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19th century. European countries forced, out of economic, strategic, and nationalistic considerations, a tighter control over
African territories. To protect their interests, the Portuguese sent a number of military expeditions into the areas, which they considered to be their colonies, and brought them under actual control. The last Ambundu tribe to be defeated were the NDembo. It took the Portuguese three years to subdue a NDembo revolt in 1910. In 1917 all of their territory was occupied, and they became part of the Portuguese colony of
107:
334:
344:. Land was inherited matrilineally, and the descent system was matrilineal as well. Boys used to go and live in the villages of their maternal uncles, so as to preserve a matrilinear core to the village. Theoretically, the lineage was projected onto status, instead of individuals, which gave the system some flexibility. The latter feature is not found with neighbouring matrilineal peoples, like the
406:
The
Portuguese defeated Matamba in 1836, and advanced to Kasanje by the middle of the century. Their actual influence, however, was quite limited due to the lack of people, money, and an efficient military. The Ambundu had opportunities to revolt or negotiate liberties. This changed at the end of the
321:
on, but the biggest part of the immigration took place between the 13th and 16th century C.E.. Kimbundu is a West-Bantu language, and it is thought that, in the Bantu migrations, the
Ambundu have arrived coming from the North rather than from the East. The Bantu peoples brought agriculture with them.
397:
was the daughter of a deceased Ndongo ngola. At the request of Mbandi, the reigning ngola and her brother, she negotiated a peace treaty with the
Portuguese. The treaty gave substantial trade and religious advantages to Portugal but delivered Mbandi the throne in Ndongo. After five years, she had to
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along the way until they reached Luanda on the coast. He later unified his people with another group that was led by a master blacksmith named Bembo
Kalamba and his wife Ngombe dia Nganda. Bembo's people introduced Ngola's people to farming, cattle-herding and weaving. This origin story maintains
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The second oral tradition records that a man named
Mussuri rose from ironworker to king of the Mbundu. After marrying a woman named Ngola Inene, they are said to have birthed a daughter named Samba. Samba gave birth to 8 children, who later begot the Ndongo, the Mbondo, the Pende, the Hungu, the
274:
The exact origin of the Mbundu people is unknown, but there are some oral traditions that were passed down through the generations. The first oral tradition says that the Mbundu came from "the great water." Many historians interpreted this as the
Atlantic Ocean and cite their origin as
279:. This oral tradition also speaks of five great ancestors of the Mbundu: Zundu dya Mbulu, the mother of the Ndongo people; Kajinga ka Mbulu, founder of the Mbondo Kingdom; Matamba a Mulu, mother of the Pende people; and Kongo dya Mbulu, founder of the Hungu people.
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in the slave trade, and started falling apart in the 19th century when this trade lost in importance. The rise of a new trade in ivory, rubber and wax, which avoided the old monopolies, reduced the power of central authority in the
Ambundu states in this century.
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flee from
Portuguese troops to Matamba. She became queen of Matamba, a kingdom which was traditionally led by women, and turned it into the most powerful state in the region, and a big exporter of slaves. Matamba, and neighboring Kasanje, had
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against the country in 1590 but was defeated in 1614. Now, Ndongo itself became a target for the slave trade, and its population fled in large numbers to neighbouring states.
383:, tried to break this monopoly, this led to war, in which the Bakongo were defeated in 1556. Ndongo was now independent, and directly confronted Portugal's
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The Pende people tell an oral tradition of a single ancestor named Ngola
Kilanji, who ruled over hunters and warriors at Tandji in Milumbu near the
461:
493:; erroneously, they are sometimes called "Kimbundo(s)", after their language. In Portuguese, they are in such cases spelled as "Quimbundos".
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617:"Documentary Traces Roots of Black Celebrities: Web Extra: Hear an Extended Version of Ed Gordon's Interview with Henry Louis Gates, Jr"
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Trade and Conflict in Angola: The Mbundu and Their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese, 1483–1790
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168:. They are the second biggest ethnic group in the country and make up 25% of the total population of Angola.
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82:
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The Ambundu society consisted of local communities until the 14th century. Their society has always been
219:) developed from interactions between Kimbundu speakers and other ethnic groups in the region. Spoken in
506:, Universidade da Beira Interior, Faculdade de Artes e Letras, Departamento de Letras, 2017, p. 43
445:, another American actor, has a genealogical DNA link to the Ambundu group through his paternal line.
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in the east, Ambakista developed from interactions between Kimbundu speakers and Portuguese traders.
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that Ngombe's daughters became the mothers of the Mbundu ethnic groups and that Ngola founded the
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The Ambundu nowadays live in the region stretching to the East from Angola's capital city of
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Kingdoms of Savanna: A History of the Central African States until European Occupation
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Conhecimento das Diferenças Sintáticas Entre a Língua Portuguesa e a Língua Kimbundu
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211:, which has two dialects: Akwaluanda and Ambakista. Spoken in Luanda in the west,
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557:(1st ed.). New York, NY: Rosen Publishing Group, Inc. pp. 9–12, 14–16.
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19:"Mbundu people" redirects here. For the Ovimbundu, a people to their South, see
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is said to be derived from his name. The symbol for iron, which is so called
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The historical literature in English refers to them generally as
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since 1482, held a monopoly on trade with this country. When a
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They built permanent villages and traded with the indigenous
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provinces. The head of the main Ambundu kingdom was called a
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They had been arriving in the Angola region from the early
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Lenge, the Imbangala, the Songo and the Libolo people.
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363:, before it was adopted by the Ambundu themselves.
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Ethnical map of Angola (Ambundu area marked yellow)
652:Kings and Kinsmen: Early Mbundu states in Angola
195:, which is the origin of the name of the country
152:people who live on a high plateau in present-day
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462:"PeopleGroups.org – Kimbundu Mbundu of Angola"
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183:provinces and in neighbouring parts of the
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518:"Communities and Reconstruction in Angola"
371:Kongo, which had been in contact with the
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437:traced to Mbundu people in present-day
175:(see map). They are predominant in the
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309:, is still used today by the Mbundu.
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45:Regions with significant populations
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592:"Angola – Mbundu Social Structure"
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16:Ethnic group in north-west Angola
615:Gordan, Ed (February 12, 2006).
415:Notable people of Mbundu descent
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502:Mateus Jacinto Marques Manuel,
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553:Njoku, PhD, Onwuka N. (1997).
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83:African traditional religions
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430:African American Lives
359:was first used by the
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348:to the South, or the
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245:Ambundu or Akwambundu
215:(also referred to as
207:The Mbundu speak the
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89:Related ethnic groups
160:. The Ambundu speak
577:Unesco/M. El Fasi
419:The American actor
367:Portuguese invasion
144:(distinct from the
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423:discovered on the
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299:. The royal title
263:Ndongo and Matamba
156:just north of the
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297:Kingdom of Ndongo
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525:. Retrieved
523:. p. 36
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474:. Retrieved
470:the original
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421:Chris Tucker
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395:Queen Njinga
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379:'s king, or
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185:Cuanza Norte
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158:Kwanza River
138:, singular:
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79:Christianity
26:Ethnic group
527:18 November
385:colonialism
342:matrilineal
319:Middle Ages
844:Categories
792:Portuguese
601:2023-08-14
581:, Vol. III
476:2023-08-19
449:References
400:monopolies
373:Portuguese
213:Akwaluanda
189:Cuanza Sul
166:Portuguese
135:Akwambundu
67:Portuguese
807:Afrikaner
802:Norwegian
777:Ovimbundu
712:Brazilian
433:that his
355:The name
346:Ovimbundu
292:jingundu,
146:Ovimbundu
95:Ovimbundu
57:Languages
40:8,631,500
21:Ovimbundu
814:Xindonga
328:Khoi-San
254:Kimbundu
250:Language
237:Mumbundu
203:Language
162:Kimbundu
148:) are a
141:Mumbundu
97:, other
73:Religion
63:Kimbundu
762:Mucubal
707:Ambundu
389:Matamba
361:Bakongo
350:Bakongo
324:Pygmies
270:Origins
260:Country
229:Ambundu
221:Ambacca
217:Ambundu
181:Malanje
129:Ambundu
116:Ambundu
30:Ambundu
797:German
772:Ovambo
757:Mbunda
742:Lovale
722:Herero
717:Chokwe
626:May 9,
561:
555:Mbundu
491:Mbundu
439:Angola
409:Angola
377:Ndongo
357:Mbundu
242:People
234:Person
197:Angola
173:Luanda
154:Angola
124:Mbundu
120:Mbundu
51:Angola
829:Zemba
824:Yombe
752:Lunda
737:ǃKung
732:Kongo
727:Himba
521:(PDF)
381:ngola
307:ngola
302:ngola
193:Ngola
177:Bengo
150:Bantu
819:Yaka
767:Roma
747:Lozi
628:2023
559:ISBN
529:2021
326:and
187:and
179:and
114:The
782:Twa
621:NPR
425:PBS
132:or
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619:.
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537:^
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122:(
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