Elam - Knowledge

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Elamite royalty in the final century preceding the Achaemenids was fragmented among different small kingdoms, the united Elamite nation having been destroyed and colonised by the Assyrians. The three kings at the close of the 7th century (Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, Khallutush-In-Shushinak and Atta-Khumma-In-Shushinak) still called themselves "king of Anzan and of Susa" or "enlarger of the kingdom of Anzan and of Susa", at a time when the Achaemenid Persians were already ruling Anshan under Assyrian dominance.

14424: 5607:. Due to scarcity of sources, past scholars assumed that Elamite religion must have been characterized by the "ill-defined character of the individual gods and goddesses. ...Most of them were not only ineffable beings whose real name was either not uttered or was unknown, but also sublime ideas, not to be exactly defined by the human race." Worship also varied between localities. However, more recent scholarship shows that Elamite deities most likely were not any less defined than these of their 13231: 5383: 16280: 4162: 16171: 12854: 4590: 12441: 3275: 14493: 12451: 15487: 3770: 9672: 5587: 1417: 16513: 4698: 55: 13505: 4504: 14601: 13418: 13241: 5890:) and none of these 3 names are attested outside Mesopotamian god lists, unless the ideogram IM refers to more than one weather god in Elamite sources (ex. in personal names). Wouter Henkelman proposes Kunzibami, Šihhaš and Šennukušu are either locally used Elamite epithets of Adad or local (rather than national) weather gods, and notes that Šennukušu is a Sumerian rather than Elamite name. 3651: 4393:(c. 1850 BC), who entered various military coalitions to contain the power of the south Mesopotamian states. Siruk-tuh was the king of Elam when Hammurabi first ruled, he and later kings of the Elamite dynasty were referred to as "great king" and "father" by kings in Syria and Mesopotamia and were the only kings that the Mesopotamian Kings considered to be higher in status than themselves. 3359: 14596: 14148: 13820: 13413: 13226: 4080: 14713: 13675: 12658: 4615:", an Elamite deity, thereby introducing the pantheon of the highlands to Susiana. The city of Susa itself is one of the oldest in the world dating back to around 4200 BC. Since its founding Susa was known as a central power location for the Elamites and for later Persian dynasties. Susa's power would peak during the Middle Elamite period, when it would be the region's capital. 5574:. Four registers of the stele are left. The remains depict the god Inshushinak validating the legitimacy of who is thought to be Shutruk-Nahnante. In the periphery are two priestesses, deity hybrids of fish and women holding streams of water, and two half-man half-mouflon guardians of the sacred tree. The names of the two priestesses are carved on their arms. 3820:

groups inhabiting southwestern Iran is clear. But to argue that Anshan is coterminous with Elam is to misunderstand the artificiality and indeed the alienness of Elam as a construct imposed from without on the peoples of the southwestern highlands of the Zagros mountain range, the coast of Fars and the alluvial plain drained by the Karun-Karkheh river system.

5554:. He who would seize my statue, who would smash it, who would destroy its inscription, who would erase my name, may he be smitten by the curse of Napirisha, of Kiririsha, and of Inshushinka, that his name shall become extinct, that his offspring be barren, that the forces of Beltiya, the great goddess, shall sweep down on him. This is Napir-Asu's offering." 6340:; the continued worship of Elamite deities; and the persistence of Elamite religious personnel and cults supported by the crown, formed an essential part of the newly emerging Achaemenid culture in Persian Iran. The Elamites thus became the conduit by which achievements of the Mesopotamian civilizations were introduced to the tribes of the Iranian plateau. 4488: 3968:. The state of Elam was formed from these lesser states as a response to invasion from Sumer during the Old Elamite period. Elamite strength was based on an ability to hold these various areas together under a coordinated government that permitted the maximum interchange of the natural resources unique to each region. Traditionally, this was done through a 4064: 6201:. It seems to have developed from an even earlier writing known as "proto-Elamite", but scholars are not unanimous on whether or not this script was used to write Elamite or another language, as it has not yet been deciphered. Several stages of the language are attested; the earliest date back to the third millennium BC, the latest to the 8017:, Les Inscriptions de Suse : briques de l'époque paléo-élamite à l'empire néo-élamite, Paris, Éditions de la Réunion des musées nationaux, 1995, p.168–169. Miroschedji Pierre de, "Le Dieu élamite au serpent", in : Iranica antiqua, Vol.16, 1981, Gand, Ministère de l'Éducation et de la Culture, 1989, p.13–14, pl.8. 5132:

civil wars; kings from 651 to 640 had short reigns before being usurped, overthrown, or captured by the Assyrians. Having dealt with his brother, Ashurbanipal sensed an opportunity to devastate Elam. In 646 BC Ashurbanipal devastated Susiana with ease, and sacked Susa. He installed several vassal kings such as

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De Graef, Katrien. 2018. "In Taberna Quando Sumus: On Taverns, Nadītum Women, and the Cagum in Old Babylonian Sippar." In Gender and Methodology in the Ancient near East: Approaches from Assyriology and beyond, edited by Stephanie Lynn Budin et al., 136. Barcino monographica orientalia 10. Barcelona:

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Conversely, remnants of Elamite had "absorbed Iranian influences in both structure and vocabulary" by 500 BC, suggesting a form of cultural continuity or fusion connecting the Elamite and the Persian periods. Arab sources refer to speakers of "Xūzī" which was not "Hebrew, Aramaic, or Persian" spoken

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the official language there. From this time, Mesopotamian sources concerning Elam become more frequent, since the Mesopotamians had developed an interest in resources (such as wood, stone, and metal) from the Iranian plateau, and military expeditions to the area became more common. With the collapse

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Charpin, Dominique. 2012a. "Ansi parle l' empereur' à propos de la correspondance des sukkal-mah." In Susa and Elam. Archaeological, Philological, Historical and Geographical Perspectives: Proceedings of the International Congress Held at Ghent University, December 14–17, 2009, edited by Katrien De

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While archaeologists cannot be certain that the location where these figures were found indicates a date before or in the time of the Elamite king Shilhak-Inshushinak, stylistic features can help ground the figures in a specific time period. The hairstyle and costume of the figures which are strewn

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of Babylon. During his reign alone, Elam interfered extensively with Mesopotamian politics, allowing messengers and envoys to travel far west to Emar and Qatna in Syria. His messenger reached Emar and sent his three servants to King Amut-piʾel II of Qatna (1772-1762 BC), and the king of Qatna also

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had installed as the vassal king of Babylon. The Elamites gave support to Shamash-shum-ukin, but also engaged in fighting among themselves. Babylon was besieged in midsummer of 650 BC, and fell by 648 BC; Shamash-shum-ukin died in a fire. The Elamite kingdom was greatly weakened by rebellions and

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Elam is not an Iranian term and has no relationship to the conception which the peoples of highland Iran had of themselves. They were Anshanites, Marhashians, Shimashkians, Zabshalians, Sherihumians, Awanites, etc. That Anshan played a leading role in the political affairs of the various highland

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Elamite seals reached their peak of complexity in the 4th millennium BC when their shape became cylindrical rather than stamp-like. Seals were primarily used as a form of identification and were often made out of precious stones. Because seals for different time periods had different designs and

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Dated to approximately the 12th century BC, gold and silver figurines of Elamite worshippers are shown carrying a sacrificial goat. These divine and royal statues were meant to assure the king of the enduring protection of the deity, well-being and a long life. Works which showed a ruler and his

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The devastation was a little less complete than Ashurbanipal boasted, and a weak and fragmented Elamite rule was resurrected soon after with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Humban-umena III (not to be confused with Shuttir-Nakhkhunte, son of Indada, a petty king in the first half of the 6th century).

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used Elamite with increasing regularity. Likewise, Elamite language and culture grew in importance in Susiana. The Kidinuids (c. 1500 – 1400 BC) are a group of five rulers of uncertain affiliation. They are identified by their use of the older title, "king of Susa and of Anshan", and by calling

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The seal pictured shows two seated figures holding cups with a man in front of them wearing a long robe next to a table. A man is sitting on a throne, presumably the king, and is in a wrapped robe. The second figure, perhaps his queen, is draped in a wide, flounced garment and is elevated on a

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Susa, the great holy city, abode of their Gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed ... I destroyed the ziggurat of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to

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casting method and rests on a solid bronze frame that weighs 1750 kg (3760 lb). This statue is different from many other Elamite statues of women because it resembles male statues due to the wide belt on the dress and the patterns which closely resemble those on male statues.

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Disagreements over the location also exist in the Jewish historical sources says Daniel T. Potts. Some ancient sources draw a distinction between Elam as the highland area of Khuzestan, and Susiana as the lowland area. Yet in other ancient sources 'Elam' and 'Susiana' seem equivalent.

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vase decorated with a relief depicting a "two-horned" figure wrestling with serpent goddesses. The Elamite artifact was discovered by Iran's border police in the possession of historical heritage traffickers, en route to Turkey, and was confiscated. Style is determined to be from

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There is Elam and all her multitude, All around her grave, All of them slain, fallen by the sword, Who have gone down uncircumcised to the lower parts of the earth, Who caused their terror in the land of the living; Now they bear their shame with those who go down to the Pit.

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by servants and isolated rural communities in Khuzestan until the 10th century. Scholars such as "von Spiegel, Huart, Spuler, Lazard, Potts, Orsatti, and Tavernier have already suggested or assumed that the language mentioned here is a very late form of Elamite."

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naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and on their lands I sowed salt.

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beads from the Indus were found in Susa in the excavation of the tell of the citadel. In particular, carnelian beads with an etched design in white were probably imported from the Indus Valley, and made according to a technique of acid-etching developed by the

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King Untash Napirisha dedicated the stele to the god Ishushinak. Like other forms of art in the ancient Near East, this one portrays a king ceremonially recognizing a deity. This stele is unique in that the acknowledgement between king and god is reciprocal.

8758:, 2008, p. 330, footnote 770: "In Mesopotamia, Napiriša was considered to be "the Ea of Elam" (Commentary B l.3 to Šurpu II.163 in Reiner 1958: 50). Ea or Enki ("Lord Earth") resided in the Apsû and from there controlled the waters that fertilise the lands. 3999:

and Elamite power. The earliest levels (22—17 in the excavations conducted by Le Brun, 1978) exhibit pottery that has no equivalent in Mesopotamia, but for the succeeding period, the excavated material allows identification with the culture of Sumer of the

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may have succeeded him as last king of the Shutrukid dynasty. Following Khutelutush-In-Shushinak, the power of the Elamite empire began to wane seriously, as after the death of this ruler, Elam disappears into obscurity for more than three centuries.

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during this period), and at the same time were exhibiting vigorous construction activity—building and restoring luxurious temples in Susa and across their Empire. Shutruk-Nakhkhunte raided Babylonia, carrying home to Susa trophies like the statues of

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of Assyria, who was faced with unremitting civil war in Assyria itself. This alliance then attacked a disunited and war weakened Assyria, and between 616 BC and 599 BC at the very latest, had conquered its vast empire which stretched from the

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The Middle Elamite period began with the rise of the Anshanite dynasties around 1500 BC. Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While the first of these dynasties, the

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influence from Mesopotamia in Susa becomes visible from about 3200 BC, and texts in the still undeciphered Proto-Elamite writing system continue to be present until about 2700 BC. The Proto-Elamite period ends with the establishment of the

5649:. Some researchers, especially in the 1960s and 1970s, saw her as a mother goddess, and possibly originally chief deity, in northern Elam, later supplanted by or identified with Kiririsha, but this view is no longer supported by scholars. 3811:, and the realization of its great importance in Elamite history, the definitions were changed again. Some modern scholars argued that the center of Elam lay at Anshan and in the highlands around it, and not at Susa in lowland Khuzistan. 6288:

The Assyrians had utterly destroyed the Elamite nation, but new polities emerged in the area after Assyrian power faded. Among the nations that benefited from the decline of the Assyrians were the Iranian tribes, whose presence around

8583:, 2008, p. 307-308, in particular "It seems therefore more likely that the three names (if they are not epithets) refer to deities in some of the local pantheons that must have existed in Elam but that remain virtually unknown to us." 3940:, and Shimashki. References to Awan are generally older than those to Anshan, and some scholars suggest that both states encompassed the same territory, in different eras (see Hanson, Encyclopædia Iranica). To this core 7903:

ANTIOCHUS III THE GREAT c242–187 BC Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great was the sixth king (223–187 BC) ... Antiochus landed on the mainland of Greece posing as a champion of Greek freedom against the Romans (192

4358:. This period is said by many to be confusing and difficult to reconstruct. It was apparently founded by Eparti I. During this time, Susa was under Elamite control, but Akkadian-speaking Mesopotamian states such as 8501:, 2008, p. 354, footnote 824: "In addition to Napiriša, Hinz (1976/80b) surmised that Kiririša also was a taboo-name (for Pinigir). This theory has been convincingly discredited by Grillot & Vallat 1984: 27-9." 3814:

Potts disagrees suggesting that the term 'Elam' was primarily constructed by the Mesopotamians to describe the area in general terms, without referring specifically either to the lowlanders or the highlanders,

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from northwestern Iran, alternating with periods of peace and diplomatic approaches. The Elamite state of Simashki at this time also extended into northern Iran, and possibly even as far as the Caspian Sea.

4941:(716–699 BC), was routed by Sargon's troops during an expedition in 710, and another Elamite defeat by Sargon's troops is recorded for 708. The Assyrian dominion over Babylon was underlined by Sargon's son 4717:

and his three sons, Kutir-Nakhkhunte II, Shilhak-In-Shushinak, and Khutelutush-In-Shushinak were capable of frequent military campaigns into Kassite Babylonia (which was also being ravaged by the empire of

15401: 9045:"There is much evidence, both archaeological and literary/epigraphic, to suggest that the rise of the Persian empire witnessed the fusion of Elamite and Persian elements already present in highland Fars". 8055: 5420:

Their successors Khumma-Menanu and Shilhak-In-Shushinak II bore the simple title "king", and the final king Tempti-Khumma-In-Shushinak used no honorific at all. In 540 BC, Achaemenid rule began in Susa.

6418: 6395: 5228:, who had been largely subject to Assyria since their arrival in the region around 1000 BC, quietly took full advantage of the anarchy in Assyria, and in 616 BC freed themselves from Assyrian rule. 4201:

script. Kutik-Inshushinnak conquered Susa and Anshan, and seems to have achieved some sort of political unity. Following his reign, the Awan dynasty collapsed as Elam was temporarily overrun by the

8819:, 2008, p. 307, footnote 702: "Inšušinak is indeed equated with a Mesopotamian god, (...) Ninurta (...); in Elam he seems to have been associated, if not equated, with Ea and the Dilmunite Enzag" 9170: 3620:

unrelated to any other languages. In accordance with geographical and archaeological matches, some historians argue that the Elamites comprise a large portion of the ancestors of the modern-day

6276:. David McAlpine believes Elamite may be related to the living Dravidian languages. This hypothesis (which has been subject to serious criticism by linguists) is considered under the rubric of 6016:

Formerly incorrectly believed to be a "taboo name" of Humban. There is some evidence that in Elam Inshushinak, rather than Napirisha, was associated with Ea, as well as with the god Enzag from

8868: 8781: 8103: 3856:) sources. The history of Elam is conventionally divided into three periods, spanning more than two millennia. The period before the first Elamite period is known as the proto-Elamite period: 4338:(c. 1970 – c. 1770 BC) after "Great regents", the title borne by its members, also called the Epartid dynasty after the name of its founder Ebarat/ Eparti, was roughly contemporary with the 17925: 17920: 10943: 6301:, conquered Elamite Anshan in the mid 7th century BC, forming a nucleus that would expand into the Persian Empire. They were largely regarded as vassals of the Assyrians, and the Medes, 6715: 5518:

themes, seals and seal impressions can be used to track the various phases of the Elamite Empire and can teach a lot about the empire in ways which other forms of documentation cannot.

5017:(668–627 BC), who sent wheat to Susiana during a famine. But these friendly relations were only temporary, and Urtaku was killed in battle during a failed Elamite attack on Assyria. 7085:

Potts, Daniel T. 2012. "The Elamites." In The Oxford Handbook of Iranian History, edited by Touraj Daryaee and Tūraǧ Daryāyī, 43-44. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press.

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with dots and hemmed with short fringe at the bottom, and the precious metals point to a date in the latter part of the second millennium BC rather than to the first millennium.

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Several divinities from the plateau can be connected to the pantheons of the principal geopolitical entities that constituted Elam (...), for example (...) Kirmašir in Awan

4438:. But Elamite influence in southern Mesopotamia did not last. Around 1760 BC, Hammurabi drove out the Elamites, overthrew Rim-Sin of Larsa, and established a short lived 8564:

In the space between this wall and a second wall the temples of several gods were built. In order from the southeast to the northeast they were the temples of Pinikir,

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alluvial plains; it was a combination of the lowlands and the immediate highland areas to the north and east. At least three proto-Elamite states merged to form Elam:

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Zohouriyan, Maryam, Seyyed Mehdi Mousavi Kouhpar, Javad Neyestani, and Alireza Hozhabri Nobari. "Semiology of the Gryphon Motif in Ancient Elamite Architecture". In:

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and his attendants), indicating a long history of interchange. Some Elamite deities were also venerated outside Elam: Pinikir was known to the Hurrians and Hittites,

12487: 8170: 8141: 7355: 4953: 4047:, bronze-making tradition goes back to the mid-3rd millennium BC, and has many Elamite connections. Bronze objects from several cemeteries in the region date to the 7316: 6587: 6336:; some glyptic styles; the use of Elamite as the first of three official languages of the empire used in thousands of administrative texts found at Darius' city of 4791: 8283: 3882: 9349: 13934: 8459: 1805: 5501:

In general, any gold or silver statuettes which represent the king making a sacrifice not only served a religious function, but was also a display of wealth.

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Relief of a woman being fanned by an attendant while she holds what may be a spinning device before a table with a bowl containing a whole fish (700–550 BC).

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Very little is known of this period. Anshan was still at least partially Elamite. There appear to have been unsuccessful alliances of Elamites, Babylonians,

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The rise of the Achaemenids in the 6th century BC brought an end to the existence of Elam as an independent political power "but not as a cultural entity" (

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An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish (1500–1110 BC).

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imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473. This type of bracelet was manufactured in

3800:, viewed Elam and Susiana as two different geographic regions. He referred to Elam ("land of the Elymaei") as primarily the highland area of Khuzestan. 14063: 13939: 12102: 10955: 10045: 5571: 4980: 7585: 7027: 12208: 6378: 4930: 4755:, and replacing him with his eldest son, Kutir-Nakhkhunte, who held it no more than three years before being ejected by the native Akkadian-speaking 4494:

Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan symbol imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis.

14356: 4910:, but who by the end of this period would cause the Elamites' original home, the Iranian Plateau, to be renamed Persia proper. These newly arrived 4431: 16695: 13978: 7113:

Charpin, Dominique (2010). Writing, Law, and Kingship in Old Babylonian Mesopotamia. Translated by Todd, Jane Marie. University of Chicago Press.

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Kutir-Nakhkhunte's son Khutelutush-In-Shushinak was probably born of Kutir-Nakhkhunte and his own daughter, Nakhkhunte-utu. He was defeated by

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K. van der Toorn, Humbaba, K. van der Toorn, B. Becking, P. W. van der Horst, Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible, 1999, p. 431-432

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to the north of Elam is attested from the 9th century BC in Assyrian texts. Some time after that region fell to Madius the Scythian (653 BC),

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in the 21st century did not manage to penetrate far into Elam, and in 2004 BC, the Elamites, allied with the people of Susa and led by king

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Many archaeological finds suggest that maritime trade along the shores of Africa and Asia started several millennia ago. Trade between the

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Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 4

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Elam: surveys of political history and archaeology, Elizabeth Carter and Matthew W. Stolper, University of California Press, 1984, p. 3

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The inscription on the side of the statue curses anyone, specifically men, who attempts to destroy the statue: "I, Napir-Asu, wife of

3609:, and from the mid-2nd millennium BC, it was centered in Susa in the Khuzestan lowlands. Its culture played a crucial role during the 17624: 14352: 14348: 14262: 14059: 12816: 5680:

appeared in Babylonian personal names, and an Assyrian text mentions Khumban, Napirisha and Yabru (Jabru) as protectors of the king.

3995:. It is considered to be the site of Proto-Elamite cultural formation. During its early history, it fluctuated between submission to 3310: 1445: 9271: 6875: 6217: 14463: 13720: 12473: 10096: 9445: 7958: 5960:

Never equated with Utu/Shamash directly though it's possible the ideographic writing "Utu" of his name was used in personal names.

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and the surrounding region. During the first part of the rule of the Simashki dynasty, Elam was under intermittent attack from the

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was periodically annexed and broken off. In addition, some Proto-Elamite sites are found well outside this area, spread out on the

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The Cambridge Ancient History, Third Edition, Volume II, Part 2, History of the Middle East and the Aegean Region c.1380–1000 B.C.

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beads with white design, etched in white with an acid, imported to Susa in 2600–1700 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis.

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and the cities of Mesopotamia and Elam, can be inferred from numerous find of Indus artifacts, particularly in the excavation at

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period c. 2900–2000 BC. These excavations include Kalleh Nisar, Bani Surmah, Chigha Sabz, Kamtarlan, Sardant, and Gulal-i Galbi.

1339: 90: 4945:, who defeated the Elamites, Chaldeans and Babylonians and dethroned Merodach-baladan for a second time, installing his own son 13866: 13620: 13600: 11467: 11318: 11081: 4397:, who for some time was the most powerful person in the area, respectfully addressed as "Father" by Mesopotamian kings such as 13573: 13282: 5851:

Incorrectly assumed to be a "taboo name" of Pinikir in the past. She and Napirisha were possibly regarded as a divine couple.

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Cylinder seal and modern impression- worshiper before a seated ruler or deity; seated female under a grape arbor MET DP370181

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Giuseppe Valenza, Elamiti Elimioti Elimi Il Teatro Genealogico degli Elimi nel crocevia del Mediterraneo. Marostica, 2022,

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Of the Igehalkids (c. 1400 – 1210 BC), ten rulers are known, though their number was possibly larger. Some of them married

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by the vast majority of linguists, a minority of scholars have proposed that the Elamite language could be related to the

17950: 15822: 13317: 13169: 13026: 12173: 12123: 11849: 11383: 9787: 9438: 8894: 8229: 6610: 6571: 4956:, who managed to briefly capture the Assyrian governor of Babylonia Ashur-nadin-shumi and the city of Babylon in 694 BC. 4048: 2799: 2644: 1620: 8725: 8643: 8559: 8533: 8315: 8186:

H. Koch, Theology and Worship in Elam and Achaemenid Iran, Civilizations of the ancient Near East 3, 1995, p. 1960-1961

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in 627 BC. After his death, the Medes played a major role in the destruction of the weakened Assyrian Empire in 612 BC.

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to the east of Elam, leading archaeologists to speculate that Linear Elamite had originally spread from further east to

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of Assyria and Shutruk-Nakhkhunte, the Elamites defeated the Kassites permanently, killing the Kassite king of Babylon,

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Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics

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c. 1100 – 540 BC (characterized by Assyrian and Median influence. 539 BC marks the beginning of the Achaemenid period.)

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that succeeded Elam, when the Elamite language remained among those in official use. Elamite is generally considered a

9171:"Breaking the Code: The Decipherment of Linear Elamite, a Forgotten Writing System of Ancient Iran (3rd Millenium BC)" 8430:, vol. 5, 1980, p. 229: "Jabnu is equated with Enlil in BA 5 (1906) 655 8 (from which An = Anum 1162 may be restored)" 8280: 4952:

Shutruk-Nakhkhunte II, the last Elamite to claim the old title "king of Anshan and Susa", was murdered by his brother

4123:. Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and 11828: 11772: 11752: 11568: 11543: 11439: 11363: 11265: 10895: 10737: 9514: 9346: 9261: 9217: 9200: 9163: 9001: 8993:

Urdu/Hindi An Artificial Divide : African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism

8049: 7811: 7643: 7490: 7271: 7241: 7135: 7060: 7003: 6976: 6797: 6746: 6662: 5486:

performance of a ritual action were intended to eternalize the effectiveness of such deeds. Found near the Temple of

5007:

and fled to Elam where the king of Elam, fearing Assyrian repercussions, took him prisoner and put him to the sword.

4820:(984–979 BC) was of Elamite origin, and Elamites are recorded to have fought unsuccessfully with the Babylonian king 4418:

sent two messengers to Elam. The Elamite rulers had become increasingly involved in Mesopotamian politics during the

14838: 11662: 8456: 8039: 4999:(681–669 BC), Nabu-zer-kitti-lišir, an ethnically Elamite governor in the south of Babylonia, revolted and besieged 4968:(692–689 BC). Khumma-Menanu recruited a new army to help the Babylonians and Chaldeans against the Assyrians at the 4667:, fought Elam unsuccessfully. Kassite-Babylonian power waned, as they became dominated by the northern Mesopotamian 2404: 17935: 12293: 11859: 10178: 7130:

Amanda H. Weavers, Scribes, and Kings: A New History of the Ancient Near East. Oxford University Press, 2022. 269.

5566:

was believed to have been commissioned in the 12th century BC. It was moved from the original religious capital of

4884:

to the Iranian plateau. Assyrian sources beginning around 800 BC distinguish the "powerful Medes", i.e. the actual

1810: 4442:

in Mesopotamia. Little is known about the latter part of this dynasty, since sources again become sparse with the

16486: 11803: 11343: 11179: 11174: 10913: 10540: 9158:, Documenta Asiana IV, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per gli Studi Micenei ed Egeo-Anatolici, 1998 7956:

Cylinder seal and modern impression: worshipper before a seated ruler or deity; seated female under a grape arbor

7449: 7419: 4554:. It is engraved with a chevron design which is characteristic of all shell bangles of the Indus Valley, visible 3586: 2702: 2399: 806: 7670: 5626:(originally the civic protector god of Susa, eventually the leader of the triad and guarantor of the monarchy), 16559: 16106: 16030: 12408: 12233: 12113: 12097: 11583: 11518: 11419: 11368: 11140: 11091: 11076: 10980: 10970: 10950: 10742: 10401: 10091: 10075: 7555: 7397: 7165: 6847: 6826: 2427: 1373: 548: 12041: 10812: 10752: 6514: 4482:

Exchanges seem to have waned after 1900 BC, together with the disappearance of the Indus valley civilization.

17617: 17411: 17391: 16673: 16580: 16565: 16403: 16273: 16074: 15773: 15458: 12842: 12267: 11708: 11691: 11598: 11573: 11429: 11337: 11327: 10117: 9400: 3303: 3187: 1685: 1438: 8916:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8817:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8804:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8756:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8581:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8512:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8499:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8486:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8353:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8126:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

8078:

The Other Gods who are: Studies in Elamite-Iranian Acculturation Based on the Persepolis Fortification Texts

7997:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State. D.T.Potts, second edition

17212: 17021: 16997: 16397: 15377: 12271: 12107: 11823: 11563: 11553: 11301: 11157: 10757: 10127: 9862: 7577: 7104:

Kenneth Anderson Kitchen, On the Reliability of the Old Testament, Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003, p. 321

7019: 6389:

history in the Indian subcontinent could be traced to the promise of restoration of Elam (Jeremiah 49:39).

6141: 1820: 12037: 6945: 17960: 16634: 15673: 15472: 15019: 15013: 13260: 12616: 12062: 12056: 12007: 11818: 11648: 11527: 11152: 10183: 10065: 10060: 9995: 9671: 7541:

Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)

6385:, surviving into the 14th century. Indian Carmelite historian John Marshal has proposed that the root of 6040: 2664: 1410: 1398: 237: 4860: 2409: 17261: 17117: 16880: 16571: 16381: 15727: 15389: 15357: 15351: 13558: 12277: 11738: 11603: 11071: 10849: 10747: 10188: 9797: 7665: 5638:, previously a deity of limited relevance in known sources, emerged as a divine source of royal power. 5205:

for much of the period from the first half of the 14th century BC, began to unravel after the death of

4663:(1366–1020 BC), temporarily occupied Elam around 1320 BC, and later (c. 1230 BC) another Kassite king, 4470:, have been found in the archaeological sites of Mesopotamia and Susa dating from around 2500–2000 BC. 3911: 3192: 3162: 1368: 1329: 5848:; also an afterlife goddess as evidenced by the epithet "zana Liyan lahakra", "lady of death in Liyan" 5209:

in 631 BC, descending into a series of bitter internal civil wars which also spread to Babylonia. The

5136:, although these quickly broke off relations with Assyria over their pillages. The last Elamite king, 4107:. Three dynasties ruled during this period. Twelve kings of each of the first two dynasties, those of 17869: 17716: 17673: 17398: 17006: 16892: 16874: 16724: 16386: 16250: 15951: 15766: 14663: 12381: 11972: 11742: 11523: 11449: 11311: 11286: 11209: 10960: 10859: 10802: 10214: 9872: 9687: 6277: 6233: 4455: 3916: 3142: 2931: 2868: 2434: 2155: 1310: 1214: 473: 9425: 7888: 7882: 7189:"The Role of shell in Mesopotamia : evidence for trade exchange with Oman and the Indus Valley" 5359:

by 599 BC. Elam, already largely destroyed and subjugated by Assyria, thus became easy prey for the

1703: 17610: 17384: 17029: 17026: 16949: 16919: 16862: 16848: 16254: 15238: 14976: 14393: 14177: 13020: 12092: 11882: 11762: 11713: 11685: 11548: 11086: 11000: 10729: 9827: 9469: 9375: 4518:, reference Sb 17751. These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of 4462:. Various objects made with shell species that are characteristic of the Indus coast, particularly 3296: 3278: 3215: 2762: 2714: 2679: 2469: 1675: 1431: 1393: 1388: 1378: 167: 17: 15231: 8038:

Edwards, F.B.A., I.E.S.; Gadd, C.J.; Hammond, F.B.A., N.G.L.; Sollberger F.B.A., E., eds. (1970).

7984: 2972: 59:

Map showing the area of the Elamite Empire (in orange) and the neighboring areas. The approximate

17044: 16972: 16946: 16922: 16916: 16901: 16813: 16749: 16714: 16658: 16607: 16180: 14657: 14438: 14183: 13491: 12949: 12323: 12297: 12288: 12158: 12118: 11722: 11658: 11618: 11353: 11204: 11061: 11020: 10278: 10137: 10070: 9964: 9817: 9735: 9730: 8466: 6253: 5433: 4864:

Ashurbanipal's campaign against Elam is triumphantly recorded in this relief showing the sack of

4084: 3732: 2952: 2709: 2562: 2394: 2293: 1988: 1845: 956: 712: 293: 9105: 9029: 8568:, Šimut and Nin-ali, the Napratep gods, and after a wide interval that of Hišmitik and Ruhuratir 7635: 6654: 6260:

was the unofficial language of the royalty of Persia, "Khuz" being the corrupted name for Elam.

4091:

The Old Elamite period began around 2700 BC. Historical records mention the conquest of Elam by

3807:

The uncertainty in this area extends also to modern scholarship. Since the discovery of ancient

2060: 17207: 17197: 16987: 16982: 16977: 16937: 16928: 16871: 16851: 16845: 16839: 16836: 16827: 16755: 16752: 16743: 16643: 16622: 16236: 16010: 15942: 15852: 15596: 15590: 15071: 14526: 14385: 13950: 13731: 13271: 13245: 13205: 12848: 12621: 12413: 12052: 11793: 11748: 11472: 11434: 11162: 10918: 10168: 10020: 9779: 8014: 7188: 6468: 4668: 4660: 3836:

Knowledge of Elamite history remains largely fragmentary, reconstruction being based on mainly

3568: 3284: 3260: 2817: 2319: 1690: 1273: 776: 250: 17518: 13824: 12853: 9341: 7922: 7693: 7480: 7339: 7261: 7231: 7050: 6993: 5161: 4434:, who plundered the temples of southern Mesopotamia, the north being under the control of the 4288:

to Ur, managed to drive the Elamites out of Ur, rebuild the city, and to return the statue of

4197:(c. 2240 – c. 2220 BC), and threw off the Akkadian language, promoting in its place the brief 4169:

The Awan dynasty (2350–2150 BC) was partly contemporary with that of the Mesopotamian emperor

17930: 17668: 17567:

Israel and the Aramaeans of Damascus: A Study in Archaeological Illumination of Bible History

17488: 17451: 17373: 17250: 16910: 16886: 16842: 16830: 16824: 16821: 16776: 16770: 16746: 16711: 16667: 16655: 16652: 16649: 16637: 16631: 16619: 16613: 16432: 16342: 16339: 16330: 15893: 13970: 11701: 11653: 11628: 11348: 11096: 10874: 10792: 10409: 10366: 9837: 7300: 6966: 6816: 6762: 6213: 6190: 4926: 4346:

period in Mesopotamia, being younger by approximately sixty years than the Akkadian-speaking

4120: 2499: 2135: 1770: 654: 574: 512: 31: 17565: 17417: 13230: 9412: 9358: 8366: 8293:

Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Tarih Bölümü Tarih Araştırmaları Dergisi

7803: 7797: 7609:

Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

6445:

are named after Elam civilization. Khuzestan means land of the Khuzis and Khuzi itself is a

5622:

Inscriptions of many Elamite kings indicate that a concept of a supreme triad consisting of

4921:

More details are known from the late 8th century BC, when the Elamites were allied with the

4306: 2649: 284: 16818: 16767: 16676: 16670: 16640: 16242: 16195: 16183: 16007: 15948: 15572: 15466: 15289: 14816: 13964: 13485: 12902: 12252: 12154: 12047: 11987: 11962: 11941: 11921: 11894: 11696: 11638: 11533: 11296: 11261: 11025: 10207: 10055: 10015: 9494: 9266:

Vallat, François. 2010. "The History of Elam". The Circle of Ancient Iranian Studies (CAIS)

7753: 6325: 5404: 3720: 3473: 3416: 3177: 2947: 2624: 2589: 2387: 2120: 2040: 1750: 1745: 1530: 1383: 16279: 7520:

Art of the first cities : the third millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus

7368:

Square-shaped Indus seals of fired steatite have been found at a few sites in Mesopotamia.

5982:

Regarded as a sister of the so-called "Divine Seven of Elam" from Mesopotamian god lists.

4987:(680–675 BC) saw a deterioration of Elamite-Babylonian relations, and both of them raided 4555: 3785:. In ancient times, several names were used to describe this area. The ancient geographer 8: 17652: 17323: 17178: 16883: 16833: 16758: 16708: 16661: 16646: 16625: 16324: 16310: 16198: 16131: 15954: 15845: 15787: 15551: 15224: 15064: 14783: 14588: 14405: 14218: 13534: 12745: 11992: 11681: 11414: 11306: 10905: 10900: 10864: 10797: 10646: 10334: 10142: 10050: 10025: 9832: 9807: 9336: 9110: 9034: 6867: 6317: 6273: 6178: 5251:

entered into an alliance with a coalition of fellow former vassals of Assyria, including

5144: 4915: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4732: 4680: 4435: 4371: 4347: 4339: 4273: 4228: 4185: 3845: 3593:

period (Copper Age). The emergence of written records from around 3000 BC also parallels

3152: 2504: 2113: 2055: 1710: 1665: 1116: 986: 415: 211: 9370: 5020: 4840: 4602:

continued to use the Akkadian language frequently in their inscriptions, the succeeding

3991:

The Proto-Elamite city of Susa was founded around 4000 BC in the watershed of the river

17549: 17363: 17240: 16801: 16740: 16734: 16262: 16226: 16139: 16120: 16016: 16013: 15966: 15932: 15929: 15884: 15575: 15560: 15545: 15221: 15218: 15209: 14968: 14143: 13871: 13144: 12997: 12914: 12717: 12356: 12318: 12263: 12258: 12163: 12078: 11718: 11578: 11538: 11378: 11373: 11271: 11256: 11015: 10817: 10638: 10607: 10500: 10257: 10132: 10101: 10000: 9847: 9764: 9087:

p. 185–211, The First Foundation of Carmel in India 1619–2019 Dhyanavana publications,

8260:

An "Egyptianising" Underworld Judging an Assyrian Prince? New Perspectives on VAT 10057

7955: 7628: 6647: 6442: 6432:. The picture of a woman with dignity shows the importance of women in the Elamite era. 6382: 6348: 5612: 5608: 5403:

The prophet Ezekiel describes the status of their power in the 12th year of the Hebrew

5376: 5277: 5202: 5137: 5085: 5044:

itself was sacked and occupied by the Assyrians. In this same year the Assyrian vassal

4752: 4744: 4736: 4714: 4394: 4202: 4022: 3891: 3870: 3712: 3613: 3250: 3182: 3167: 3157: 3137: 3102: 3077: 3052: 2935: 2494: 2459: 2369: 2324: 2280: 2125: 1785: 1670: 1319: 1106: 726: 197: 16019: 9380: 7630:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus

6173:

that came to dominate the region of Elam from the 6th century BC. It was written in a

17738: 17571: 17524: 17494: 16787: 16761: 16737: 16719: 16519: 16440: 16348: 16217: 16189: 16004: 15972: 15963: 15905: 15902: 15899: 15887: 15875: 15790: 15711: 15563: 15557: 15524: 15518: 15089: 14962: 14826: 14648: 14374: 13973: 13967: 13775: 13743: 13288: 12497: 12450: 12366: 12283: 12189: 12179: 12088: 11997: 11982: 11977: 11946: 11936: 11926: 11916: 11903: 11758: 11462: 11276: 11214: 11189: 11169: 11119: 11039: 10887: 10516: 10508: 10433: 10385: 10122: 9979: 9974: 9959: 9894: 9812: 9769: 9489: 9484: 9291: 9277: 9257: 9239: 9213: 9196: 9159: 9145: 9088: 8997: 8830: 8200: 8045: 7892: 7807: 7699: 7639: 7545: 7486: 7387: 7345: 7306: 7267: 7237: 7155: 7131: 7114: 7056: 6999: 6972: 6926: 6822: 6793: 6742: 6658: 6616: 6577: 6550: 6329: 6202: 6170: 6155: 6151: 5665: 5661: 5441: 5372: 5289: 5240: 5221: 5198: 5124: 4972:

in 691. Both sides claimed the victory in their annals, but Babylon was destroyed by

4946: 4787: 4710: 4692: 4683:

inscriptions were rare, and Elamite highland gods became firmly established in Susa.

4676: 4672: 4623: 4607: 4439: 4419: 4355: 4351: 4335: 4315: 4301: 4218: 4194: 4116: 4040:(not universally accepted), present a special case because of their great antiquity. 3875: 3694: 3682: 3663: 3469: 3455: 3447: 3392: 3379: 3366: 3172: 3072: 2898: 2873: 2674: 2584: 2574: 2549: 2090: 2050: 1910: 1900: 1755: 1655: 1630: 1490: 1478: 1146: 1046: 1036: 746: 736: 694: 594: 538: 154: 14951: 9209:

Art of the Bronze Age: southeastern Iran, western Central Asia, and the Indus Valley

7341:

Art of the First Cities: The Third Millennium BC from the Mediterranean to the Indus

4960:

soon responded by invading and ravaging Elam. Khallushu was in turn assassinated by

3597:

history, where slightly earlier records have been found. In the Old Elamite period (

2719: 17894: 17834: 17748: 17711: 17447: 17359: 17305: 17236: 17223: 17202: 17167: 17016: 16804: 16773: 16628: 16604: 16372: 16369: 16363: 16318: 16211: 16192: 16186: 16142: 16125: 15969: 15960: 15957: 15881: 15878: 15716: 15601: 15188: 14278: 14212: 14200: 13893: 13440: 12730: 12337: 12328: 12238: 12228: 12184: 12024: 12012: 11966: 11911: 11728: 11593: 11424: 11393: 11238: 11219: 10928: 10548: 10035: 10030: 9934: 9929: 9924: 9914: 9909: 9899: 9715: 9572: 9557: 9541: 9536: 9531: 9509: 9395: 9313: 9070: 8857:"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition" 8770:"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition" 8092:"The Elamite Triads: Reflections on the Possible Continuities in Iranian Tradition" 8037: 7200: 6429: 6320:). Indigenous Elamite traditions, such as the use of the title "king of Anshan" by 6305:, and Persians paid tribute to Assyria from the 10th century BC until the death of 6269: 6249: 6241: 6209: 6163: 6159: 6147: 6137: 6047: 5913: 5669: 5616: 5563: 5551: 5391: 5013:(674–664 BC) for some time wisely maintained good relations with the Assyrian king 4969: 4783: 4779: 4640: 4636: 4206: 4190: 4140: 3744: 3617: 3532: 3489: 3483: 3426:) was an ancient civilization centered in the far west and southwest of modern-day 3329: 3112: 2863: 2848: 2828: 2769: 2654: 2614: 2514: 2482: 2414: 2349: 2250: 2230: 2140: 1995: 1895: 1840: 1795: 1780: 1176: 866: 836: 12465: 9133:

Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Textos y Fuentes para el estudio del Elam", Murcia, 2000.

6910: 6818:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State.

6792:. American Oriental Series. Vol. 33). American Oriental Society. p. 53. 5390:, one of the last kings of Elam circa 522 BC was toppled, enchained and killed by 2878: 17368: 17354: 17329: 17282: 17245: 17231: 17055: 16904: 16857: 16764: 16729: 16601: 16596: 16524: 16498: 16354: 16229: 16223: 16208: 16201: 16155: 16145: 15978: 15923: 15917: 15914: 15860: 15808: 15644: 15578: 15566: 15554: 15542: 15527: 15506: 15425: 15329: 15326: 15300: 15215: 15194: 15182: 15149: 15143: 15113: 15035: 14845: 14197: 14152: 14106: 14100: 14090: 13880: 12980: 12958: 12725: 12371: 12308: 12243: 12218: 12203: 12142: 11931: 11783: 11673: 11495: 11194: 11130: 11034: 10882: 10784: 10556: 10532: 10468: 10449: 10441: 10417: 10302: 10244: 9969: 9944: 9939: 9919: 9867: 9857: 9852: 9842: 9822: 9792: 9744: 9740: 9710: 9401:

Modelling population dispersal and language origins during the last 120,000 years

9365: 9353: 9317: 9236:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State

9126:

Quintana Cifuentes, E., "Historia de Elam el vecino mesopotámico", Murcia, 1997.

9048:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State

8991: 8962: 8939: 8898: 8730:

Ešpurm, governor of Susa for Maništusu, dedicated a statue to the goddess Narundi

8671: 8620: 8473: 8463: 8373: 8319: 8287: 8266: 8233: 8174: 8145: 7962: 7052:

The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State

6952: 6854: 6321: 6245: 5457: 5453: 5445: 5437: 5364: 5272: 5244: 5217: 5210: 5178: 5140:, was captured in 640 BC by Ashurbanipal, who annexed and destroyed the country. 5113: 5069: 4911: 4893: 4881: 4656: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4253: 4170: 4037: 4026: 3965: 3945: 3933: 3808: 3606: 3602: 3526: 3405: 3255: 3147: 3042: 2997: 2913: 2888: 2744: 2724: 2684: 2629: 2519: 2374: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2245: 1970: 1955: 1890: 1740: 1680: 1545: 1461: 1056: 1006: 906: 876: 816: 756: 674: 644: 614: 584: 379: 224: 187: 176: 17407: 12645: 8717: 8635: 8551: 8525: 17733: 17683: 17678: 17266: 16810: 16703: 16592: 16545: 16506: 16449: 16351: 16287: 16205: 16164: 16158: 16148: 16136: 15920: 15908: 15896: 15816: 15705: 15659: 15569: 15539: 15503: 15367: 15212: 15191: 15185: 15176: 15128: 15098: 15080: 15055: 15043: 14955: 14812: 14683: 14534: 14396: 14390: 14293: 14285: 14221: 14194: 14158: 13991: 13758: 13755: 13656: 13064: 12829: 12735: 12712: 12604: 12213: 11733: 11558: 11046: 11010: 10673: 10591: 10524: 10350: 9949: 9061:

Kevin T. Van Bladel (2021). "The Language of the Xuz and the Fate of Elamite".

8953: 6488: 6463: 6446: 6229: 5845: 5596: 5591: 5037: 4902: 4853: 4829: 4664: 4648: 4627:

Stele of Untash Napirisha, king of Anshan and Susa. Sandstone, c. 1340–1300 BC.

4574:, excavated in Susa in a 12th-century BC princely tomb. Louvre Museum Sb 17774. 4406: 4198: 4033: 3655: 3629: 3610: 3353: 3245: 3117: 3002: 2957: 2821: 2594: 2544: 2275: 2045: 1858: 1715: 1645: 1565: 1166: 846: 826: 766: 402: 313: 9183: 9074: 8891: 8226: 7302:

Brotherhood of Kings: How International Relations Shaped the Ancient Near East

6193:. In 2006, two even older inscriptions in a similar script were discovered at 5542:

was commissioned around 1300 BC in Susa, Iran. It is made of copper using the

5530: 5387: 4205:, another pre-Iranic people from what is now north west Iran who also spoke a 3920:. Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel, Proto-Elamite period, (3100–2900 BC) 17915: 17909: 17706: 17561: 17484: 17469: 17341: 17273: 17153: 16798: 16795: 16548: 16542: 16502: 16458: 16366: 16327: 16161: 16100: 16001: 15998: 15926: 15911: 15872: 15869: 15812: 15751: 15633: 15339: 15332: 15309: 15203: 15197: 15161: 15083: 15039: 14996: 14788: 14686: 14680: 14638: 14537: 14340: 14302: 14075: 13961: 13875: 13685: 13636: 13391: 13375: 13068: 12994: 12955: 12929: 12923: 12884: 12825: 12796: 12521: 12444: 12348: 12333: 12303: 12248: 12128: 12083: 12032: 12002: 10705: 10599: 10564: 10286: 9749: 9597: 9504: 8310: 8148:, The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) 3, 2017, p. 10 7383:

The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)

7151:

The Indus-Mesopotamia relationship reconsidered (Gs Elisabeth During Caspers)

6438: 6366: 6167: 6123:

A goddess described as "lady who dipenses the light" by Huteltush-Inshushinak

5887: 5731: 5567: 5494:, these statuettes would have been considered charged with beneficial power. 5368: 5332: 5077: 5045: 4877: 4702: 4515: 4495: 4323: 4025:. Elamite history can only be traced from records dating to beginning of the 4005: 3984: 3906: 3887:

c. 1500 – c. 1100 BC (Anzanite dynasty until the Babylonian invasion of Susa)

3861: 3716: 3625: 3435: 3210: 3047: 2967: 2962: 2789: 2734: 2729: 2489: 2464: 2454: 2444: 2329: 2240: 2235: 2205: 2160: 2130: 2095: 1905: 1875: 1495: 1245: 1234: 976: 896: 856: 303: 263: 144: 105: 92: 14423: 9330: 8932: 8664: 8613: 8177:, The Digital Archive of Brief notes & Iran Review (DABIR) 3, 2017, p. 9 7747: 7204: 5713: 4876:

The later Neo-Elamite period is characterized by a significant migration of

3777:

In geographical terms, Susiana basically represents the Iranian province of

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Silver cup with linear-Elamite inscription on it. Late 3rd millennium BC.

17808: 17768: 17326: 17317: 17172: 17126: 17111: 17102: 17096: 17038: 16940: 16898: 16868: 16865: 16807: 16664: 16616: 16527: 16446: 16443: 16426: 16336: 16151: 16094: 16091: 16088: 16063: 16053: 16041: 15890: 15831: 15784: 15760: 15754: 15745: 15739: 15684: 15647: 15630: 15614: 15548: 15533: 15521: 15509: 15480: 15447: 15444: 15306: 15281: 15278: 15272: 15179: 15140: 15137: 15125: 15110: 15107: 15095: 15002: 14990: 14981: 14930: 14924: 14874: 14871: 14859: 14856: 14792: 14769: 14752: 14738: 14729: 14499: 14428: 14418: 14270: 14255: 14249: 14233: 14230: 14133: 14112: 14022: 13985: 13908: 13749: 13539: 13464: 13459: 13452: 13422: 13408: 13371: 13221: 13130: 13045: 13015: 13001: 12770: 12756: 12701: 12636: 12566: 12536: 12454: 12418: 12169: 11854: 11777: 11608: 10173: 10163: 9954: 9886: 9759: 9647: 9461: 8009: 8007: 8005: 8003: 6072: 5876: 5772: 5677: 5673: 5623: 5487: 5305: 5133: 4973: 4957: 4942: 4907: 4772: 4756: 4748: 4728: 4713:(c. 1210 – 1100 BC), the Elamite empire reached the height of its power. 4589: 4402: 4367: 4240: 4144: 4104: 4001: 3996: 3837: 3032: 2987: 2942: 2883: 2853: 2843: 2749: 2669: 2339: 2255: 2185: 2145: 1930: 1800: 1660: 1510: 1421: 1066: 1026: 786: 664: 14492: 9270:Álvarez-Mon, Javier; Basello, Gian Pietro; Wicks, Yasmina, eds. (2018). 5522:

platform beneath an overhanging vine. A crescent is shown in the field.

17824: 17773: 17335: 17332: 17314: 17291: 17276: 17270: 17150: 17147: 17105: 17093: 17087: 17072: 16943: 16934: 16931: 16925: 16907: 16877: 16685: 16610: 16551: 16417: 16357: 16220: 16114: 16085: 16082: 16079: 16067: 16059: 16047: 16035: 15781: 15757: 15742: 15678: 15640: 15617: 15611: 15515: 15254: 15086: 14984: 14943: 14933: 14927: 14889: 14886: 14883: 14877: 14865: 14853: 14850: 14820: 14766: 14763: 14576: 14555: 14531: 14507: 14336: 14227: 14224: 14215: 14206: 14125: 14016: 13902: 13857: 13845: 13689: 13527: 13523: 13472: 13293: 13201: 13127: 13123: 12867: 12740: 12690: 12684: 11808: 11199: 10721: 10689: 10615: 10583: 10393: 9705: 9700: 6868:"Kneeling bull holding a spouted vessel,ca. 3100–2900 BC Proto-Elamite" 6337: 6333: 6298: 6290: 5798: 5790: 5764: 5604: 5352: 5268: 5248: 5225: 5186: 5128: 5097: 5053: 4992: 4914:

were also conquered by Assyria, and largely regarded as vassals of the

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soldiers topple it with pickaxes and crowbars and carry off the spoils.

4013:. The earliest known historical figure connected with Elam is the king 3969: 3598: 3230: 3037: 2858: 2534: 2334: 2150: 2030: 2000: 1880: 1735: 1469: 1282: 1196: 1016: 996: 966: 926: 886: 718: 684: 604: 558: 203: 60: 15486: 9430: 8000: 5752: 5119:

A brief respite to the Elamites was provided by the civil war between

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only two years later, and its Elamite allies defeated in the process.

4119:(c. 2100 – c. 1970 BC), are known from a list from Susa dating to the 17829: 17803: 17798: 17344: 17287: 17144: 17114: 17108: 17099: 17084: 17078: 17060: 17035: 16913: 16895: 16682: 16679: 16539: 16466: 16452: 16423: 16411: 16333: 16304: 16044: 16038: 15803: 15733: 15690: 15687: 15636: 15419: 15336: 15322: 15319: 15275: 15269: 15251: 15173: 15164: 15134: 15131: 15122: 15104: 15101: 14939: 14936: 14800: 14796: 14772: 14720: 14707: 14677: 14572: 14568: 14446: 14306: 14043: 14038: 14034: 14003: 13920: 13897: 13861: 13746: 13669: 13592: 13584: 13551: 13448: 13432: 13404: 13367: 13236: 13194: 13011: 12890: 12776: 10934:

International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)

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suzerainty during the 2nd century BC to the early 3rd century AD. In

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The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre

4328:"Ebarat the King. Kuk Kalla, son of Kuk-Sharum, servant of Shilhaha" 17788: 17294: 17120: 17081: 17075: 16952: 16533: 16530: 16475: 16472: 16414: 16345: 16295: 16258: 16111: 15653: 15512: 15494: 15477: 15415: 15342: 15316: 15263: 15245: 15155: 15030: 14921: 14912: 14900: 14868: 14832: 14808: 14758: 14726: 14702: 14674: 14644: 14632: 14625: 14611: 14605: 14540: 14450: 14432: 14344: 14322: 14318: 14203: 14129: 13958: 13912: 13889: 13884: 13815: 13810: 13779: 13596: 13520: 13516: 13509: 13387: 13308: 13153: 12985: 12975: 12970: 12961: 12897: 12880: 12651: 12598: 11844: 11184: 11066: 10318: 10147: 9802: 9725: 9720: 9627: 9612: 9607: 9562: 8686: 5994: 5944: 5789:

Also known in Mesopotamia as an underworld god in the entourage of

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himself was of Elamite descent, notwithstanding his Akkadian name.

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Polities during the Old Elamite period, and northern tribes of the

4044: 3949: 3704:(feminine) meant "resident of Susiana, Elamite". The Sumerian term 3240: 3067: 2784: 2779: 2354: 2344: 2190: 2080: 2075: 2020: 2015: 1950: 1945: 1765: 1625: 1615: 1610: 1585: 1520: 946: 936: 502: 389: 17523:. Penguin Books Limited. pp. 532–534 (Chronological Tables). 16512: 5586: 4906:, first recorded in 844 BC as living on the southeastern shore of 17844: 17839: 17783: 17347: 17175: 17156: 17141: 17135: 17129: 16463: 16408: 16301: 16298: 16246: 16097: 15839: 15778: 15699: 15693: 15434: 15428: 15200: 15170: 15025: 14915: 14880: 14671: 14614: 14515: 14484: 14188: 13737: 13680: 13609: 13504: 13496: 13361: 13296: 13103: 13100: 13085: 13081: 12893: 12887: 12871: 12749: 12387: 10310: 9904: 9632: 9622: 9587: 9577: 9426:

https://web.archive.org/web/20160222154459/http://www.elamit.net/

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Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Babylonian dynasties ("Period of Chaos")

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Cambridge University Press (published 1975). pp. 400–416.

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dominance that would a century later become the nucleus of the

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captured that same year, turning it for the first time into an

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Notable Eparti dynasty rulers in Elam during this time include

4382:, succeeded him and conquered much of southern Mesopotamia for 4224: 4136: 4124: 4052: 3961: 3957: 3925: 3797: 3678: 3127: 3057: 3017: 3012: 2908: 2794: 2689: 2659: 2569: 2314: 2310: 2210: 2165: 2085: 1960: 1935: 1640: 1600: 1595: 1575: 1570: 1525: 522: 425: 126: 14595: 14147: 13819: 13417: 13412: 13240: 13225: 10199: 8966: