9413: 9410: 9408: 9405: 9403: 9402:Samus culture 9400: 9398: 9397:Penard Period 9395: 9393: 9392:Ordos culture 9390: 9388: 9385: 9383: 9380: 9378: 9375: 9373: 9370: 9368: 9365: 9363: 9360: 9358: 9355: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9317:Ezero culture 9315: 9313: 9310: 9308: 9305: 9303: 9300: 9298: 9295: 9293: 9290: 9288: 9285: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9263: 9260: 9258: 9255: 9253: 9250: 9248: 9245: 9243: 9240: 9238: 9235: 9233: 9230: 9229: 9227: 9225: 9221: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9200: 9195: 9193: 9188: 9186: 9181: 9180: 9177: 9165: 9162: 9160: 9157: 9155: 9152: 9150: 9147: 9145: 9142: 9140: 9137: 9135: 9132: 9130: 9127: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9115: 9112: 9110: 9107: 9105: 9102: 9100: 9097: 9095: 9092: 9090: 9087: 9085: 9084:Oxus Treasure 9082: 9080: 9079: 9075: 9073: 9070: 9068: 9065: 9063: 9060: 9058: 9055: 9053: 9050: 9048: 9045: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9037:Orlat plaques 9035: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9023: 9013: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8999: 8997: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8982: 8980: 8977: 8975: 8972: 8970: 8967: 8965: 8962: 8960: 8957: 8955: 8952: 8950: 8947: 8945: 8942: 8940: 8937: 8935: 8932: 8930: 8929:Dasht-e Nawar 8927: 8925: 8922: 8920: 8917: 8915: 8912: 8910: 8907: 8905: 8902: 8900: 8897: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8875: 8872: 8870: 8867: 8865: 8862: 8860: 8857: 8855: 8852: 8850: 8847: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8820: 8817: 8815: 8812: 8810: 8807: 8805: 8802: 8800: 8797: 8796: 8794: 8792: 8788: 8782: 8779: 8777: 8774: 8772: 8769: 8767: 8764: 8762: 8761:Monjukli Depe 8759: 8757: 8754: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8746:Konye-Urgench 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8722: 8719: 8717: 8714: 8712: 8709: 8707: 8704: 8703: 8701: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8679: 8678:Takht-i Kuwad 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8654: 8651: 8649: 8646: 8645: 8643: 8641: 8637: 8631: 8628: 8626: 8623: 8621: 8618: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8571: 8568: 8566: 8563: 8561: 8558: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8526: 8523: 8521: 8518: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8480: 8478: 8474: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8448: 8445: 8443: 8440: 8438: 8437:Koshoy Korgon 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8406: 8400: 8397: 8395: 8392: 8390: 8387: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8367: 8365: 8362: 8360: 8357: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8347: 8345: 8342: 8340: 8337: 8335: 8332: 8330: 8327: 8325: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8312: 8310: 8307: 8305: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8284: 8283: 8281: 8279: 8275: 8269: 8266: 8264: 8261: 8259: 8256: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8246: 8244: 8241: 8239: 8236: 8234: 8231: 8229: 8226: 8224: 8221: 8219: 8216: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8203:Kumtura Caves 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8175:Western China 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8160:Salbyk kurgan 8158: 8156: 8153: 8151: 8150:Arzhan kurgan 8148: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8131: 8127: 8121: 8120:Serindian art 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8065: 8062: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8052: 8050: 8047: 8045: 8042: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8020: 8019:Mongol Empire 8017: 8015: 8012: 8010: 8009:Ghurid Empire 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7987: 7985: 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7934: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7924:Western Turks 7922: 7920: 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7874:Kushan Empire 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7859:Guiyi Circuit 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7834:Median Empire 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7814:Tagar culture 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7790: 7787: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7771: 7769: 7765: 7761: 7754: 7749: 7747: 7742: 7740: 7735: 7734: 7731: 7725:S. Zharnikova 7724: 7721: 7718: 7715: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7703: 7702: 7700: 7697: 7696: 7686: 7681: 7670: 7666: 7662: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7633: 7627: 7626: 7614: 7609: 7605: 7601: 7596: 7591: 7587: 7583: 7578: 7573: 7569: 7565: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7550: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7532: 7528: 7524: 7520: 7516: 7512: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7497: 7495:9780500283721 7491: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7477: 7473: 7469: 7458: 7452: 7448: 7444: 7443: 7438: 7434: 7423: 7417: 7413: 7408: 7407: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7352: 7340: 7335: 7332: 7331:0-941694-86-0 7328: 7324: 7323:0-941694-83-6 7320: 7316: 7312: 7308: 7306:2-86803-072-6 7302: 7298: 7293: 7289: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7265: 7261: 7255: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7244:Bryant, Edwin 7241: 7230: 7224: 7220: 7216: 7215: 7210: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7195: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7143: 7141: 7132: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7073: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7047: 7043: 7039: 7035: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6963: 6956: 6951: 6944: 6939: 6937: 6928: 6924: 6919: 6914: 6910: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6892: 6885: 6877: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6859: 6855: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6804: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6765: 6757: 6749: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6707: 6703: 6699: 6692: 6690: 6682: 6677: 6670: 6665: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6633: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6591: 6584: 6578: 6574: 6571: 6568: 6562: 6555: 6551: 6550: 6543: 6536: 6531: 6526: 6519: 6514: 6507: 6502: 6495: 6491: 6485: 6478: 6473: 6467:, p. 76. 6466: 6461: 6459: 6451: 6446: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6426: 6420: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6403: 6395: 6387: 6383: 6379: 6375: 6371: 6367: 6363: 6358: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6322: 6318: 6311: 6305: 6301: 6295: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6236: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6215: 6206: 6204: 6197: 6192: 6185: 6180: 6171: 6162: 6153: 6144: 6140: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6122: 6118: 6114: 6110: 6102: 6088:on 2019-07-21 6087: 6083: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6028: 6020: 6013: 6009: 6003: 5996: 5993:, Routledge, 5992: 5988: 5982: 5967: 5963: 5962: 5957: 5951: 5949: 5940: 5934: 5926: 5922: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5903: 5893: 5879: 5875: 5869: 5855: 5851: 5845: 5838: 5832: 5824: 5820: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5797: 5790: 5782: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5762: 5760: 5752: 5747: 5740: 5734: 5730: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5717: 5707: 5705: 5697: 5693: 5687: 5680: 5674: 5665: 5658: 5652: 5645: 5640: 5633: 5629: 5625: 5622: 5616: 5608: 5602: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5575: 5571: 5570: 5562: 5555: 5547: 5546: 5539: 5532: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5511: 5507: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5477: 5470: 5462: 5458: 5453: 5448: 5444: 5440: 5436: 5432: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5406: 5402: 5398: 5392: 5390: 5382: 5381:Beckwith 2009 5377: 5370: 5366: 5360: 5353: 5347: 5340: 5336: 5330: 5320: 5313: 5308: 5300: 5293: 5286: 5281: 5279: 5277: 5275: 5273: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5265: 5263: 5261: 5251: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5232: 5225: 5219: 5217: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5183: 5179: 5173: 5171: 5163: 5157: 5153: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5100: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5065: 5056: 5049: 5043: 5036: 5027: 5021: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4993: 4990: 4988: 4985: 4983: 4980: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4961: 4956: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4942: 4941: 4939: 4938: 4935: 4925: 4924: 4919: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4868: 4867: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4840: 4836: 4835: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4822: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4808: 4807: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4793: 4789: 4787: 4786: 4781: 4780: 4777: 4772: 4768: 4766: 4765: 4760: 4759: 4756: 4751: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4730: 4726: 4724: 4723: 4718: 4717: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4690: 4688: 4684: 4683: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4670: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630:War in Donbas 4627: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4612:Five-Days War 4609: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4584:Privatization 4581: 4577: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4557: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4546: 4545:Modern Russia 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4509: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4498: 4494: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4462: 4458: 4454: 4450: 4446: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4400: 4396: 4393: 4392: 4389: 4377: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4364: 4362: 4358: 4357: 4353: 4351: 4350:Russian State 4348: 4347: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4332: 4330: 4326: 4325: 4321: 4319: 4318:Ukrainian SSR 4315: 4314: 4310: 4308: 4305: 4304: 4300: 4298: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4287: 4284: 4283: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4268:War Communism 4265: 4259: 4255: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4217:Dvoyevlastiye 4213: 4209: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4189: 4187: 4183: 4182: 4178: 4176: 4172: 4171: 4167: 4165: 4161: 4160: 4156: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4138: 4134: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4096: 4092: 4088: 4084: 4080: 4076: 4072: 4066: 4063: 4062: 4059: 4047: 4045: 4044: 4039: 4038: 4034: 4032: 4029: 4028: 4024: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4014: 4012: 4009: 4008: 4002: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3987: 3986: 3983: 3971: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3962: 3958: 3956: 3955:Rostov-Suzdal 3953: 3952: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3942: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3926: 3925:Novgorod Land 3923: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3902: 3899: 3887: 3885: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3861: 3860: 3856: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3829: 3828: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3816: 3810: 3809: 3804: 3799: 3798: 3783: 3778: 3771: 3766: 3759: 3754: 3747: 3742: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3718: 3711: 3706: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3688: 3686: 3682: 3678: 3674: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3633: 3631: 3620: 3619: 3602: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3561: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3511: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3487:light-skinned 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3427:Tagar culture 3424: 3420: 3415: 3413: 3403: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3374:ancestry and 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3337: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3315: 3310: 3301: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3287: 3283: 3280:and later in 3279: 3273: 3271: 3266: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3227: 3223: 3222: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3182: 3170: 3165: 3157: 3155: 3154: 3142: 3140: 3139: 3127: 3125: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3111: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3088: 3086: 3085: 3075: 3073: 3072: 3062: 3060: 3059: 3049: 3047: 3046: 3036: 3034: 3033: 3023: 3021: 3010: 3008: 2995: 2982: 2973: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2958:Seima-Turbino 2949: 2947: 2946: 2936: 2934: 2933: 2921: 2919: 2918: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2895: 2893: 2892: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2856: 2854: 2853: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2826: 2824: 2823: 2813: 2811: 2810: 2800: 2798: 2797: 2785: 2783: 2782: 2770: 2768: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2715: 2708: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2694: 2690: 2689: 2684: 2683: 2677: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2660:on the upper 2659: 2654: 2652: 2648: 2644: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2620: 2616: 2611: 2606: 2605:Indo-Iranians 2596: 2594: 2589: 2585: 2581: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2543: 2534: 2529: 2528:Arkaim museum 2524: 2515: 2513: 2509: 2505: 2495: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2463: 2460: 2456: 2452: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2401: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2373: 2364: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2347:, located by 2346: 2342: 2338: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2283: 2279: 2278:Yenisei River 2275: 2271: 2263: 2258: 2254: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2158: 2152: 2148: 2147:Tyumen Oblast 2144: 2143:Ingala Valley 2140: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2115: 2112: 2111: 2110: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2061: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2020: 2015: 2010: 2001: 1999: 1994: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1946:Yenisei River 1939: 1935: 1923: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1893: 1892: 1888: 1886: 1885: 1881: 1879: 1878: 1874: 1872: 1871: 1867: 1865: 1864: 1860: 1859: 1856: 1853: 1852: 1849: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1834:J. P. Mallory 1832: 1830: 1827: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1819: 1816: 1811: 1810: 1803: 1799: 1796: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1767: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1749: 1746: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1722: 1721: 1718: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1702: 1699: 1695: 1692: 1688: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1648: 1645: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1621: 1619: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1604: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1589: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1580: 1575: 1571: 1570: 1569: 1566: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1561: 1553: 1549: 1546: 1542: 1539: 1535: 1530: 1526: 1525: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1519: 1517: 1516: 1509: 1506: 1505: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1491: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1479: 1476: 1475: 1472: 1471:Reconstructed 1469: 1468: 1462: 1461: 1454: 1451: 1450: 1449: 1448: 1442: 1439: 1438: 1437: 1436: 1430: 1427: 1425: 1421: 1418: 1416: 1413: 1411: 1408: 1406: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1399: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1386: 1380: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1370: 1365: 1361: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1344: 1340: 1337: 1333: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1319: 1317: 1314: 1312: 1309: 1307: 1304: 1299: 1298:Insular Celts 1295: 1292: 1288: 1285: 1281: 1280: 1279: 1276: 1275: 1274: 1272: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1256: 1254: 1248: 1245: 1244: 1243: 1241: 1235: 1232: 1231: 1230: 1228: 1222: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1214:Indo-Iranians 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1189: 1188: 1185: 1182: 1181: 1175: 1174: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1158: 1157: 1156: 1150: 1147: 1146: 1145: 1143: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1129: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1122: 1120: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1109: 1107: 1101: 1098: 1097: 1093: 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1076: 1070: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1055: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1035: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1025: 1022: 1021: 1020: 1018: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1002: 999: 998: 997: 995: 989: 986: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 960: 959: 957: 956:Pontic Steppe 950: 947: 946: 939: 935: 932: 928: 927: 926: 923: 922: 921: 919: 913: 910: 908: 905: 902: 898: 897: 896: 894: 888: 885: 884: 883: 881: 875: 872: 871: 870: 868: 857: 853: 850: 846: 845: 843: 839: 836: 832: 829: 825: 822: 818: 815: 811: 808: 804: 803: 802: 799: 797: 794: 790: 789:Kurgan stelae 787: 786: 785: 782: 780: 777: 776: 775: 773: 772:Pontic Steppe 766: 763: 762: 756: 755: 748: 745: 743: 740: 738: 735: 733: 730: 728: 725: 723: 720: 719: 714: 713: 709: 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 695: 690: 689: 685: 682: 680: 677: 675: 672: 670: 667: 666: 660: 659: 652: 649: 647: 644: 642: 639: 637: 634: 632: 629: 627: 624: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 607: 604: 602: 599: 597: 594: 592: 589: 587: 584: 582: 579: 578: 572: 571: 563: 562:Proto-Iranian 559: 556: 553: 549: 545: 542: 540: 537: 534: 530: 526: 523: 520: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 501: 498: 497: 494: 491: 490: 486: 483: 481: 478: 476: 473: 471: 468: 466: 463: 461: 458: 456: 453: 452: 449: 446: 445: 441: 438: 436: 433: 431: 428: 426: 423: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 405:Daco-Thracian 403: 401: 398: 397: 394: 391: 390: 384: 380: 376: 372: 369: 368: 366: 363: 362: 359: 358:Reconstructed 356: 355: 348: 344: 341: 337: 334: 330: 327: 323: 320: 316: 313: 309: 306: 302: 299: 295: 294: 293: 290: 288: 285: 283: 280: 279: 276: 273: 272: 266: 262: 261: 260: 257: 252: 248: 245: 241: 238: 234: 233: 232: 229: 224: 220: 219: 218: 215: 213: 210: 208: 205: 200: 196: 193: 189: 188: 187: 184: 182: 179: 174: 170: 169: 168: 165: 164: 161: 158: 157: 153: 150: 149: 145: 140: 139: 135: 131: 130: 127: 124: 123: 119: 115: 114: 107: 103: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 77: 73: 70: 66: 59: 55: 52: 48: 44: 41: 38: 34: 30: 25: 19: 9863:Time periods 9789: 9754:Chalcolithic 9241: 9216:Chalcolithic 9076: 9007:Mount Khajeh 8974:Qala-i-Jangi 8954:Khair Khaneh 8859:Khair Khaneh 8766:Namazga-Tepe 8721:Anau culture 8698:Turkmenistan 8615:Tavka Kurgan 8510:Balalyk Tepe 8427:Burana Tower 8417:Aigyr-Zhal 2 8309:Issyk kurgan 8044:Kart dynasty 8039:Sufi dynasty 8029:Golden Horde 7954:Oghuz Yabgus 7929:Tang dynasty 7894:Hephthalites 7819:Uyuk culture 7808: 7684: 7672:. Retrieved 7640: 7636: 7612: 7567: 7561: 7514: 7508: 7480: 7462:February 15, 7460:. Retrieved 7441: 7427:February 14, 7425:. Retrieved 7405: 7376: 7355: 7345:16 September 7343:. Retrieved 7314: 7296: 7271: 7248: 7232:. Retrieved 7213: 7199: 7156: 7152: 7102: 7098: 7088: 7063:1887/3202709 7037: 7033: 7027: 6976: 6972: 6962: 6950: 6900: 6894: 6884: 6841: 6837: 6774: 6770: 6756: 6705: 6701: 6681:Kuzmina 2007 6676: 6669:Kuzmina 2007 6664: 6652: 6645:Kuzmina 2007 6640: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6566: 6561: 6553: 6548: 6542: 6535:Bryant (2001 6525: 6513: 6501: 6484: 6472: 6465:Parpola 2015 6428:, retrieved 6406: 6394: 6361: 6349: 6342:Mallory 1989 6337: 6327:16 September 6325:. Retrieved 6321:the original 6310: 6294: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6218: 6212: 6191: 6179: 6170: 6161: 6152: 6116: 6112: 6101: 6090:. Retrieved 6086:the original 6076: 6035: 6031: 6019: 6011: 6002: 5994: 5990: 5981: 5969:. Retrieved 5959: 5933:cite journal 5916: 5912: 5902: 5892: 5881:. Retrieved 5877: 5868: 5857:. Retrieved 5853: 5844: 5836: 5831: 5806: 5802: 5789: 5770: 5767:Yang Jianhua 5751:Mallory 1989 5746: 5728: 5695: 5686: 5673: 5664: 5651: 5639: 5631: 5615: 5595: 5588: 5568: 5561: 5552: 5544: 5538: 5526: 5485: 5479: 5469: 5426: 5422: 5412: 5400: 5396: 5376: 5368: 5359: 5346: 5338: 5329: 5319: 5307: 5298: 5292: 5285:Mallory 1997 5238: 5231: 5207: 5181: 5156: 5137: 5124: 5115: 5106: 5064: 5055: 5042: 5006: 4852: 4846: 4838: 4832: 4827:full list... 4825: 4811: 4804: 4790: 4783: 4769: 4762: 4748: 4741: 4727: 4720: 4658:Mobilization 4650:Debt default 4592:Chechen wars 4543:since 1991: 4520:full list... 4518: 4497:Russian SFSR 4486:Soviet Union 4403:Korenization 4373:full list... 4371: 4307:Russian SFSR 4216: 4075:Zemsky Sobor 4043:full list... 4041: 3967:full list... 3965: 3912: 3898:Ancient Rus' 3689: 3634: 3616: 3614: 3507: 3416: 3409: 3372:Yamnaya-like 3357: 3318: 3282:Proto-Turkic 3278:Proto-Uralic 3274: 3267: 3253: 3249:Krivoye Lake 3230: 3219: 3212:Indo-Iranian 3196: 3150: 3149: 3135: 3134: 3122: 3121: 3109: 3108: 3096: 3095: 3083: 3082: 3070: 3069: 3057: 3056: 3044: 3043: 3031: 3030: 3017: 3002: 2993:CIVILIZATION 2957: 2956: 2944: 2943: 2929: 2928: 2916: 2915: 2903: 2902: 2890: 2889: 2877: 2876: 2864: 2863: 2849: 2848: 2834: 2833: 2821: 2820: 2808: 2807: 2793: 2792: 2778: 2777: 2775: 2764: 2693:Greater Iran 2686: 2680: 2678: 2655: 2624: 2592: 2587: 2577: 2571: 2548: 2532: 2501: 2477: 2449:city in the 2441:studied two 2407: 2378: 2286: 2267: 2195:Turkmenistan 2164: 2156: 2134: 2113: 2108: 2094: 2069: 2064: 2057: 2044:Copper Hoard 2032:Indo-Iranian 2028:Yaz cultures 2018: 1986: 1962: 1933: 1931: 1889: 1882: 1875: 1868: 1861: 1855:Publications 1854: 1840: 1821: 1775: 1658: 1652: 1646: 1640:Paleo-Balkan 1630: 1629: 1617: 1616: 1558: 1557: 1513: 1512: 1500: 1470: 1453:Greater Iran 1446: 1445: 1434: 1433: 1397: 1396: 1384: 1383: 1326:Paleo-Balkan 1291:Celtiberians 1270: 1269: 1252: 1251: 1239: 1238: 1226: 1225: 1154: 1153: 1141: 1140: 1118: 1117: 1105: 1104: 1074: 1073: 1016: 1015: 1005: 993: 992: 955: 954: 917: 916: 892: 891: 879: 878: 866: 865: 807:Bug–Dniester 771: 770: 636:Gothic Bible 552:Proto-Baltic 548:Proto-Slavic 533:Proto-Italic 529:Proto-Celtic 492: 447: 435:Italo-Celtic 430:Indo-Hittite 420:Graeco-Aryan 393:Hypothetical 392: 357: 292:Paleo-Balkan 274: 231:Indo-Iranian 186:Balto-Slavic 159: 18: 9772:Uruk period 9586:Paleolithic 9491:Kura–Araxes 9422:Tarim Basin 9307:Elp culture 9099:Kabul hoard 9032:Sokh snakes 8984:Surkh Kotal 8949:Haji Piyada 8924:Darra-e Kur 8889:Yemshi Tepe 8884:Tillya Tepe 8879:Tepe Fullol 8869:Tepe Narenj 8864:Tapa Sardar 8854:Fondukistan 8819:Tapa Shotor 8799:Tepe Fullol 8791:Afghanistan 8620:Toprak-Kala 8605:Shahrukhiya 8555:Kampir Tepe 8545:Itchan Kala 8500:Ancient Pap 8457:Shakh Fazil 8329:Krasnyi Yar 8233:Mogao Caves 8193:Kizil Caves 8129:Archaeology 7994:Farighunids 7949:Turk Shahis 7889:Alchon Huns 7701:(csen.org) 7200:Archaeology 7159:(1): 3–36. 6518:Bryant 2001 6506:Bryant 2001 6477:Bryant 2001 5995:p. 487-488: 5878:www.susu.ru 5803:Radiocarbon 5395:Witzel, M. 4552:August Coup 4475:War of Laws 4457:Perestroika 4435:Warsaw Pact 4423:Great Purge 4386:1923–1991: 4250:White Guard 4230:Directorate 4199:1917–1923: 4056:1480–1917: 3982:Feudal Rus' 3980:1240–1480: 3853:Rus' people 3845:Early Slavs 3812:History of 3649:R1a1a1b2a2a 3298:Old Chinese 3221:Kulturkugel 2486:ore in the 2357:Caspian Sea 2343:), and the 2038:(or Swat), 1948:in central 1733:Continental 1726:Anglo-Saxon 1429:Middle Ages 1379:Middle Ages 1234:Indo-Aryans 1227:Indo-Aryans 1034:Bell Beaker 1029:Corded ware 925:Corded ware 814:Sredny Stog 759:Archaeology 539:Proto-Greek 519:Proto-Norse 90:Followed by 68:Preceded by 9878:Categories 9782:Bronze Age 9624:Peking Man 9521:Jar-Burial 9467:Bronze Age 9347:Late Jomon 9224:Bronze Age 9206:Bronze Age 8979:Rag-i-Bibi 8804:Ai-Khanoum 8736:Gonur Depe 8731:Dev-Kesken 8668:Kafir-kala 8658:Ajina tepe 8640:Tajikistan 8600:Sarmishsay 8585:Kyzyl-Kala 8565:Khalchayan 8550:Kafir-kala 8530:Fayaz Tepe 8515:Burchmulla 8477:Uzbekistan 8467:Tash Rabat 8442:Manas Ordo 8409:Kyrgyzstan 8296:Kazakhstan 7999:Ghaznavids 7904:Ustrushana 7899:Tocharians 7829:Massagetae 7647:: 102420. 6979:(1): 590. 6708:(1): 733. 6430:2024-02-06 6092:2018-03-14 6038:: 102420. 5883:2020-07-18 5859:2020-07-18 5596:Tajikistan 5149:References 5082:Dáśa-Dasyu 5031:pronounced 4618:amendments 4530:Tannu Tuva 4453:Afghan War 4388:Soviet Era 3896:879–1240: 3837:Prehistory 3698:2900 BCE. 3495:light hair 3491:light eyes 3412:Kazakhstan 3400:South Asia 3344:See also: 2945:Chemurchek 2932:Xiajiadian 2662:Ural River 2647:Sarmatians 2480:metallurgy 2466:Metallurgy 2301:Cimmerians 2223:Tashkurgan 2211:Kyrgyzstan 2205:) and the 2203:Tajikistan 2130:Kyrgyzstan 2128:, eastern 2126:Kazakhstan 2040:Cemetery H 1938:Bronze Age 1841:Institutes 1761:Lithuanian 1515:Indo-Aryan 1501:Historical 1435:Indo-Aryan 1392:Tocharians 1306:Cimmerians 1184:Bronze Age 1075:South Asia 949:Bronze Age 887:Afanasievo 691:Mainstream 455:Vocabulary 375:Sound laws 237:Indo-Aryan 51:Bronze Age 9669:Neolithic 9432:Trzciniec 9025:Artifacts 8899:Aq Kupruk 8849:Mes Aynak 8781:Ulug Depe 8716:Altyndepe 8663:Cyropolis 8653:Penjikent 8625:Varakhsha 8560:Kara Tepe 8505:Ayaz-Kala 8495:Akhsikath 8485:Afrasiyab 8432:Issyk-Kul 8422:Balasagun 8268:Beshbalik 8145:Sintashta 8105:Silk Road 8034:Ilkhanate 7989:Ma'munids 7884:Kidarites 7669:225452095 7181:233015927 7173:2300-6560 7080:256769352 7001:2041-1723 6858:0036-8075 6799:1476-4687 6730:2045-2322 6614:2513-843X 6386:249320151 6378:0578-6967 6286:162580424 6278:0003-598X 6258:Antiquity 6068:225452095 6060:2352-409X 5443:2513-843X 5095:kṣatriyaḥ 5020:romanized 4911:1982–1991 4907:1964–1982 4903:1953–1964 4899:1927–1953 4895:1917–1927 4891:1894–1917 4887:1855–1894 4883:1796–1855 4879:1721–1796 4654:Sanctions 4604:Oligarchy 4534:1921–1944 4512:1940–1956 4501:1922–1991 4490:1922–1991 4407:Stalinism 4365:1921–1923 4354:1918–1920 4344:1922–1922 4333:1920–1922 4322:1919–1922 4311:1917–1922 4301:1917–1918 4290:1917–1918 4276:Emigrants 4262:Priamurye 4246:Civil War 4222:July Days 4190:1914–1921 4179:1900–1905 4168:1867–1915 4157:1809–1917 4146:1799–1867 4135:1721–1917 4125:1547–1721 4035:1263–1547 4025:1157–1331 4015:1136–1478 3959:1093–1157 3884:Garðaríki 3841:Antiquity 3233:Sintashta 3208:Karakorum 3200:Kopet Dag 3171:culture ( 3169:Andronovo 3084:Zhukaigou 3058:Xichengyi 2794:Sintashta 2779:Andronovo 2666:type site 2643:Scythians 2617:from the 2584:flagellin 2574:Kytmanovo 2447:Lisakovsk 2361:Herodotus 2355:near the 2349:Herodotus 2337:Thracians 2309:Scythians 2260:Dates of 2239:Volgograd 2207:Tian Shan 2191:Kopet Dag 2179:Minusinsk 2118:Tian Shan 2103:fire cult 2099:cremation 2086:Syr Darya 2078:Amu Darya 1983:Discovery 1973:Yeniseian 1776:Practices 1595:Yarsanism 1405:Albanians 1385:East Asia 1372:Scythians 1364:Phrygians 1357:Paeonians 1350:Illyrians 1336:Thracians 1253:East Asia 1204:Armenians 1131:Hallstatt 1113:Chernoles 1054:Terramare 1044:Trzciniec 1011:Sintashta 1006:Andronovo 907:Cernavodă 880:East Asia 835:Khvalynsk 575:Philology 485:Particles 371:Phonology 312:Liburnian 287:Tocharian 282:Anatolian 251:Nuristani 144:Languages 9762:Daimabad 9654:Ubeidiya 9644:Solo Man 9634:Sangiran 9604:Java Man 9538:Iron Age 9506:Trialeti 9501:Colchian 8959:Mundigak 8939:Firozkoh 8829:Shotorak 8648:Bunjikat 8540:Hazorasp 8364:Shilikty 8354:Boralday 8278:Mongolia 8213:Dunhuang 7984:Samanids 7914:Farghana 7767:Polities 7674:July 16, 7645:Elsevier 7604:31488661 7549:26595274 7478:(2008). 7439:(1997). 7402:(1989). 7370:(2007). 7246:(2001), 7131:35635751 7072:29743675 7019:30713341 6927:15255049 6876:31488661 6844:(6457). 6807:26062507 6748:35031610 6632:37599704 6623:10432883 6573:Archived 6364:: 1–23. 6243:21347353 6235:19449030 6143:26496604 5971:March 2, 5854:phys.org 5624:Archived 5510:26062507 5461:37599704 5452:10432883 5091:brāhmaṇa 5048:Margiana 4875:860–1721 4871:Timeline 4608:Putinism 4562:Protocol 4560:Alma-Ata 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