1330:
southward it ruptured a fundamental unity of speech. East, west, and south of
Castile, in both Islamic and Christian lands, the most characteristic traits of HispanoRomance recur. Were it not for the historical accident of Castilian expansion, Spanish would sound very different today, and its contrasts with Portuguese and Catalan would stand out in less sharp relief... Andalusi Romance, virtually untouched by outside linguistic influences in the first centuries of its history, may have been doomed from the moment in 1085 when Alfonso VI and his Castilian troops entered Toledo. The dialect of Castile had been forged in the northern mountains, where Basque speakers had never been subjugated and the veneer of Latinization was thin, and many of its features were anomalous within Hispano-Romance. Yet Castile proved as vigorous and expansionist in language as it was in politics and arms. Like an advancing wedge, the kingdom and its language pressed into Arab-held territory. The neighboring kingdoms were also marching southward: Galicia moved down the Atlantic coast, conquering what was to become Portugal, and the Catalan speakers of the northeast expanded along the Mediterranean and across to the Balearic Islands. But Castile encroached on the territory to its west and east, gaining particularly at the expense of León and Navarre, so that the "wedge" soon became a bulge. Within it Castilian, once an isolated minor dialect, came to be the tongue of the whole central peninsula.
346:
32:
676:, which would have been carried over to the Iberian Peninsula by the Berbers who made up most of the Islamic army that conquered it and remained prominent in the Andalusi administration and army for centuries to come. The possible interaction between these two Romance varieties has yet to be investigated.
1329:
Romance speakers from all over the peninsula, had they been asked, would have identified their spoken tongue as ladino, certainly not as leonés, navarro, or any other variety. All shades of
Hispano-Romance share many linguistic features; only Castilian was anomalous, and in its eventual expansion
349:
Consuelo López
Morillas criticizes this kind of a representation of the linguistic landscape in medieval Iberia for equating linguistic frontiers with political frontiers, and for deceptively fragmenting Romance into several varieties—throughout the peninsula people described their language as
615:
What is known or hypothesized of the particular linguistic features of
Andalusi Romance is based on relatively sparse evidence, including Romance topographical and personal names, legal documents from the Mozarabs of Toledo, names in botanical texts, occasional isolated romance words in the
479:
It has been objected that the term straddles ambiguously the realms of religion and language, and further implies, erroneously, that the dialect was spoken only by
Christians. The very form of the word suggests (again a false perception) that it denotes a language somehow related to
1193:'Arabized', a term used to refer to Christians in al-Andalus. Despite being called Mozarabic, the local Romance vernaculars were spoken by Christians, Jews, and Muslims, and these Romance varieties—while having loanwords from Arabic—are not Arabic languages.
414:
The medieval Ibero-Romance varieties were broadly similar (with
Castilian standing out as an outlier). Andalusi Romance was distinguished from the others not by its linguistic features primarily, but rather by virtue of being written in the
900:
whose interpretation is secure from beginning to end. It has been transcribed from a late thirteen-century copy in Hebrew script, but it is also attested (in rather poor condition) in an Arabic manuscript from the early twelfth century.
696:(natives converted to Islam), Jews, and possibly some of the ruling Arabs and Berbers. The cultural and literary language of the Mozarabs was at first Latin, but as time passed, it came to rather be Arabic, even among Christians.
771:
relied on diacritical points, quite often lost or distorted when copying manuscripts, to distinguish the following series of consonants: b-t-ṯ-n-y; ğ-ḥ-ḫ; d-ḏ; r-z; s-s̆; ṣ-ḍ; ṭ-ẓ; '-ġ; f-q; and h-a (word-finally)
1043:, like most others, presents numerous textual difficulties. Below is Jones's transcription of it, with vowels inserted and uncertain readings italicized. Note the discrepancies.
794:
The overall effect of this, combined with the rampant textual corruption, is that modern scholars can freely substitute consonants and insert vowels to make sense of the
848:, which in fact had both voiced and voiceless pronunciations in different varieties of Arabic. It is likely that both pronunciations were found in the Iberian Peninsula.
1258:
López-Morillas, Consuelo (2000). "Language". The literature of Al-Andalus. New York: Cambridge
University Press. doi:10.1017/CHOL9780521471596.004. ISBN 9781139177870.
1654:
699:
Due to the continual emigration of
Mozarabs to the Christian kingdoms of the north, Arabic toponyms are found even in places where Arab rule was ephemeral.
576:
prestige language and would remain the dominant vehicle of literature, high culture, and intellectual expression in Iberia for five centuries (8th–13th).
3882:
1800:
Marcos-Marín, Francisco A. 1998. Romance andalusí y mozárabe: Dos términos no sinónimos. In Andrés Suárez, Irene & López Molina, Luis (eds.),
774:
rendered the following consonants in similar ways: r-w-d, ḏ; '-l-k (word-initially); ', ġ-f, q-m (word-initially and medially); n-y (word-finally)
419:. What is known or hypothesized about the particular linguistic features of Andalusi Romance is based on relatively sparse evidence, of which the
3814:
513:
Speakers of
Andalusi Romance, like speakers of Romance anywhere else on the peninsula, would have described their spoken language simply as "
1925:
411:) gained ground at the expense of Andalusi Romance as well as Arabic. The final extinction of the former may be estimated to 1300 CE.
761:, less often the latter. This poses numerous problems for modern scholars attempting to interpret the underlying Mozarabic. Namely:
854:
has shown (sporadic) evidence of voicing in Latin inscriptions from the south of the
Iberian Peninsula in the second century AD.
96:
660:, illuminated some morphological and syntactic features of Andalusi Romance, including sentence rhythms and phrasal patterns.
3852:
2376:
1459:
1414:
1316:
607:, in which more than 90% of the population had converted to Islam and Arabic-Romance bilingualism seems to have disappeared.
68:
2308:
2111:
2106:
3872:
3867:
2050:
1938:
328:
2211:
2101:
1439:
1394:
1296:
75:
3857:
2326:
1770:
1739:
3165:
1894:
1875:
1823:
1624:
1382:
115:
49:
3225:
82:
2513:
2118:
1918:
403:
as the main spoken language in the Muslim-controlled south. At the same time, as the northern Christian kingdoms
318:
3877:
3862:
3313:
3214:
1850:
1133:
53:
3184:
3121:
2799:
64:
1576:
292:
1438:
Morillas, Consuelo López (2000-08-31), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),
1393:
Morillas, Consuelo López (2000-08-31), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),
1295:
Morillas, Consuelo López (2000-08-31), Menocal, María Rosa; Scheindlin, Raymond P.; Sells, Michael (eds.),
569:
396:
3248:
2651:
858:
837:
777:
had no specific means to indicate the following Romance sounds: /p, v (β), ts, dz, s̺, z̺, tʃ, ʎ, ɲ, e, o/
3847:
3689:
3127:
2096:
2025:
826:
The following two features remain a matter of debate, largely due to the ambiguity of the Arabic script:
1831:
3410:
2982:
2417:
1975:
1911:
2997:
2909:
2518:
2359:
2074:
2003:
1985:
1968:
1963:
1953:
878:
870:
862:
851:
380:
204:
3702:
3606:
2479:
2427:
2206:
2154:
1807:
Marcos Marín, Francisco. 2015. Notas sobre los bereberes, el afrorrománico y el romance andalusí.
672:
influence, and remnants of a pre-Roman substratum, early Mozarabic may also have been affected by
3070:
2661:
2615:
2496:
2469:
2408:
2345:
2291:
1998:
1958:
1699:
Corriente Córdoba, Federico & Sáenz-Badillos, Ángel. 1994. Nueva propuesta de lectura de las
1207:
880:
872:
189:
42:
2666:
3788:
3004:
2422:
2368:
2020:
1176:
864:
599:
estimates that only 50% of the population of al-Andalus had converted to Islam by the death of
455:
439:
The traditional term for the Romance varieties used in al-Andalus is "Mozarabic", derived from
214:
399:
in the early eighth century, but over the following centuries, it was gradually superseded by
89:
3820:
3765:
3571:
3566:
3219:
3197:
3088:
3016:
2839:
2501:
2264:
1648:
573:
3484:
2452:
484:
To describe the varieties of Romance in al-Andalus, Spanish scholars are increasingly using
395:, was the common tongue for the great majority of the Iberian population at the time of the
3770:
3544:
3160:
3133:
3059:
2919:
2718:
2646:
2598:
2592:
2555:
2538:
3554:
2967:
2035:
8:
3255:
3147:
3115:
3109:
2730:
2690:
2656:
2484:
2248:
1719:
1188:
788:
rendered the following consonants in similar ways: r-d; g-n; y-w; k-f; s-m (word-finally)
603:
in 961, and 80% by 1100. By about 1260, Muslim territories in Iberia were reduced to the
467:
3518:
2951:
2626:
2560:
345:
3760:
3489:
3345:
3303:
3269:
3263:
3153:
3096:
3053:
3036:
2774:
2767:
2603:
2391:
2332:
2188:
2176:
2055:
1993:
1759:
1598:
707:
604:
475:
Some scholars dislike the term for its ambiguity. According to Consuelo Lopez-Morillas:
20:
3538:
2030:
1640:
1593:
1271:
625:
308:
3842:
3717:
3696:
3616:
3576:
3435:
3363:
3357:
3281:
3173:
3083:
3024:
2936:
2894:
2695:
2641:
2447:
2432:
2403:
2386:
2296:
2259:
2228:
2216:
2135:
2123:
2040:
2015:
2009:
1934:
1903:
1890:
1871:
1846:
1819:
1766:
1745:
1735:
1602:
1455:
1410:
1378:
1312:
1138:
600:
388:
199:
3559:
2528:
2506:
324:
3670:
3660:
3645:
3633:
3549:
3498:
3462:
3440:
3427:
3421:
3350:
3243:
3208:
3192:
3041:
3029:
2962:
2926:
2914:
2882:
2807:
2779:
2752:
2582:
2577:
2565:
2545:
2533:
2474:
2381:
2338:
2279:
2274:
2269:
2233:
2164:
2148:
2045:
1838:
1727:
1636:
1588:
1447:
1402:
1370:
1364:
1304:
1143:
703:
194:
172:
166:
3445:
3395:
1451:
1406:
1374:
1308:
3754:
3740:
3621:
3523:
3513:
3457:
3308:
3296:
3236:
3231:
3046:
2975:
2957:
2931:
2904:
2834:
2791:
2703:
2684:
2636:
2523:
2489:
2442:
2437:
2159:
2091:
2063:
1167:
749:, which were otherwise written in Arabic. The script used to write the Mozarabic
711:
673:
657:
596:
446:
400:
181:
2757:
3805:
3712:
3707:
3628:
3508:
3470:
3202:
2762:
2708:
2678:
2570:
2254:
2182:
2128:
1203:
1128:
526:
241:
2851:
3836:
3747:
3650:
3638:
3370:
3078:
2735:
2673:
2169:
1883:
1842:
758:
754:
416:
285:
252:
209:
1749:
3529:
3389:
2829:
2784:
845:
798:, leading to considerable leeway, and hence inaccuracy, in interpretation.
256:
1731:
568:
Romance was the main language spoken by the population of Iberia when the
276:
3591:
3584:
3321:
2887:
737:
The bulk of surviving material in Mozarabic is found in the choruses (or
408:
404:
2856:
595:
lamented in the 9th century that Christians were no longer using Latin,
2899:
2869:
2861:
2817:
2812:
2462:
2221:
1718:
Craddock, Jerry R. (2002). "Mozarabic Language". In Gerli, E. Michael;
816:
Palatalization and affrication of Latin /k/ before front vowels to /tʃ/
745:
647:
621:
592:
584:
472:'Arabized') a term used to refer to Christians in al-Andalus.
426:
392:
384:
159:
1802:
Estudios de Lingüística y Filología Españolas: Homenaje a Germán Colón
861:
being represented with indisputably voiced consonants in Arabic, like
3665:
3503:
2845:
2140:
1118:
301:
269:
248:
3291:
958:
is presented below, transcribed from Arabic script by García Gómez:
31:
3450:
3286:
3102:
2550:
2398:
1123:
693:
440:
336:
3655:
550:
3274:
3139:
2877:
2301:
2286:
1889:(2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos,
1163:
685:
332:
722:
Because Mozarabic was not a language of higher culture, such as
407:
into Al-Andalus, their respective Romance varieties (especially
3476:
2822:
2745:
2725:
2457:
810:
The diphthongs /au̯, ai̯/, the latter possibly changed to /ei̯/
806:
It is widely agreed that Mozarabic had the following features:
739:
727:
689:
669:
653:
641:
580:
420:
841:
2740:
2713:
731:
723:
617:
588:
518:
1868:
Late Latin and Early Romance in Spain and Carolingian France
710:, and served as a vehicle for the transmission of numerous
375:
1625:"Las oclusivas sordas hispanolatinas: El testimonio árabe"
1446:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59,
1401:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59,
1303:(1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 31–59,
734:
documents written by early Mozarabs are, however, extant.
510:'of al-Andalus'), or Andalusi Romance in English.
335:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1085:
1057:
996:
975:
930:
918:
702:
Mozarabic had a significant impact on the formation of
1933:
833:
Lenition of intervocalic Latin /p t k s/ to /b d ɡ z/
2625:
1795:
Romance kharjas in Andalusian Arabic muwaššaḥ poetry
1181:
645:
548:
536:
530:
498:
460:
1714:. UC Berkeley: Research Center for Romance Studies.
1577:"Lenition in the mozarabic dialects: A reappraisal"
1523:
1521:
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1882:
1830:
1781:Las jarchas romances de la serie árabe en su marco
1758:
836:Much of the controversy over the voicing of Latin
1756:
1653:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
1557:
3834:
1818:2 vols. Madrid: Fundación Ramón Menendez Pidal.
1518:
525:has since come to have the specialized sense of
1783:. Madrid: Sociedad de Estudios y Publicaciones.
1538:
1536:
147:
141:
1880:
730:, it had no standard writing system. Numerous
391:under Islamic control. Romance, or vernacular
1919:
1219:N and y were, however, distinct word-finally.
1202:This coincides with the Italian name for the
485:
1533:
943:What shall I do, or what shall become of me,
743:) of Andalusi lyrical compositions known as
542:
3815:languages with more than 5 million speakers
1622:
822:Shift of the feminine plural /-as/ to /-es/
572:in 711. Under Muslim rule, Arabic became a
505:
3398:(mixed Romani–Ibero- and Occitano-Romance)
1926:
1912:
1366:Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period
830:Palatalization of Latin /nn, ll/ to /ɲ, ʎ/
819:Retention of Latin /j/ before front vowels
1837:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1592:
813:Diphthongization of stressed Latin /ŏ, ĕ/
148:
142:
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
3883:Languages attested from the 11th century
1717:
1527:
1437:
1392:
1294:
857:There are a few cases of original Latin
801:
344:
1362:
640:The discovery in the late 1940s of the
329:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
16:Medieval Romance dialects of Al-Andalus
3835:
1574:
1907:
1828:
1712:The language of the Mozarabic jarchas
1703:de la serie árabe con texto romance.
1570:
1568:
1566:
1553:
1551:
1542:
785:also did not reliably indicate vowels
1433:
1431:
1358:
1356:
1266:
1264:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1236:
54:adding citations to reliable sources
25:
1809:Hesperia: Culturas del Mediterráneo
1171:
840:has centered on the Arabic letters
563:
543:
491:
450:
13:
3819:Languages between parentheses are
1757:Galmés de Fuentes, Alvaro (1983).
1575:Hanlon, David (15 February 2019).
1563:
1548:
1363:Bulliet, Richard W. (1979-12-31).
896:Presented below is one of the few
610:
587:, primarily through conversion to
425:, or closing lines of an Andalusi
14:
3894:
3699:(unknown further classification)
1641:10.19130/iifl.adel.24.0.1986.1094
1594:10.3989/alqantara.1997.v18.i1.518
1428:
1353:
1272:"Mozarabic language | Britannica"
1261:
1233:
1724:Medieval Iberia: An Encyclopedia
768:did not reliably indicate vowels
30:
1881:Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967),
1833:Variation and change in Spanish
1816:Historia de la lengua española.
1788:Corpus scriptorum muzarabicorum
1692:
1679:
1670:
1661:
1616:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1213:
932:ke farayo aw ke s̆erad de mibe,
679:
41:needs additional citations for
3823:of the language on their left.
3693:(Western Romance-based pidgin)
1344:
1335:
1288:
1196:
1156:
1134:Mozarabic art and architecture
1026:If not, if you do not want to,
891:
635:
529:. Arab writers used the terms
431:poem, are the most important.
1:
1870:. Liverpool: Francis Cairns.
1814:Menéndez Pidal, Ramón. 2005.
1705:Revista de filología española
1452:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004
1407:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004
1375:10.4159/harvard.9780674732810
1309:10.1017/chol9780521471596.004
1226:
947:Don't take yourself from me.
663:
379:, refers to the varieties of
3853:Pyrenean-Mozarabic languages
1779:García Gómez, Emilio. 1965.
1623:Torreblanca, Máximo (1986).
1444:The Literature of Al-Andalus
1399:The Literature of Al-Andalus
1301:The Literature of Al-Andalus
1086:
1058:
997:
976:
931:
919:
652:poetry otherwise written in
387:, the parts of the medieval
7:
3690:Mediterranean Lingua Franca
1479:Francisco Marcos-Marín 2015
1182:
1112:
920:ky fr'yw 'w ky s̆yr'd dmyby
646:
570:Umayyads conquered Hispania
549:
537:
531:
499:
461:
10:
3899:
3873:Extinct languages of Spain
3868:Christianity in al-Andalus
3392:(mixed Portuguese–Spanish)
2418:Gallo-Italic of Basilicata
2212:Central−Southern Calabrian
1804:. 335–341. Madrid: Gredos.
717:
558:
18:
3858:Extinct Romance languages
3797:
3781:
3732:
3681:
3605:
3409:
3382:
3331:
3183:
3069:
3015:
2996:
2947:
2614:
2367:
2358:
2319:
2199:
2084:
2073:
1984:
1946:
1710:Craddock, Jerry R. 1980.
1210:spoken in northern Italy.
644:, refrains in Romance in
315:
299:
283:
267:
262:
238:
178:
165:
155:
140:
135:
130:
2700:North American dialects
2207:Extreme Southern Italian
1843:10.1017/CBO9781139164566
1829:Penny, Ralph J. (2000).
1676:García Gómez 1965: 82–85
1149:
936:non te twelgas̆ de mibe.
684:Mozarabic was spoken by
434:
19:Not to be confused with
2119:Central−Northern Latian
1797:. London: Ithaca Press.
1790:. 2 vols. Madrid: CSIC.
1208:Rhaeto-Romance language
668:Other than the obvious
2423:Gallo-Italic of Sicily
1885:Dialectología española
1761:Dialectología mozárabe
1643:(inactive 2024-09-12).
1558:Galmés de Fuentes 1983
1006:In nōn, si nōn kērís̆,
688:(Christians living as
486:
482:
363:
317:This article contains
3878:Languages of Portugal
3863:Culture of al-Andalus
2910:Poitevin–Saintongeais
1866:Wright, Roger. 1982.
1732:10.4324/9781315161594
1726:. London: Routledge.
1350:Wright 1982: 156, 158
1074:in nūn s̆i-nūn kāris̆
1052:Possible emendations
802:Phonological features
477:
348:
2719:St. Marys Bay French
2243:Neapolitan–Calabrese
1720:Armistead, Samuel G.
1506:Craddock 1980: 13–14
852:Ramón Menéndez Pidal
583:spread gradually in
579:Over the centuries,
50:improve this article
3071:Galician–Portuguese
2097:Central Marchigiano
1793:Jones, Alan. 1988.
1078:gar mī <a> ūb
985:in nwn s̆ nwn k'rs̆
3848:Medieval languages
3485:Catalan Ribagorçan
3332:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
2604:Judaeo-Piedmontese
2514:Bustocco–Legnanese
2309:Northern Calabrian
1765:. Madrid: Gredos.
1707:73 (3–4). 283–289.
1667:Craddock 1980: 4–6
1276:www.britannica.com
1039:However the above
998:Mew sīdī 'Ibrāhīm,
924:nwn tyṭwlgs̆ dmyby
708:Andalusian Spanish
605:Emirate of Granada
593:Alvarus of Cordoba
490:(from the Arabic:
383:that developed in
364:
215:Pyrenean–Mozarabic
65:"Andalusi Romance"
21:Andalusian Spanish
3830:
3829:
3806:extinct languages
3728:
3727:
3405:
3404:
3364:Navarro-Aragonese
3249:Peruvian Ribereño
3174:Judaeo-Portuguese
3089:Galician–Asturian
2992:
2991:
2983:Old Gallo-Romance
2937:Wisconsin Walloon
2354:
2353:
2327:Dalmatian Romance
1935:Romance languages
1786:Gil, Juan. 1973.
1629:Anuario de Letras
1515:Craddock 1980: 15
1461:978-0-521-47159-6
1416:978-0-521-47159-6
1318:978-0-521-47159-6
1192:
1180:
1139:Andalusian Arabic
1110:
1109:
1037:
1036:
1000:yā nuēmne dolz̊e,
952:
951:
714:terms into both.
601:Abd al-Rahman III
509:
497:
471:
459:
389:Iberian Peninsula
343:
342:
325:rendering support
321:phonetic symbols.
126:
125:
118:
100:
3890:
3351:Judaeo-Aragonese
3340:Andalusi Romance
3193:Amazonic Spanish
3030:Western Asturian
3013:
3012:
2952:Franco-Provençal
2623:
2622:
2519:Comasco–Lecchese
2377:Emilian–Romagnol
2365:
2364:
2165:Regional Italian
2155:Italo-Australian
2082:
2081:
2004:Megleno-Romanian
1928:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1899:
1888:
1863:
1861:
1859:
1836:
1776:
1764:
1753:
1686:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1668:
1665:
1659:
1658:
1652:
1644:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1596:
1572:
1561:
1555:
1546:
1540:
1531:
1525:
1516:
1513:
1507:
1504:
1498:
1497:Wright 1982: 161
1495:
1489:
1486:
1480:
1477:
1471:
1470:
1469:
1468:
1435:
1426:
1425:
1424:
1423:
1388:
1360:
1351:
1348:
1342:
1341:Wright 1982: 158
1339:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1325:
1292:
1286:
1285:
1283:
1282:
1268:
1259:
1256:
1220:
1217:
1211:
1200:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1160:
1144:History of Spain
1106:
1082:
1046:
1045:
1030:—tell me where!—
1028:I will go to you
1018:My lord Ibrahim,
1014:
1010:—gar-me 'a 'ob!—
993:
977:mw sīdī 'ibrāhīm
961:
960:
938:
926:
904:
903:
884:
876:
868:
860:
839:
651:
564:Umayyad conquest
554:
546:
545:
540:
534:
507:
504:
502:
496:romanized:
495:
493:
489:
487:romance andalusí
466:
464:
454:
452:
397:Umayyad conquest
367:Andalusi Romance
311:
295:
279:
272:
244:
220:Andalusi Romance
184:
173:Late Middle Ages
151:
150:
145:
144:
131:Andalusi Romance
128:
127:
121:
114:
110:
107:
101:
99:
58:
34:
26:
3898:
3897:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3833:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3793:
3777:
3755:Pannonian Latin
3741:African Romance
3724:
3677:
3608:
3601:
3539:Judeo-Provençal
3412:
3401:
3378:
3327:
3237:Chilean Chilote
3179:
3065:
3006:
3002:
2999:
2988:
2976:Moselle Romance
2943:
2792:Missouri French
2753:Franco-Ontarian
2628:
2617:
2610:
2350:
2315:
2292:Southern Latian
2195:
2160:Maltese Italian
2092:Central Italian
2076:
2069:
2064:Common Romanian
1980:
1964:Italo-Dalmatian
1942:
1932:
1902:
1897:
1857:
1855:
1853:
1773:
1742:
1695:
1690:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1662:
1646:
1645:
1621:
1617:
1607:
1605:
1573:
1564:
1556:
1549:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1492:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1436:
1429:
1421:
1419:
1417:
1385:
1361:
1354:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1293:
1289:
1280:
1278:
1270:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1201:
1197:
1161:
1157:
1152:
1115:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1079:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1063:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1020:oh sweet name,
1019:
1011:
1009:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
967:Interpretation
946:
944:
935:
933:
923:
921:
910:Interpretation
894:
804:
782:Hebrew script:
765:Arabic script:
753:was invariably
720:
712:Andalusi Arabic
682:
674:African Romance
666:
638:
626:Pedro de Alcalá
613:
611:Archival record
597:Richard Bulliet
566:
561:
555:, 'non-Arab').
437:
401:Andalusi Arabic
323:Without proper
307:
291:
288:
275:
268:
255:
251:
245:
240:
234:
205:Western Romance
185:
182:Language family
180:
122:
111:
105:
102:
59:
57:
47:
35:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3896:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3828:
3827:
3825:
3824:
3817:
3808:
3798:
3795:
3794:
3792:
3791:
3785:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3776:
3775:
3774:
3773:
3768:
3758:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3734:
3730:
3729:
3726:
3725:
3723:
3722:
3721:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3694:
3685:
3683:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3674:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3643:
3642:
3641:
3636:
3626:
3625:
3624:
3613:
3611:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3597:
3596:
3595:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3574:
3564:
3563:
3562:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3535:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3521:
3516:
3506:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3493:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3474:
3471:Judaeo-Catalan
3467:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3454:
3453:
3448:
3438:
3430:
3417:
3415:
3407:
3406:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3393:
3386:
3384:
3380:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3375:
3374:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3335:
3333:
3329:
3328:
3326:
3325:
3318:
3317:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3300:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3260:
3259:
3258:
3253:
3252:
3251:
3241:
3240:
3239:
3226:Latin American
3222:
3217:
3205:
3203:Judaeo-Spanish
3200:
3195:
3189:
3187:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3157:
3156:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3130:
3125:
3118:
3106:
3099:
3094:
3093:
3092:
3081:
3075:
3073:
3067:
3066:
3064:
3063:
3056:
3051:
3050:
3049:
3039:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3021:
3019:
3010:
2994:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2979:
2972:
2971:
2970:
2965:
2960:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2941:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2924:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2907:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2874:
2873:
2866:
2865:
2864:
2854:
2849:
2832:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2805:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2788:
2787:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2749:
2748:
2743:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2722:
2721:
2716:
2698:
2693:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2670:
2669:
2664:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2633:
2631:
2620:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2607:
2606:
2596:
2589:
2588:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2573:
2568:
2563:
2553:
2548:
2543:
2542:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2516:
2511:
2510:
2509:
2494:
2493:
2492:
2487:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2414:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2406:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2373:
2371:
2362:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2346:Judaeo-Italian
2343:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2311:
2306:
2305:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2282:
2272:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2240:
2239:
2238:
2237:
2236:
2226:
2225:
2224:
2214:
2203:
2201:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2179:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2145:
2144:
2143:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2088:
2086:
2079:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2060:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2018:
2006:
2001:
1999:Istro-Romanian
1996:
1990:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1978:
1973:
1972:
1971:
1966:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1947:Major branches
1944:
1943:
1939:classification
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1901:
1900:
1895:
1878:
1864:
1851:
1826:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1772:978-8424909161
1771:
1754:
1741:978-0415939188
1740:
1715:
1708:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1688:
1687:
1685:Jones 1988: 33
1678:
1669:
1660:
1631:(in Spanish).
1615:
1587:(1): 121–135.
1562:
1547:
1532:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1490:
1481:
1472:
1460:
1427:
1415:
1383:
1369:. De Gruyter.
1352:
1343:
1334:
1317:
1287:
1260:
1231:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1222:
1221:
1212:
1204:Ladin language
1195:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1136:
1131:
1129:Mozarabic Rite
1126:
1121:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1083:
1054:
1053:
1050:
1049:Transcription
1035:
1034:
1015:
994:
972:
971:
968:
965:
964:Transcription
950:
949:
940:
927:
915:
914:
911:
908:
907:Transcription
893:
890:
889:
888:
887:
886:
855:
849:
831:
824:
823:
820:
817:
814:
811:
803:
800:
792:
791:
790:
789:
786:
780:
779:
778:
775:
772:
769:
719:
716:
681:
678:
665:
662:
637:
634:
612:
609:
565:
562:
560:
557:
436:
433:
369:, also called
341:
340:
327:, you may see
313:
312:
305:
297:
296:
289:
284:
281:
280:
273:
265:
264:
263:Language codes
260:
259:
246:
242:Writing system
239:
236:
235:
233:
232:
231:
230:
229:
228:
227:
226:
225:
224:
223:
222:
188:
186:
179:
176:
175:
169:
163:
162:
157:
153:
152:
138:
137:
133:
132:
124:
123:
106:September 2021
38:
36:
29:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3895:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3822:
3818:
3816:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3790:
3789:Proto-Romance
3787:
3786:
3784:
3782:Reconstructed
3780:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3756:
3752:
3750:
3749:
3748:British Latin
3745:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3737:
3735:
3731:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3691:
3687:
3686:
3684:
3680:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3627:
3623:
3620:
3619:
3618:
3615:
3614:
3612:
3610:
3604:
3594:
3593:
3589:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3582:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3569:
3568:
3567:Vivaro-Alpine
3565:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3527:
3525:
3522:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3501:
3500:
3497:
3491:
3488:
3486:
3483:
3482:
3480:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3472:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3424:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3408:
3397:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3387:
3385:
3381:
3373:
3372:
3371:Old Navarrese
3368:
3367:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3337:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3254:
3250:
3247:
3246:
3245:
3242:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3233:
3230:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3220:Equatoguinean
3218:
3216:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3155:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3138:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3131:
3129:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3107:
3105:
3104:
3100:
3098:
3095:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3076:
3074:
3072:
3068:
3062:
3061:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3048:
3045:
3044:
3043:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3023:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3014:
3011:
3008:
3001:
2995:
2985:
2984:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2946:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2912:
2911:
2908:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2872:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2860:
2859:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2843:
2842:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2790:
2786:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2738:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2711:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2705:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2686:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2674:Frainc-Comtou
2672:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2605:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2594:
2590:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2567:
2564:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2552:
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2478:
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2473:
2471:
2470:Judeo-Italian
2468:
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2265:Castelmezzano
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2250:
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2198:
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2170:Swiss Italian
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
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2110:
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2057:
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2051:Transylvanian
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2022:
2019:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2012:
2011:
2010:Daco-Romanian
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1983:
1977:
1974:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
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1959:Italo-Western
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1898:
1896:9788424911157
1892:
1887:
1886:
1879:
1877:
1876:0-905205-12-X
1873:
1869:
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1854:
1848:
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1825:
1824:84-89934-11-8
1821:
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1529:
1528:Craddock 2002
1524:
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1457:
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1408:
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1400:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1384:9780674732803
1380:
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1359:
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1273:
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1216:
1209:
1205:
1199:
1190:
1184:
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1169:
1165:
1159:
1155:
1145:
1142:
1140:
1137:
1135:
1132:
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1127:
1125:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1116:
1105:
1089:
1084:
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1067:
1061:
1056:
1055:
1051:
1048:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1033:
1016:
1013:
995:
992:
974:
973:
969:
966:
963:
962:
959:
957:
948:
941:
939:
937:
928:
925:
917:
916:
912:
909:
906:
905:
902:
899:
882:
874:
866:
856:
853:
850:
847:
843:
835:
834:
832:
829:
828:
827:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
808:
807:
799:
797:
787:
784:
783:
781:
776:
773:
770:
767:
766:
764:
763:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:
735:
733:
729:
725:
715:
713:
709:
706:, especially
705:
700:
697:
695:
691:
687:
677:
675:
671:
661:
659:
655:
650:
649:
643:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
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606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
556:
553:
552:
539:
533:
528:
527:Judeo-Spanish
524:
520:
516:
511:
501:
488:
481:
476:
473:
469:
463:
457:
448:
444:
443:
432:
430:
429:
424:
423:
418:
417:Arabic script
412:
410:
406:
402:
398:
394:
390:
386:
382:
381:Ibero-Romance
378:
377:
372:
368:
361:
357:
353:
347:
338:
334:
330:
326:
322:
320:
314:
310:
306:
304:
303:
298:
294:
290:
287:
286:Linguist List
282:
278:
274:
271:
266:
261:
258:
254:
250:
247:
243:
237:
221:
218:
217:
216:
213:
212:
211:
210:Ibero-Romance
208:
207:
206:
203:
202:
201:
198:
197:
196:
193:
192:
191:
190:Indo-European
187:
183:
177:
174:
170:
168:
164:
161:
158:
154:
139:
134:
129:
120:
117:
109:
98:
95:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67: –
66:
62:
61:Find sources:
55:
51:
45:
44:
39:This article
37:
33:
28:
27:
22:
3810:
3801:
3753:
3746:
3739:
3688:
3590:
3583:
3545:Languedocien
3537:
3530:Judeo-Gascon
3528:
3469:
3420:
3390:Barranquenho
3369:
3362:
3339:
3338:
3320:
3262:
3224:
3207:
3198:Extremaduran
3172:
3146:
3132:
3120:
3108:
3101:
3058:
3017:Asturleonese
2981:
2974:
2932:West Walloon
2920:Saintongeais
2868:
2844:
2840:Anglo-Norman
2798:
2731:Newfoundland
2691:Jersey Legal
2683:
2591:
2556:Southwestern
2539:Vallassinese
2428:Gallo-Picene
2369:Gallo-Italic
2331:
2247:
2242:
2181:
2147:
2062:
2008:
1884:
1867:
1856:. Retrieved
1832:
1815:
1811:19. 203–222.
1808:
1801:
1794:
1787:
1780:
1760:
1723:
1711:
1704:
1700:
1693:Bibliography
1681:
1672:
1663:
1649:cite journal
1632:
1628:
1618:
1606:. Retrieved
1584:
1580:
1511:
1502:
1493:
1484:
1475:
1465:, retrieved
1443:
1420:, retrieved
1398:
1389:
1365:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1322:, retrieved
1300:
1290:
1279:. Retrieved
1275:
1215:
1198:
1158:
1090:sīdi ibrāhīm
1087:
1076:f/bīrīmə tīb
1065:
1062:sīdi ibrāhīm
1059:
1040:
1038:
1032:to see you.
1017:
979:y' nw'mn dlŷ
970:Translation
955:
953:
942:
929:
913:Translation
897:
895:
825:
805:
795:
793:
750:
744:
738:
736:
721:
701:
698:
683:
680:Language use
667:
639:
629:
614:
578:
567:
544:العَجَمِيَّة
522:
514:
512:
492:أَنْدَلُسِيّ
483:
478:
474:
445:, (from the
441:
438:
427:
421:
413:
405:pushed south
374:
370:
366:
365:
359:
355:
351:
316:
300:
219:
112:
103:
93:
86:
79:
72:
60:
48:Please help
43:verification
40:
3766:Campidanese
3592:Old Catalan
3585:Old Occitan
3322:Old Spanish
3256:Rioplatense
3060:Old Leonese
2888:Cotentinais
2852:Guernésiais
2775:Frenchville
2768:New England
2647:Bourbonnais
2599:Piedmontese
2593:Old Lombard
2485:Bergamasque
2409:Sammarinese
1166:, from the
1100:f-īrīmə tīb
1008:yirē-me tīb
892:Sample text
746:muwashshahs
636:The Kharjas
630:Vocabulista
574:superstrate
538:al-'ajamīya
521:. The term
451:مُسْتَعْرَب
354:instead of
331:instead of
3837:Categories
3813:indicates
3771:Logudorese
3304:Philippine
3270:Andalusian
3264:Peninsular
3154:Estremenho
3110:Portuguese
3037:Cantabrian
2870:Law French
2862:Sercquiais
2696:Meridional
2657:Champenois
2652:Burgundian
2463:Tabarchino
2453:Monégasque
2392:Parmigiano
2249:Neapolitan
2222:Manduriano
2189:Florentine
2056:Wallachian
2026:Bukovinian
1852:0521780454
1581:Al-Qanṭara
1543:Penny 2000
1467:2023-02-17
1440:"Language"
1422:2023-02-17
1395:"Language"
1324:2023-02-21
1297:"Language"
1281:2023-06-04
1227:References
1102:gari mi ūb
1022:come to me
1002:fēn-te mīb
945:my friend?
664:Influences
648:muwashshah
622:Ibn Quzman
620:poetry of
585:Al-Andalus
532:al-Lathinī
393:Late Latin
385:Al-Andalus
160:Al-Andalus
76:newspapers
3821:varieties
3804:indicate
3761:Sardinian
3718:Triestine
3666:Sursilvan
3577:Mentonasc
3555:Provençal
3504:Auvergnat
3490:Valencian
3446:Mallorcan
3436:Algherese
3411:Occitano-
3358:Navarrese
3346:Aragonese
3282:Castilian
3185:Castilian
3161:Uruguayan
3134:Brazilian
3097:Minderico
3091:/Eonavian
3054:Mirandese
2968:Valdôtain
2954:/Arpitan
2895:Orléanais
2846:Auregnais
2830:Mayennais
2780:Louisiana
2662:Ardennais
2642:Berrichon
2448:Intemelio
2404:Forlivese
2387:Bolognese
2333:Dalmatian
2297:Tarantino
2260:Benevento
2217:Salentino
2177:Sassarese
2141:Gallurese
2124:Romanesco
2077:Dalmatian
2041:Moldavian
2036:Maramureș
1994:Aromanian
1603:160621620
1183:musta‘rab
1177:romanized
1119:Aljamiado
1072:d̠ī nuxti
1070:fānta mīb
1024:at night.
1012:a fer-te.
1004:dē nojte.
462:musta‘rab
456:romanized
409:Castilian
371:Mozarabic
302:Glottolog
270:ISO 639-3
136:Mozarabic
3843:Mozarabs
3697:Venetian
3671:Vallader
3661:Surmiran
3634:Cadorino
3617:Friulian
3550:Limousin
3519:Béarnese
3481:Western
3463:Northern
3451:Menorcan
3441:Balearic
3432:Eastern
3428:dialects
3287:Castrapo
3244:Peruvian
3215:dialects
3148:European
3116:dialects
3103:Portugis
3084:Galician
3025:Asturian
2963:Savoyard
2915:Poitevin
2883:Cauchois
2857:Jèrriais
2704:Canadian
2583:Varesino
2578:Ticinese
2566:Novarese
2561:Cremunés
2551:Ossolano
2546:Milanese
2534:Lecchese
2502:Brianzöö
2433:Ligurian
2399:Romagnol
2280:Arianese
2275:Irpinian
2270:Cilentan
2234:Pantesco
2229:Sicilian
2200:Southern
2136:Corsican
2112:Macerata
2107:Fabriano
2046:Oltenian
2016:dialects
1976:Southern
1750:50404104
1722:(eds.).
1635:: 5–26.
1488:Gil 1973
1390:Cited in
1124:Mozarabs
1113:See also
1080:ləgar-ti
989:grmy 'wb
987:yrym tyb
981:f'nt myb
954:Another
686:Mozarabs
591:. While
517:", i.e.
500:andalusī
428:muwaššaḥ
337:Help:IPA
309:moza1249
3802:Italics
3703:Chipilo
3646:Romansh
3609:Romance
3607:Rhaeto-
3572:Gardiol
3524:Landese
3514:Aranese
3499:Occitan
3458:Central
3422:Catalan
3413:Romance
3314:Creoles
3309:Saharan
3297:Murcian
3275:Llanito
3232:Chilean
3209:Spanish
3166:Creoles
3140:Mineiro
3122:African
3047:Riberan
3042:Leonese
3007:Iberian
3000:Romance
2927:Walloon
2900:Paydret
2878:Augeron
2818:Vosgien
2813:Gaumais
2808:Lorrain
2800:Creoles
2763:Muskrat
2709:Acadian
2637:Angevin
2627:Langues
2618:Romance
2524:Comasco
2497:Western
2490:Cremish
2480:Eastern
2475:Lombard
2443:Genoese
2438:Brigasc
2382:Emilian
2360:Western
2339:Istriot
2302:Vastese
2287:Molisan
2149:Italian
2085:Central
2031:Crișana
1986:Eastern
1969:Western
1954:Eastern
1858:21 June
1701:xarajât
1608:31 July
1560::91–100
1191:
1179::
1164:Mozarab
983:d̠y njt
934:habībī?
898:kharjas
796:kharjas
751:kharjas
740:kharjas
718:Scripts
704:Spanish
694:Muladis
690:dhimmis
642:Kharjas
559:History
547:, from
508:
480:Arabic.
470:
458::
442:Mozarab
422:kharjas
360:navarro
333:Unicode
200:Romance
171:by the
167:Extinct
90:scholar
3733:Others
3713:Talian
3708:Fiuman
3682:Others
3622:Fornes
3560:Niçard
3509:Gascon
3477:Patuet
3383:Others
3292:Castúo
2998:Ibero-
2958:Faetar
2905:Picard
2835:Norman
2823:Welche
2746:Magoua
2736:Quebec
2726:Brayon
2685:French
2667:Rémois
2616:Gallo-
2571:Pavese
2529:Laghée
2507:Canzés
2458:Royasc
2320:Others
2255:Barese
2183:Tuscan
2129:Sabino
2102:Ancona
2075:Italo-
1893:
1874:
1849:
1822:
1769:
1748:
1738:
1601:
1545::75–80
1458:
1413:
1381:
1315:
1172:مستعرب
1168:Arabic
1066:nwāmni
1041:kharja
956:kharja
877:, and
759:Hebrew
755:Arabic
728:Arabic
670:Arabic
658:Hebrew
654:Arabic
624:, and
581:Arabic
523:Ladino
515:ladino
447:Arabic
362:, etc.
356:leonés
352:ladino
253:Hebrew
249:Arabic
195:Italic
156:Region
92:
85:
78:
71:
63:
3656:Putèr
3651:Jauer
3639:Nones
3629:Ladin
3128:Asian
2785:Houma
2758:Métis
2741:Joual
2714:Chiac
2679:Gallo
2629:d'oïl
2021:Banat
1599:S2CID
1162:From
1150:Notes
1068:dalji
922:ḥbyby
883:]
879:[
875:]
871:[
867:]
863:[
838:/ptk/
732:Latin
724:Latin
618:zajal
589:Islam
551:ʿajam
519:Latin
435:Names
376:Ajami
257:Latin
97:JSTOR
83:books
3811:Bold
3396:Caló
3079:Fala
3005:West
1891:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1860:2022
1847:ISBN
1820:ISBN
1767:ISBN
1746:OCLC
1736:ISBN
1655:link
1610:2022
1530::588
1456:ISBN
1411:ISBN
1379:ISBN
1313:ISBN
1206:, a
1189:lit.
991:'frt
859:/tk/
844:and
656:and
506:lit.
468:lit.
69:news
1839:doi
1728:doi
1637:doi
1589:doi
1448:doi
1403:doi
1371:doi
1305:doi
1064:yā
1060:fən
846:Ṭāʾ
842:Qāf
757:or
726:or
692:),
628:'s
535:or
373:or
319:IPA
293:mxi
277:mxi
149:لتن
143:לטן
52:by
3839::
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1734:.
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1647:{{
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1627:.
1597:.
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1520:^
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1355:^
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1730::
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1612:.
1591::
1450::
1405::
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1373::
1307::
1284:.
1104:-
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