History of Mesopotamia

1024: 10071: 1194: 531: 606: 9508: 594: 8648: 7280: 892: 8243: 11735: 511: 7952: 11365: 1081: 9901: 550: 7915: 7340: 790: 8494: 932: 260: 12087: 10128: 621: 2029: 468: 123: 2466: 1172: 582: 8822: 198: 1527: 570: 7690: 12077: 7315: 9093: 448:, Short and Ultra-short Chronologies have been proposed by various scholars, varying by as much as 150 years in their dating of specific periods. Despite problems with the Middle Chronology, this chronological framework continues to be used by many recent handbooks on the archaeology and history of the ancient Near East. A study from 2001 published high-resolution radiocarbon dates from Turkey supporting dates for the 2nd millennium BC that are very close to those proposed by the Middle Chronology. 1561: 7900: 10949: 2009:. Assyria however, remained a compact and strong nation, which continued to provide much written record. The 10th century BC is even worse for Babylonia, with very few inscriptions. Mesopotamia was not alone in this obscurity: the Hittite Empire fell at the beginning of this period and very few records are known from Egypt and Elam. This was a time of invasion and upheaval by many new people throughout the Near East, North Africa, The Caucasus, Mediterranean and Balkan regions. 10840: 7523: 637: 6763: 9162: 1575: 6773: 10156: 4644: 7120: 7110: 5643: 2480: 11182: 35: 1255: 8174: 6783: 9270: 6793: 1046:, is generally dated to 3100–2900 BC. It was first distinguished on the basis of distinctive painted monochrome and polychrome pottery with geometric and figurative designs. The cuneiform writing system that had been developed during the preceding Uruk period was further refined. While the language in which these tablets were written cannot be identified with certainty for this period, it is thought to be 76: 8087: 7910: 9265: 8817: 8489: 8082: 7895: 9382: 8344: 1267: 7327: 1843:, took it as their capital (c. 1650–1155 BC (short chronology)). They have the distinction of being the longest lasting dynasty in Babylon, reigning for over four centuries. They left few records, so this period is unfortunately obscure. They are of unknown origin; what little we have of their language suggests it is a 2044:

The Neo-Assyrian Empire is usually considered to have begun with the accession of Adad-nirari II, in 911 BC, lasting until the fall of Nineveh at the hands of the Babylonians, Medes, Scythians and Cimmerians in 612 BC. The empire was the largest and most powerful the world had yet seen. At its height

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and conquests, but he is also famous due to the large amount of records that exist from the period of his reign. After the death of Hammurabi, the first Babylonian dynasty lasted for another century and a half, but his empire quickly unravelled, and Babylon once more became a small state. The Amorite

1050:. The texts deal with administrative matters like the rationing of foodstuffs or lists of objects or animals. Settlements during this period were highly organized around a central building that controlled all aspects of society. The economy focused on local agricultural production and sheep-and-goat 1239:

Akkadian gradually replaced Sumerian as the spoken language of Mesopotamia somewhere around the turn of the 3rd and the 2nd millennium BC (the exact dating being a matter of debate), but Sumerian continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial, literary and scientific language in Mesopotamia until the

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By combining absolute and relative dating methods, a chronological framework has been built for Mesopotamia that still incorporates many uncertainties but that also continues to be refined. In this framework, many prehistorical and early historical periods have been defined on the basis of material

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came to occupy much of the area, although it was Sumer's long-standing rivals to the east, the Elamites, who finally overthrew Ur. In the north, Assyria remained free of Amorite control until the very end of the 19th century BC. This marked the end of city-states ruling empires in Mesopotamia, and

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had developed into increasingly complex societies. Irrigation and other means of exploiting food sources were being used to amass large surpluses. Huge building projects were being undertaken by rulers, and political organization was becoming ever more sophisticated. Throughout the millennium, the

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was still occupied until the 14th century, and Assyrians possibly still formed the majority in northern Mesopotamia until the Middle Ages. Assyrians retain Eastern Rite Christianity whereas the Mandaeans retain their ancient gnostic religion and Mesopotamian Aramaic as a mother tongue and written

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and succeeded by the Late Chalcolithic period. The new period is named Northern Ubaid to distinguish it from the proper Ubaid in southern Mesopotamia, and two explanations were presented for the transformation. The first maintain an invasion and a replacement of the Halafians by the Ubaidians;

500:(PPNB, 8700–6800 BC) at the end of the 9th millennium BC. This transition has been documented at sites like Abu Hureyra and Mureybet, which continued to be occupied from the Natufian well into the PPNB. The so-far earliest monumental sculptures and circular stone buildings from 1054:. The homogeneity of the Jemdet Nasr period across a large area of southern Mesopotamia indicates intensive contacts and trade between settlements. This is strengthened by the find of a sealing at Jemdet Nasr that lists a number of cities that can be identified, including 1337:. For half a century the Guti controlled Mesopotamia, especially the south, but they left few inscriptions, so they are not well understood. The Guti hold loosened on southern Mesopotamia, where the second dynasty of Lagash came into prominence. Its most famous ruler was 408:– the order in which layers were deposited. In general, newer remains are deposited on top of older material. Absolute chronologies are established by dating remains, or the layers in which they are found, through absolute dating methods. These methods include 1108:

were firmly established in Mesopotamia by the middle of the 4th millennium BC, in the archaeological Uruk period, although scholars dispute when they arrived. It is hard to tell where the Sumerians might have come from because the Sumerian language is a

726:, also known for its clay fertility figurines, painted with lines. Clay was all around and the main material; often modelled figures were painted with black decoration. Carefully crafted and dyed pots, especially jugs and bowls, were traded. As dyes, 2192:. The Assyrians had managed to maintain Babylonian loyalty through the Neo-Assyrian period, whether through granting of increased privileges, or militarily, but that finally changed after 627 BC with the death of the last strong Assyrian ruler, 510: 4006:

Schmid, P.; Rentzel, Ph.; Renault-Miskovsky, J.; Muhesen, Sultan; Morel, Ph.; Le Tensorer, Jean Marie; Jagher, R. (1997). "Découvertes de Restes Humains dans les Niveaux Acheuléens de Nadaouiyeh Aïn Askar (El Kowm, Syrie Centrale)".

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The chronology for much of the third and second millennia BC is subject to much debate. Based on different estimates for the length of periods for which still very few historical documents are available, so-called Ultra-long, Long,

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was considered to be an important historical source, but recent scholarship has dismissed the utility of this text up to the point that it should not be used at all for the reconstruction of Early Dynastic political history.

400:. The former establishes the order of phases, periods, cultures and reigns, whereas the latter establishes their absolute age expressed in years. In archaeology, relative chronologies are established by carefully excavating 1896: 1429:

were likely to have been semi nomadic pastoralist rulers, nominally independent but subject to the Akkadian Empire, who dominated the region and at some point during this period became fully urbanised and founded the

221:. This history is pieced together from evidence retrieved from archaeological excavations and, after the introduction of writing in the late 4th millennium BC, an increasing amount of historical sources. While in the 2183:

The Neo-Babylonian Empire or Second Babylonian Empire was a period of Mesopotamian history which began in 620 BC and ended in 539 BC. During the preceding three centuries, Babylonia had been ruled by their fellow

1510:. This was to become a pattern throughout the history of ancient Mesopotamia with the future rivalry between Assyria and Babylonia. However, Babylonia did not exist at this time, but was founded in 1894 BC by an 1967:. The Hittites came into conflict with the Assyrians from the mid-14th to the 13th centuries BC, losing territory to the Assyrian kings of the period. However they endured until being finally swept aside by the 483:

human occupation of Mesopotamia is, like the previous Epipaleolithic period, confined to the foothill zones of the Taurus and Zagros Mountains and the upper reaches of the Tigris and Euphrates valleys. The

10070: 1725:. The nation remained relatively strong and stable, peace was made with the Kassite rulers of Babylonia, and Assyria was free from Hittite, Hurrian, Gutian, Elamite and Mitanni threat. However a period of 1179:

The chronology of this era is particularly uncertain due to difficulties in our understanding of the text, our understanding of the material culture of the Early Dynastic period and a general lack of

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culture that is thought to be representative for each period. These periods are often named after the site at which the material was recognized for the first time, as is for example the case for the

318:. The name was presumably translated from a term already current in the area—probably in Aramaic—and apparently was understood to mean the land lying "between the (Euphrates and Tigris) rivers", now 530: 1228:

created the first, if short-lived, empire to extend west of Mesopotamia, at least according to historical accounts dated centuries later. The last native Sumerian to rule over most of Sumer before

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Unlike the south of Mesopotamia, the native Akkadian kings of Assyria repelled Amorite advances during the 20th and 19th centuries BC. However this changed in 1813 BC when an Amorite king named

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p. 2; "Radiometric data suggest that the whole Southern Mesopotamian Ubaid period, including Ubaid 0 and 5, is of immense duration, spanning nearly three millennia from about 6500 to 3800 B.C."

310:'Bēṯ Nahrēn') means "Between the Rivers". The oldest known occurrence of the name Mesopotamia dates to the 4th century BC, when it was used to designate the area between the 233:

were occupied, the southern alluvium was settled during the late Neolithic period. Mesopotamia has been home to many of the oldest major civilizations, entering history from the

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into the design to facilitate the reservoirs and canals required to transport water vast distances. The dynasty continued until around c. 2154 BC, and reached its zenith under

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however, there is no hiatus between the Halaf and northern Ubaid that excludes the invasion theory. The most plausible theory is a Halafian adoption of the Ubaid culture.

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are also often included under the wider term Mesopotamia. A further distinction is usually made between Upper or Northern Mesopotamia and Lower or Southern Mesopotamia.

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includes many references to the area of Mesopotamia but little clue regarding their place of origin, perhaps indicating that they had been there for a long time. The

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during this period, but literacy remained in the Sumerian language. The Akkadians further developed the Sumerian irrigation system with the incorporation of large

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Miquel, A.; Brice, W.C.; Sourdel, D.; Aubin, J.; Holt, P.M.; Kelidar, A.; Blanc, H.; MacKenzie, D.N.; Pellat, Ch. (2011). "ʿIrāḳ". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.;

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was inhabited by several distinct, flourishing cultures between the end of the last ice age (c. 10,000 BC) and the beginning of history. One of the oldest known

8603: 1705:, a fellow Amorite from Babylon. The three Amorite kings succeeding Ishme-Dagan were vassals of Hammurabi, but after his death, a native Akkadian vice regent 97: 1847:. Although Babylonia maintained its independence through this period, it was not a power in the Near East, and mostly sat out the large wars fought over the 504:

in southeastern Turkey date to the PPNA/Early PPNB and represent, according to the excavator, the communal efforts of a large community of hunter-gatherers.

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Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East (Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization, Number 63)

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M. G. Biga - M. Liverani (Eds.), ana turri gimilli: Studi dedicati al Padre Werner R. Mayer, S. J., da amici e allievi (Vicino Oriente - Quaderno 5; Roma)

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and then a further thirteen rulers about all of whom nothing is yet known. These early kings from the 23rd to late 21st centuries BC, who are recorded as

440:. While reigns of kings can be securely dated for the 1st millennium BC, there is an increasingly large error margin toward the 2nd and 3rd millennia BC. 6054: 1421:

officially controlled by Ebla. Apart from this reference to trading activity, nothing further has yet been discovered about Tudiya. He was succeeded by

8732: 8608: 6324: 5017: 1417:, appears to have lived in the mid-23rd century BC, according to the king list. Tudiya concluded a treaty with Ibrium for the use of a trading post in 3320: 5193: 1879:, but the Kassites in Babylon did not. They did, however, fight against their longstanding rival to the east, Elam (related by some linguists to the 1637:

in 1894 BC. For over a century after its founding, it was a minor and relatively weak state, overshadowed by older and more powerful states such as

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were a people who settled in northwestern Mesopotamia and southeast Anatolia in 1600 BC. By 1450 BC they established a medium-sized empire under a

11364: 8647: 359:. In modern scientific usage, the term Mesopotamia often also has a chronological connotation. It is usually used to designate the area until the 12869: 8463: 12293: 1689:, he was regarded as an interloper. Shamshi-Adad I created a regional empire in Assyria, maintaining and expanding the established colonies in 1526: 9403: 9124: 9035: 8724: 8439: 8381: 8377: 7149: 1709:

overthrew the Amorites of Babylon and a period of civil war with multiple claimants to the throne ensued, ending with the succession of king

432:. When historical documents become widely available, periods tend to be named after the dominant dynasty or state; examples of this are the 8681: 8677: 8385: 2956: 3684: 13024: 12090: 9128: 8935: 8506: 8469: 8435: 8010: 8006: 7339: 7055: 5012: 569: 11734: 8293: 8137: 8002: 7998: 7279: 6829: 3438:

Banning, E.B. (2011). "So Fair a House. Göbekli Tepe and the Identification of Temples in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of the Near East".

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in modern India). Babylonia found itself under Assyrian and Elamite domination for much of the later Kassite period. In the end, the

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for sites in Iraq. Also, the multitude of city-states makes for a confusing situation, as each has its own history. In the past, the

1971:, who conquered their homelands in Asia Minor. The Phrygians were prevented from moving south into Mesopotamia by the Assyrian king 325:

Later and in the broader sense, the historical region included not only the area of present-day Iraq, but also parts of present-day

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Similar portrait of a probable Uruk King-Priest with a brimmed round hat and large beard, excavated in Uruk and dated to 3300 BC.

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and a flourishing Syriac Christian tradition which remains to this day. A number of Neo-Assyrian kingdoms arose, in particular

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in 627 BC, the Assyrian empire descended into a series of bitter civil wars, allowing its former vassals to free themselves.

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in particular appears to have been a powerful king and the dominant ruler in the region, who made many raids into southern

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Wilkinson, Tony J. (2000). "Regional Approaches to Mesopotamian Archaeology: the Contribution of Archaeological Surveys".

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as capital from 305 BC. In the 1st century BC, Mesopotamia was in constant turmoil as the Seleucid Empire was weakened by

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was sacked in 612 BC, Assyria fell by 605 BC and the seat of empire was transferred to Babylonia for the first time since

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of Uruk, and the various city-states again vied for power. Power over the area finally went to the city-state of Ur, when

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The Middle Assyrian period begins c. 1720 BC with the ejection of Amorites and Babylonians from Assyria by a king called

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Adams, Robert MCC. and Wright, Henry T. 1989. 'Concluding Remarks' in Henrickson, Elizabeth and Thuesen, Ingolf (eds.)

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Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham. 2010. 'Deconstructing the Ubaid' in Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham (eds.)

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The Study of the Ancient Near East in the Twenty-first Century: The William Foxwell Albright Centennial Conference

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ruling class, and temporarily made tributary vassals out of kings in the west, making them a major threat for the

1607:(1945–1906 BC) became a dominant figure in Mesopotamia, raiding the southern city states and founding colonies in 1599:, as the two cities vied for dominance. This period also marked a growth in power in the north of Mesopotamia. An 13143: 12864: 11155: 6309: 6295: 6047: 5697: 4145: 3069: 953: 850:

in Southern Mesopotamia, where the earliest large excavation of Ubaid period material was conducted initially by

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containing clays were diluted in different degrees or various minerals were mixed to produce different colours.

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after their power was broken by the Assyrians and Hittites, and held the status of vassals to the "Hatti", the

5385: 12279: 12080: 12060: 11342: 11249: 11234: 11072: 10942: 10743: 10442: 10127: 7511: 5089: 2046: 1388:

the end of Sumerian dominance, but the succeeding rulers adopted much of Sumerian civilization as their own.

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Muhesen, Sultan (2002). "The Earliest Paleolithic Occupation in Syria". In Akazawa, Takeru; Aoki, Kenichi;

3324: 2414: 2374: 891: 405: 1661:, turned Babylon into a major power and eventually conquered Mesopotamia and beyond. He is famous for his 1371:, state control over industry reached a level never again seen in the region. Shulgi may have devised the 11303: 10342: 10141: 9688: 9682: 7929: 7285: 6608: 6373: 6336: 6268: 6037: 5155: 5037: 5032: 4967: 4643: 3969:

Pruß, Alexander (2004), "Remarks on the Chronological Periods", in Lebeau, Marc; Sauvage, Martin (eds.),

2323: 1895: 914: 54: 4185:. Oriental Institute Museum Publications. Vol. 32. Chicago: University of Chicago. pp. 33–50. 2588: 11930: 11786: 11549: 11240: 11050: 10396: 10058: 10026: 10020: 8227: 6786: 6461: 6441: 6283: 6273: 6263: 5963: 5953: 5732: 5160: 4769: 4335:

Simpson, St. John (1997). "Mesopotamia from Alexander to the Rise of Islam". In Meyers, Eric M. (ed.).

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Archaeology under Fire: Nationalism, Politics and Heritage in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East

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Bahrani, Z. (1998). "Conjuring Mesopotamia: Imaginative Geography a World Past". In Meskell, L. (ed.).

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script to this day. Among these peoples, the giving of traditional Mesopotamian names is still common.

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Beyond the Ubaid: Transformation and Integration in the Late Prehistoric Societies of the Middle East

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Records from the 12th and 11th centuries BC are sparse in Babylonia, which had been overrun with new

1283: 1101: 1080: 869:. In the south it has a very long duration between about 6500 and 3800 BC when it is replaced by the 851: 457: 296: 12554: 3402:

The Archaeology of Syria. From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (ca. 16,000–300 BC)

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The Archaeology of Syria: From Complex Hunter-Gatherers to Early Urban Societies (c.16,000-300 BC)

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in particular becoming a major source of manpower for the army and a breadbasket for the economy.

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In North Mesopotamia the period runs only between about 5300 and 4300 BC. It is preceded by the

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entered Mesopotamia from the 1st to 3rd centuries AD, and flourished, particularly in Assyria (

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The Akkadian Empire lost power after the reign of Naram-Sin, and eventually was invaded by the

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Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

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Canard, M. (2011). "al-ḎJazīra, Ḏjazīrat Aḳūr or Iḳlīm Aḳūr". In Bearman, P.; Bianquis, Th.;

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were in northern Mesopotamia; later settlements in southern Mesopotamia required complicated

268: 259: 12234: 12086: 7899: 2248:, overthrew the Assyrian Empire and destroyed Nineveh in 612 BC. After the final victory at 931: 12882: 11487: 11436: 11345: 11339: 11309: 10911: 10864: 10852: 10676: 10617: 10241: 10135: 9958: 9485: 8633: 8154: 7571: 7123: 6987: 6982: 6859: 6630: 6512: 6446: 6408: 6304: 6230: 6225: 6150: 5998: 5616: 5027: 4987: 4466: 4367: 3759: 2523: 1952: 1685:

usurped the throne of Assyria. Although claiming descendency from the native Assyrian king

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at an early date, and the state of Mesopotamian royal iconography during the Uruk period.

8: 11992: 11847: 11552: 11502: 11427: 11377: 11330: 11315: 11294: 10993: 10979: 10867: 10800: 10623: 10514: 10456: 10220: 9893: 9733: 9452: 9257: 9074: 8887: 8203: 7414: 7065: 7060: 6572: 6530: 6456: 6331: 6253: 5782: 5752: 5737: 5537: 5482: 5396: 5303: 5281: 5114: 5022: 4997: 4804: 4779: 4085: 2366: 2335: 2279: 2028: 2023: 1988: 1880: 1364: 1350: 1271: 1089: 902: 433: 401: 305: 4371: 3763: 1151:

were important religious centers, as was Eridu at this point. This was also the time of

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Pottery was decorated with abstract geometric patterns and ornaments, especially in the

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Cylinder seal and modern impression. Presentation scene, ca. 2000–1750 B.C. Isin-Larsa

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names like Syria, Jezirah and Iraq being used to describe the region after that date.

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of the Achaemenid Empire, much as it had done in Assyrian times. Mesopotamia fell to

2185: 1972: 1929:, but there is no conclusive evidence these two languages are related to any others. 1926: 1790: 1774: 1662: 1588: 1535: 1380: 1307: 1279: 1262:(brown) and the directions in which military campaigns were conducted (yellow arrows) 1216:

of Lagash who also conquered Sumer. His methods were force and intimidation (see the

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The entire Early Dynastic period is generally dated to 2900–2350 BC according to the

1047: 898: 847: 445: 352: 344: 230: 9620: 3857: 3789: 1729:

domination occurred from the mid-15th to early 14th centuries BC. This was ended by

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mentions rulers going back to the 23rd and 22nd century BC. The earliest king named

640:

The development of Mesopotamia in the 7th–5th millennium BC was centered around the

337:. The neighbouring steppes to the west of the Euphrates and the western part of the 271:

period. At that time, the area of Mesopotamia proper was not yet settled by humans.

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Kozłowski, Stefan Karol (1998). "M'lefaat: Early Neolithic Site in Northern Irak".

3617: 3558: 3511: 3447: 2651: 2295: 2118: 1922: 1844: 1372: 1334: 1221: 1110: 1001: 997: 661: 383: 338: 264: 234: 7134: 3378:

This page will use Mesopotamia in its widest geographical and chronological sense.

197: 13011: 12990: 12925: 12875: 12685: 12611: 12037: 12023: 11998: 11951: 11914: 11900: 11724: 11573: 11526: 11433: 11398: 11270: 11265: 11193: 11167: 11023: 10898: 10892: 10877: 10870: 10824: 10814: 10647: 10592: 10586: 10583: 10529: 10477: 10313: 10247: 10235: 10223: 10211: 10196: 10175: 10094: 9998: 9995: 9969: 9884: 9863: 9851: 9818: 9812: 9782: 9704: 9514: 8866: 8821: 8775: 8769: 8759: 8549: 7649: 7627: 7394: 6972: 6962: 6713: 6678: 6567: 6562: 6481: 6392: 6130: 5983: 5895: 5883: 5807: 5802: 5792: 5727: 5702: 5687: 5674: 5662: 5595: 5564: 5559: 5549: 5259: 4941: 4916: 4911: 4891: 4839: 4829: 4824: 4814: 4794: 4764: 4716: 4712: 4682: 4214: 4029: 3588: 2960: 2513: 2465: 2386: 2302:

lasted for five centuries, into the 3rd century AD, when it was succeeded by the

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in 605 BC the Medes and Babylonians ruled Assyria. Babylon and Media fell under

1401:

Of the early history of the kingdom of Assyria, little is positively known. The

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The late Uruk period (34th to 32nd centuries) saw the gradual emergence of the

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culture by farmers who brought with them the Samarran culture from the north.

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Visible Language: Inventions of Writing in the Ancient Middle East and Beyond

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For two centuries of Achaemenid rule both Assyria and Babylonia flourished,

1701:

continued this process, however his successors were eventually conquered by

347:

is the area between the Euphrates and the Tigris from their sources down to

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Arbil, Iraq Discovery Could be Earliest Evidence of Humans in the Near East

3149: 2311: 2307: 2268: 2241: 2233: 2197: 2193: 2098: 1730: 1295: 1287: 1143:, Uruk, Ur and Lagash vied for power and gained hegemony at various times. 1140: 949: 835: 817: 802: 764: 705: 516:

Inside the Shanidar Cave, where the remains of eight adults and two infant

425: 356: 5361: 5171: 3935:. Case Studies in Early Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3484: 1955:

people (belonging to the linguistic "centum" group) who dominated most of

1867:

participated in these wars toward the end of the period, overthrowing the

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Dating the Fall of Babylon: a Reappraisal of Second-Millennium Chronology

3590:

Syntactic Change in Akkadian: The Evolution of Sentential Complementation

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The Akkadian period is generally dated to 2350–2170 BC according to the

636: 13066: 13017: 12887: 12813: 12625: 12541: 12004: 12001: 11983: 11960: 11945: 11939: 11819: 11816: 11774: 11762: 11756: 11741: 11612: 11603: 11600: 11594: 11576: 11546: 11354: 11279: 11220: 11086: 11026: 10889: 10783: 10754: 10751: 10748: 10736: 10728: 10716: 10704: 10450: 10426: 10411: 10347: 10309: 10286: 10280: 10184: 9923: 9755: 9653: 9612: 9602: 9596: 9558: 9555: 9552: 9546: 9534: 9522: 9519: 9489: 9435: 9432: 9245: 9224: 9200: 9176: 9005: 8896: 8893: 8884: 8875: 8794: 8685: 8571: 8526: 8514: 8358: 8196: 8192: 8141: 7962: 7870: 7796: 7792: 7536: 7409: 7359: 7353: 7042: 6952: 6884: 5853: 4677: 4672: 4155:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 91–120. Archived from 2319: 2249: 2213: 1956: 1944: 1754: 1690: 1608: 1507: 1418: 1356: 1161:. By 2600 BC, the logographic script had developed into a decipherable 866: 839: 812:

that is roughly dated to 5500–4800 BCE. It partially overlaps with the

727: 697: 693: 10155: 4402: 4156: 3629: 1574: 12629: 12400: 12302: 12013: 11956: 11813: 11783: 11777: 11768: 11753: 11747: 11729: 11704: 11582: 11564: 11351: 11348: 11208: 11135: 11121: 11092: 11080: 11002: 10973: 10713: 10707: 10472: 10402: 10359: 10356: 10305: 10088: 10005: 9991: 9988: 9944: 9938: 9920: 9842: 9833: 9803: 9800: 9791: 9773: 9770: 9608: 9605: 9469: 9465: 9441: 9389: 9376: 9346: 9241: 9237: 9115: 8975: 8712: 8707: 8703: 8672: 8589: 8566: 8530: 8415: 8338: 8261: 8253: 8220: 8117: 8101: 8073: 8036: 7905: 7863: 7680: 7559: 7445: 6929: 6663: 6635: 6582: 6120: 5812: 5772: 5453: 5423: 4982: 4667: 4554: 4491: 4005: 3014:. Chicago: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 2. 2640:"Ancient Mesopotamia and Modern Iraq in the British Press, 1980–2003" 2498: 2431: 2392: 2303: 2245: 2221: 2209: 2082: 2058: 1968: 1876: 1818: 1750: 1746: 1706: 1702: 1671: 1654: 1626: 1459: 1165: 1162: 1152: 1122: 1040: 760: 749: 665: 656:

in the southeast, which later expanded to encompass the whole region.

611: 480: 311: 4339:. Vol. 3. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 484–487. 3291: 2330:. The Sassanid Empire and Byzantine Mesopotamia finally fell to the 1793:. During this period Assyria became a major power, overthrowing the 861:

In South Mesopotamia the period is the earliest known period on the

467: 13080: 12829: 12819: 12638: 12633: 12483: 12363: 11963: 11789: 11750: 11744: 11621: 11202: 11199: 11144: 11141: 11083: 11014: 10964: 10927: 10780: 10322: 10181: 10163: 10146: 10084: 10011: 9985: 9932: 9914: 9824: 9699: 9590: 9581: 9569: 9537: 9501: 9477: 9427: 9395: 9371: 9343: 9313: 9301: 9294: 9280: 9274: 9209: 9119: 9101: 9013: 8991: 8987: 8872: 8798: 8627: 8581: 8558: 8553: 8484: 8479: 8448: 8265: 8189: 8185: 8178: 8056: 7977: 7822: 7654: 7644: 7639: 7630: 7566: 7549: 7320: 7267: 7022: 6947: 6904: 6894: 6864: 6807: 6180: 6010: 5993: 5767: 5762: 5447: 5432: 5428: 5412: 5378: 5366: 5354: 5329: 5119: 4774: 4697: 4692: 4599: 4584: 4579: 4534: 3621: 3451: 2655: 2408: 2349:

of the mid-7th century AD, Mesopotamia saw an influx of non native

2327: 2315: 2287: 2237: 2205: 2166: 2130: 2102: 1998: 1948: 1938: 1910: 1884: 1872: 1840: 1834: 1798: 1782: 1766: 1675: 1667: 1634: 1612: 1604: 1515: 1491: 1467: 1455: 1384: 1360: 1326:, who began the trend for rulers to claim divinity for themselves. 1213: 1198: 685: 12192:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 11181: 4070:. Vol. 5. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 15–16. 2686: 2240:

reorganized and modernized the Median Army, then joined with King

520:, dating from around 65,000–35,000 years ago were found, northern 13084: 13000: 12962: 12910: 12689: 12615: 12604: 12537: 12514: 12377: 12016: 11844: 11825: 11810: 11804: 11798: 11132: 11077: 10970: 10967: 10915: 10766: 10508: 10447: 10368: 10362: 10103: 10097: 9869: 9839: 9694: 9584: 9549: 9340: 9283: 9184: 9153: 8857: 8406: 8349: 8278: 8173: 8165: 8030: 7965: 7772: 7769: 7754: 7750: 7562: 7556: 7540: 7418: 6957: 6899: 6640: 6597: 5777: 5722: 5506: 5471: 5465: 5459: 5349: 5317: 5296: 4876: 4604: 4594: 4559: 4549: 3883:

Village on the Euphrates: From Foraging to Farming at Abu Hureyra

3664:

Gasche, H.; Armstrong, J.A.; Cole, S.W.; Gurzadyan, V.G. (1998).

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Manning, S.W.; Kromer, B.; Kuniholm, P.I.; Newton, M.W. (2001).

1521: 1367:(2112–2004 BC) and conquered the Sumerian region. Under his son 1155:, a semi-historical king of Uruk, and the subject of the famous 75: 13047: 13004: 12915: 12745: 12741: 12660: 12383: 12358: 12344: 11807: 11801: 11759: 11670: 11138: 11089: 10664:

Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

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The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East

4068:

The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Ancient Near East

2444: 2253: 2154: 2146: 2138: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2086: 2078: 2074: 1960: 1943:

By 1300 BC the Hurrians had been reduced to their homelands in

1848: 1814: 1786: 1770: 1762: 1686: 1487: 1463: 1439: 1410: 1406: 1368: 1254: 1209: 1144: 865:

although it is likely earlier periods exist obscured under the

759:

dating to the early sixth millennium BC. It is named after the

677: 560: 367: 334: 315: 9264: 8816: 8488: 8086: 8081: 7909: 7894: 3801:. Iraq Archaeological Reports. Vol. 6. Warminster: BSAI. 3089: 1591:, saw southern Mesopotamia dominated by the Amorite cities of 975:, this period saw the emergence of urban life in Mesopotamia. 12955: 12937: 12700: 12620: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12354: 12349: 12007: 11989: 10504: 10110: 10091: 9157: 9068: 9039: 8966: 8698: 8362: 8249: 8168: 8096: 7973: 7969: 7851: 7789: 7785: 7746: 7533: 7475: 7470: 7460: 7433: 7215: 6992: 6889: 6733: 5717: 5312: 4977: 4614: 4609: 4589: 4295:

Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History

3292:"The Sumerian King List and the Early History of Mesopotamia" 3176: 2528: 2358: 2350: 2162: 2158: 2090: 2006: 1839:

Although the Hittites overthrew Babylon, another people, the

1822: 1710: 1694: 1642: 1596: 1435: 1338: 1315: 1299: 1148: 1105: 1063: 918: 910: 701: 669: 330: 9381: 8343: 3663: 3508:"Appendix: Mesopotamian Chronology of the Historical Period" 2837: 1341:, who left many statues of himself in temples across Sumer. 771:. Other sites where Hassuna material has been found include 12847: 12406: 12395: 10961: 10725: 10652: 10496: 10252: 9363: 9218: 9140: 8981: 8909: 8738: 8624: 8455: 8430: 8318: 8299: 8068: 8026: 7981: 7921: 7859: 7806: 7775: 7704: 7604: 7546: 7543: 7490: 7334: 7326: 7296: 7256: 7240: 7230: 7200: 6879: 5928: 5905: 5648: 5642: 5308: 4564: 4146:"Bilingualism, Scribal Learning, and the Death of Sumerian" 3745: 2964:

The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago (2010)

2896: 2703: 2701: 2441: 2339: 2126: 2122: 2066: 1863:(see below), as well as independent peoples in the region. 1758: 1650: 1638: 1592: 1503: 1483: 1414: 1319: 1132: 1059: 972: 768: 711: 521: 360: 326: 319: 290: 4235:

The Age of Empires: Mesopotamia in the First Millennium BC

1745:

that came to dominate Mesopotamia and much of the ancient

599:

Alabaster pot Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum

8958: 4030:"The 2003 Campaign at Göbekli Tepe (Southeastern Turkey)" 1266: 733: 12127:. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich. pp. 48–49. 4274:

The Early History of the Ancient Near East 9000–2000 B.C

4254:

The Early Prehistory of Mesopotamia: 500,000 to 4,500 BC

2698: 2227: 1979:

states, which endured in the region for many centuries.

778: 575:

Jar in calcite alabaster, Syria, late 8th millennium BC.

488:(PPNA) period (10,000–8,700 BC) saw the introduction of 475:

with modern roof to protect the site against the weather

8595: 7251: 3834: 3818:

The Archaeology of Mesopotamia: Theories and Approaches

3093:

Archaeologies of the Middle East: Critical Perspectives

2760: 2692: 1498:

between 1945 BC and 1906 BC, attacking the independent

1478:

left inscriptions regarding the building of temples to

1055: 823: 672:, settled around 7000 BC and broadly contemporary with 267:, circa 7500 BC, with main archaeological sites of the 12301: 12106:

Rulers with names in italics are considered fictional.

1294:. He proceeded to conquer an area stretching from the 876: 688:). It as well as other early Neolithic sites, such as 412:

and the written record that can provide year names or

9627:

Ilum-gamil Anam of Uruk Irdanene Rim-Anum Nabi-ilišu

3644: 2707: 2322:

in Sassanid Persian), which became the center of the

1789:. The empire endured until 1076 BC with the death of 1666:

dynasty ended in 1595 BC, when Babylonia fell to the

8695:

Anbu, Anba, Bazi, Zizi of Mari, Limer, Sharrum-iter

3855: 3645:

Foster, Benjamin R.; Polinger Foster, Karen (2009).

3516:

Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a Dead Civilization

3400:

Akkermans, Peter M.M.G.; Schwartz, Glenn M. (2003).

3351: 3150:

Peter M. M. G. Akkermans, Glenn M. Schwartz (2003).

2798: 2796: 2794: 2461: 2204:

chieftain the following year. In alliance with king

1716: 1442:(c. 2030 BC) is credited with dedicating temples to 1004:; it may also be called the "Protoliterate period". 7164: 4090:

A History of the Ancient Near East, ca. 3000–323 BC

4066:(1997). "Shanidar Cave". In Meyers, Eric M. (ed.). 2998:. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. pp. 451-456. 2781: 2779: 1887:conquered Babylon, bringing this period to an end. 8498:(King of Lagash, Sumer, Akkad, conqueror of Elam) 3881:Moore, A.M.T.; Hillman, G.C.; Legge, A.J. (2000). 3820:. Approaching the past. Milton Square: Routledge. 3724: 3562: 2589:"How Mesopotamia Became Iraq (and Why It Matters)" 1450:founded a new dynasty, and his successors such as 1383:). Around 2000 BC, the power of Ur waned, and the 392:Two types of chronologies can be distinguished: a 3880: 3518:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 3399: 2918: 2907: 2878: 2872: 2808: 2791: 1975:. The Hittites fragmented into a number of small 1623:ruled states also became important in the north. 614:pot, Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum 213:ranges from the earliest human occupation in the 13135: 3856:Mohammadifar, Yaghoub; Motarjem, Abbass (2008). 3799:Secrets of the Dark Mound: Jemdet Nasr 1926–1928 3180:Laser Ablation ICP-MS in Archaeological Research 2776: 1899:Cylinder seal, ca. 16th–15th century BC, Mitanni 1128:which arose last half of the 4th millennium BC. 3006: 3004: 2996:Upon This Foundation - The ’Ubaid Reconsidered 1921:in Egypt until their overthrow by Assyria. The 1446:in the home city of the god. In around 1975 BC 1113:, unrelated to any other known language. Their 462: 373: 244: 4084: 3986: 2981:Hall, Henry R. and Woolley, C. Leonard. 1927. 2884: 2814: 2802: 12287: 7150: 6823: 5624: 5187: 4418: 3906:Neandertals and Modern Humans in Western Asia 3473:Prehistoric Investigations in Iraqi Kurdistan 3466: 2854: 2756: 2754: 2739: 2371:Median and Babylonian Assyria (605 to 549 BC) 1828: 1773:), with Assyrian armies campaigning from the 1522:Isin-Larsa, Old Babylonian and Shamshi-Adad I 1035:3100–2900 BC, probably from the city of Uruk. 496:dates to the transition from the PPNA to the 12141:. cdli.ox.ac.uk. University of Oxford, CNRS. 12115: 9619:: Alila-hadum Sumu-binasa Naram-Sin of Uruk 8212:"King of Ur and Kish", victorious over Uruk 3933:Ancient Mesopotamia: The Eden That Never Was 3569:(2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 3262: 3260: 3119: 3001: 2727: 2244:of Babylon. These allies, together with the 2149:), and defeated and/or exacted tribute from 12151: 11368:Seleukos I Nikator Tetradrachm from Babylon 5201: 5013:Military history of the Neo-Assyrian Empire 4256:. Subartu. Vol. 5. Turnhout: Brepols. 3607: 3156:. Cambridge University Press. p. 157. 2551: 1657:(1792 BC to 1750 BC), the Amorite ruler of 1208:of Uruk conquered all of Sumer, Akkad, and 626:Female statuette, 8th millennium BC, Syria. 63:Learn how and when to remove these messages 12294: 12280: 7157: 7143: 7119: 7109: 6830: 6816: 5631: 5617: 5238:Late Chalcolithic 4-5 / Early Jezirah 1-3 5194: 5180: 4425: 4411: 3839:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 3541:; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W.P. (eds.). 2751: 2545: 1629:was founded as an independent state by an 917:, showing the influence of Mesopotamia on 793:Female statuette, Samarra culture, 6000 BC 12068:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia and Persia 8664:"King of the four quarters of the world" 5939:Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region 4237:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. 4106: 3954:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3771: 3701: 3649:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 3608:Finkelstein, J.J. (1962). "Mesopotamia". 3583: 3404:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3387:This page will use the Middle Chronology. 3257: 3090:Susan Pollock; Reinhard Bernbeck (2009). 2733: 1587:The next two centuries or so, called the 1286:. Around 2334 BC, Sargon became ruler of 1274:(brown) and its sphere of influence (red) 982:(4th millennium BC), continuing into the 185:Learn how and when to remove this message 167:Learn how and when to remove this message 12239:. Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 5. 5763:Kassite dynasty of the Babylonian Empire 4291: 4251: 3973:, Subartu, vol. 13, pp. 7–21, 3815: 3796: 3557: 3505: 3289: 3251: 3227: 3203: 3177:Robert J. Speakman; Hector Neff (2005). 3145: 3143: 2826: 2785: 2745: 2718: 2716: 2447:conquest of Mesopotamia, dissolution of 2172: 2027: 1894: 1525: 1379:(three centuries before the more famous 1265: 1253: 1192: 1170: 1079: 1069: 1039:The Jemdet Nasr period, named after the 1022: 788: 712:Halaf culture (Northwestern Mesopotamia) 635: 466: 258: 237:, for which reason it is often called a 196: 130:This article includes a list of general 100:of all important aspects of the article. 12084: 7056:Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex 4432: 4334: 4277:. London: University of Chicago Press. 4232: 4213: 4062: 4027: 3971:Atlas of Preclassical Upper Mesopotamia 3930: 3899: 3437: 3423:. London: Routledge. pp. 159–174. 3418: 3277: 3215: 3115: 3113: 2940: 2929: 2842: 2771: 2637: 2208:of the Medes, and with the help of the 2032:Assyrian Crown-Prince, ca. 704–681 BC. 1391: 1355:Eventually the Guti were overthrown by 978:Sumerian civilization took form in the 492:, while the oldest evidence for animal 14: 13136: 12213: 12211: 12209: 11949: 11179: 10977: 8757: 8748:(Governor of Umma, King of all Sumer) 8652: 7576: 4353: 4270: 4153:Margins of Writing, Origins of Culture 3841:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3543:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 3536: 3126:. Penguin Books Limited. p. 101. 3096:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 190. 3085: 3083: 3041: 2951:Carter, Robert A. and Philip, Graham 2722: 2509:History of institutions in Mesopotamia 2017: 2012: 1982: 1396: 1007: 734:Hassuna culture (Northern Mesopotamia) 631: 96:Please consider expanding the lead to 12275: 12229: 12074: 12041: 12036: 12027: 11979: 11918: 11913: 11904: 11899: 11890: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11865: 11856: 11722: 11694: 11689: 11684: 11674: 11665: 11655: 11650: 11639: 11630: 11524: 11259: 11166: 11064: 11054: 10940: 10788: 10697: 10519: 10512: 10470: 10394: 10372: 10340: 10326: 10295: 10279: 10153: 10125: 10101: 10056: 10017: 9962: 9898: 9731: 9716: 9693: 9680: 9643: 9493: 9450: 9324: 9300: 9292: 9255: 9193: 9182: 9152: 9136: 9105: 9072: 9052: 9030: 8997: 8906: 8838: 8826: 8785: 8697: 8689: 8617: 8398: 8152: 8145: 8107: 8034: 8016: 7985: 7938: 7904: 7889: 7881: 7868: 7849: 7837: 7820: 7804: 7767: 7720: 7694: 7616: 7581: 7509: 7333: 7302: 7295: 7284: 7265: 7138: 6811: 6498: 6390: 6212: 6087: 5660: 5612: 5594: 5573: 5563: 5481: 5452: 5384: 5360: 5175: 4406: 4312: 4173: 4143: 3949: 3908:. New York: Kluwer. pp. 95–105. 3722: 3357: 3308: 3302: 3239: 3140: 2901: 2860: 2848: 2713: 2389:Mesopotamia (4th to 2nd centuries BC) 2286:rule for another two centuries, with 2228:Classical Antiquity to Late Antiquity 1963:) at this time from their capital of 1012: 779:Samarra culture (Central Mesopotamia) 201:Map showing the extent of Mesopotamia 12182: 6837: 6792: 6734:Mesopotamian spring festival (Akitu) 3968: 3858:"Settlement Continuity in Kurdistan" 3682: 3266: 3110: 2612: 2399:) (2nd century BC to 3rd century AD) 1733:(1392 BC - 1366), and his successor 824:Ubaid culture (Southern Mesopotamia) 300: 116: 69: 28: 12206: 6782: 4176:"The Earliest Mesopotamian Writing" 3885:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 3283: 3080: 1282:, or 2230–2050 BC according to the 1121:is identifiable from its initially 1100:, or 2800–2230 BC according to the 1076:Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia) 877:Northern expansion of Ubaid culture 388:Dating methodologies in archaeology 380:Chronology of the ancient Near East 24: 12303:Chronology of the Neolithic period 12162:. Getty Publications. p. 14. 12081:Chronology of the Neolithic period 11733: 11363: 11180: 11162:First Achaemenid conquest of Egypt 10947: 10838: 10154: 10126: 10069: 9899: 9506: 9160: 7521: 6870:List of Paleolithic sites in China 4226: 4109:Journal of Archaeological Research 3070:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" 3025:"Site officiel du musée du Louvre" 2985:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2405:(2nd century BC to 3rd century AD) 2188:speakers and northern neighbours, 1502:city states of the region such as 1243: 1175:Chronology of the main dominations 913:. This work of art suggests early 587:Mace-head, late 8th millennium BC. 136:it lacks sufficient corresponding 25: 13155: 11738:Coin of Ardashir I, Hamadan mint. 10074:Pharaoh Ahmose I slaying a Hyksos 7885:("made the land of Elam submit") 7091:List of Bronze Age sites in China 3987:Sagona, A.; Zimansky, P. (2009). 2708:Foster & Polinger Foster 2009 2615:"The Ancient World | Mesopotamia" 1717:Middle Assyrian Period and Empire 971:Named after the Sumerian city of 44:This article has multiple issues. 12159:Mesopotamia: Civilization Begins 12085: 12075: 9380: 9268: 9263: 9091: 8820: 8815: 8646: 8492: 8487: 8342: 8241: 8172: 8085: 8080: 7950: 7913: 7908: 7898: 7893: 7688: 7338: 7325: 7313: 7278: 7118: 7108: 6791: 6781: 6771: 6762: 6761: 6067:2021–2022 Iraqi political crisis 5641: 5151:Pennsylvania Sumerian Dictionary 4642: 4320:. London: Sidgwick and Johnson. 3727:Ancient Near East c. 3000–330 BC 2478: 2464: 1573: 1559: 1344: 1310:came into widespread use as the 1131:By the 3rd millennium BC, these 930: 890: 700:methods. The first of these was 619: 604: 592: 580: 568: 548: 529: 509: 355:is the area from Baghdad to the 121: 74: 33: 12223: 12176: 12145: 12131: 12109: 12100: 11156:Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt 6546:Iraqi Turkmen/Turkoman dialects 5969:1979–1980 Shia uprising in Iraq 5959:1974–1975 Shatt al-Arab clashes 5698:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 4354:Wencel, Maciej Mateusz (2017). 4181:. In Woods, Christopher (ed.). 3610:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 3393: 3381: 3372: 3338: 3313: 3271: 3245: 3233: 3221: 3209: 3197: 3170: 3062: 3048:. Eisenbrauns. pp. 10–14. 3035: 3017: 2988: 2975: 2945: 2934: 2923: 2912: 2908:Moore, Hillman & Legge 2000 2890: 2866: 2831: 2820: 2765: 2196:, and Babylonia rebelled under 1518:during the reign of Erishum I. 954:Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period 652:in central Mesopotamia and the 88:may be too short to adequately 52:or discuss these issues on the 12091:Rulers of Ancient Central Asia 11229:Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt 10776:Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt 10700:Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt 9262:"Kings of Ur, Sumer and Akkad" 5829:Muslim conquest of Mesopotamia 4708:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) 4703:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A (PPNA) 2631: 2606: 2581: 2557: 2282:in 330 BC, and remained under 1741:Empire and founded a powerful 960: 98:provide an accessible overview 13: 1: 12061:Muslim conquest of the Levant 11307:Cleopatra II Philometor Soter 11250:Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt 11235:Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt 11073:Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt 10943:Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt 10744:Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt 10443:Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt 6088: 5090:Ancient Mesopotamian religion 4487:Tigris–Euphrates river system 3647:Civilizations of Ancient Iraq 2919:Akkermans & Schwartz 2003 2873:Akkermans & Schwartz 2003 2534: 1809:land, sacking and dominating 555:Reconstitution of housing in 540:II, c. 60,000 to 45,000 BCE. 451: 13120:Historical Ancient Near East 10610:Fourth Babylonian dynasty (" 7344:(Uruk influence or control) 6325:in ISIL-controlled territory 6213: 2613:Wood, Michael (2010-11-10). 2539: 2256:rule in the 6th century BC ( 1797:Empire, annexing swathes of 1409:, who was a contemporary of 1375:, one of the earliest known 905:, dated circa 3300-3200 BC, 559:, Upper Mesopotamia, modern 463:Pre-Pottery Neolithic period 374:Chronology and periodization 366:in the 7th century AD, with 291: 245:Short outline of Mesopotamia 7: 11304:Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 10343:Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10142:Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9689:Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt 9683:Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt 8943:(Vassals of the Akkadians) 7930:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 7331:(Anonymous "King-priests") 7286:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 6943:Early Neolithic settlements 6499: 6391: 6236:Council of Representatives 5974:Weapons of mass destruction 5661: 5156:Chicago Assyrian Dictionary 5038:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 5033:Indus-Mesopotamia relations 4318:Assyria: The Might that Was 4174:Woods, Christopher (2010). 4144:Woods, Christopher (2006). 3593:. Oxford University Press. 2983:Al-'Ubaid. Ur Excavations 1 2457: 2438:) (3rd to 7th centuries AD) 2417:(2nd to 7th centuries AD), 2324:Assyrian Church of the East 1932: 1890: 1506:, and founding colonies in 915:Egypt-Mesopotamia relations 10: 13160: 13028: 12096: 11931:Sasanian conquest of Egypt 11358: 11241:Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt 11125: 11099: 11051:Assyrian conquest of Egypt 10397:Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt 10162:Third Babylonian dynasty ( 10059:Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt 10021:Second Intermediate Period 8831:(vassal of the Akkadians) 8219: 7364:Early or legendary kings: 5964:1977 Shia uprising in Iraq 5161:Chicago Hittite Dictionary 4151:. In Sanders, S.L. (ed.). 3183:. UNM Press. p. 128. 3042:Cooper, Jerrol S. (1996). 2885:Sagona & Zimansky 2009 2519:Levantine Iron Age Anomaly 2176: 2038:Metropolitan Museum of Art 2021: 1986: 1936: 1902: 1832: 1829:Kassite dynasty of Babylon 1533: 1348: 1247: 1232:established supremacy was 1088:, possible founder of the 1073: 1016: 964: 827: 782: 737: 715: 455: 377: 280: 248: 13116: 13106: 13073: 13044: 13040: 12983: 12929: 12898: 12873: 12852: 12840: 12806: 12795: 12784: 12766: 12749: 12734: 12714: 12709: 12704: 12693: 12678: 12665: 12649: 12637: 12619: 12610: 12597: 12584: 12558: 12545: 12530: 12513: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12492: 12489: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12454: 12452: 12450: 12448: 12446: 12444: 12442: 12440: 12438: 12436: 12434: 12432: 12333: 12309: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12022: 11972: 11969: 11928: 11887: 11853: 11834: 11676:Parthamaspates of Parthia 11662: 11627: 11486: 11454: 11247: 11226: 11153: 11150: 11056:Assyrian conquest of Elam 11049: 10937: 10903: 10837: 10798: 10662: 10651: 10608: 10436:Third Intermediate Period 10251: 10122: 9966:Second Babylonian dynasty 9911:("Old Babylonian Period") 9677: 9629: 9393: 9361: 9333:Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt 9305: 9289: 9236: 9233: 9216: 9138: 9123: 9082: 9049: 8995: 8979: 8953: 8945: 8916: 8841:First Intermediate Period 8835: 8811: 8767: 8752: 8736: 8711: 8702: 8676: 8671: 8483: 8462: 8443: 8434: 8395: 8370: 8353: 8329: 8316: 8311: 8297: 8282: 8273: 8225: 8201: 8126: 8066: 8049: 8014: 7993: 7987:Early Dynastic Period III 7935: 7919: 7847: 7845: 7834: 7761: 7712: 7702: 7613: 7590: 7506: 7437: 7368: 7351: 7348: 7289: 7262: 7189: 7173: 7104: 7041: 7013: 6928: 6845: 6757: 6656: 6511: 6507: 6494: 6399: 6386: 6221: 6208: 6096: 6083: 5904: 5821: 5673: 5669: 5656: 5591: 5570: 5558: 5555: 5548: 5545: 5527: 5517: 5500: 5493: 5491: 5457: 5445: 5436: 5427: 5422: 5394: 5377: 5348: 5333: 5328: 5307: 5302: 5290: 5280: 5268: 5258: 5240: 5237: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5210: 5128: 5082: 5056: 4960: 4857: 4750: 4658: 4651: 4640: 4522: 4449: 4440: 4233:Joannès, Francis (2004). 3290:Marchesi, Gianni (2010). 2638:Seymour, Michael (2004). 2411:(1st to 2nd centuries AD) 2383:(6th to 4th centuries BC) 1737:completely overthrew the 1580:Components of the relief. 1027:Administrative tablet in 884:Uruk period "King-Priest" 458:Prehistory of Mesopotamia 404:and reconstructing their 12054:Muslim conquest of Egypt 11518:Antiochus XIII Asiaticus 11349:Cleopatra VII Philopator 10846:Eight Babylonian Dynasty 9908:First Babylonian dynasty 9646:Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt 9150:(vassal of the Gutians) 8847:Seventh Dynasty of Egypt 7839:Early Dynastic Period II 7096:Seima-Turbino phenomenon 6315:in Saddam Hussein's Iraq 6226:Administrative divisions 5219:Northwestern Mesopotamia 4271:Nissen, Hans J. (1988). 4252:Matthews, Roger (2000). 4221:. New York: W.W. Norton. 3843:. Leiden: Brill Online. 3816:Matthews, Roger (2003). 3797:Matthews, Roger (2002). 3545:. Leiden: Brill Online. 3366: 1925:is related to the later 1821:and becoming a rival to 1427:kings who lived in tents 846:. The name derives from 668:sites in Mesopotamia is 255:Geography of Mesopotamia 12668:Pre-Pottery Neolithic C 12533:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 12475:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 12139:"Rulers of Mesopotamia" 11882:Province of Mesopotamia 11691:Province of Mesopotamia 11667:Province of Mesopotamia 11642:Roman conquest of Egypt 11483:Antigonus II Mattathias 11277:Ptolemy II Philadelphus 10850:Ninurta-kudurri-usur II 9327:Middle Kingdom of Egypt 8853:Eighth Dynasty of Egypt 8161:Fourth Dynasty of Egypt 7696:Early Dynastic Period I 7619:Second Dynasty of Egypt 7004:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 6998:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 6880:Paleolithic Mesopotamia 5874:Mandate for Mesopotamia 5748:First Babylonian Empire 4292:Postgate, J.N. (1992). 4121:10.1023/A:1009487620969 4028:Schmidt, Klaus (2003). 4021:10.3406/paleo.1997.4646 3952:The Archaeology of Elam 3931:Pollock, Susan (1999). 3914:10.1007/0-306-47153-1_7 3773:10.1126/science.1066112 3565:Sumer and the Sumerians 3559:Crawford, Harriet E. W. 3506:Brinkman, J.A. (1977). 2338:in the 630s. After the 1871:Empire and besting the 1540:First Babylonian Empire 1302:. The Akkadians were a 1000:and corresponds to the 838:(c. 6500–3800 BC) is a 498:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B 486:Pre-Pottery Neolithic A 151:more precise citations. 13144:History of Mesopotamia 12900:Linear Pottery culture 11739: 11521:Philip II Philoromaeus 11515:Antiochus XII Dionysus 11509:Demetrius III Eucaerus 11506:Antiochus XI Epiphanes 11497:Antiochus IX Cyzicenus 11369: 11337:Cleopatra VI Tryphaena 11292:Arsinoe III Philopator 11185: 10953: 10843: 10680:Ninurta-kudurri-usur I 10612:Second Dynasty of Isin 10159: 10132: 10075: 9904: 9787:(Non-dynastic usurpers 9511: 9196:Tenth Dynasty of Egypt 9165: 9055:Ninth Dynasty of Egypt 8620:Sixth Dynasty of Egypt 8401:Fifth Dynasty of Egypt 8228:Second kingdom of Mari 7941:Third Dynasty of Egypt 7875:Dumuzid, the Fisherman 7527: 7518:First Dynasty of Egypt 7114:Archaeological periods 6033:Insurgency (2011–2013) 5954:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 5758:Middle Assyrian Empire 5379:Middle Hittite Kingdom 4993:Babylonian mathematics 3470:; Howe, Bruce (1960). 2504:Cradle of civilization 2045:Assyria conquered the 2041: 1900: 1531: 1275: 1263: 1202: 1176: 1093: 1036: 806:archaeological culture 794: 753:archaeological culture 657: 648:in the northwest, the 476: 438:Old Babylonian periods 272: 239:cradle of civilization 229:periods only parts of 202: 12317:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 12125:The Ancient Near East 12043:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11957:Province of Asoristan 11920:Byzantine Mesopotamia 11737: 11730:Province of Asoristan 11512:Philip I Philadelphus 11500:Seleucus VI Epiphanes 11494:Antiochus VIII Grypus 11491:Seleucus V Philometor 11446:Antiochus VII Sidetes 11440:Antiochus VI Dionysus 11367: 11340:Berenice IV Epiphanea 11301:Ptolemy VI Philometor 11289:Ptolemy IV Philopator 11286:Berenice II Euergetis 11283:Ptolemy III Euergetes 11184: 11102:Neo-Babylonian Empire 11012:Marduk-apla-iddina II 11009:Marduk-zakir-shumi II 11000:Marduk-apla-iddina II 10951: 10906:Humban-Tahrid dynasty 10842: 10563:Ninurta-tukulti-Ashur 10253:Middle Elamite period 10158: 10130: 10073: 9903: 9510: 9164: 8919:Third kingdom of Mari 8640:Merenre Nemtyemsaf II 7715:First kingdom of Mari 7525: 7512:Early Dynastic Period 7354:Proto-Dynastic period 6910:South Asian Stone Age 6320:in post-invasion Iraq 6026:U.S. troop withdrawal 5788:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5502:Neo-Babylonian Empire 5335:Old Babylonian Empire 5250:Early Dynastic period 4298:. London: Routledge. 4092:. Malden: Blackwell. 3991:. London: Routledge. 3731:. London: Routledge. 3704:Cahiers de l'Euphrate 3120:Georges Roux (1992). 2357:peoples. The city of 2179:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2173:Neo-Babylonian Empire 2031: 1997:settlers, namely the 1898: 1548:Anubanini rock relief 1534:Further information: 1529: 1269: 1257: 1218:Stele of the Vultures 1196: 1174: 1083: 1070:Early Dynastic period 1026: 897:Mesopotamian king as 792: 704:, settled during the 639: 470: 378:Further information: 269:Pre-Pottery Neolithic 262: 200: 12883:Tepe Muhammad Djafar 11488:Alexander II Zabinas 11352:Ptolemy XV Caesarion 11328:Ptolemy XI Alexander 11310:Ptolemy VIII Physcon 10865:Marduk-zakir-shumi I 10853:Mar-biti-ahhe-iddina 10677:Eulmash-shakin-shumi 10618:Marduk-kabit-ahheshu 10242:Marduk-apla-iddina I 10136:New Kingdom of Egypt 9959:Early Kassite rulers 9253:(Vassals of Ur III) 9234:(Vassals of UR III) 8634:Merenre Nemtyemsaf I 8604:Mesh-ki-ang-Nanna II 8155:Old Kingdom of Egypt 6988:Neolithic South Asia 6983:Neolithic Revolution 6860:Japanese Paleolithic 6269:Council of Ministers 6151:Mesopotamian Marshes 5229:Southern Mesopotamia 5224:Northern Mesopotamia 4988:Babylonian astronomy 4467:Mesopotamian Marshes 3950:Potts, D.T. (1999). 3468:Braidwood, Robert J. 3440:Current Anthropology 3321:"Ancient Irrigation" 2644:Current Anthropology 2524:Music of Mesopotamia 2294:on one hand and the 2057:dynasty) as well as 1392:Second millennium BC 536:Skeletal remains of 402:archaeological sites 11993:Shapur-i Shahrvaraz 11503:Antiochus X Eusebes 11331:Ptolemy XII Auletes 11322:Ptolemy X Alexander 11316:Ptolemy IX Lathyros 11295:Ptolemy V Epiphanes 10980:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10868:Marduk-balassu-iqbi 10801:Neo-Assyrian Empire 10624:Ninurta-nadin-shumi 10515:Syro-Hittite states 10221:Shagarakti-Shuriash 9894:Ashur-nadin-ahhe II 8888:Neferkare Pepiseneb 8787:Akkadian Governors: 7291:Pre-Dynastic period 7066:Bronze Age Caucasus 7061:Bronze Age Anatolia 6531:Mesopotamian Arabic 6337:Freedom of religion 5783:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5753:Old Assyrian Period 5738:Neo-Sumerian Empire 5483:Neo-Assyrian Empire 5397:Bronze Age Collapse 5330:Old Hittite Kingdom 5304:Old Assyrian period 5282:Third Dynasty of Ur 5069:Destruction by ISIL 5023:Sumerian literature 4998:Akkadian literature 4434:Ancient Mesopotamia 4380:10.1017/RDC.2016.60 4372:2017Radcb..59..635W 3764:2001Sci...294.2532M 3758:(5551): 2532–2535. 3683:Hunt, Will (2010). 2897:Manning et al. 2001 2815:van de Mieroop 2007 2803:van de Mieroop 2007 2367:Classical Antiquity 2336:Khalid ibn al-Walid 2280:Alexander the Great 2232:After the death of 2024:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2018:Neo-Assyrian Empire 2013:First millennium BC 1989:Bronze Age collapse 1983:Bronze Age collapse 1881:Dravidian languages 1552:(Isin-Larsa period) 1397:Old Assyrian Period 1351:Third Dynasty of Ur 1272:Third Dynasty of Ur 1092:, 26th century BCE. 1090:First Dynasty of Ur 1008:Third millennium BC 903:Gebel el-Arak Knife 632:Chalcolithic period 430:Jemdet Nasr periods 398:absolute chronology 394:relative chronology 18:Ancient Mesopotamia 12587:Egyptian Neolithic 12219:Sumerian King List 12033:Palaestina Secunda 11910:Palaestina Secunda 11740: 11471:Alexander Jannaeus 11370: 11360:Hellenistic Period 11186: 10954: 10932:Humban-haltash III 10896:Nabu-shuma-ukin II 10844: 10809:Tukulti-Ninurta II 10790:Kingdom of Samaria 10686:Mar-biti-apla-usur 10683:Shirikti-shuqamuna 10653:Neo-Elamite period 10636:Marduk-shapik-zeri 10621:Itti-Marduk-balatu 10602:Tiglath-Pileser II 10599:Ashur-resh-ishi II 10554:Enlil-kudurri-usur 10245:Zababa-shuma-iddin 10230:Kadashman-Harbe II 10215:Kadashman-Enlil II 10160: 10133: 10076: 9905: 9891:Ashur-rim-nisheshu 9888:Ashur-bel-nisheshu 9879:Ashur-nadin-ahhe I 9638:Siwe-Palar-Khuppak 9512: 9166: 8541:Lugal-kinishe-dudu 7922:Old Elamite period 7814:Mesh-ki-ang-gasher 7667:Sekhemib-Perenmaat 7584:Jemdet Nasr period 7528: 6953:Trialetian culture 6462:Telecommunications 6437:Foreign Investment 6374:Wars and conflicts 6310:in pre-Saddam Iraq 6274:Presidency Council 6060:2019–2021 protests 5989:Invasion of Kuwait 5813:Sassanid Asorestan 5808:Parthian Babylonia 5803:Seleucid Babylonia 5798:Achaemenid Assyria 5713:Jemdet Nasr period 5339:Southern Akkadians 5246:Jemdet Nasr period 5105:Mesopotamian myths 4086:van de Mieroop, M. 3723:Kuhrt, A. (1997). 3074:cartelfr.louvre.fr 3029:cartelfr.louvre.fr 2959:2013-11-15 at the 2838:Gasche et al. 1998 2761:Miquel et al. 2011 2736:, pp. 222–223 2693:Miquel et al. 2011 2569:www.britannica.com 2432:Sassanid Asuristan 2393:Parthian Asuristan 2381:Achaemenid Assyria 2298:on the other. The 2265:Achaemenid Assyria 2049:(and expelled its 2047:25th Dynasty Egypt 2042: 1901: 1674:, after which the 1532: 1403:Assyrian King List 1276: 1264: 1203: 1201:, c. 2650-2550 BC. 1186:Sumerian King List 1177: 1094: 1037: 1033:Jemdet Nasr period 1019:Jemdet Nasr period 1013:Jemdet Nasr period 795: 658: 644:in the north, the 477: 410:radiocarbon dating 273: 203: 13131: 13130: 13126: 13125: 12986:Pottery Neolithic 12809:Pottery Neolithic 12798:Pottery Neolithic 12787:Pottery Neolithic 12769:Pottery Neolithic 12752:Pottery Neolithic 12737:Pottery Neolithic 12717:Pottery Neolithic 12696:Pottery Neolithic 12681:Pottery Neolithic 12560:Initial Neolithic 12326:Pottery Neolithic 12269: 12268: 12263: 12262: 12259: 12258: 12246:978-1-62564-606-4 12231:Unger, Merrill F. 12199:978-0-14-193825-7 12169:978-1-60606-649-2 11936:Province of Egypt 11867:Province of Egypt 11647:Province of Egypt 11389:Antigonid dynasty 11189:Achaemenid Empire 11110:Nebuchadnezzar II 11018:Ashur-nadin-shumi 10887:Nabu-shuma-ishkun 10859:Nabu-shuma-ukin I 10674:Kashshu-nadin-ahi 10642:Marduk-ahhe-eriba 10633:Marduk-nadin-ahhe 10575:Asharid-apal-Ekur 10572:Tiglath-Pileser I 10569:Ashur-resh-ishi I 10557:Ninurta-apal-Ekur 10545:Tukulti-Ninurta I 10492:Kingdom of Israel 10460:Osorkon the Elder 10381:Shutrukid dynasty 10266:Igehalkid dynasty 10233:Adad-shuma-iddina 10227:Enlil-nadin-shumi 10194:Kadashman-Enlil I 10188:Kadashman-harbe I 9632:Sukkalmah dynasty 9496:Isin-Larsa period 9318:Shimashki Dynasty 9044:Puzur-Inshushinak 8643:Netjerkare Siptah 8413:Neferirkare Kakai 7958:Egyptian pyramids 7167:Ancient Near East 7132: 7131: 7086:Bronze Age Levant 7051:Andronovo culture 6958:Nemrikian culture 6805: 6804: 6753: 6752: 6749: 6748: 6739:Mandaean New Year 6490: 6489: 6382: 6381: 6364:Political parties 6259:Foreign relations 6204: 6203: 6111:Lower Mesopotamia 6106:Upper Mesopotamia 6079: 6078: 6075: 6074: 5839:Abbasid Caliphate 5834:Umayyad Caliphate 5743:Isin-Larsa period 5606: 5605: 5601: 5600: 5529:Macedonian Empire 5519:Achaemenid Empire 5392:c. 1200–1150 BCE 5375:c. 1400–1200 BCE 5346:c. 1600–1400 BCE 5326:c. 1800–1600 BCE 5288:c. 2000–1800 BCE 5278:c. 2100–2000 BCE 5266:c. 2200–2100 BCE 5256:c. 2350–2200 BCE 5235:c. 3500–2350 BCE 5169: 5168: 5120:Ziggurat (Temple) 5095:Sumerian religion 4853: 4852: 4800:Middle Babylonian 4742:Kish civilization 4638: 4637: 4462:Lower Mesopotamia 4457:Upper Mesopotamia 4305:978-0-415-11032-7 4192:978-1-885923-76-9 4099:978-0-631-22552-2 4064:Solecki, Ralph S. 3998:978-0-415-28916-0 3942:978-0-521-57568-3 3656:978-0-691-13722-3 3600:978-0-19-953222-3 3430:978-0-415-19655-0 2970:978-1-885923-66-0 2593:Los Angeles Times 2415:Roman Mesopotamia 2375:Persian Babylonia 1973:Tiglath-Pileser I 1791:Tiglath-Pileser I 1775:Mediterranean Sea 1765:and parts of the 1589:Isin-Larsa period 1553: 1536:Isin-Larsa period 1381:Code of Hammurabi 1308:Akkadian language 1280:Middle Chronology 1181:radiocarbon dates 1158:Epic of Gilgamesh 1119:Sumerian language 1098:Middle Chronology 1084:Golden helmet of 899:Master of Animals 353:Lower Mesopotamia 345:Upper Mesopotamia 309: 289: 231:Upper Mesopotamia 195: 194: 187: 177: 176: 169: 115: 114: 67: 16:(Redirected from 13151: 13095: 13038: 12981: 12973:Hajji Firuz Tepe 12896: 12838: 12732: 12652:Neolithic Europe 12647: 12582: 12528: 12519:Tell Abu Hureyra 12511: 12466: 12430: 12374:Sinjar Mountains 12341: 12336: 12335: 12328: 12323: 12319: 12314: 12296: 12289: 12282: 12273: 12272: 12251: 12250: 12227: 12221: 12215: 12204: 12203: 12180: 12174: 12173: 12152:Thomas, Ariane; 12149: 12143: 12142: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12113: 12107: 12104: 12089: 12079: 12029:Palaestina Prima 11975:Byzantine Empire 11906:Palaestina Prima 11893:Byzantine Empire 11872:Syria Palaestina 11837:Palmyrene Empire 11823:Bahram VI Chobin 11686:Syria Palaestina 11474:Salome Alexandra 11457:Kingdom of Judea 11443:Diodotus Tryphon 11298:Cleopatra I Syra 11274:Ptolemy Keraunos 11042:Ashur-uballit II 11039:Sin-shumu-lishir 11033:Ashur-etil-ilani 10988:Sargonid dynasty 10881:Marduk-apla-usur 10862:Nabu-apla-iddina 10856:Shamash-mudammiq 10812:Ashurnasirpal II 10795:Kingdom of Judah 10639:Adad-apla-iddina 10630:Enlil-nadin-apli 10627:Nebuchadnezzar I 10551:Ashur-nirari III 10548:Ashur-nadin-apli 10386:Shutruk-Nakhunte 10271:Untash-Napirisha 10260:Kidinuid dynasty 9858:Shamshi-Adad III 9566:Dynasty of Larsa 9384: 9272: 9267: 9095: 8948:Shar-Kali-Sharri 8882:Neferkare Tereru 8870:Neferkare Khendu 8824: 8819: 8650: 8609:Kiku-siwe-tempti 8496: 8491: 8346: 8275:Kish III dynasty 8245: 8176: 8089: 8084: 7989:(2600–2340 BCE) 7954: 7917: 7912: 7902: 7897: 7841:(2700–2600 BCE) 7698:(2900–2700 BCE) 7692: 7609:(3100–2700 BCE) 7588:(3100–2900 BCE) 7342: 7329: 7317: 7293:(4000–2900 BCE) 7282: 7181: 7180: 7177: 7176: 7159: 7152: 7145: 7136: 7135: 7122: 7121: 7112: 7111: 7081:Bronze Age Korea 7076:Bronze Age India 7071:Bronze Age China 6948:Khiamian culture 6938:Fertile Crescent 6875:Natufian culture 6855:Dmanisi hominins 6839:Prehistoric Asia 6832: 6825: 6818: 6809: 6808: 6795: 6794: 6785: 6784: 6775: 6765: 6764: 6509: 6508: 6496: 6495: 6427: 6388: 6387: 6239: 6210: 6209: 6196:Sinjar Mountains 6186:Zagros Mountains 6126:Hamrin Mountains 6085: 6084: 6048:Mosul liberation 6021:Iraqi insurgency 5943:National Command 5932: 5768:Simurrum culture 5671: 5670: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5646: 5645: 5633: 5626: 5619: 5610: 5609: 5579:Byzantine Empire 5454:Middle Babylonia 5420:c. 1150–911 BCE 5213: 5212: 5196: 5189: 5182: 5173: 5172: 5018:Sumerian cuisine 5008:Warfare in Sumer 5003:Economy of Sumer 4656: 4655: 4646: 4530:Fertile Crescent 4514:Sinjar Mountains 4509:Hamrin Mountains 4504:Zagros Mountains 4482:Taurus Mountains 4447: 4446: 4427: 4420: 4413: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4350: 4331: 4309: 4288: 4267: 4248: 4222: 4210: 4208: 4207: 4201: 4195:. Archived from 4180: 4170: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4150: 4140: 4103: 4081: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4034: 4024: 4002: 3983: 3965: 3946: 3927: 3896: 3877: 3852: 3831: 3812: 3793: 3775: 3742: 3730: 3719: 3698: 3696: 3694: 3679: 3660: 3641: 3604: 3580: 3568: 3554: 3533: 3502: 3500: 3499: 3493: 3487:. Archived from 3478: 3463: 3434: 3415: 3388: 3385: 3379: 3376: 3361: 3355: 3349: 3342: 3336: 3335: 3333: 3332: 3323:. Archived from 3317: 3311: 3306: 3300: 3299: 3287: 3281: 3275: 3269: 3264: 3255: 3254:, pp. 33–37 3249: 3243: 3242:, pp. 36–45 3237: 3231: 3230:, pp. 20–21 3225: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3194: 3174: 3168: 3167: 3147: 3138: 3137: 3117: 3108: 3107: 3087: 3078: 3077: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3039: 3033: 3032: 3021: 3015: 3008: 2999: 2992: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2949: 2943: 2938: 2932: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2910: 2905: 2899: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2840: 2835: 2829: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2789: 2788:, pp. 65–66 2783: 2774: 2769: 2763: 2758: 2749: 2743: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2720: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2683: 2635: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2610: 2604: 2603: 2601: 2600: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2561: 2555: 2552:Finkelstein 1962 2549: 2488: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2469: 2468: 2421:(2nd century AD) 2296:Mithridatic Wars 1923:Hurrian language 1845:language isolate 1633:chieftain named 1577: 1566:Original relief. 1563: 1551: 1466:(1867–1860 BC), 1462:(1905–1867 BC), 1458:(1945–1906 BC), 1373:Code of Ur-Nammu 1335:Zagros Mountains 1298:into modern-day 1284:Short Chronology 1240:1st century AD. 1222:Lugal-Anne-Mundu 1111:language isolate 1102:Short Chronology 1002:Early Bronze Age 998:cuneiform script 934: 894: 662:Fertile Crescent 623: 608: 596: 584: 572: 552: 533: 513: 384:ASPRO chronology 364:Muslim conquests 339:Zagros Mountains 304: 302: 297:Classical Syriac 294: 284: 282: 265:Fertile Crescent 235:Early Bronze Age 190: 183: 172: 165: 161: 158: 152: 147:this article by 138:inline citations 125: 124: 117: 110: 107: 101: 78: 70: 59: 37: 36: 29: 21: 13159: 13158: 13154: 13153: 13152: 13150: 13149: 13148: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13101: 13093: 13092: 13083: 13070: 13064: 13050: 13046: 13041: 13036: 13023: 13016: 13015: 13007: 13003: 12996: 12993: 12989: 12979: 12971: 12961: 12953: 12947: 12942: 12941: 12935: 12930: 12924: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12913: 12906: 12903:(5500–4500 BC) 12902: 12894: 12879:(6000–4800 BC) 12878: 12874: 12863: 12862: 12861: 12860: 12859: 12858: 12857: 12853: 12846: 12836: 12828: 12827: 12826: 12825: 12824: 12823: 12822: 12818: 12817: 12816: 12812: 12801: 12790: 12780:Tell el-'Oueili 12777: 12772: 12759: 12755: 12744: 12740: 12730: 12725:(7000–5000 BC) 12724: 12720: 12699: 12688: 12686:Tell Sabi Abyad 12684: 12671: 12663: 12659: 12655: 12645: 12632: 12628: 12614: 12612:Tell Sabi Abyad 12607: 12603: 12601: 12594: 12590: 12580: 12575:(8500–8000 BC) 12574: 12570: 12562: 12553: 12549: 12540: 12536: 12526: 12521: 12517: 12509: 12486: 12482: 12478: 12464: 12458: 12428: 12415: 12398: 12389: 12376: 12357: 12339: 12329: 12321: 12320: 12312: 12311: 12305: 12300: 12270: 12265: 12264: 12255: 12254: 12247: 12228: 12224: 12216: 12207: 12200: 12181: 12177: 12170: 12150: 12146: 12137: 12136: 12132: 12114: 12110: 12105: 12101: 12038:Byzantine Syria 12024:Byzantine Egypt 11999:Farrukh Hormizd 11959: 11955: 11952:Sasanian Empire 11938: 11934: 11915:Byzantine Syria 11901:Byzantine Egypt 11840: 11732: 11728: 11725:Sasanian Empire 11645: 11550:Mithridates III 11530: 11527:Parthian Empire 11460: 11399:Seleucid Empire 11396: 11386: 11362: 11271:Ptolemy I Soter 11269: 11266:Ptolemaic Egypt 11238: 11232: 11192: 11174: 11170: 11168:Kings of Byblos 11159: 11131: 11105: 11076: 11070: 11044: 11024:Mushezib-Marduk 10994:Tiglath-Pileser 10992: 10983: 10960: 10946: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10914: 10910: 10909: 10901: 10899:Nabu-mukin-zeri 10893:Nabu-nadin-zeri 10878:Marduk-bel-zeri 10871:Baba-aha-iddina 10848: 10825:Adad-nirari III 10815:Shalmaneser III 10804: 10793: 10792: 10779: 10773: 10772: 10770:Menkheperre Ini 10747: 10740: 10739: 10703: 10689:Nabû-mukin-apli 10666: 10655:(1100–540 BCE) 10648:Nabu-shum-libur 10616: 10593:Ashur-nirari IV 10587:Ashurnasirpal I 10584:Shamshi-Adad IV 10530:Ashur-uballit I 10525: 10507: 10503: 10499: 10495: 10489: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10478:Kings of Byblos 10476: 10446: 10439: 10433: 10432: 10401: 10400: 10384: 10378: 10346: 10333: 10332: 10314:Neferneferuaten 10274: 10273: 10269: 10263: 10257: 10256:(1500–1100 BCE) 10248:Enlil-nadin-ahi 10236:Adad-shuma-usur 10224:Kashtiliashu IV 10212:Kadashman-Turgu 10197:Burnaburiash II 10176:Kashtiliash III 10168: 10145: 10139: 10109: 10108:(1600–1260 BCE) 10107: 10077: 10068: 10062: 10050: 10044: 10040: 10034: 10030: 10024: 10004: 9999:Peshgaldaramesh 9994: 9984: 9974: 9970:Sealand Dynasty 9967: 9964: 9963: 9957: 9956: 9919: 9912: 9910: 9885:Ashur-nirari II 9864:Puzur-Ashur III 9852:Shamshi-Adad II 9823: 9821: 9819:Adaside dynasty 9816: 9815: 9790: 9788: 9786: 9785: 9748: 9746: 9744: 9737: 9728: 9722: 9711: 9707: 9705:Kings of Byblos 9703: 9697: 9686: 9649: 9636: 9635: 9617:Uruk VI dynasty 9615: 9564: 9515:Dynasty of Isin 9505: 9499: 9488: 9484: 9480: 9476: 9472: 9468: 9464: 9460: 9456: 9431: 9425: 9418: 9414: 9413: 9412: 9410: 9406: 9402: 9385: 9379: 9375: 9369: 9366: 9336: 9330: 9312: 9273: 9261: 9252: 9248: 9244: 9240: 9223: 9213: 9199: 9183: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9156: 9149: 9145: 9131: 9127: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9111: 9100: 9096: 9090: 9086: 9077:(2150–2000 BCE) 9058: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 8990: 8986: 8974: 8970: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8922: 8912: 8867:Djedkare Shemai 8856: 8850: 8844: 8830: 8801: 8797: 8793: 8789: 8776:Sargon of Akkad 8774: 8773: 8770:Akkadian Empire 8762:(2340–2150 BCE) 8760:Akkadian Period 8747: 8743: 8731: 8727: 8706: 8694: 8684: 8680: 8663: 8659: 8645: 8623: 8602: 8600: 8588: 8584: 8580: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8552: 8543: 8529: 8525: 8513: 8509: 8497: 8468: 8465: 8459: 8447: 8438: 8405: 8404: 8388: 8384: 8380: 8376: 8365: 8361: 8357: 8348: 8347: 8341: 8337: 8336: 8324: 8323: 8307: 8304: 8292: 8288: 8277: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8252: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8231: 8223:(2500-539 BCE) 8211: 8207: 8177: 8171: 8164: 8158: 8140: 8136: 8132: 8120: 8116: 8112: 8100: 8094: 8090: 8076: 8072: 8062: 8059: 8055: 8043: 8039: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8009: 8005: 8001: 7997: 7961: 7955: 7949: 7945: 7944: 7928: 7927: 7926:(2700–1500 BCE) 7925: 7873: 7862: 7825:("conqueror of 7811: 7795: 7788: 7778: 7764: 7745: 7741: 7736: 7727: 7718: 7710: 7707: 7687: 7623: 7622: 7608: 7602: 7596: 7587: 7529: 7515: 7502: 7443: 7374: 7363: 7357: 7343: 7337: 7330: 7324: 7318: 7312: 7311: 7310:(4000–3100 BCE) 7309: 7303: 7277: 7271: 7243: 7224: 7214: 7187: 7185: 7169: 7163: 7133: 7128: 7100: 7037: 7009: 6978:Neolithic Korea 6973:Neolithic Tibet 6968:Neolithic China 6963:Zarzian culture 6924: 6841: 6836: 6806: 6801: 6745: 6729:Public holidays 6652: 6503: 6486: 6425: 6395: 6378: 6237: 6217: 6200: 6131:Iraqi Kurdistan 6121:Euphrates river 6092: 6071: 6038:War (2014–2017) 5984:Operation Opera 5930: 5900: 5896:Arab Federation 5884:Kingdom of Iraq 5817: 5793:Fall of Babylon 5728:Akkadian Empire 5703:Samarra culture 5688:Hassuna culture 5665: 5652: 5640: 5639: 5637: 5607: 5602: 5596:Sassanid Empire 5565:Parthian Empire 5560:Seleucid Empire 5550:Seleucid Empire 5469: 5463: 5440: 5431: 5260:Akkadian Empire 5206: 5200: 5170: 5165: 5124: 5078: 5052: 4961:Culture/society 4956: 4849: 4845:Muslim conquest 4815:Fall of Babylon 4746: 4647: 4634: 4518: 4436: 4431: 4347: 4328: 4306: 4285: 4264: 4245: 4229: 4227:Further reading 4205: 4203: 4199: 4193: 4178: 4165: 4163: 4159: 4148: 4100: 4078: 4053: 4051: 4032: 3999: 3981: 3962: 3943: 3924: 3902:Bar-Yosef, Ofer 3893: 3828: 3809: 3739: 3692: 3690: 3676: 3657: 3601: 3577: 3530: 3512:Oppenheim, A.L. 3497: 3495: 3491: 3476: 3431: 3412: 3396: 3391: 3386: 3382: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3364: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3339: 3330: 3328: 3319: 3318: 3314: 3307: 3303: 3288: 3284: 3276: 3272: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3246: 3238: 3234: 3226: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3191: 3175: 3171: 3164: 3148: 3141: 3134: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3088: 3081: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3040: 3036: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3009: 3002: 2993: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2961:Wayback Machine 2950: 2946: 2939: 2935: 2928: 2924: 2917: 2913: 2906: 2902: 2895: 2891: 2883: 2879: 2871: 2867: 2859: 2855: 2847: 2843: 2836: 2832: 2825: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2792: 2784: 2777: 2770: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2744: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2721: 2714: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2636: 2632: 2623: 2621: 2611: 2607: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2550: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2514:History of Iraq 2484: 2479: 2477: 2470: 2463: 2460: 2353:and later also 2300:Parthian Empire 2258:Cyrus the Great 2230: 2181: 2175: 2036:, Mesopotamia. 2026: 2020: 2015: 1991: 1985: 1941: 1935: 1907: 1893: 1837: 1831: 1781:, and from the 1743:Assyrian Empire 1735:Ashur-uballit I 1719: 1585: 1584: 1583: 1582: 1581: 1578: 1569: 1568: 1567: 1564: 1555: 1554: 1550: 1542: 1524: 1500:Sumero-Akkadian 1438:. A king named 1399: 1394: 1353: 1347: 1260:Akkadian Empire 1252: 1250:Akkadian Empire 1246: 1244:Akkadian Empire 1230:Sargon of Akkad 1197:Banquet scene, 1078: 1072: 1029:Proto-cuneiform 1021: 1015: 1010: 969: 963: 946: 945: 944: 943: 942: 935: 927: 926: 895: 886: 885: 879: 856:Leonard Woolley 832: 826: 799:Samarra culture 787: 785:Samarra culture 781: 746:Hassuna culture 742: 740:Hassuna culture 736: 720: 714: 650:Samarra culture 642:Hassuna culture 634: 627: 624: 615: 609: 600: 597: 588: 585: 576: 573: 564: 553: 544: 534: 525: 514: 465: 460: 454: 390: 376: 257: 249:Main articles: 247: 227:early Neolithic 191: 180: 179: 178: 173: 162: 156: 153: 143:Please help to 142: 126: 122: 111: 105: 102: 95: 83:This article's 79: 38: 34: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13157: 13147: 13146: 13129: 13128: 13124: 13123: 13118:Succeeded by: 13115: 13112: 13111: 13105: 13096: 13089: 13088: 13078: 13072: 13058: 13052: 13043: 13039: 13033: 13032: 13030:Kul Tepe Jolfa 13027: 13021: 13009: 12998: 12994: 12982: 12976: 12975: 12966: 12959: 12950:Hadji Muhammed 12928: 12922: 12908: 12904: 12897: 12891: 12890: 12885: 12880: 12872: 12867: 12851: 12844: 12839: 12833: 12832: 12805: 12803:Sang-i Chakmak 12794: 12783: 12765: 12762:Sha'ar HaGolan 12748: 12733: 12727: 12726: 12713: 12708: 12703: 12692: 12677: 12664: 12648: 12642: 12641: 12636: 12623: 12618: 12609: 12596: 12583: 12577: 12576: 12557: 12544: 12529: 12523: 12522: 12512: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12501: 12499: 12497: 12495: 12493: 12491: 12488: 12471: 12469: 12467: 12461: 12460: 12453: 12451: 12449: 12447: 12445: 12443: 12441: 12439: 12437: 12435: 12433: 12431: 12425: 12424: 12419: 12409: 12404: 12393: 12386: 12380: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12352: 12347: 12342: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12310: 12307: 12306: 12299: 12298: 12291: 12284: 12276: 12267: 12266: 12261: 12260: 12257: 12256: 12253: 12252: 12245: 12222: 12205: 12198: 12175: 12168: 12154:Potts, Timothy 12144: 12130: 12108: 12098: 12097: 12094: 12093: 12083: 12072: 12071: 12064: 12057: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12040: 12035: 12026: 12020: 12019: 11978: 11971: 11967: 11966: 11948: 11927: 11923: 11922: 11917: 11912: 11903: 11897: 11896: 11889: 11885: 11884: 11879: 11874: 11869: 11863: 11862: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11833: 11829: 11828: 11721: 11717: 11716: 11693: 11688: 11683: 11679: 11678: 11673: 11664: 11660: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11637: 11636: 11629: 11628:30 BCE–116 CE 11625: 11624: 11562:Mithridates IV 11544:Mithridates II 11523: 11485: 11480:Aristobulus II 11453: 11449: 11448: 11373:Argead dynasty 11357: 11262:Argead dynasty 11258: 11254: 11253: 11245: 11244: 11224: 11223: 11215:Artaxerxes III 11178: 11176:Kings of Sidon 11165: 11152: 11148: 11147: 11124: 11119:Labashi-Marduk 11098: 11063: 11059: 11058: 11053: 11047: 11046: 11021:Nergal-ushezib 10976: 10957:Black Pharaohs 10939: 10935: 10934: 10902: 10875:Ninurta-apla-X 10836: 10834:Ashur-nirari V 10828:Shalmaneser IV 10818:Shamshi-Adad V 10806:Adad-nirari II 10797: 10787: 10696: 10692: 10691: 10661: 10657: 10656: 10650: 10607: 10590:Shalmaneser II 10578:Ashur-bel-kala 10566:Mutakkil-Nusku 10522:Middle Assyria 10518: 10511: 10486:Kings of Sidon 10469: 10393: 10392:1155–1025 BCE 10389: 10388: 10375:Elamite Empire 10371: 10338: 10337: 10329:Hittite Empire 10325: 10293: 10292: 10277: 10276: 10250: 10239:Meli-Shipak II 10209:Nazi-Maruttash 10173:Burnaburiash I 10152: 10124: 10123:1531–1155 BCE 10120: 10119: 10100: 10055: 10015: 10014: 9961: 9897: 9882:Enlil-Nasir II 9861:Ashur-nirari I 9855:Ishme-Dagan II 9846:Sharma-Adad II 9798:Ashur-apla-idi 9789:1735–1701 BCE) 9768:Ashur-apla-idi 9750:Shamshi-Adad I 9745:1808–1736 BCE) 9730: 9725:Yamhad dynasty 9715: 9713:Kings of Sidon 9692: 9679: 9678:1800–1595 BCE 9675: 9674: 9641: 9640: 9628: 9492: 9482:Puzur-Ashur II 9449: 9392: 9359: 9358: 9353:Mentuhotep III 9322: 9321: 9304: 9299: 9291: 9290:2025-1763 BCE 9287: 9286: 9258:Ur III dynasty 9254: 9235: 9232: 9228: 9227: 9215: 9204:Neferkare VIII 9192: 9188: 9187: 9180: 9179: 9151: 9137: 9135: 9122: 9108:Gutian dynasty 9104: 9080: 9079: 9071: 9066:Nebkaure Khety 9060:Meryibre Khety 9051: 9047: 9046: 9029: 8996: 8994: 8978: 8951: 8950: 8944: 8915: 8905: 8891:Neferkamin Anu 8864:Neferkare Neby 8837: 8833: 8832: 8828:Lugal-ushumgal 8825: 8810: 8806: 8805: 8784: 8765: 8764: 8756: 8754: 8750: 8749: 8735: 8722: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8710: 8701: 8696: 8688: 8675: 8670: 8666: 8665: 8661:Lugalannemundu 8651: 8616: 8612: 8611: 8606: 8592: 8575: 8556: 8547: 8538: 8533: 8517: 8504: 8500: 8499: 8482: 8477: 8473: 8472: 8461: 8452: 8451: 8442: 8433: 8428:Djedkare Isesi 8425:Menkauhor Kaiu 8397: 8393: 8392: 8369: 8352: 8328: 8326:Pabilgagaltuku 8315: 8310: 8296: 8285:Akshak dynasty 8281: 8272: 8224: 8218: 8214: 8213: 8200: 8151: 8147: 8146: 8144: 8125: 8110:Enun-dara-anna 8105: 8104: 8065: 8048: 8033: 8015: 8013: 7991: 7990: 7984: 7937: 7933: 7932: 7918: 7903: 7887: 7886: 7879: 7878: 7867: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7836: 7832: 7831: 7818: 7817: 7803: 7766: 7759: 7758: 7734:Kullassina-bel 7719: 7711: 7700: 7699: 7693: 7615: 7611: 7610: 7589: 7580: 7575: 7526:Narmer Palette 7508: 7507:3100–2900 BCE 7504: 7503: 7436: 7366: 7365: 7350: 7349:3200–3100 BCE 7346: 7345: 7332: 7300: 7299: 7294: 7288: 7283: 7264: 7263:4000–3200 BCE 7260: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7238: 7233: 7228: 7218: 7208: 7203: 7198: 7193: 7188: 7175: 7174: 7171: 7170: 7165:Rulers of the 7162: 7161: 7154: 7147: 7139: 7130: 7129: 7127: 7126: 7116: 7105: 7102: 7101: 7099: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7068: 7063: 7058: 7053: 7047: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7036: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7019: 7017: 7011: 7010: 7008: 7007: 7001: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6980: 6975: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6934: 6932: 6926: 6925: 6923: 6922: 6920:Xiaochangliang 6917: 6912: 6907: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6887: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6867: 6862: 6857: 6851: 6849: 6843: 6842: 6835: 6834: 6827: 6820: 6812: 6803: 6802: 6800: 6799: 6789: 6779: 6769: 6758: 6755: 6754: 6751: 6750: 6747: 6746: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6726: 6721: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6676: 6671: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6649: 6648: 6643: 6638: 6633: 6628: 6618: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6606: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6585: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6548: 6543: 6538: 6533: 6523: 6517: 6515: 6505: 6504: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6469: 6467:Transportation 6464: 6459: 6457:Stock Exchange 6454: 6452:Reconstruction 6449: 6444: 6439: 6434: 6432:Infrastructure 6429: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6406: 6400: 6397: 6396: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6346: 6345: 6344: 6339: 6334: 6329: 6328: 6327: 6317: 6312: 6302: 6301: 6300: 6299: 6298: 6291:Prime Minister 6288: 6287: 6286: 6276: 6271: 6261: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6241: 6233: 6228: 6222: 6219: 6218: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6198: 6193: 6188: 6183: 6178: 6173: 6168: 6163: 6158: 6153: 6148: 6143: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6069: 6064: 6063: 6062: 6052: 6051: 6050: 6045: 6035: 6030: 6029: 6028: 6023: 6018: 6008: 6003: 6002: 6001: 5999:1991 uprisings 5991: 5986: 5981: 5976: 5971: 5966: 5961: 5956: 5951: 5949:Saddam Hussein 5946: 5935: 5934: 5926: 5921: 5916: 5910: 5908: 5902: 5901: 5899: 5898: 5893: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5879:Mandatory Iraq 5876: 5871: 5868:Mamluk dynasty 5861: 5856: 5851: 5846: 5841: 5836: 5831: 5825: 5823: 5819: 5818: 5816: 5815: 5810: 5805: 5800: 5795: 5790: 5785: 5780: 5775: 5770: 5765: 5760: 5755: 5750: 5745: 5740: 5735: 5733:Gutian dynasty 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5710: 5705: 5700: 5695: 5690: 5685: 5679: 5677: 5667: 5666: 5654: 5653: 5636: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5604: 5603: 5599: 5598: 5593: 5589: 5588: 5572: 5571:63 BCE–224 CE 5568: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5553: 5552: 5547: 5543: 5542: 5534:Ancient Greeks 5526: 5522: 5521: 5516: 5512: 5511: 5499: 5495: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5480: 5476: 5475: 5456: 5451: 5444: 5435: 5426: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5409: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5386:Middle Assyria 5383: 5381: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5359: 5347: 5343: 5342: 5332: 5327: 5323: 5322: 5306: 5301: 5289: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5262: 5257: 5253: 5252: 5239: 5236: 5232: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5199: 5198: 5191: 5184: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5141:Assyriologists 5138: 5132: 5130: 5126: 5125: 5123: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5092: 5086: 5084: 5080: 5079: 5077: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5053: 5051: 5050: 5048:List of rulers 5045: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5025: 5020: 5015: 5010: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4990: 4985: 4980: 4975: 4970: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4957: 4955: 4954: 4949: 4944: 4939: 4937:Proto-Armenian 4934: 4929: 4924: 4922:Middle Persian 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4889: 4884: 4879: 4874: 4869: 4863: 4861: 4855: 4854: 4851: 4850: 4848: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4810:Neo-Babylonian 4807: 4802: 4797: 4792: 4790:Old Babylonian 4787: 4782: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4760:Early Dynastic 4756: 4754: 4748: 4747: 4745: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4710: 4705: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4664: 4662: 4653: 4649: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4635: 4633: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4612: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4592: 4587: 4582: 4577: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4526: 4524: 4520: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4464: 4459: 4453: 4451: 4444: 4438: 4437: 4430: 4429: 4422: 4415: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4366:(2): 635–645. 4351: 4345: 4332: 4326: 4310: 4304: 4289: 4283: 4268: 4262: 4249: 4243: 4228: 4225: 4224: 4223: 4211: 4191: 4171: 4141: 4115:(3): 219–267. 4104: 4098: 4082: 4076: 4060: 4025: 4003: 3997: 3989:Ancient Turkey 3984: 3979: 3966: 3960: 3947: 3941: 3928: 3922: 3897: 3891: 3878: 3853: 3837:Bosworth, C.E. 3832: 3826: 3813: 3807: 3794: 3743: 3737: 3720: 3699: 3689:. Heritage Key 3680: 3674: 3661: 3655: 3642: 3622:10.1086/371676 3605: 3599: 3585:Deutscher, Guy 3581: 3575: 3555: 3539:Bosworth, C.E. 3534: 3528: 3503: 3464: 3452:10.1086/661207 3446:(5): 619–660. 3435: 3429: 3416: 3410: 3395: 3392: 3390: 3389: 3380: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3362: 3360:, p. 318. 3350: 3337: 3312: 3301: 3282: 3270: 3256: 3244: 3232: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3189: 3169: 3162: 3139: 3132: 3109: 3102: 3079: 3061: 3054: 3034: 3016: 3000: 2987: 2974: 2944: 2933: 2922: 2911: 2900: 2889: 2877: 2865: 2863:, p. xxix 2853: 2841: 2830: 2819: 2807: 2790: 2775: 2764: 2750: 2738: 2734:Wilkinson 2000 2726: 2712: 2697: 2685: 2672:10.1086/383004 2656:10.1086/383004 2650:(3): 351–368. 2630: 2605: 2580: 2556: 2543: 2541: 2538: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2521: 2516: 2511: 2506: 2501: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2475: 2459: 2456: 2455: 2454: 2453: 2452: 2439: 2427:Late Antiquity 2424: 2423: 2422: 2412: 2406: 2400: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2229: 2226: 2177:Main article: 2174: 2171: 2143:Ancient Greece 2022:Main article: 2019: 2016: 2014: 2011: 1987:Main article: 1984: 1981: 1937:Main article: 1934: 1931: 1903:Main article: 1892: 1889: 1857:Hittite Empire 1833:Main article: 1830: 1827: 1718: 1715: 1683:Shamshi-Adad I 1678:took control. 1579: 1572: 1571: 1570: 1565: 1558: 1557: 1556: 1546: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1523: 1520: 1476:Puzur-Ashur II 1398: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1349:Main article: 1346: 1343: 1320:diversion dams 1304:Semitic people 1248:Main article: 1245: 1242: 1212:, followed by 1074:Main article: 1071: 1068: 1017:Main article: 1014: 1011: 1009: 1006: 988:Early Dynastic 965:Main article: 962: 959: 936: 929: 928: 896: 889: 888: 887: 883: 882: 881: 880: 878: 875: 863:alluvial plain 848:Tell al-'Ubaid 828:Main article: 825: 822: 783:Main article: 780: 777: 773:Tell Shemshara 738:Main article: 735: 732: 716:Main article: 713: 710: 633: 630: 629: 628: 625: 618: 616: 610: 603: 601: 598: 591: 589: 586: 579: 577: 574: 567: 565: 554: 547: 545: 535: 528: 526: 515: 508: 464: 461: 456:Main article: 453: 450: 414:calendar dates 375: 372: 246: 243: 219:Late antiquity 193: 192: 175: 174: 129: 127: 120: 113: 112: 92:the key points 82: 80: 73: 68: 42: 41: 39: 32: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13156: 13145: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13122: 13121: 13114: 13113: 13109: 13104: 13100: 13097: 13091: 13090: 13086: 13082: 13079: 13076: 13068: 13062: 13059: 13056: 13053: 13049: 13035: 13034: 13031: 13026: 13022: 13019: 13013: 13010: 13006: 13002: 12999: 12995: 12992: 12988: 12987: 12978: 12977: 12974: 12970: 12967: 12964: 12960: 12957: 12951: 12945: 12939: 12933: 12927: 12923: 12917: 12912: 12909: 12905: 12901: 12893: 12892: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12877: 12871: 12870:Umm Dabaghiya 12868: 12866: 12856: 12849: 12845: 12843: 12835: 12834: 12831: 12821: 12815: 12811: 12810: 12804: 12800: 12799: 12793: 12789: 12788: 12781: 12775: 12771: 12770: 12763: 12758: 12754: 12753: 12747: 12743: 12739: 12738: 12729: 12728: 12723: 12719: 12718: 12712: 12707: 12702: 12698: 12697: 12691: 12687: 12683: 12682: 12675: 12670: 12669: 12662: 12658: 12654: 12653: 12644: 12643: 12640: 12635: 12631: 12627: 12624: 12622: 12617: 12613: 12606: 12600: 12593: 12589: 12588: 12579: 12578: 12573: 12569: 12567: 12561: 12556: 12552: 12548: 12543: 12539: 12535: 12534: 12525: 12524: 12520: 12516: 12508: 12507: 12485: 12481: 12477: 12476: 12463: 12462: 12457: 12456:Early Pottery 12427: 12426: 12423: 12420: 12418: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12402: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12387: 12385: 12381: 12379: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12356: 12353: 12351: 12348: 12346: 12343: 12338: 12337: 12332: 12327: 12318: 12308: 12304: 12297: 12292: 12290: 12285: 12283: 12278: 12277: 12274: 12248: 12242: 12238: 12237: 12232: 12226: 12220: 12214: 12212: 12210: 12201: 12195: 12191: 12190: 12185: 12184:Roux, Georges 12179: 12171: 12165: 12161: 12160: 12155: 12148: 12140: 12134: 12126: 12122: 12118: 12112: 12103: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12082: 12078: 12073: 12070: 12069: 12063: 12062: 12056: 12055: 12048: 12047: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12030: 12025: 12021: 12018: 12015: 12012: 12011:Yazdegerd III 12009: 12006: 12003: 12000: 11997: 11994: 11991: 11988: 11985: 11982: 11977: 11976: 11968: 11965: 11962: 11958: 11954: 11953: 11947: 11944: 11943:Sahralanyozan 11941: 11937: 11932: 11925: 11924: 11921: 11916: 11911: 11907: 11902: 11898: 11895: 11894: 11886: 11883: 11878: 11873: 11868: 11864: 11861: 11860: 11852: 11849: 11846: 11843: 11839: 11838: 11831: 11830: 11827: 11824: 11821: 11818: 11815: 11812: 11809: 11806: 11803: 11800: 11797: 11794: 11791: 11788: 11785: 11782: 11779: 11776: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11764: 11761: 11758: 11755: 11752: 11749: 11746: 11743: 11736: 11731: 11727: 11726: 11719: 11718: 11715: 11712: 11709: 11706: 11703: 11700: 11699:Mithridates V 11697: 11696:Sinatruces II 11692: 11687: 11681: 11680: 11677: 11672: 11668: 11661: 11658: 11653: 11648: 11643: 11638: 11635: 11634: 11626: 11623: 11620: 11619:Artabanus III 11617: 11614: 11611: 11608: 11605: 11602: 11599: 11596: 11593: 11590: 11589:Tiridates III 11587: 11584: 11581: 11578: 11575: 11572: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11560: 11557: 11554: 11551: 11548: 11545: 11542: 11539: 11536: 11533: 11532:Mithridates I 11529: 11528: 11522: 11519: 11516: 11513: 11510: 11507: 11504: 11501: 11498: 11495: 11492: 11489: 11484: 11481: 11478: 11475: 11472: 11469: 11468:Aristobulus I 11466: 11465:John Hyrcanus 11463: 11459: 11458: 11451: 11450: 11447: 11444: 11441: 11438: 11435: 11434:Alexander III 11432: 11429: 11426: 11423: 11420: 11419:Antiochus III 11417: 11414: 11411: 11408: 11405: 11401: 11400: 11395: 11391: 11390: 11385: 11382: 11379: 11378:Alexander III 11375: 11374: 11366: 11361: 11356: 11353: 11350: 11347: 11344: 11341: 11338: 11335: 11332: 11329: 11326: 11323: 11320: 11317: 11314: 11313:Cleopatra III 11311: 11308: 11305: 11302: 11299: 11296: 11293: 11290: 11287: 11284: 11281: 11278: 11275: 11272: 11268: 11267: 11263: 11256: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11246: 11243: 11242: 11237: 11236: 11231: 11230: 11225: 11222: 11219: 11218:Artaxerxes IV 11216: 11213: 11212:Artaxerxes II 11210: 11207: 11204: 11201: 11198: 11195: 11191: 11190: 11183: 11177: 11173: 11172:Kings of Tyre 11169: 11163: 11158: 11157: 11149: 11146: 11143: 11140: 11137: 11134: 11130: 11129: 11128:Median Empire 11123: 11120: 11117: 11114: 11111: 11108: 11104: 11103: 11097: 11094: 11091: 11088: 11085: 11082: 11079: 11075: 11074: 11069: 11068: 11061: 11060: 11057: 11052: 11048: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11037: 11036:Sinsharishkun 11034: 11031: 11028: 11025: 11022: 11019: 11016: 11013: 11010: 11007: 11004: 11001: 10998: 10995: 10991: 10989: 10982: 10981: 10975: 10972: 10969: 10966: 10963: 10958: 10950: 10945: 10944: 10936: 10933: 10929: 10925: 10921: 10917: 10913: 10908: 10907: 10900: 10897: 10894: 10891: 10888: 10885: 10882: 10879: 10876: 10873:(five kings) 10872: 10869: 10866: 10863: 10860: 10857: 10854: 10851: 10847: 10841: 10835: 10832: 10831:Ashur-Dan III 10829: 10826: 10822: 10819: 10816: 10813: 10810: 10807: 10803: 10802: 10796: 10791: 10786: 10785: 10782: 10778: 10777: 10771: 10768: 10765: 10762: 10759: 10756: 10753: 10750: 10746: 10745: 10738: 10735: 10734: 10730: 10727: 10724: 10721: 10718: 10715: 10712: 10709: 10706: 10702: 10701: 10694: 10693: 10690: 10687: 10684: 10681: 10678: 10675: 10672: 10671:Ea-mukin-zeri 10669: 10668:Simbar-shipak 10665: 10660:1025–934 BCE 10659: 10658: 10654: 10649: 10646: 10643: 10640: 10637: 10634: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10622: 10619: 10615: 10613: 10606: 10603: 10600: 10597: 10596:Ashur-rabi II 10594: 10591: 10588: 10585: 10582: 10581:Eriba-Adad II 10579: 10576: 10573: 10570: 10567: 10564: 10561: 10558: 10555: 10552: 10549: 10546: 10543: 10542:Shalmaneser I 10540: 10539:Adad-nirari I 10537: 10534: 10531: 10528: 10524: 10523: 10517: 10516: 10510: 10506: 10502: 10498: 10494: 10493: 10487: 10483: 10482:Kings of Tyre 10479: 10475: 10474: 10468: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10458: 10455: 10452: 10449: 10445: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10422: 10421:Ramesses VIII 10419: 10416: 10413: 10410: 10407: 10404: 10399: 10398: 10391: 10390: 10387: 10383: 10382: 10377: 10376: 10370: 10367: 10364: 10361: 10358: 10355: 10352: 10349: 10345: 10344: 10339: 10336: 10331: 10330: 10324: 10321: 10318: 10315: 10312: 10311: 10307: 10304: 10303:Amenhotep III 10301: 10298: 10294: 10291: 10288: 10285: 10282: 10278: 10275: 10272: 10268: 10267: 10262: 10261: 10254: 10249: 10246: 10243: 10240: 10237: 10234: 10231: 10228: 10225: 10222: 10219: 10216: 10213: 10210: 10207: 10204: 10201: 10198: 10195: 10192: 10189: 10186: 10183: 10180: 10177: 10174: 10171: 10167: 10165: 10157: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10129: 10121: 10118: 10115: 10112: 10106: 10105: 10099: 10096: 10093: 10090: 10087: 10086: 10082: 10081: 10072: 10066: 10061: 10060: 10054: 10053: 10049: 10048: 10043: 10039: 10038: 10033: 10029: 10028: 10023: 10022: 10016: 10013: 10010: 10009:Melamkurkurra 10007: 10003: 10002:Ayadaragalama 10000: 9997: 9993: 9990: 9987: 9983: 9980: 9979:Itti-ili-nibi 9977: 9973: 9971: 9960: 9955: 9952: 9949: 9946: 9943: 9940: 9937: 9934: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9922: 9918: 9916: 9909: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9889: 9886: 9883: 9880: 9877: 9874: 9873:Ashur-shaduni 9871: 9868: 9867:Enlil-nasir I 9865: 9862: 9859: 9856: 9853: 9850: 9847: 9844: 9841: 9838: 9835: 9832: 9831:Sharma-Adad I 9829: 9826: 9822:1700–722 BCE) 9820: 9814: 9811: 9808: 9805: 9802: 9799: 9796: 9793: 9784: 9781: 9778: 9775: 9772: 9769: 9766: 9763: 9760: 9757: 9754: 9753:Ishme-Dagan I 9751: 9742: 9736: 9735: 9726: 9721: 9720: 9714: 9710: 9709:Kings of Tyre 9706: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9690: 9685: 9684: 9676: 9673: 9670: 9667: 9666:Amenemhat III 9664: 9661: 9658: 9655: 9652: 9648: 9647: 9642: 9639: 9634: 9633: 9626: 9622: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9607: 9604: 9601: 9598: 9595: 9592: 9589: 9586: 9583: 9580: 9577: 9574: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9557: 9554: 9551: 9548: 9545: 9542: 9539: 9536: 9533: 9530: 9527: 9524: 9521: 9517: 9516: 9509: 9503: 9498: 9497: 9491: 9487: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9458:Puzur-Ashur I 9455: 9454: 9447: 9443: 9440: 9437: 9434: 9429: 9424: 9423: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9400: 9397: 9391: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9368: 9365: 9364:Third Eblaite 9360: 9357: 9356:Mentuhotep IV 9354: 9351: 9350:Mentuhotep II 9348: 9345: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9328: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9311: 9309: 9303: 9298: 9296: 9288: 9285: 9282: 9279: 9276: 9271: 9266: 9260: 9259: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9239: 9230: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9220: 9214: 9211: 9208: 9207:Wahkare Khety 9205: 9202: 9198: 9197: 9190: 9189: 9186: 9181: 9178: 9174: 9170: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9144: 9142: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9121: 9117: 9110: 9109: 9103: 9099: 9094: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9075:Ur III period 9070: 9067: 9064: 9063:Neferkare VII 9061: 9057: 9056: 9048: 9045: 9041: 9037: 9033: 9027: 9023: 9019: 9015: 9011: 9010:Ur-Ningirsu I 9007: 9003: 9001: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8983: 8977: 8973: 8968: 8964: 8960: 8956: 8952: 8949: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8921: 8920: 8914: 8911: 8904: 8901: 8898: 8895: 8892: 8889: 8886: 8883: 8880: 8877: 8874: 8871: 8868: 8865: 8862: 8859: 8855: 8854: 8849: 8848: 8843: 8842: 8834: 8829: 8823: 8818: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8804: 8800: 8796: 8792: 8788: 8783: 8780: 8777: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8746: 8742: 8740: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8717: 8714: 8709: 8705: 8700: 8693: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8674: 8668: 8667: 8662: 8658: 8656: 8649: 8644: 8641: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8629: 8626: 8622: 8621: 8614: 8613: 8610: 8607: 8605: 8599: 8597: 8593: 8591: 8587: 8583: 8579: 8576: 8573: 8568: 8564: 8560: 8557: 8555: 8551: 8548: 8546: 8545:Lugal-kisalsi 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8528: 8524: 8522: 8518: 8516: 8512: 8508: 8505: 8502: 8501: 8495: 8490: 8486: 8481: 8478: 8475: 8474: 8471: 8467: 8457: 8454: 8453: 8450: 8446: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8429: 8426: 8423: 8420: 8417: 8414: 8411: 8408: 8403: 8402: 8394: 8391: 8387: 8383: 8379: 8375: 8374: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8356: 8351: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8333: 8327: 8322: 8320: 8314: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8291: 8287: 8286: 8280: 8276: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8251: 8244: 8239: 8235: 8230: 8229: 8222: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8206: 8205: 8199: 8198: 8194: 8191: 8188: 8187: 8183: 8180: 8175: 8170: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8157: 8156: 8149: 8148: 8143: 8139: 8135: 8131: 8130: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8111: 8106: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8083: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8070: 8064: 8058: 8054: 8053: 8047: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8032: 8028: 8022: 8020: 8012: 8008: 8004: 8000: 7996: 7992: 7988: 7983: 7980: 7979: 7975: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7964: 7959: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7942: 7934: 7931: 7924: 7923: 7916: 7911: 7907: 7901: 7896: 7892: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7877: 7876: 7872: 7866: 7865: 7861: 7857: 7853: 7844: 7840: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7824: 7819: 7816: 7815: 7810: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7798: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7784: 7781: 7777: 7774: 7771: 7765: 7760: 7757: 7756: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7739: 7738:Nangishlishma 7735: 7731: 7726: 7724: 7717: 7716: 7709: 7706: 7705:First Eblaite 7701: 7697: 7691: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7678: 7677: 7673: 7672: 7668: 7665: 7664:Seth-Peribsen 7662: 7661: 7657: 7656: 7652: 7651: 7647: 7646: 7642: 7641: 7637: 7636: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7625:Hotepsekhemwy 7621: 7620: 7612: 7606: 7601: 7600: 7595: 7594: 7593:Proto-Elamite 7586: 7585: 7579: 7574: 7573: 7569: 7568: 7564: 7561: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7548: 7545: 7542: 7538: 7535: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7519: 7514: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7496: 7495:Double Falcon 7493: 7492: 7488: 7487: 7483: 7482: 7478: 7477: 7473: 7472: 7468: 7467: 7463: 7462: 7458: 7457: 7453: 7452: 7448: 7447: 7442: 7441: 7435: 7431: 7428: 7427: 7423: 7420: 7417: 7416: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7397: 7396: 7392: 7389: 7388: 7384: 7383: 7379: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7367: 7361: 7356: 7355: 7347: 7341: 7336: 7328: 7322: 7316: 7308: 7307: 7301: 7298: 7292: 7287: 7281: 7276: 7275: 7270: 7269: 7261: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7197: 7194: 7192: 7183: 7182: 7179: 7178: 7172: 7168: 7160: 7155: 7153: 7148: 7146: 7141: 7140: 7137: 7125: 7117: 7115: 7107: 7106: 7103: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7067: 7064: 7062: 7059: 7057: 7054: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7046: 7044: 7040: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7028:Halaf culture 7026: 7024: 7021: 7020: 7018: 7016: 7012: 7006:(Mesopotamia) 7005: 7002: 7000:(Mesopotamia) 6999: 6996: 6994: 6991: 6989: 6986: 6984: 6981: 6979: 6976: 6974: 6971: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6927: 6921: 6918: 6916: 6913: 6911: 6908: 6906: 6903: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6886: 6883: 6881: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6866: 6863: 6861: 6858: 6856: 6853: 6852: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6833: 6828: 6826: 6821: 6819: 6814: 6813: 6810: 6798: 6790: 6788: 6780: 6778: 6774: 6770: 6768: 6760: 6759: 6756: 6740: 6737: 6735: 6732: 6731: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6720: 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6685: 6682: 6680: 6677: 6675: 6672: 6670: 6667: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6659: 6655: 6647: 6644: 6642: 6639: 6637: 6634: 6632: 6629: 6627: 6624: 6623: 6622: 6619: 6617: 6614: 6610: 6607: 6604: 6603:Iraqi Turkmen 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6579: 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6560: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6532: 6529: 6528: 6527: 6524: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6502: 6497: 6493: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6465: 6463: 6460: 6458: 6455: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6443: 6440: 6438: 6435: 6433: 6430: 6428: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6410: 6407: 6405: 6402: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6389: 6385: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6340: 6338: 6335: 6333: 6330: 6326: 6323: 6322: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6307: 6306: 6303: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6292: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281: 6280: 6277: 6275: 6272: 6270: 6267: 6266: 6265: 6262: 6260: 6257: 6255: 6252: 6250: 6247: 6245: 6242: 6240: 6238:(legislative) 6234: 6232: 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6211: 6207: 6197: 6194: 6192: 6189: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6179: 6177: 6174: 6172: 6171:Syrian Desert 6169: 6167: 6166:Shatt al-Arab 6164: 6162: 6159: 6157: 6154: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6144: 6142: 6139: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6101:Faw peninsula 6099: 6098: 6095: 6091: 6086: 6082: 6068: 6065: 6061: 6058: 6057: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6043:Fall of Mosul 6041: 6040: 6039: 6036: 6034: 6031: 6027: 6024: 6022: 6019: 6017: 6016:U.S. invasion 6014: 6013: 6012: 6009: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5995: 5992: 5990: 5987: 5985: 5982: 5980: 5979:Iran–Iraq War 5977: 5975: 5972: 5970: 5967: 5965: 5962: 5960: 5957: 5955: 5952: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5940: 5937: 5936: 5933: 5927: 5925: 5922: 5920: 5917: 5915: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5903: 5897: 5894: 5890: 5887: 5886: 5885: 5882: 5880: 5877: 5875: 5872: 5869: 5865: 5862: 5860: 5857: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5844:Buyid dynasty 5842: 5840: 5837: 5835: 5832: 5830: 5827: 5826: 5824: 5820: 5814: 5811: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5799: 5796: 5794: 5791: 5789: 5786: 5784: 5781: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5771: 5769: 5766: 5764: 5761: 5759: 5756: 5754: 5751: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5741: 5739: 5736: 5734: 5731: 5729: 5726: 5724: 5721: 5719: 5716: 5714: 5711: 5709: 5706: 5704: 5701: 5699: 5696: 5694: 5693:Halaf culture 5691: 5689: 5686: 5684: 5681: 5680: 5678: 5676: 5672: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5655: 5650: 5644: 5634: 5629: 5627: 5622: 5620: 5615: 5614: 5611: 5597: 5590: 5586: 5585: 5580: 5576: 5569: 5566: 5561: 5554: 5551: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5524: 5523: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5509: 5508: 5503: 5497: 5496: 5488: 5487: 5484: 5478: 5477: 5474: 5473: 5468: 5467: 5462: 5461: 5455: 5450: 5449: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5425: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5407: 5405: 5399: 5398: 5391: 5390: 5387: 5382: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5369: 5368: 5363: 5357: 5356: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5340: 5336: 5331: 5325: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5314: 5310: 5305: 5300: 5298: 5293: 5287: 5286: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5273: 5272: 5265: 5264: 5261: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5234: 5233: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5214: 5209: 5205: 5197: 5192: 5190: 5185: 5183: 5178: 5177: 5174: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5133: 5131: 5127: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5081: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5061: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5046: 5044: 5041: 5039: 5036: 5034: 5031: 5029: 5026: 5024: 5021: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5009: 5006: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4989: 4986: 4984: 4981: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4965: 4963: 4959: 4953: 4950: 4948: 4945: 4943: 4940: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4885: 4883: 4880: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4856: 4846: 4843: 4841: 4838: 4836: 4833: 4831: 4828: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4816: 4813: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4733: 4730: 4728: 4725: 4723: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4654: 4650: 4645: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4525: 4521: 4515: 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4502: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4477:Syrian Desert 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4454: 4452: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4439: 4435: 4428: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4409: 4408: 4405: 4397: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4357: 4352: 4348: 4346:0-19-506512-3 4342: 4338: 4333: 4329: 4327:0-312-03511-X 4323: 4319: 4315: 4314:Saggs, H.W.F. 4311: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4290: 4286: 4284:0-226-58656-1 4280: 4276: 4275: 4269: 4265: 4263:2-503-50729-8 4259: 4255: 4250: 4246: 4244:0-7486-1755-8 4240: 4236: 4231: 4230: 4220: 4219:The Sumerians 4216: 4215:Woolley, C.L. 4212: 4202:on 2021-08-26 4198: 4194: 4188: 4184: 4177: 4172: 4162:on 2013-04-29 4158: 4154: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4118: 4114: 4110: 4105: 4101: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4079: 4077:0-19-506512-3 4073: 4069: 4065: 4061: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4031: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3963: 3961:0-521-56496-4 3957: 3953: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3934: 3929: 3925: 3923:0-306-47153-1 3919: 3915: 3911: 3907: 3903: 3898: 3894: 3892:0-19-510807-8 3888: 3884: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3842: 3838: 3833: 3829: 3827:0-415-25317-9 3823: 3819: 3814: 3810: 3808:0-85668-735-9 3804: 3800: 3795: 3791: 3787: 3783: 3779: 3774: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3744: 3740: 3738:0-415-16763-9 3734: 3729: 3728: 3721: 3717: 3713: 3709: 3705: 3700: 3688: 3687: 3681: 3677: 3675:1-885923-10-4 3671: 3667: 3662: 3658: 3652: 3648: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3576:9780521533386 3572: 3567: 3566: 3560: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3531: 3529:0-226-63186-9 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3504: 3494:on 2012-10-07 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3436: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3417: 3413: 3411:0-521-79666-0 3407: 3403: 3398: 3397: 3384: 3375: 3371: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3341: 3327:on 2019-05-03 3326: 3322: 3316: 3310: 3305: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3279: 3274: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3253: 3252:Matthews 2002 3248: 3241: 3236: 3229: 3228:Matthews 2002 3224: 3217: 3212: 3205: 3204:Crawford 2004 3200: 3192: 3190:9780826332547 3186: 3182: 3181: 3173: 3165: 3163:9780521796668 3159: 3155: 3154: 3146: 3144: 3135: 3133:9780141938257 3129: 3125: 3124: 3116: 3114: 3105: 3103:9781405137232 3099: 3095: 3094: 3086: 3084: 3075: 3071: 3065: 3057: 3055:9780931464966 3051: 3047: 3046: 3038: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3013: 3007: 3005: 2997: 2991: 2984: 2978: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2948: 2942: 2937: 2931: 2926: 2920: 2915: 2909: 2904: 2898: 2893: 2887:, p. 251 2886: 2881: 2874: 2869: 2862: 2857: 2850: 2845: 2839: 2834: 2828: 2827:Brinkman 1977 2823: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2786:Matthews 2003 2782: 2780: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2757: 2755: 2747: 2746:Matthews 2003 2742: 2735: 2730: 2724: 2719: 2717: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2634: 2620: 2616: 2609: 2594: 2590: 2584: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2553: 2548: 2544: 2530: 2527: 2525: 2522: 2520: 2517: 2515: 2512: 2510: 2507: 2505: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2495: 2492: 2491: 2487: 2476: 2473: 2467: 2462: 2450: 2446: 2443: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2430: 2429: 2428: 2425: 2420: 2419:Roman Assyria 2416: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2404: 2401: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2388: 2385: 2382: 2379: 2376: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2363: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2333: 2332:Rashidun army 2329: 2325: 2321: 2317: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2301: 2297: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2276:lingua franca 2274:remained the 2273: 2270: 2266: 2261: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2180: 2170: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2144: 2141:and parts of 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2039: 2035: 2030: 2025: 2010: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1990: 1980: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1953:Indo-European 1950: 1946: 1940: 1930: 1928: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1906: 1897: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1836: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1714: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1699:Ishme-Dagan I 1696: 1692: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1576: 1562: 1549: 1541: 1537: 1528: 1519: 1517: 1514:prince named 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1477: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1448:Puzur-Ashur I 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1365:Ur III Empire 1362: 1358: 1352: 1345:Ur III period 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1312:lingua franca 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1285: 1281: 1273: 1268: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1241: 1237: 1235: 1234:Lugal-Zage-Si 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1206:Enshakushanna 1200: 1195: 1191: 1188: 1187: 1182: 1173: 1169: 1167: 1164: 1160: 1159: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1139: 1134: 1133:urban centers 1129: 1127: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1091: 1087: 1082: 1077: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1042: 1034: 1030: 1025: 1020: 1005: 1003: 999: 994: 991: 989: 985: 981: 976: 974: 968: 958: 955: 951: 940: 939:Louvre Museum 933: 924: 923:Louvre Museum 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 893: 874: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 854:and later by 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 831: 830:Ubaid culture 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 804: 800: 791: 786: 776: 774: 770: 766: 762: 758: 754: 751: 747: 741: 731: 729: 725: 724:Halaf culture 719: 718:Halaf culture 709: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 655: 654:Ubaid culture 651: 647: 646:Halaf culture 643: 638: 622: 617: 613: 607: 602: 595: 590: 583: 578: 571: 566: 562: 558: 551: 546: 543: 539: 532: 527: 523: 519: 512: 507: 506: 505: 503: 499: 495: 494:domestication 491: 487: 482: 474: 469: 459: 449: 447: 441: 439: 435: 431: 427: 423: 417: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 395: 389: 385: 381: 371: 369: 365: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 323: 321: 317: 313: 307: 298: 293: 287: 278: 277:Ancient Greek 275:Mesopotamia ( 270: 266: 261: 256: 252: 242: 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 220: 217:period up to 216: 212: 208: 207:Civilization 199: 189: 186: 171: 168: 160: 150: 146: 140: 139: 133: 128: 119: 118: 109: 99: 93: 91: 86: 81: 77: 72: 71: 66: 64: 57: 56: 51: 50: 45: 40: 31: 30: 27: 19: 13117: 12984: 12830:Mehrgarh III 12807: 12796: 12785: 12767: 12750: 12735: 12715: 12711:Teppe Zagheh 12706:Chogha Bonut 12694: 12679: 12666: 12650: 12585: 12572:Nanzhuangtou 12563: 12559: 12555:Aşıklı Höyük 12547:Göbekli Tepe 12531: 12487:(10,500 BC) 12473: 12459:(18,000 BC) 12235: 12225: 12189:Ancient Iraq 12188: 12178: 12158: 12147: 12133: 12124: 12111: 12102: 12066: 12059: 12052: 11981:Ardashir III 11973: 11950: 11891: 11859:Roman Empire 11857: 11835: 11793:Yazdegerd II 11723: 11714:Artabanus IV 11711:Vologases VI 11702:Vologases IV 11633:Roman Empire 11631: 11616:Vologases II 11592:Artabanus II 11586:Artabanus II 11571:Tiridates II 11559:Phraates III 11525: 11462:Simon Thassi 11455: 11437:Demetrius II 11425:Antiochus IV 11416:Seleucus III 11410:Antiochus II 11397: 11387: 11384:Alexander IV 11371: 11359: 11343:Ptolemy XIII 11325:Berenice III 11319:Cleopatra IV 11260: 11257:331–141 BCE 11248: 11239: 11233: 11227: 11206:Artaxerxes I 11187: 11154: 11151:539–331 BCE 11126: 11107:Nabopolassar 11100: 11071: 11065: 11062:626–539 BCE 11030:Ashurbanipal 10985: 10984: 10978: 10941: 10938:745–609 BCE 10904: 10884:Eriba-Marduk 10845: 10799: 10774: 10742: 10741: 10731: 10720:Shoshenq III 10698: 10695:911–745 BCE 10663: 10645:Marduk-zer-X 10609: 10605:Ashur-dan II 10536:Arik-den-ili 10533:Enlil-nirari 10527:Eriba-Adad I 10520: 10513: 10490: 10471: 10466:Psusennes II 10441: 10440: 10434: 10418:Ramesses VII 10406:Ramesses III 10395: 10379: 10373: 10341: 10327: 10308: 10297:Amenhotep II 10290:Thutmose III 10264: 10258: 10255: 10206:Kurigalzu II 10200:Kara-hardash 10170:Agum-Kakrime 10161: 10140: 10134: 10102: 10085:'Aper-'Anati 10083: 10078: 10057: 10051: 10045: 10041: 10035: 10031: 10025: 10019: 10018: 9982:Damqi-ilishu 9965: 9954:Samsu-Ditana 9936:Sin-muballit 9927:Sin-muballit 9906: 9876:Ashur-rabi I 9741:Shamshi-Adad 9738: 9732: 9717: 9687: 9681: 9669:Amenemhat IV 9663:Senusret III 9657:Amenemhat II 9644: 9630: 9616: 9565: 9562:Damiq-ilishu 9532:Lipit-Eshtar 9513: 9494: 9451: 9419: 9415: 9399:Shakkanakkus 9362: 9338:Mentuhotep I 9331: 9325: 9306: 9293: 9256: 9250:Puzur-Ishtar 9217: 9212: 9194: 9147:Lugalannatum 9139: 9106: 9073: 9053: 9032:Hishep-Ratep 8998: 8980: 8917: 8907: 8861:Neferkare II 8851: 8845: 8839: 8786: 8768: 8758: 8737: 8690:Invasion by 8653: 8618: 8594: 8586:Enannatum II 8550:E-iginimpa'e 8519: 8511:Igrish-Halam 8422:Nyuserre Ini 8399: 8373:Awan dynasty 8371: 8330: 8317: 8298: 8283: 8274: 8258:Ishtup-Ishar 8238:Iku-Shamagan 8234:Ikun-Shamash 8226: 8204:Ur I dynasty 8202: 8195: 8184: 8159: 8153: 8127: 8108: 8067: 8050: 8035: 8017: 7976: 7968: 7939: 7920: 7883:Enmebaragesi 7869: 7850: 7821: 7812: 7805: 7768: 7763: 7743:En-tarah-ana 7728: 7721: 7713: 7703: 7679: 7676:Neferkasokar 7674: 7669: 7658: 7653: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7633: 7617: 7597: 7591: 7582: 7570: 7565: 7516: 7510: 7497: 7489: 7484: 7479: 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7438: 7424: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7390: 7385: 7380: 7377:Finger Snail 7375: 7369: 7352: 7321:Anu Ziggurat 7304: 7290: 7272: 7266: 7184:Territories/ 7124:Time periods 7015:Chalcolithic 6631:Christianity 6513:Demographics 6447:Oil reserves 6442:Oil Industry 6409:Central Bank 6305:Human rights 6231:Constitution 6176:Tigris river 6156:Persian Gulf 5864:Ottoman Iraq 5849:Qara Qoyunlu 5683:Ubaid period 5582: 5575:Ancient Rome 5546:311–129 BCE 5532: 5525:336–301 BCE 5515:539–331 BCE 5505: 5498:626–539 BCE 5489:729–609 BCE 5479:911–729 BCE 5470: 5464: 5458: 5446: 5411: 5401: 5395: 5365: 5353: 5338: 5315: 5294: 5269: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5202:Timeline of 5043:Royal titles 4968:Architecture 4805:Neo-Assyrian 4751: 4652:(Pre)history 4472:Persian Gulf 4363: 4359: 4336: 4317: 4294: 4273: 4253: 4234: 4218: 4204:. Retrieved 4197:the original 4182: 4164:. Retrieved 4157:the original 4152: 4112: 4108: 4089: 4067: 4052:. Retrieved 4040: 4036: 4015:(1): 87–93. 4012: 4008: 3988: 3970: 3951: 3932: 3905: 3882: 3865: 3861: 3840: 3817: 3798: 3755: 3751: 3726: 3707: 3703: 3691:. Retrieved 3685: 3665: 3646: 3616:(2): 73–92. 3613: 3609: 3589: 3564: 3542: 3515: 3496:. Retrieved 3489:the original 3472: 3443: 3439: 3420: 3401: 3394:Bibliography 3383: 3374: 3353: 3345: 3340: 3329:. Retrieved 3325:the original 3315: 3304: 3295: 3285: 3278:Woolley 1965 3273: 3247: 3235: 3223: 3216:Pollock 1999 3211: 3206:, p. 75 3199: 3179: 3172: 3152: 3123:Ancient Iraq 3122: 3092: 3073: 3064: 3044: 3037: 3028: 3019: 3011: 2995: 2990: 2982: 2977: 2952: 2947: 2941:Banning 2011 2936: 2930:Schmidt 2003 2925: 2914: 2903: 2892: 2880: 2875:, p. 13 2868: 2856: 2851:, p. 12 2844: 2833: 2822: 2810: 2772:Bahrani 1998 2767: 2741: 2729: 2688: 2647: 2643: 2633: 2622:. Retrieved 2619:the Guardian 2618: 2608: 2597:. Retrieved 2595:. 1990-09-02 2592: 2583: 2572:. Retrieved 2568: 2559: 2554:, p. 73 2547: 2451:(633–651 AD) 2312:Christianity 2308:Roman Empire 2275: 2269:Mesopotamian 2262: 2242:Nabopolassar 2234:Ashurbanipal 2231: 2216:the city of 2198:Nabopolassar 2194:Ashurbanipal 2182: 2169:and others. 2099:Neo-Hittites 2043: 1992: 1951:, a western 1942: 1908: 1838: 1731:Eriba-Adad I 1720: 1713:c. 1720 BC. 1680: 1625: 1586: 1490:in Assyria. 1431: 1426: 1400: 1363:founded the 1354: 1328: 1296:Persian Gulf 1290:in northern 1277: 1238: 1204: 1184: 1178: 1156: 1130: 1095: 1038: 995: 992: 977: 970: 950:Halaf period 947: 860: 836:Ubaid period 833: 808:in northern 803:Chalcolithic 796: 765:Tell Hassuna 755:in northern 743: 721: 706:Ubaid period 659: 557:Aşıklı Höyük 518:Neanderthals 502:Göbekli Tepe 478: 473:Göbekli Tepe 471:Overview of 442: 418: 406:stratigraphy 391: 357:Persian Gulf 343: 324: 274: 263:Area of the 210: 206: 204: 181: 163: 154: 135: 103: 87: 85:lead section 60: 53: 47: 46:Please help 43: 26: 12865:Halaf-Ubaid 12820:Mehrgarh II 12792:Chogha Mish 12674:'Ain Ghazal 12602:(7500–5500) 12592:Nabta Playa 12391:Mesopotamia 12121:Simpson, W. 12049:639–651 CE 11996:Azarmidokht 11987:Khosrow III 11970:628–641 CE 11926:618–628 CE 11888:395–618 CE 11854:273–395 CE 11842:Vaballathus 11832:270–273 CE 11796:Hormizd III 11781:Yazdegerd I 11772:Ardashir II 11766:Adur Narseh 11720:224–270 CE 11708:Vologases V 11682:117–224 CE 11663:116–117 CE 11610:Vardanes II 11607:Vologases I 11598:Gotarzes II 11568:Phraates IV 11538:Hyspaosines 11477:Hyrcanus II 11452:141–30 BCE 11431:Demetrius I 11428:Antiochus V 11422:Seleucus IV 11413:Seleucus II 11407:Antiochus I 11394:Antigonus I 11346:Ptolemy XIV 11334:Cleopatra V 11116:Neriglissar 11113:Amel-Marduk 11096:Psamtik III 11067:Late Period 11006:Sennacherib 10997:Shalmaneser 10924:Tammaritu I 10821:Shammuramat 10764:Takelot III 10761:Osorkon III 10758:Shoshenq VI 10733:Pedubast II 10723:Shoshenq IV 10711:Shoshenq II 10560:Ashur-dan I 10501:Ish-bosheth 10454:Psusennes I 10430:Ramesses XI 10424:Ramesses IX 10415:Ramesses VI 10409:Ramesses IV 10354:Ramesses II 10317:Tutankhamun 10300:Thutmose IV 10284:Thutmose II 10218:Kudur-Enlil 10203:Nazi-Bugash 10191:Kurigalzu I 10179:Ulamburiash 10150:Amenhotep I 10131:Tutankhamun 10117:Parshatatar 10114:Shuttarna I 10047:Seventeenth 9976:Ilum-ma-ili 9951:Ammi-saduqa 9948:Ammi-ditana 9942:Samsu-iluna 9849:Erishum III 9810:Adad-salulu 9807:Ipqi-Ishtar 9795:Ashur-dugul 9780:Adad-salulu 9777:Ipqi-Ishtar 9765:Ashur-dugul 9734:Old Assyria 9729:(Amorites) 9672:Sobekneferu 9660:Senusret II 9651:Amenemhat I 9623:Sîn-iribam 9600:Sin-Iqisham 9594:Sin-Iddinam 9544:Erra-imitti 9541:Lipit-Enlil 9529:Ishme-Dagan 9526:Iddin-Dagan 9462:Shalim-ahum 9453:Old Assyria 9439:Yasmah-Adad 9416:Lim Dynasty 9408:Hanun-Dagan 9404:Hitial-Erra 9169:Ur-Ningirsu 9125:Kuda (Uruk) 9098:Ishgum-Addu 9088:Ishtup-Ilum 8940:Ishma-Dagan 8925:Shakkanakku 8903:Neferirkare 8900:Neferkauhor 8803:Ili-ishmani 8782:Manishtushu 8745:Lugalzagesi 8741:III dynasty 8725:Puzur-Nirah 8440:Ishar-Malik 8419:Shepseskare 8209:Mesannepada 8134:Nin-kisalsi 8122:Lugal-kitun 8092:Meskalamdug 8078:Ur-Pabilsag 7891:Aga of Kish 7800:Barsal-nuna 7685:Khasekhemwy 7671:Neferkara I 7650:Weneg-Nebty 7628:Nebra/Raneb 7440:Lower Egypt 7426:Scorpion II 7371:Upper Egypt 7323:, 4000 BCE) 7306:Uruk period 7033:Uruk period 6847:Paleolithic 6787:WikiProject 6588:Marsh Arabs 6573:Circassians 6254:Foreign aid 6146:Mesopotamia 5708:Uruk period 5592:224–mid 7C 5556:129–63 BCE 5538:Macedonians 5433:city-states 5429:Neo-Hittite 5404:Sea Peoples 5320:city-states 5299:city-states 5242:Uruk period 5204:Mesopotamia 5146:Hittitology 5136:Assyriology 5057:Archaeology 4927:Old Persian 4737:Jemdet Nasr 4360:Radiocarbon 4037:Neo-Lithics 3710:: 179–273. 3280:, p. 9 3218:, p. 2 2817:, p. 3 2805:, p. 4 2748:, p. 5 2723:Canard 2011 2710:, p. 6 2486:Iraq portal 2472:Asia portal 2314:as well as 2284:Hellenistic 2105:, northern 1977:Neo-Hittite 1749:(including 1653:. However, 1603:king named 1496:Mesopotamia 1452:Shalim-ahum 1292:Mesopotamia 1270:Map of the 1258:Map of the 1138:city-states 1123:logographic 1086:Meskalamdug 1052:pastoralism 1044:Jemdet Nasr 984:Jemdet Nasr 980:Uruk period 967:Uruk period 961:Uruk period 871:Uruk period 844:Mesopotamia 840:prehistoric 810:Mesopotamia 757:Mesopotamia 542:Iraq Museum 490:agriculture 292:Mesopotamíā 281:Μεσοποταμία 251:Mesopotamia 223:Paleolithic 215:Paleolithic 211:Mesopotamia 149:introducing 13045:Gian Hasan 12969:Yarim Tepe 12888:Tepe Sialk 12814:Lahuradewa 12639:Mehrgarh I 12626:Ganj Dareh 12608:(7000 BC) 12599:Çatalhöyük 12595:(7500 BC) 12542:Tell Aswad 12005:Khosrow IV 12002:Hormizd VI 11984:Shahrbaraz 11961:Khosrow II 11946:Shahrbaraz 11940:Shahrbaraz 11820:Khosrow II 11817:Hormizd IV 11775:Shapur III 11763:Hormizd II 11757:Bahram III 11742:Ardashir I 11613:Pacorus II 11604:Vonones II 11601:Meherdates 11595:Vardanes I 11580:Orodes III 11577:Phraates V 11556:Sinatruces 11404:Seleucus I 11381:Philip III 11355:Arsinoe IV 11280:Arsinoe II 11221:Darius III 11087:Psamtik II 11027:Esarhaddon 10920:Ummanigash 10890:Nabonassar 10784:Bakenranef 10755:Pedubast I 10752:Takelot II 10749:Harsiese A 10737:Osorkon IV 10729:Shoshenq V 10717:Osorkon II 10705:Shoshenq I 10451:Amenemnisu 10427:Ramesses X 10412:Ramesses V 10360:Amenmesses 10348:Ramesses I 10310:Smenkhkare 10287:Hatshepsut 10281:Thutmose I 10185:Karaindash 9924:Sumu-la-El 9756:Mut-Ashkur 9747:(Amorites) 9654:Senusret I 9613:Rim-Sin II 9603:Silli-Adad 9597:Sin-Eribam 9559:Suen-magir 9556:Ur-du-kuga 9553:Iter-pisha 9547:Enlil-bani 9535:Ur-Ninurta 9523:Shu-Ilishu 9520:Ishbi-Erra 9490:Erishum II 9436:Yahdun-Lim 9433:Yaggid-Lim 9246:Tura-Dagan 9225:Utu-hengal 9201:Meryhathor 9177:Nam-mahani 9143:II dynasty 9112:(21 kings) 9006:Puzer-Mama 9002:II dynasty 8984:IV dynasty 8897:Neferkaure 8894:Qakare Ibi 8885:Neferkahor 8876:Neferkamin 8795:Ilshu-rabi 8686:Ishqi-Mari 8682:Ikun-Ishar 8678:Enna-Dagan 8598:II dynasty 8572:Bara-irnun 8527:Puzur-Suen 8523:IV dynasty 8515:Irkab-Damu 8460:(3 kings) 8386:Ukkutahesh 8359:Meskiagnun 8355:A'annepada 8302:II dynasty 8197:Thamphthis 8193:Shepseskaf 8142:Lugal-dalu 8041:Udulkalama 8021:II dynasty 7963:Sekhemkhet 7871:Lugalbanda 7797:Melem-Kish 7793:En-me-nuna 7578:Canaanites 7572:Horus Bird 7537:Neithhotep 7410:Scorpion I 7360:Naqada III 7043:Bronze Age 6885:Peking Man 6704:Television 6684:Literature 6646:Irreligion 6621:Secularism 6558:Minorities 6426:(currency) 6419:Corruption 6264:Government 6055:Insurgency 5854:Aq Qoyunlu 5675:Chronology 5316:and other 5295:and other 5110:Divination 4820:Achaemenid 4785:Isin-Larsa 4678:Trialetian 4673:Mousterian 4660:Prehistory 4206:2011-08-10 4166:2010-03-29 4054:21 October 4009:Paléorient 3980:2503991203 3498:2011-02-26 3358:Potts 1999 3331:2013-04-23 3309:Woods 2006 3298:: 231–248. 3240:Woods 2010 2861:Potts 1999 2849:Kuhrt 1997 2624:2022-04-30 2599:2022-04-30 2574:2022-04-30 2535:References 2320:Assuristan 2250:Carchemish 2214:Cimmerians 1957:Asia Minor 1945:Asia Minor 1755:Asia Minor 1697:. His son 1691:Asia Minor 1609:Asia Minor 1508:Asia Minor 1432:city state 1419:the Levant 1357:Utu-hengal 852:Henry Hall 842:period of 816:and early 728:iron oxide 698:irrigation 694:Tell Halaf 682:Çatalhöyük 479:The early 452:Prehistory 301:ܒܝܬ ܢܗܪ̈ܝܢ 132:references 49:improve it 13025:Tepe Sabz 12757:Yarmukian 12722:Peiligang 12657:Franchthi 12630:Chia Jani 12401:Khuzistan 12117:Hallo, W. 12014:Peroz III 11848:Antiochus 11814:Khosrow I 11784:Shapur IV 11778:Bahram IV 11769:Shapur II 11754:Bahram II 11748:Hormizd I 11705:Osroes II 11583:Vonones I 11565:Orodes II 11541:Artabanus 11209:Darius II 11136:Phraortes 11122:Nabonidus 11093:Ahmose II 11081:Psamtik I 10974:Tanutamun 10823:(regent) 10714:Takelot I 10708:Osorkon I 10473:Phoenicia 10457:Amenemope 10403:Setnakhte 10357:Merneptah 10306:Akhenaten 10089:Sakir-Har 10027:Sixteenth 10006:Akurduana 9992:Gulkishar 9989:Shushushi 9945:Abi-eshuh 9939:Hammurabi 9921:Sumu-abum 9843:Shu-Ninua 9834:Iptar-Sin 9804:Sin-namir 9801:Nasir-Sin 9792:Puzur-Sin 9774:Sin-namir 9771:Nasir-Sin 9625:Sîn-gāmil 9621:Sîn-kāšid 9609:Rim-Sin I 9606:Warad-Sin 9486:Naram-Sin 9470:Erishum I 9466:Ilu-shuma 9442:Zimri-Lim 9390:Indilimma 9377:Ibbit-Lim 9347:Intef III 9310:invasions 9297:invasions 9242:Ili-Ishar 9238:Iddi-ilum 9231:2100 BCE 9221:V dynasty 9191:2125 BCE 9129:Puzur-ili 9116:La-erabum 9050:2150 BCE 8976:Shu-turul 8969:(3 years) 8936:Shu-Dagan 8836:2200 BCE 8813:Naram-Sin 8809:2250 BCE 8753:2340 BCE 8719:2350 BCE 8713:Luh-ishan 8708:Urukagina 8704:Lugalanda 8673:Isar-Damu 8669:2370 BCE 8615:2380 BCE 8590:Enentarzi 8578:Enannatum 8567:Gishakidu 8531:Ur-Zababa 8507:Adub-Damu 8503:2400 BCE 8476:2425 BCE 8470:Napilhush 8458:invasions 8436:Enar-Damu 8416:Neferefre 8396:2450 BCE 8339:Ur-Nanshe 8334:I dynasty 8321:I dynasty 8262:Ikun-Mari 8221:Phoenicia 8217:2500 BCE 8150:2575 BCE 8118:Melamanna 8102:Akalamdug 8074:A-Imdugud 8037:Ur-Nungal 8024:(5 kings) 8011:Baba-Damu 8007:Ibbi-Damu 7936:2600 BCE 7906:Gilgamesh 7864:Iltasadum 7835:2700 BCE 7809:I dynasty 7762:2800 BCE 7725:I dynasty 7681:Hudjefa I 7614:2900 BCE 7560:Semerkhet 7552:(regent) 7539:(regent) 7446:Hedju Hor 7274:Naqada II 6930:Neolithic 6724:Squatting 6689:Education 6636:Mandaeism 6605:/Turkoman 6583:Mandaeans 6568:Assyrians 6563:Armenians 6526:Languages 6414:Companies 6369:Judiciary 6279:President 6249:Elections 6244:Democracy 6090:Geography 6006:Sanctions 5924:2003–2011 5919:1968–2003 5914:1958–1968 5773:Babylonia 5507:Chaldeans 5424:Phoenicia 5362:Karduniaš 4983:Cuneiform 4859:Languages 4668:Acheulean 4555:Babylonia 4492:Euphrates 4442:Geography 4396:133337438 4388:0033-8222 4137:140771958 4129:1573-7756 4049:1434-6990 3874:0003-598X 3862:Antiquity 3849:624382576 3716:468390039 3638:222432558 3551:624382576 3460:161719608 3346:The Might 3267:Pruß 2004 2680:224788984 2664:0011-3204 2540:Citations 2499:Babylonia 2304:Sassanids 2246:Scythians 2222:Hammurabi 2210:Scythians 2145:(such as 2083:Phoenicia 2059:Babylonia 2003:Chaldeans 1969:Phrygians 1877:Phrygians 1819:Phoenicia 1751:Babylonia 1747:Near East 1707:Puzur-Sin 1703:Hammurabi 1655:Hammurabi 1627:Babylonia 1472:Naram-Sin 1460:Erishum I 1377:law codes 1333:from the 1324:Naram-Sin 1163:cuneiform 1153:Gilgamesh 1115:mythology 1106:Sumerians 1041:type-site 761:type site 750:Neolithic 666:Neolithic 612:Alabaster 481:Neolithic 312:Euphrates 286:romanized 90:summarize 55:talk page 13138:Category 13099:Badarian 13081:Khazineh 12842:Faiyum A 12634:Ali Kosh 12484:Mureybet 12364:Anatolia 12233:(2014). 12186:(1992). 12156:(2020). 12123:(1971). 11964:Kavad II 11790:Bahram V 11751:Bahram I 11745:Shapur I 11622:Osroes I 11553:Orodes I 11547:Gotarzes 11535:Phraates 11200:Darius I 11197:Cambyses 11145:Astyages 11142:Cyaxares 11084:Necho II 11015:Bel-ibni 10965:Shebitku 10928:Indabibi 10781:Tefnakht 10323:Horemheb 10182:Agum III 10164:Kassites 10147:Ahmose I 10012:Ea-gamil 9996:DIŠ+U-EN 9986:Ishkibal 9933:Apil-Sin 9915:Amorites 9825:Bel-bani 9700:Biblical 9591:Nur-Adad 9582:Gungunum 9570:Naplanum 9538:Bur-Suen 9502:Amorites 9478:Sargon I 9428:Amorites 9372:Amorites 9344:Intef II 9314:Kindattu 9302:Ibbi-Sin 9281:Amar-Sin 9275:Ur-Nammu 9210:Merykare 9102:Apil-kin 9014:Pirig-me 8992:Ur-gigir 8988:Ur-nigin 8928:dynasty) 8873:Merenhor 8799:Epirmupi 8628:Userkare 8582:Entemena 8559:Ur-Lumma 8554:Meskigal 8485:Eannatum 8480:Kun-Damu 8464:Shushun- 8449:Enakalle 8308:kushanna 8294:Undalulu 8266:Iblul-Il 8190:Menkaure 8186:Bikheris 8179:Djedefre 8138:Me-durba 8063:shaengur 8057:En-hegal 8045:Labashum 8003:Agur-lim 7999:Abur-lim 7978:Qahedjet 7823:Enmerkar 7655:Wadjenes 7645:Horus Sa 7640:Nubnefer 7631:Nynetjer 7605:Susa III 7567:Sneferka 7550:Merneith 7268:Naqada I 7023:Daimabad 6915:Ubeidiya 6905:Solo Man 6895:Sangiran 6865:Java Man 6767:Category 6616:Religion 6593:Persians 6477:Railways 6472:Airlines 6354:Military 6215:Politics 6191:Wildlife 6181:Umm Qasr 6011:Iraq War 5994:Gulf War 5906:Republic 5859:Safavids 5822:638–1958 5448:Arameans 5442:Damascus 5413:Arameans 5367:Kassites 5355:Hurrians 5129:Academia 5083:Religion 4952:Urartian 4947:Sumerian 4932:Parthian 4867:Akkadian 4840:Sasanian 4830:Parthian 4825:Seleucid 4775:Simurrum 4765:Akkadian 4698:Khiamian 4688:Natufian 4600:Simurrum 4585:Kassites 4580:Hittites 4535:Adiabene 4316:(1990). 4217:(1965). 4088:(2007). 3904:(eds.). 3790:33497945 3782:11743159 3693:4 August 3587:(2007). 3561:(2004). 2957:Archived 2458:See also 2409:Adiabene 2387:Seleucid 2347:conquest 2328:Adiabene 2316:Mandeism 2288:Seleucia 2238:Cyaxares 2206:Cyaxares 2202:Chaldean 2186:Akkadian 2167:Ethiopia 2155:Cimmeria 2131:Corduene 2103:Hurrians 1999:Arameans 1959:(modern 1949:Hittites 1939:Hittites 1933:Hittites 1927:Urartian 1911:Hurrians 1891:Hurrians 1885:Elamites 1873:Hittites 1851:between 1841:Kassites 1835:Kassites 1783:Caucasus 1767:Caucasus 1676:Kassites 1672:Mursilis 1663:law code 1635:Sumuabum 1613:Eshnunna 1605:Ilushuma 1601:Assyrian 1516:Sumuabum 1492:Ilushuma 1468:Sargon I 1456:Ilushuma 1385:Amorites 1361:Ur-Nammu 1306:and the 1214:Eannatum 1199:Khafajah 1168:script. 1166:syllabic 1136:various 1048:Sumerian 990:periods 952:and the 867:alluvium 686:Anatolia 676:(in the 538:Shanidar 314:and the 157:May 2020 106:May 2020 13085:Susiana 13042:Amuq D 13012:Hassuna 13001:Hacilar 12997:Amuq C 12991:Merimde 12963:Susiana 12958:14–12) 12926:Hassuna 12921: 12911:Hacilar 12907:Amuq B 12876:Samarra 12690:Bouqras 12616:Bouqras 12605:Hacilar 12566:Pottery 12538:Jericho 12515:Jericho 12490: 12382:Middle 12378:Assyria 12017:Narsieh 11845:Zenobia 11826:Vistahm 11811:Kavad I 11805:Kavad I 11799:Peroz I 11787:Khosrow 11133:Deioces 11090:Wahibre 11078:Necho I 10971:Taharqa 10968:Shabaka 10952:Taharqa 10916:Teumman 10767:Rudamun 10509:Solomon 10448:Smendes 10369:Twosret 10363:Seti II 10104:Mitanni 10098:Khamudi 10052:Dynasty 10042:Dynasty 10032:Dynasty 9870:Nur-ili 9840:Lullaya 9743:dynasty 9695:Abraham 9585:Abisare 9550:Zambiya 9444:(Queen 9396:Amorite 9367:Kingdom 9341:Intef I 9308:Elamite 9295:Amorite 9284:Shu-Sin 9185:Tirigan 9154:Ur-Baba 9084:Nûr-Mêr 9022:Lu-gula 9018:Lu-Baba 8932:Ididish 8913:Kingdom 8910:Eblaite 8908:Second 8858:Menkare 8733:Shu-Sin 8729:Ishu-Il 8657:dynasty 8637:Pepi II 8570:(Queen 8456:Elamite 8407:Userkaf 8350:Akurgal 8279:Ku-Baba 8095:(Queen 8031:Mesilim 7966:Sanakht 7956:(First 7773:Zuqaqip 7770:Kalumum 7755:Kalibum 7751:Puannum 7708:Kingdom 7557:Anedjib 7541:Hor-Aha 7486:Nat-Hor 7419:Iry-Hor 7415:Shendjw 7387:Pen-Abu 7335:Susa II 6900:Soanian 6797:Commons 6714:Smoking 6679:Culture 6674:Cuisine 6657:General 6641:Yazidis 6598:Solluba 6551:Persian 6541:Kurdish 6536:Aramaic 6501:Society 6482:Tourism 6393:Economy 6141:Islands 6116:Borders 5941: ( 5931:present 5866:(incl. 5778:Assyria 5723:Subartu 5663:History 5350:Mitanni 5318:Amorite 5297:Amorite 5271:Gutians 5115:Prayers 5100:Deities 5064:Looting 4907:Kassite 4902:Hurrian 4897:Hittite 4887:Elamite 4882:Eblaite 4877:Aramaic 4872:Amorite 4795:Kassite 4770:Gutians 4752:History 4717:Samarra 4713:Hassuna 4683:Zarzian 4605:Subartu 4595:Mitanni 4560:Chaldea 4550:Assyria 4523:Ancient 4368:Bibcode 4043:: 3–8. 3868:(317). 3760:Bibcode 3752:Science 3520:335–348 3514:(ed.). 3344:Saggs, 2494:Assyria 2449:Assyria 2436:Assyria 2403:Osroene 2397:Assyria 2344:Islamic 2292:Parthia 2272:Aramaic 2254:Persian 2218:Nineveh 2190:Assyria 2151:Scythia 2135:Cilicia 2095:Phrygia 2063:Chaldea 2055:Kushite 2034:Nineveh 1995:Semitic 1965:Hattusa 1919:Pharaoh 1915:Mitanni 1905:Mitanni 1869:Mitanni 1865:Assyria 1861:Mitanni 1811:Babylon 1807:Amorite 1803:Hurrian 1799:Hittite 1795:Mitanni 1779:Caspian 1777:to the 1739:Mitanni 1727:Mitanni 1668:Hittite 1659:Babylon 1647:Assyria 1631:Amorite 1621:Amorite 1512:Amorite 901:on the 814:Hassuna 690:Samarra 674:Jericho 396:and an 349:Baghdad 308: 288:: 145:improve 13103:Naqada 13071:19–18 13051:19–17 13048:Mersin 13008:22–20 13005:Mersin 12940:19–15) 12916:Mersin 12746:Dimini 12742:Sesklo 12661:Sesklo 12551:Çayönü 12480:Gesher 12384:Tigris 12369:Khabur 12359:Levant 12345:Europe 12324: 12322: 12315: 12313: 12243: 12196: 12166: 11808:Jamasp 11802:Balash 11760:Narseh 11671:Trajan 11669:under 11203:Xerxes 11139:Madyes 11003:Sargon 10463:Siamun 10366:Siptah 10351:Seti I 10335:Ugarit 10080:Semqen 10065:Hyksos 10037:Abydos 9930:Sabium 9837:Bazaya 9828:Libaya 9762:Asinum 9759:Rimush 9719:Yamhad 9611:(...) 9588:Sumuel 9579:Zabaia 9576:Samium 9573:Emisum 9474:Ikunum 9446:Shibtu 9387:Immeya 9278:Shulgi 9173:Ur-gar 9133:Ur-Utu 9000:Lagash 8879:Nikare 8791:Eshpum 8779:Rimush 8631:Pepi I 8466:tarana 8410:Sahure 8390:Hishur 8367:Balulu 8332:Lagash 8313:Mug-si 8306:Ensha- 8254:Sa'umu 8182:Khafre 8166:Snefru 8114:Mes-he 8061:Lugal- 8052:Lagash 7995:Sagisu 7947:Djoser 7856:Tizqar 7827:Aratta 7783:Arwium 7780:Mashda 7730:Jushur 7660:Senedj 7599:period 7531:Narmer 7481:Wazner 7456:Hsekiu 7451:Ny-Hor 7430:Narmer 7400:Canide 7391:Animal 7297:Susa I 7247:Lagash 7221:Akshak 7196:Canaan 6777:Portal 6719:Sports 6694:Health 6669:Cinema 6521:Iraqis 6424:Dinar 6359:Police 6161:Places 5651:topics 4942:Sutean 4917:Median 4912:Luwian 4892:Gutian 4780:Ur III 4693:Nemrik 4630:Cities 4625:Urartu 4575:Hamazi 4570:Gutium 4545:Armani 4497:Tigris 4450:Modern 4394: 4386: 4343: 4324: 4302: 4281: 4260: 4241: 4189: 4135: 4127: 4096: 4074: 4047: 3995: 3977: 3958: 3939: 3920: 3889: 3872: 3847: 3824: 3805: 3788: 3780: 3735: 3714: 3672: 3653: 3636: 3630:543884 3628: 3597: 3573: 3549: 3526: 3485:395172 3483: 3458: 3427: 3408: 3187: 3160: 3130: 3100: 3052: 2968: 2678: 2670: 2662: 2445:Muslim 2355:Turkic 2334:under 2147:Cyprus 2139:Mannea 2115:Israel 2111:Gutium 2107:Arabia 2097:, the 2087:Aramea 2079:Urartu 2075:Persia 2051:Nubian 1961:Turkey 1859:, and 1855:, the 1849:Levant 1815:Canaan 1787:Arabia 1771:Arabia 1763:Levant 1761:, the 1687:Ushpia 1619:, two 1488:Ishtar 1464:Ikunum 1440:Ushpia 1411:Ibrium 1407:Tudiya 1369:Shulgi 1210:Hamazi 1145:Nippur 1126:script 1104:. The 907:Abydos 680:) and 678:Levant 561:Turkey 446:Middle 434:Ur III 386:, and 368:Arabic 335:Turkey 316:Tigris 134:, but 13108:Ubaid 13075:Ubaid 13067:Gawra 13061:Ubaid 13055:Ubaid 13018:Gawra 12956:Eridu 12944:Ubaid 12938:Eridu 12932:Ubaid 12919:24–22 12855:Halaf 12774:Ubaid 12701:Jarmo 12621:Jarmo 12465:10000 12429:11000 12422:China 12417:India 12412:Indus 12355:Syria 12350:Egypt 12008:Boran 11990:Boran 11877:Syria 11657:Syria 11652:Judea 11194:Cyrus 10912:Urtak 10505:David 10111:Kirta 10095:Apepi 10092:Khyan 9813:Adasi 9783:Adasi 9411:(...) 9158:Gudea 9120:Si'um 9069:Setut 9040:Khita 9026:Ka-ku 8967:Ilulu 8963:Nanum 8955:Igigi 8699:Ukush 8601:Nanni 8363:Elulu 8250:Ansud 8169:Khufu 8097:Puabi 7974:Khaba 7970:Nebka 7852:Zamug 7790:Balih 7786:Etana 7747:Babum 7534:Menes 7476:Neheb 7471:Thesh 7461:Khayu 7434:Menes 7395:Stork 7226:Akkad 7216:Assur 7191:Egypt 7186:dates 6993:Ohalo 6890:Riwat 6709:Music 6699:Media 6626:Islam 6578:Kurds 6404:Banks 6342:Women 6136:Lakes 5929:2011– 5889:Kings 5718:Sumer 5584:Syria 5460:Chal- 5438:Aram- 5313:Larsa 5028:Music 4978:Akitu 4835:Roman 4727:Ubaid 4722:Halaf 4620:Tukri 4615:Sumer 4610:Suhum 4590:Media 4540:Akkad 4392:S2CID 4200:(PDF) 4179:(PDF) 4160:(PDF) 4149:(PDF) 4133:S2CID 4033:(PDF) 3786:S2CID 3634:S2CID 3626:JSTOR 3510:. In 3492:(PDF) 3477:(PDF) 3456:S2CID 3367:Notes 3348:, 24. 2676:S2CID 2668:JSTOR 2529:Sumer 2359:Assur 2351:Arabs 2163:Nubia 2159:Lydia 2119:Judah 2091:Syria 2071:Media 1853:Egypt 1823:Egypt 1723:Adasi 1711:Adasi 1695:Syria 1670:king 1643:Larsa 1597:Larsa 1480:Ashur 1444:Ashur 1436:Ashur 1423:Adamu 1339:Gudea 1316:weirs 1300:Syria 1288:Akkad 1149:Girsu 1064:Larsa 919:Egypt 911:Egypt 818:Ubaid 801:is a 748:is a 702:Eridu 670:Jarmo 426:Ubaid 422:Halaf 331:Syria 13094:3800 13037:4500 13014:Late 12980:4800 12895:5200 12848:Amuq 12837:5600 12731:6000 12646:6500 12581:7000 12527:8000 12510:9000 12407:Iran 12396:Iran 12241:ISBN 12217:Per 12194:ISBN 12164:ISBN 11574:Musa 11264:and 10962:Piye 10726:Pami 10497:Saul 9422:Mari 9219:Uruk 9141:Umma 9036:Helu 8982:Uruk 8972:Dudu 8739:Uruk 8692:Mari 8655:Adab 8625:Teti 8536:Urur 8521:Kish 8431:Unas 8382:Tata 8378:Peli 8319:Umma 8300:Uruk 8290:Unzi 8270:Nizi 8129:Adab 8027:Uhub 8019:Kish 7982:Huni 7860:Ilku 7807:Uruk 7776:Atab 7723:Kish 7563:Qa'a 7547:Djet 7544:Djer 7499:Wash 7491:Mekh 7405:Bull 7382:Fish 7257:Elam 7241:Umma 7236:Adab 7231:Uruk 7211:Kish 7206:Mari 7201:Ebla 6609:Jews 6332:LGBT 6296:List 6284:List 5649:Iraq 5536:and 5309:Isin 5292:Mari 5074:Tell 4732:Uruk 4565:Elam 4384:ISSN 4341:ISBN 4322:ISBN 4300:ISBN 4279:ISBN 4258:ISBN 4239:ISBN 4187:ISBN 4125:ISSN 4094:ISBN 4072:ISBN 4056:2011 4045:ISSN 4041:2/03 3993:ISBN 3975:ISBN 3956:ISBN 3937:ISBN 3918:ISBN 3887:ISBN 3870:ISSN 3845:OCLC 3822:ISBN 3803:ISBN 3778:PMID 3733:ISBN 3712:OCLC 3695:2010 3670:ISBN 3651:ISBN 3595:ISBN 3571:ISBN 3547:OCLC 3524:ISBN 3481:OCLC 3425:ISBN 3406:ISBN 3185:ISBN 3158:ISBN 3128:ISBN 3098:ISBN 3050:ISBN 2966:ISBN 2660:ISSN 2442:Arab 2340:Arab 2212:and 2127:Edom 2123:Moab 2067:Elam 2007:Sutu 2005:and 1909:The 1875:and 1805:and 1769:and 1759:Iran 1693:and 1651:Elam 1649:and 1639:Isin 1617:Mari 1615:and 1595:and 1593:Isin 1538:and 1504:Isin 1486:and 1484:Adad 1474:and 1415:Ebla 1331:Guti 1318:and 1226:Adab 1147:and 1141:Kish 1062:and 1060:Uruk 986:and 973:Uruk 834:The 797:The 769:Iraq 744:The 692:and 684:(in 660:The 522:Iraq 436:and 428:and 361:Arab 333:and 327:Iran 320:Iraq 306:lit. 253:and 225:and 205:The 13020:20 12388:Low 9420:of 8959:Imi 8445:Ush 7554:Den 7466:Tiu 6664:Art 6349:Law 5472:ans 5466:de- 4973:Art 4376:doi 4117:doi 4017:doi 3910:doi 3768:doi 3756:294 3618:doi 3448:doi 2652:doi 2260:). 1785:to 1434:of 1413:of 1224:of 767:in 763:of 209:of 13140:: 13110:4 13087:B 13077:3 13057:3 12965:A 12850:A 12782:) 12764:) 12676:) 12403:) 12340:BC 12208:^ 12119:; 12031:, 11908:, 11402:: 11392:: 11376:: 11164:) 10959:") 10955:(" 10614:") 10320:Ay 10067:") 10063:(" 9972:") 9968:(" 9568:: 9518:: 9448:) 9320:) 8965:, 8961:, 8957:, 8596:Ur 8574:) 8563:Il 8069:Ur 7858:, 7854:, 7829:") 7753:, 7749:, 7732:, 7635:Ba 7432:/ 7422:Ka 7252:Ur 5587:) 5577:- 5541:) 5510:) 5408:) 5370:) 5358:) 5341:) 5248:/ 5244:/ 4390:. 4382:. 4374:. 4364:59 4362:. 4358:. 4131:. 4123:. 4111:. 4039:. 4035:. 4013:23 4011:. 3916:. 3866:82 3864:. 3860:. 3784:. 3776:. 3766:. 3754:. 3750:. 3706:. 3632:. 3624:. 3614:21 3612:. 3522:. 3454:. 3444:52 3442:. 3294:. 3259:^ 3142:^ 3112:^ 3082:^ 3072:. 3027:. 3003:^ 2793:^ 2778:^ 2753:^ 2715:^ 2700:^ 2674:. 2666:. 2658:. 2648:45 2646:. 2642:. 2617:. 2591:. 2567:. 2310:. 2224:. 2200:a 2165:, 2161:, 2157:, 2153:, 2137:, 2133:, 2129:, 2125:, 2121:, 2117:, 2113:, 2109:, 2101:, 2093:, 2085:, 2081:, 2077:, 2073:, 2069:, 2065:, 2061:, 2001:, 1825:. 1813:, 1801:, 1757:, 1753:, 1645:, 1641:, 1611:. 1482:, 1470:, 1454:, 1236:. 1066:. 1058:, 1056:Ur 1031:, 993:. 909:, 873:. 858:. 820:. 775:. 424:, 416:. 382:, 351:. 329:, 322:. 303:, 299:: 295:; 283:, 279:: 241:. 58:. 13069:) 13065:( 13063:3 12954:( 12952:) 12948:( 12946:2 12936:( 12934:1 12778:( 12776:0 12760:( 12672:( 12568:) 12564:( 12414:/ 12399:( 12295:e 12288:t 12281:v 12249:. 12202:. 12172:. 11933:) 11929:( 11644:) 11640:( 11160:( 10990:) 10986:( 10166:) 9917:) 9913:( 9817:( 9739:( 9727:) 9723:( 9702:) 9698:( 9504:) 9500:( 9430:) 9426:( 9401:) 9394:( 9374:) 9370:( 9316:( 8923:( 8099:) 7960:) 7740:, 7607:) 7603:( 7362:) 7358:( 7319:( 7223:/ 7213:/ 7158:e 7151:t 7144:v 6831:e 6824:t 6817:v 5945:) 5870:) 5632:e 5625:t 5618:v 5581:( 5531:( 5504:( 5406:" 5402:" 5400:( 5364:( 5352:( 5337:( 5311:/ 5195:e 5188:t 5181:v 4715:/ 4426:e 4419:t 4412:v 4398:. 4378:: 4370:: 4349:. 4330:. 4308:. 4287:. 4266:. 4247:. 4209:. 4169:. 4139:. 4119:: 4113:8 4102:. 4080:. 4058:. 4023:. 4019:: 4001:. 3964:. 3945:. 3926:. 3912:: 3895:. 3876:. 3851:. 3830:. 3811:. 3792:. 3770:: 3762:: 3741:. 3718:. 3708:8 3697:. 3678:. 3659:. 3640:. 3620:: 3603:. 3579:. 3553:. 3532:. 3501:. 3462:. 3450:: 3433:. 3414:. 3334:. 3193:. 3166:. 3136:. 3106:. 3076:. 3058:. 3031:. 2695:. 2682:. 2654:: 2627:. 2602:. 2577:. 2434:( 2395:( 2377:, 2342:- 2089:/ 2053:/ 2040:. 1817:/ 941:. 925:. 563:. 524:. 188:) 182:( 170:) 164:( 159:) 155:( 141:. 108:) 104:( 94:. 65:) 61:( 20:)

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History of Mesopotamia

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