Amazon rainforest - Knowledge

1667: 1652: 1463: 1173: 1874: 1330: 1478: 1532: 1446: 1902: 1430: 1245: 1917: 1378: 1547: 915: 1231: 86: 1418: 1640: 2030: 1363: 1201: 391: 1862: 1679: 1287: 6468: 1315: 1159: 1766: 430: 834:(LGM) and subsequent deglaciation. Analyses of sediment deposits from Amazon basin paleolakes and the Amazon Fan indicate that rainfall in the basin during the LGM was lower than for the present, and this was almost certainly associated with reduced moist tropical vegetation cover in the basin. In present day, the Amazon receives approximately 9 feet of rainfall annually. There is a debate, however, over how extensive this reduction was. Some scientists argue that the rainforest was reduced to small, isolated 9366: 1217: 1187: 1890: 6416: 407: 418: 900: 1805: 1346: 1145: 1709: 816: 708: 1301: 1259: 2173:, published a report named: "A Balancing Act for Brazil's Amazonian States: An Economic Memorandum". The report stating that economic losses due to deforestation in Brazil could reach around 317 billion dollars per year, approximately 7 times higher in comparison to the cost of all commodities produced through deforestation, proposed non-deforestation based economic program in the region of the Amazon rainforest. 777: 700: 2177: 446: 6086: 1528:. New research however, conducted by Leydimere Oliveira et al., has shown that the more rainforest is logged in the Amazon, the less precipitation reaches the area and so the lower the yield per hectare becomes. So despite the popular perception, there has been no economical advantage for Brazil from logging rainforest zones and converting these to pastoral fields. 867:

Atlantic), then at 35 degrees West longitude at the eastern coast of South America, 27.7 million tons (15%) of dust fall over the Amazon basin (22 million tons of it consisting of phosphorus), 132 million tons of dust remain in the air, 43 million tons of dust are windblown and falls on the Caribbean Sea, past 75 degrees west longitude.

7137: 1273: 964:, 1,294 birds, 427 mammals, 428 amphibians, and 378 reptiles have been scientifically classified in the region. One in five of all bird species are found in the Amazon rainforest, and one in five of the fish species live in Amazonian rivers and streams. Scientists have described between 96,660 and 128,843 1873: 1543:

2000 to 2005 (22,392 km or 8,646 sq mi per year) was 18% higher than in the previous five years (19,018 km or 7,343 sq mi per year). Although deforestation declined significantly in the Brazilian Amazon between 2004 and 2014, there has been an increase to the present day.

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Covey, Kristofer; Soper, Fiona; Pangala, Sunitha; Bernardino, Angelo; Pagliaro, Zoe; Basso, Luana; Cassol, Henrique; Fearnside, Philip; Navarrete, Diego; Novoa, Sidney; Sawakuchi, Henrique; Lovejoy, Thomas; Marengo, Jose; Peres, Carlos A.; Baillie, Jonathan; Bernasconi, Paula; Camargo, Jose; Freitas,

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Nine countries share the Amazon basin—most of the rainforest, 58.4%, is contained within the borders of Brazil. The other eight countries are Peru with 12.8%, Bolivia with 7.7%, Colombia with 7.1%, Venezuela with 6.1%, Guyana with 3.1%, Suriname with 2.5%, French Guiana with 1.4% and Ecuador with 1%.

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To accurately map the Amazon's biomass and subsequent carbon-related emissions, the classification of tree growth stages within different parts of the forest is crucial. In 2006, Tatiana Kuplich organized the trees of the Amazon into four categories: mature forest, regenerating forest , regenerating

2065:, members of the Trio Tribe, who live in the rainforests of southern Suriname, map out their ancestral lands to help strengthen their territorial claims. Currently, most tribes in the Amazon do not have clearly defined boundaries, making it easier for commercial ventures to target their territories. 1689:

The increased area of fire-impacted forest coincided with a relaxation of environmental regulations from the Brazilian government. Notably, before those regulations were put in place in 2008 the fire-impacted area was also larger compared to the regulation period of 2009–2018. As these fire continue

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Between 1991 and 2000, the total area of forest lost in the Amazon rose from 415,000 to 587,000 km (160,000 to 227,000 sq mi), with most of the lost forest becoming pasture for cattle. Seventy percent of formerly forested land in the Amazon, and 91% of land deforested since 1970, have

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and weed invasion. The soils in the Amazon are productive for just a short period of time, so farmers are constantly moving to new areas and clearing more land. These farming practices led to deforestation and caused extensive environmental damage. Deforestation is considerable, and areas cleared of

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is the conversion of forested areas to non-forested areas. The main sources of deforestation in the Amazon are human settlement and the development of the land. In 2022, about 20% of the Amazon rainforest has already been deforested and a further 6% was "highly degraded". Research suggests that upon

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separated by open forest and grassland; other scientists argue that the rainforest remained largely intact but extended less far to the north, south, and east than is seen today. This debate has proved difficult to resolve because the practical limitations of working in the rainforest mean that data

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could help the Amazon to reduce deforestation and climate change. Ecotourism is currently still little practiced in the Amazon, partly due to lack of information about places where implementation is possible. Ecotourism is a sector that can also be taken up by the Indigenous community in the Amazon

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turned down the existence of fires, calling it a "lie", despite the data produced by his own government. Satellites in September recorded 32,017 hotspots in the world's largest rainforest, a 61% rise from the same month in 2019. In addition, October saw a huge surge in the number of hotspots in the

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According to Amazon Conservation's MAAP forest monitoring program, the deforestation rate in the Amazon from the January 1 to November 8, 2023, decreased by 56% in comparison to the same period in 2022. The main cause is the decline in deforestation rate in Brazil, due to the government's policies,

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in the first 10 months of 2023 deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon decreased by around 50% compared to the same period in 2022. This was despite a severe drought, one of the worst on record, that exacerbated the situation. Climate change, El Nino, deforestation increases the likelihood of drought

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In September 2019, the US and Brazil agreed to promote private-sector development in the Amazon. They also pledged a $ 100m biodiversity conservation fund for the Amazon led by the private sector. Brazil's foreign minister stated that opening the rainforest to economic development was the only way

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In 2010, the Amazon rainforest experienced another severe drought, in some ways more extreme than the 2005 drought. The affected region was approximately 3,000,000 km (1,160,000 sq mi) of rainforest, compared with 1,900,000 km (734,000 sq mi) in 2005. The 2010 drought

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impacts of not averting the tipping point. However, simulations of Amazon basin climate change across many different models are not consistent in their estimation of any rainfall response, ranging from weak increases to strong decreases. The result indicates that the rainforest could be threatened

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The biodiversity of plant species is the highest on Earth with one 2001 study finding a quarter square kilometer (62 acres) of Ecuadorian rainforest supports more than 1,100 tree species. A study in 1999 found one square kilometer (247 acres) of Amazon rainforest can contain about 90,790 tonnes of

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The needs of soy farmers have been used to justify many of the controversial transportation projects that are currently developing in the Amazon. The first two highways successfully opened up the rainforest and led to increased settlement and deforestation. The mean annual deforestation rate from

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CALIPSO uses a laser range finder to scan the Earth's atmosphere for the vertical distribution of dust and other aerosols. CALIPSO regularly tracks the Sahara-Amazon dust plume. CALIPSO has measured variations in the dust amounts transported – an 86 percent drop between the highest amount of dust

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Roosevelt, A.C.; da Costa, M. Lima; Machado, C. Lopes; Michab, M.; Mercier, N.; Valladas, H.; Feathers, J.; Barnett, W.; da Silveira, M. Imazio; Henderson, A.; Sliva, J.; Chernoff, B.; Reese, D.S.; Holman, J.A.; Toth, N.; Schick, K. (April 19, 1996). "Paleoindian Cave Dwellers in the Amazon: The

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In May 2023 Brazil's bank federation decided to implement a new sustainability standard demanding from meatpackers to ensure their meat is not coming from illegally deforested area. Credits will not be given to those who will not meet the new standards. The decision came after the European Union

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The green leaf area of plants and trees in the rainforest varies by about 25% as a result of seasonal changes. Leaves expand during the dry season when sunlight is at a maximum, then undergo abscission in the cloudy wet season. These changes provide a balance of carbon between photosynthesis and

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in ecosystems – of the order of 1.1 × 10 metric tonnes of carbon. Amazonian forests are estimated to have accumulated 0.62 ± 0.37 tons of carbon per hectare per year between 1975 and 1996. In 2021 it was reported that the Amazon for the first time emitted more greenhouse gases than it absorbed.

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Leal, C.G.; Lennox, G.D.; Ferraz, S.F.B.; Ferreira, J.; Gardner, T.A.; Thomson, J.R.; Berenguer, E.; Lees, A.C.; Hughes, R.M.; MackNally, R.; Aragão, L.E.O.C.; Brito, J.G.; Castello, L.; Garret, R.D.; Hamada, N.; Juen, L.; Leitão, R.P.; Louzada, J.; Morello, T.M.; Moura, N.G.; Nessimian, J.L.;

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land cover and -change analysis, it appears likely that remote sensing technology will be an integral part of assessing the extents, locations and damage of deforestation in the basin. Furthermore, remote sensing is the best and perhaps only possible way to study the Amazon on a large scale.

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continue to struggle to fight for their cultural survival and the fate of their forested territories. Meanwhile, the relationship between non-human primates in the subsistence and symbolism of indigenous lowland South American peoples has gained increased attention, as have ethno-biology and

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satellite has measured the amount of dust transported by wind from the Sahara to the Amazon: an average of 182 million tons of dust are windblown out of the Sahara each year, at 15 degrees west longitude, across 2,600 km (1,600 mi) over the Atlantic Ocean (some dust falls into the

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reservoirs in the Amazon rainforest, oil drilling activity has steadily increased, peaking in the Western Amazon in the 1970s and ushering another drilling boom in the 2000s. Oil companies have to set up their operations by opening new roads through the forests, which often contributes to

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From 2002 to 2006, the conserved land in the Amazon rainforest almost tripled and deforestation rates dropped up to 60%. About 1,000,000 km (250,000,000 acres) have been put onto some sort of conservation, which adds up to a current amount of 1,730,000 km (430,000,000 acres).

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The influence of human alteration has been generally underestimated, reports Darna L. Dufour: "Much of what has been considered natural forest in Amazonia is probably the result of hundreds of years of human use and management." "Use of Tropical Rainforests by Native Amazonians,"

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The biodiversity in the Amazon is becoming increasingly threatened, primarily by habitat loss from deforestation as well as increased frequency of fires. Over 90% of Amazonian plant and vertebrate species (13,000–14,000 in total) may have been impacted to some degree by fires.

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living plants. The average plant biomass is estimated at 356 ± 47 tonnes per hectare. To date, an estimated 438,000 species of plants of economic and social interest have been registered in the region with many more remaining to be discovered or catalogued. The total number of

2156:, marking the worst start to the fire season in a decade. The first 10 days of August 2020 witnessed 10,136 fires. An analysis of the government figures reflected 81 per cent increase in fires in federal reserves, in comparison with the same period in 2019. However, President 7129: 1604:, which would form one of the world's largest free trade areas, has been denounced by environmental activists and indigenous rights campaigners. The fear is that the deal could lead to more deforestation of the Amazon rainforest as it expands market access to Brazilian beef. 5767:

Banerjee, Onil; Cicowiez, Martin; Macedo, Marcia N; Malek, Žiga; Verburg, Peter H; Goodwin, Sean; Vargas, Renato; Rattis, Ludmila; Bagstad, Kenneth J; Brando, Paulo M; Coe, Michael T; Neill, Christopher; Marti, Octavio Damiani; Murillo, Josué Ávila (December 1, 2022).

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Laurance, William F.; Fearnside, Philip M.; Laurance, Susan G.; Delamonica, Patricia; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Rankin-de Merona, Judy M.; Chambers, Jeffrey Q.; Gascon, Claude (June 14, 1999). "Relationship between soils and Amazon forest biomass: a landscape-scale study".

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provided direct empirical evidence that more than three-quarters of the Amazon rainforest has been losing resilience since the early 2000s, risking dieback with profound implications for biodiversity, carbon storage and climate change at a global scale.

878:, a strip of semi-arid land on the southern border of the Sahara. When rain amounts in the Sahel are higher, the volume of dust is lower. The higher rainfall could make more vegetation grow in the Sahel, leaving less sand exposed to winds to blow away. 495:, and inland dwellers. Based on projections of food production, one estimate suggests over 8 million people living in the Amazon in 1492. By 1900, the native indigenous population had fallen to 1 million and by the early 1980s it was less than 200,000. 1979:

In 2022 the supreme court of Ecuador decided that ""under no circumstances can a project be carried out that generates excessive sacrifices to the collective rights of communities and nature." It also required the government to respect the opinion of

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is occurring in the forest, creating different harmful effects. Economic losses due to deforestation in Brazil could be approximately 7 times higher in comparison to the cost of all commodities produced through deforestation. In 2023, the

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decides to implement regulations to stop deforestation. Brazil beef exporters, said the standard is not just because it is not applied to land owners. 21 banks representing 81% of the credit market in Brazil agree to follow those rules.

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in the previously hostile environment; meaning that large portions of the Amazon rainforest are probably the result of centuries of human management, rather than naturally occurring as has previously been supposed. In the region of the

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Brazil's President, Jair Bolsonaro, has supported the relaxation of regulations placed on agricultural land. He has used his time in office to allow for more deforestation and more exploitation of the Amazon's rich natural resources.

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shows that the Amazon rainforest could become unsustainable under conditions of severely reduced rainfall and increased temperatures, leading to an almost complete loss of rainforest cover in the basin by 2100., and severe economic,

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fell by 70% in the first 9 months of 2023 compared to the same period in the previous year, what can be attributed to the conservation policies of the government. One of them is paying local residents for conserving the forest.

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as a source of income and revenue. An ecotourism project in the Brazilian section of the rainforest had been under consideration by Brazil's State Secretary for the Environment and Sustainable Development in 2009, along the

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A new study by an international team of environmental scientists in the Brazilian Amazon shows that protection of freshwater biodiversity can be increased by up to 600% through integrated freshwater-terrestrial planning .

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Carolina; Hoffman, Bruce; Nardoto, Gabriela B.; Nobre, Ismael; Mayorga, Juan; Mesquita, Rita; Pavan, Silvia; Pinto, Flavia; Rocha, Flavia; de Assis Mello, Ricardo; Thuault, Alice; Bahl, Alexis Anne; Elmore, Aurora (2021).

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Watkins and Griffiths, J. (2000). Forest Destruction and Sustainable Agriculture in the Brazilian Amazon: a Literature Review (Doctoral dissertation, The University of Reading, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International,

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Heckenberger, Michael J.; Kuikuro, Afukaka; Kuikuro, Urissapá Tabata; Russell, J. Christian; Schmidt, Morgan; Fausto, Carlos; Franchetto, Bruna (September 19, 2003). "Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?".

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Gatti, Luciana V.; Basso, Luana S.; Miller, John B.; Gloor, Manuel; Gatti Domingues, Lucas; Cassol, Henrique L. G.; Tejada, Graciela; Aragão, Luiz E. O. C.; Nobre, Carlos; Peters, Wouter; Marani, Luciano (July 14, 2021).

1589:, which attracrted many illegal miners to the Amazon. This led to deforestation, different environmental and social problems. Hydropower also creates significant problems in the Amazon. Such activities are defined by the 930:, and tropical forests in the Americas are consistently more species rich than the wet forests in Africa and Asia. As the largest tract of tropical rainforest in the Americas, the Amazonian rainforests have unparalleled 461:, human inhabitants first settled in the Amazon region at least 11,200 years ago. Subsequent development led to late-prehistoric settlements along the periphery of the forest by AD 1250, which induced alterations in the 1737:

Though often referenced as producing more than a quarter of the Earth's oxygen, this often stated, but misused statistic actually refers to oxygen turnover. The net contribution of the ecosystem is approximately zero.

5232: 5013: 2142:. In a typical year, the Amazon absorbs 1.5 gigatons of carbon dioxide; during 2005 instead 5 gigatons were released and in 2010 8 gigatons were released. Additional severe droughts occurred in 2010, 2015, and 2016. 1912:

A 2009 study found that a 4 °C rise (above pre-industrial levels) in global temperatures by 2100 would kill 85% of the Amazon rainforest while a temperature rise of 3 °C would kill some 75% of the Amazon.

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In 2005, parts of the Amazon basin experienced the worst drought in one hundred years, and there were indications that 2006 may have been a second successive year of drought. A 2006 article in the UK newspaper

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Overall, 20% of the Amazon rainforest has been "transformed" (deforested) and another 6% has been "highly degraded", causing Amazon Watch to warn that the Amazonia is in the midst of a tipping point crisis.

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presents evidence that Orellana, rather than exaggerating his claims as previously thought, was correct in his observations that a complex civilization was flourishing along the Amazon in the 1540s. The

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Feng, Xiao; Merow, Cory; Liu, Zhihua; Park, Daniel S.; Roehrdanz, Patrick R.; Maitner, Brian; Newman, Erica A.; Boyle, Brad L.; Lien, Aaron; Burger, Joseph R.; Pires, Mathias M. (September 1, 2021).

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Prior to the early 1960s, access to the forest's interior was highly restricted, and the forest remained basically intact. Farms established during the 1960s were based on crop cultivation and the

5984: 7193: 3859:; Hamilton, Douglas S.; Popendorf, Kimberly J.; Oehlert, Amanda M.; Pourmand, Ali; Gatineau, Alexandre; Panechou-Pulcherie, Kathy; Blackwelder, Patricia; Gaston, Cassandra J. (August 13, 2019). 1690:

to move closer to the heart of the Amazon basin, their impact on biodiversity will only increase in scale, as the cumulative fire-impacted area is correlated with the number of species impacted.

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The use of remote sensing for the conservation of the Amazon is also being used by the indigenous tribes of the basin to protect their tribal lands from commercial interests. Using handheld

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had widened sufficiently to provide a warm, moist climate to the Amazon basin. The rainforest has been in existence for at least 55 million years, and most of the region remained free of

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Colinvaux, P.A.; De Oliveira, P.E.; Bush, M.B. (January 2000). "Amazonian and neotropical plant communities on glacial time-scales: The failure of the aridity and refuge hypotheses".

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about different industrial projects on their land. Advocates of the decision argue that it will have consequences far beyond Ecuador. In general, ecosystems are in better shape when

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NASA satellite observation of deforestation in the Mato Grosso state of Brazil. The transformation from forest to farm is evident by the paler square shaped areas under development.

3067: 3755:"The fertilizing role of African dust in the Amazon rainforest: A first multiyear assessment based on data from Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations" 3379: 525:

in the early twentieth century. The results of his expeditions were inconclusive, and he disappeared mysteriously on his last trip. His name for this lost civilization was the

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Melillo, J.M.; McGuire, A.D.; Kicklighter, D.W.; Moore III, B.; Vörösmarty, C.J.; Schloss, A.L. (May 20, 1993). "Global climate change and terrestrial net primary production".

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More than 30 million people of 350 different ethnic groups live in the Amazon, which are subdivided into 9 different national political systems and 3,344 formally acknowledged

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Heckenberger, M.J.; Kuikuro, A; Kuikuro, UT; Russell, JC; Schmidt, M; Fausto, C; Franchetto, B (September 19, 2003), "Amazonia 1492: Pristine Forest or Cultural Parkland?",

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was sufficiently advanced to support prosperous and populous societies. It is believed that civilization was later devastated by the spread of diseases from Europe, such as

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Clement, Charles R.; Denevan, William M.; Heckenberger, Michael J.; Junqueira, André Braga; Neves, Eduardo G.; Teixeira, Wenceslau G.; Woods, William I. (August 7, 2015).

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Graphic 2: Current State of the Amazon by country, by percentage / Source: RAISG (Red Amazónica de Información Socioambiental Georreferenciada) Elaborated by authors.

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civilizations. Ondemar Dias is accredited with first discovering the geoglyphs in 1977, and Alceu Ranzi is credited with furthering their discovery after flying over

9453: 6499: 6143: 5428: 7358:"Community-Based Ecotourism in the Mamirauá Reserve: evaluation of product quality and reflections regarding the economic and financial feasibility of the activity" 1801:

is sustainably harvested for fruits, latex, and timber; $ 1000 if clear-cut for commercial timber (not sustainably harvested); or $ 148 if used as cattle pasture.

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In 1989, environmentalist C.M. Peters and two colleagues stated there is economic as well as biological incentive to protecting the rainforest. One hectare in the

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Kirby, Kathryn R.; Laurance, William F.; Albernaz, Ana K.; Schroth, Götz; Fearnside, Philip M.; Bergen, Scott; M. Venticinque, Eduardo; Costa, Carlos da (2006).

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had three epicenters where vegetation died off, whereas in 2005, the drought was focused on the southwestern part. The findings were published in the journal

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For a long time, it was thought that the Amazon rainforest was never more than sparsely populated, as it was impossible to sustain a large population through

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in October 2020 found that about 40% of the Amazon rainforest is at risk of becoming a savanna-like ecosystem due to reduced rainfall. A study published in

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river and its tributaries and were feared by neighboring tribes. In the early 19th century, the Munduruku were pacified and subjugated by the Brazilians.

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Costa, João Batista Sena; Bemerguy, Ruth Léa; Hasui, Yociteru; Borges, Maurício da Silva (2001). "Tectonics and paleogeography along the Amazon river".

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argued in the article that this drought response, coupled with the effects of deforestation on regional climate, are pushing the rainforest towards a "

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tribe, remains of some of these large settlements in the middle of the Amazon forest were found in 2003 by Michael Heckenberger and colleagues of the

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Martti Pärssinen; Denise Schaan; Alceu Ranzi (2009). "Pre-Columbian geometric earthworks in the upper Purús: a complex society in western Amazonia".

6384: 5958: 5656: 5451: 3242: 2149:(INPE), deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon rose more than 50% in the first three months of 2020 compared to the same three-month period in 2019. 1386:

is most generally associated with the Amazon Rainforest, it may also be found in other parts of South America if ecological conditions are favorable

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In January 2024 published data showed a 50% decline in deforestation rate in the Amazon rainforest and 43% rise in vegetation loss in the neighbor

1601: 220: 238:. This basin encompasses 7,000,000 km (2,700,000 sq mi), of which 6,000,000 km (2,300,000 sq mi) are covered by the 7769: 1516:. This highway represented a major threat to the Amazon rainforest. The highway still has not been completed, limiting the environmental damage. 7382: 2161:

forest (more than 17,000 fires are burning in the Amazon's rainforest) – with more than double the amount detected in the same month last year.

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made their first permanent contact with the outside world in 1969. Before that date, they were effectively at-war with the Peruvian government.

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There were 72,843 fires in Brazil in 2019, with more than half within the Amazon region. In August 2019 there were a record number of fires.

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Van Der Hammen, Thomas; Hooghiemstra, Henry (2000). "Neogene and Quaternary history of vegetation, climate, and plant diversity in Amazonia".

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Ribeirinhos dwellings. Ribeirinhos are a traditional rural non-indigenous population in the Amazon rainforest, who live near rivers

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Kuplich, Tatiana M. (October 2006). "Classifying regenerating forest stages in Amazônia using remotely sensed images and a neural network".

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sampling is biased away from the center of the Amazon basin, and both explanations are reasonably well supported by the available data.

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era (from 56 million years to 33.9 million years ago). It appeared following a global reduction of tropical temperatures when the

1462: 7405: 7245: 6300: 4003: 3861:"African biomass burning is a substantial source of phosphorus deposition to the Amazon, Tropical Atlantic Ocean, and Southern Ocean" 742: 598:. The accounts of missionaries to the area in the borderlands between Brazil and Venezuela have recounted constant infighting in the 7080: 1497:– (in eastern, southern and central Amazonia) will be reached. This process of savanisation would take decades to take full effect. 9316: 5392: 5352: 4390: 2101: 6142:

Oliveira-Junior, J.M.B.; Oliveira, V.H.F.; Oliveira, V.C.; Parry, L.; Pompeu, P.S.; Solar, R.R.C.; Zuanon, J.; Barlow, J. (2020).

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Colinvaux, Paul A.; Oliveira, Paulo E. De (2000). "Palaeoecology and climate of the Amazon basin during the last glacial cycle".

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Some 5 million people may have lived in the Amazon region in AD 1500, divided between dense coastal settlements, such as that at

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In 2019 Brazil's protections of the Amazon rainforest were slashed, resulting in a severe loss of trees. According to Brazil's

1973: 1889: 1397: 301:" for French Guiana's protected rainforest area. The Amazon represents over half of the total area of remaining rainforests on 7742: 7275: 5844: 9118: 9052: 5007: 4965: 4899: 4622: 4578: 3659: 3552: 3421: 3011: 2915: 2668: 2146: 1608: 7715: 6601:"A Preliminary Review of Neotropical Primates in the Subsistence and Symbolism of Indigenous Lowland South American Peoples" 6521: 5925:"A Preliminary Review of Neotropical Primates in the Subsistence and Symbolism of Indigenous Lowland South American Peoples" 4915: 4274: 4187:

Wright, S. Joseph (October 12, 2001). "Plant diversity in tropical forests: a review of mechanisms of species coexistence".

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results, showing that the forest in its present form could survive only three years of drought. Scientists at the Brazilian

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in the Amazon rainforest threatens many species of tree frogs, which are very sensitive to environmental changes (pictured:

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data is dramatically improving conservationists' knowledge of the Amazon basin. Given the objectivity and lowered costs of

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Tian, H.; Melillo, J.M.; Kicklighter, D.W.; McGuire, A.D.; Helfrich III, J.; Moore III, B.; Vörösmarty, C.J. (July 2000).

5415: 1314: 934:. One in ten known species in the world lives in the Amazon rainforest. This constitutes the largest collection of living 9433: 9106: 9101: 9047: 7762: 2517: 399: 3151:

40, no. 9 (October 1990):658. For an example of how such peoples integrated planting into their nomadic lifestyles, see

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Cleary, David (2000). "Towards an Environmental History of the Amazon: From Pre-history to the Nineteenth Century".

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in the Amazon rainforest region has a negative impact on local climate. It was one of the main causes of the severe

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and the wetter climate may have allowed the tropical rainforest to spread out across the continent. From 66 to 34

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and other tribes. The women of the tribe fought alongside the men, as was their custom. Orellana derived the name

9438: 9082: 8911: 8777: 8691: 8641: 7697: 6658:

Asner, Gregory P.; Knapp, David E.; Cooper, Amanda N.; Bustamante, Mercedes M.C.; Olander, Lydia P. (June 2005).

5486: 2403:. In English, the names are sometimes capitalized further, as Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Forest, or Amazon Jungle. 2284: 2020: 2007:

during the year of 2023 in comparison to 2022. Both biomes together lose 12,980 km², 18% less than in 2022.

1230: 508: 5903:

Dean, Bartholomew. (2003) State Power and Indigenous Peoples in Peruvian Amazonia: A Lost Decade, 1990–2000. In

5599: 1775: 1566:

Mining is also a major driver of deforestation. 17% of the area of the Amazon Rainforest is affected by mining.

9026: 7755: 7610: 7406:"Brazilian banks are denying credit to meatpackers that deal in beef illegally raised in the Amazon rainforest" 7305: 6945: 6660:"Ecosystem Structure throughout the Brazilian Amazon from Landsat Observations and Automated Spectral Unmixing" 3825: 2108:" where it would irreversibly start to die. It concluded that the forest is on the brink of being turned into 1445: 1079:

The rainforest contains several species that can pose a hazard. Among the largest predatory creatures are the

9336: 9321: 7842: 4887: 3918: 2572: 2451: 1452: 835: 317: 243: 7712:

Sustainable Development in the Extractive Reserve of the Baixo Rio Branco – Rio Jauaperi – Brazilian Amazon.

3133: 9369: 9021: 8651: 8378: 8083: 7694:

Good daily updated Amazon information database on the web, held by Friends of The Earth – Brazilian Amazon.

6574: 2259: 2130:, the combination of climate change and deforestation increases the drying effect of dead trees that fuels 1851:

In July 2019, the Ecuadorian court forbade the government to sell territory with forests to oil companies.

1834: 663: 5116: 4816: 3234: 1992: 1972:

overall. Climate change impacts and human activities in the area – mainly wildfires, current land-use and

381: 8508: 2769: 2105: 2050: 1916: 1429: 9398: 8686: 8671: 7969: 7954: 7042: 5804: 5069: 3976: 3952: 2329: 2316: 2264: 2199:, in the Aripuanã Sustainable Development Reserve. Also, some community-based ecotourism exists in the 2127: 2097: 1848:

court stopped oil exploration activities in 180,000 hectares (440,000 acres) of the Amazon rainforest.

1546: 1504:

method. However, the colonists were unable to manage their fields and the crops because of the loss of

1200: 320:. Indigenous peoples make up 9% of the total population, and 60 of the groups remain largely isolated. 95: 7709: 7306:"Silvopasture could tackle Colombian Amazon's high deforestation rates and help achieve COP26 targets" 1941:

of 2014–2015 in Brazil. This is because the moisture from the forests is important to the rainfall in

1286: 9067: 8999: 8970: 8955: 8696: 8621: 7378: 3488:"New views on an old forest: assessing the longevity, resilience and future of the Amazon rainforest" 3153:

Rival, Laura (1993). "The Growth of Family Trees: Understanding Huaorani Perceptions of the Forest".

2306: 2058: 1883:

scale (yellow to dark reddish-brown) indicates the relative amount of particles that absorb sunlight.

1590: 286: 38: 5743: 4836: 4556: 4540: 2077:(TM) to accurately place the different portions of the Amazon into one of the four classifications. 1158: 8656: 8573: 8156: 7869: 7724:

Information about the Amazon rainforest, its people, places of interest, and how everyone can help.

6805: 5911: 3695: 3605:"An outline of the geology and petroleum systems of the Paleozoic interior basins of South America" 2289: 2070: 2016: 1749: 1216: 659: 458: 7834: 4814: 4237: 2632:"A Balancing Act for Brazil's Amazonian States: An Economic Memorandum." Executive Summary booklet 2542: 9303: 8994: 8901: 8578: 8288: 8283: 7778: 6636: 4609:

Various (2001). Bierregaard, Richard; Gascon, Claude; Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Mesquita, Rita (eds.).

4101:

Da Silva; Jose Maria Cardoso; et al. (2005). "The Fate of the Amazonian Areas of Endemism".

4054: 2024: 1798: 1630: 1513: 1407: 1403: 991:. The amount of species per hectare in the Amazon rainforest can be presented in the next table: 914: 313:

rainforest in the world, with an estimated 390 billion individual trees in about 16,000 species.

31: 7160:"Scientists fear deforestation, fires and Covid-19 could create a 'perfect storm' in the Amazon" 1417: 1186: 640: 9280: 9087: 8681: 8484: 7054: 6828: 4831: 4144:

Lewinsohn, Thomas M.; Paulo Inácio Prado (June 2005). "How Many Species Are There in Brazil?".

3690: 3567: 848: 7456: 6657: 5207:"How different forms of 'green' extractivism are causing the destruction of the Amazon forest" 4953: 2905: 2029: 85: 9413: 9408: 9403: 9373: 9237: 9157: 8800: 8701: 8310: 7731: 7487:

Underdeveloping the Amazon: Extraction, Unequal Exchange, and the Failure of the Modern State

6144:"Integrated terrestrial-freshwater planning doubles conservation of tropical aquatic species" 5936: 5056: 3919:"Smoke from Africa fertilizes the Amazon and tropical ocean regions with soluble phosphorous" 2658: 2215: 2038: 1920: 1578: 1250: 761:, for example, the rainforest spanned a relatively narrow band. It expanded again during the 576: 503: 345: 298: 258: 138: 6784: 4028: 3518: 2660:

Names and Their Histories: A Handbook of Historical Geography and Topographical Nomenclature

1563:

deforestation in the region. 9.4% of the territory of the Amazon is affected by oil fields.

9443: 9247: 8223: 7941: 6988: 6890: 6750: 6671: 6612: 6428: 6339: 6220: 6158: 6057: 5870: 5781: 5614: 5561: 5461: 4763: 4706: 4477: 4313: 4248: 4196: 4153: 4110: 3972: 3872: 3766: 3727: 3682: 3647: 3577: 3502: 3321: 3193: 2780: 2736: 1741: 1717: 1336: 1222: 1178: 907: 831: 390: 7077: 4752:"The South American monsoon approaches a critical transition in response to deforestation" 3623: 3604: 1879:

Aerosols over the Amazon each September for four burning seasons (2005 through 2008). The

1272: 808:

Mountains rose, however, a large basin was created that enclosed a lake; now known as the

536:

have been discovered on deforested land dating between AD 1–1250, furthering claims about

8: 8896: 8561: 8498: 8474: 8305: 8166: 8112: 8053: 8024: 7964: 7959: 7618:"The value of tropical forest to local communities: complications, caveats, and cautions" 7585:

Wade, Lizzie (2015). "Drones and satellites spot lost civilizations in unlikely places".

5907: 5861:

Peters, C.M.; Gentry, A.H.; Mendelsohn, R.O. (1989). "Valuation of an Amazonian forest".

5718:"Acceleration of global warming due to carbon-cycle feedbacks in a coupled climate model" 4579:"Amazon Against the Clock: A Regional Assessment on Where and How to Protect 80% by 2025" 3378:

Coca-Castro, Alejandro; Reymondin, Louis; Bellfield, Helen; Hyman, Glenn (January 2013),

2354: 2335: 2311: 1809: 1351: 766: 754: 648: 223: 52: 7572:

The Burning Season: The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the Amazon Rain Forest

6992: 6894: 6754: 6675: 6616: 6432: 6343: 6224: 6162: 6061: 5874: 5785: 5618: 5565: 5374: 5344: 4792: 4767: 4751: 4710: 4481: 4382: 4360: 4317: 4252: 4200: 4157: 4114: 3876: 3770: 3731: 3686: 3651: 3581: 3506: 3197: 2784: 2740: 2112:

or desert, with catastrophic consequences for the world's climate. A study published in

1672:

One consequence of forest clearing in the Amazon: thick smoke that hangs over the forest

582:

In the Amazonas, there has been fighting and wars between the neighboring tribes of the

425:

are a group of approximately 32,000 indigenous people who live in the Amazon rainforest.

9184: 8805: 8768: 8646: 8092: 8014: 7974: 7949: 7014: 6921: 6878: 6689: 6628: 6460: 6360: 6327: 6249: 6208: 6182: 5886: 5817: 5630: 5577: 4727: 4694: 4611: 4509: 4438: 4413: 4336: 4301: 4220: 4169: 4126: 3895: 3860: 3609: 3463: 3438: 3217: 3170: 3106: 2977: 2944: 2936: 2871: 2847: 2804: 2752: 2204: 1985: 1825: 1782: 1721: 1615:, deforestation has increased by 22% over 2020 and is at its highest level since 2006. 1320: 621: 485: 394: 332:

published a report proposing a non-deforestation based economic program in the region.

4260: 3739: 3704: 3589: 2187:(integrating trees, forage and grazing) can help to stop deforestation in the region. 1976:– are causing a release of forcing agents that likely result in a net warming effect. 9265: 8711: 8676: 8537: 8532: 8513: 8322: 8149: 7909: 7606: 7575: 7561: 7536: 7502: 7357: 7018: 7006: 6926: 6908: 6716: 6632: 6464: 6452: 6444: 6365: 6254: 6236: 6186: 6174: 6075: 5821: 5809: 5626: 5094: 5003: 4961: 4895: 4797: 4779: 4732: 4618: 4513: 4501: 4493: 4465: 4443: 4341: 4212: 4165: 4122: 4073: 3956: 3900: 3548: 3514: 3485: 3468: 3417: 3351: 3209: 3007: 3001: 2982: 2964: 2911: 2876: 2839: 2796: 2756: 2664: 2495: 2254: 1957: 1787: 1758: 1467: 1144: 894: 537: 492: 434: 254: 7099:"Study finds human influence in the Amazon's third 1-in-100 year drought since 2005" 6693: 5634: 4955: 4173: 4130: 3110: 2196: 826:

There is evidence that there have been significant changes in the Amazon rainforest

809: 636: 250: 9346: 9341: 9331: 9260: 8937: 8891: 8834: 8763: 8626: 8520: 8469: 8447: 8300: 8247: 8186: 7640: 7632: 7590: 6996: 6916: 6898: 6758: 6679: 6620: 6436: 6355: 6347: 6244: 6228: 6166: 6065: 5890: 5878: 5841: 5834: 5799: 5789: 5729: 5717: 5622: 5581: 5569: 4841: 4787: 4771: 4722: 4714: 4485: 4433: 4425: 4331: 4321: 4256: 4224: 4204: 4161: 4118: 3890: 3880: 3856: 3774: 3735: 3700: 3655: 3618: 3585: 3510: 3458: 3450: 3303: 3221: 3201: 3162: 3098: 2972: 2956: 2851: 2835: 2831: 2808: 2788: 2744: 2368: 1867:

Anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases broken down by sector for the year 2000.

1114:

toxins through their flesh. There are also numerous parasites and disease vectors.

1104: 961: 583: 553: 385: 369: 62: 5551: 5452:"Parts of the Amazon rainforest are on fire – and smoke can be spotted from space" 4845: 1258: 667: 643:' campaign, which faced strong opposition from the government and the ranchers of 9232: 8733: 8721: 8706: 8661: 8611: 8551: 8493: 8454: 8442: 8435: 8344: 8161: 8144: 8119: 7813: 7798: 7704: 7332:"Ecotourism could help the Amazon reduce deforestation and handle climate change" 7084: 7061: 7038: 6860: 6840: 6835: 6812: 6762: 6598: 6097: 5848: 5750: 5724: 5379: 5181:"The Amazon will reach tipping point if current trend of deforestation continues" 5073: 4923: 4278: 2748: 2602:"World Bank: Brazil faces $ 317 billion in annual losses to Amazon deforestation" 2388: 2234: 2092: 2074: 1821: 1794: 1765: 1754: 1300: 1236: 770: 735: 563: 429: 361: 6806:

Drought Threatens Amazon Basin – Extreme conditions felt for second year running

6046:"Carbon and Beyond: The Biogeochemistry of Climate in a Rapidly Changing Amazon" 5233:"The lawless mining gangs targeting the Amazon's precious green energy minerals" 2477: 602:

tribes. More than a third of the Yanomamo males, on average, died from warfare.

9377: 9326: 9225: 9189: 9169: 9152: 9092: 8856: 8748: 8726: 8716: 8568: 8546: 8430: 8425: 8410: 8405: 8332: 8278: 8230: 8201: 8107: 8097: 7823: 7738: 7001: 6976: 6492:"Ecuador Court Gives Indigenous Groups a Boost in Mining and Drilling Disputes" 6440: 6090: 5794: 5769: 5600:"Climatic and biotic controls on annual carbon storage in Amazonian ecosystems" 5597: 4643:"Drying of Amazon could be early warning of 'tipping point' for the rainforest" 4489: 2396: 2157: 2046: 1965: 1745: 1729: 1569:

The transition to solar and wind energy, digitalization, raised the demand for

1536: 1505: 1501: 1278: 801: 789: 762: 723: 72: 7130:"Under Brazil's Far Right Leader, Amazon Protections Slashed and Forests Fall" 6624: 5055:

Barreto, P.; Souza Jr. C.; Noguerón, R.; Anderson, A. & Salomão, R. 2006.

3102: 488:

in present-day eastern Ecuador predate all known complex Amazonian societies.

9392: 9351: 9220: 9212: 9179: 8916: 8866: 8758: 8753: 8743: 8593: 8556: 8464: 8459: 8361: 8266: 7010: 6912: 6720: 6448: 6240: 6079: 6070: 6045: 5813: 4954:

Steinfeld, Henning; Gerber, Pierre; Wassenaar, T.D.; Castel, Vincent (2006).

4783: 4497: 4466:"How deregulation, drought and increasing fire impact Amazonian biodiversity" 3277: 2968: 2880: 2513: 1934: 1924: 1485: 1368: 1192: 1164: 903: 595: 572: 552:, has been shaped by man for at least 11,000 years through practices such as 522: 473: 324: 270: 235: 181: 168: 133: 7636: 7594: 6170: 5770:"Can we avert an Amazon tipping point? The economic and environmental costs" 4326: 3885: 3205: 3032: 2792: 2696: 2214:

According to a statement of the Colombian government deforestation rates in

2207:. A few ecolodges are for instance present between Cusco and Madre de Dios. 548:

presented evidence that the Amazon rainforest, rather than being a pristine

484:

findings have suggested that the region was actually densely populated. The

413:, with 2.2 million inhabitants, is the largest city in the Amazon basin 406: 9255: 9194: 9174: 9164: 8874: 8846: 8601: 8339: 8273: 8242: 8191: 8063: 7992: 7929: 7919: 7803: 7793: 7676: 7551:

The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon

7506: 6930: 6903: 6708: 6456: 6369: 6351: 6258: 6232: 6178: 5496: 4801: 4775: 4736: 4718: 4505: 4447: 4429: 4345: 4216: 3904: 3472: 3454: 3213: 2986: 2960: 2843: 2800: 2295: 2239: 2184: 2062: 1961: 1383: 1292: 1131: 1127: 1096: 1080: 988: 965: 931: 847:

More than 56% of the dust fertilizing the Amazon rainforest comes from the

773:, allowing for the survival and evolution of a broad diversity of species. 587: 567: 541: 499: 481: 462: 438: 417: 231: 227: 99: 91: 7747: 7681: 6140: 4613:

Lessons from Amazonia: The Ecology and Conservation of a Fragmented Forest

4208: 3486:

Maslin, Mark; Malhi, Yadvinder; Phillips, Oliver; Cowling, Sharon (2005).

9311: 9270: 9201: 8906: 8795: 8738: 8666: 8616: 8503: 8479: 8368: 8206: 8124: 8102: 8078: 7924: 7914: 7808: 7513: 5456: 5187:. Amazon Network of Georeferenced Socio-Environmental Information (RAISG) 3779: 3754: 2822:

Meggers, Betty J. (December 19, 2003). "Revisiting Amazonia Circa 1492".

1969: 1762:

through the 21st century by climate change in addition to deforestation.

1733: 1570: 1559: 1470: 1264: 1115: 899: 652: 644: 591: 558: 469: 454: 7331: 6946:"40% of Amazon could now exist as rainforest or savanna-like ecosystems" 6417:"Amazonia as a carbon source linked to deforestation and climate change" 3439:"South American palaeobotany and the origins of neotropical rainforests" 3088: 2069:

forest , and regenerating forest . The researcher used a combination of

1816:

As indigenous territories continue to be destroyed by deforestation and

1804: 1658: 1436: 987:

Each hectare of the Amazon rainforest contains around 1 billion of

881:

Amazon phosphorus also comes as smoke due to biomass burning in Africa.

8841: 8810: 8636: 8631: 8295: 8256: 8218: 8136: 8009: 7894: 7889: 7031: 6977:"Pronounced loss of Amazon rainforest resilience since the early 2000s" 6385:"The Amazon Rainforest Now Emits More Greenhouse Gases Than It Absorbs" 5657:"The Amazon Rainforest Now Emits More Greenhouse Gases Than It Absorbs" 5384: 3174: 3060:"Once Hidden by Forest, Carvings in Land Attest to Amazon's Lost World" 2191: 2180:

Silvopasture integrates livestock, forage, and trees. (Photo: USDA NAC)

2170: 2034: 1828:' rainforest communities continue to disappear, while others, like the 1108: 856: 827: 793: 785: 750: 549: 329: 306: 239: 7645: 6975:

Boulton, Chris A.; Lenton, Timothy M.; Boers, Niklas (March 7, 2022).

5985:"Ecuador court rules Amazon rainforest can't be sold to oil companies" 2420: 2205:

Ecotourism is also practiced in the Peruvian section of the rainforest

1953:. Half of the rainfall in the Amazon area is produced by the forests. 1633:

rose more than 88% in June 2019 compared with the same month in 2018.

614: 9288: 8947: 8921: 8851: 8829: 8822: 8606: 8383: 8317: 8213: 8036: 8019: 7904: 7899: 7873: 6274:"The Amazon effect: how deforestation is starving São Paulo of water" 5905:

The Politics of Ethnicity Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States

5882: 5573: 5076:

web site contains many resources relating to the Brazilian Amazonia.)

1950: 1582: 1207: 1048: 758: 606: 526: 365: 282: 242:. This region includes territory belonging to nine nations and 3,344 154: 7721: 7533:

The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History

7525:

Brazil and the Struggle for Rubber: A Study in Environmental History

6684: 6659: 3717: 3660:

10.1002/1099-1417(200005)15:4<347::AID-JQS537>3.0.CO;2-A

3166: 2543:"Field Museum scientists estimate 16,000 tree species in the Amazon" 2229: 674: 635:

In the 1950s, Brazilian explorer and defender of indigenous people,

8815: 8420: 8356: 8327: 8237: 8196: 8004: 7984: 7864: 7186:"Brazil experiences worst start to Amazon fire season for 10 years" 6549:"Climate boost: 2023 Amazon deforestation drops 55.8%, study finds" 5002:. World Bank Working Paper No. 22. Washington, DC: The World Bank. 4563:. World Resources Institute / Global Forest Review. April 4, 2024. 3330: 3192:, vol. 301, no. 5640 (published 2003), pp. 1710–14, 2942: 2414: 2131: 1946: 1703: 1494: 1111: 1092: 1028: 797: 746: 599: 533: 518: 422: 278: 150: 124: 6112:"Amazon could shrink by 85% due to climate change, scientists say" 3377: 1708: 815: 707: 8787: 8525: 8415: 8373: 8261: 8073: 8068: 7997: 5688:"Why the Amazon doesn't really produce 20% of the world's oxygen" 5285:"We must not barter the Amazon rainforest for burgers and steaks" 5255:"EU urged to halt trade talks with S. America over Brazil abuses" 3326: 3187: 2301:

Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin

2109: 2004: 1938: 1880: 1845: 1829: 1817: 1525: 1150: 1123: 1100: 1068: 1038: 953: 942: 863: 792:

of the Amazon was split along the middle of the continent by the

727: 629: 610: 476:

was a prominent proponent of this idea, as described in her book

357: 349: 310: 290: 266: 262: 128: 116: 6709:"With the Help of GPS, Amazonian Tribes Reclaim the Rain Forest" 6599:

Wynne, R.H.; Joseph, K.A.; Browder, J.O.; Summers, P.M. (2007).

776: 579:. Among those were evidence of roads, bridges and large plazas. 9293: 8397: 8351: 8058: 8045: 7686: 5062: 4894:(Abridged ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 3854: 2176: 2080: 1942: 1586: 1306: 1119: 1088: 1084: 969: 957: 939: 852: 820: 800:, while to the west water flowed toward the Pacific across the 769:. However, the rainforest still managed to thrive during these 719: 712: 699: 625: 566:. The development of this fertile soil allowed agriculture and 410: 294: 274: 142: 120: 5959:"Ecuador Amazon tribe win first victory against oil companies" 5315:"Deforestation in Brazil's Amazon at highest level since 2006" 4071: 3371: 2867:"Remnants of Sprawling Ancient Cities Are Found in the Amazon" 2725: 445: 9144: 9039: 8583: 7881: 7865: 6085: 2426: 2000:

while Columbia, Peru and Bolivia also reduced deforestation.

1521: 946: 935: 927: 919: 875: 842: 805: 731: 624:

it is estimated that diseases brought by immigrants, such as

521:. This civilization was investigated by the British explorer 302: 7558:

Greening Brazil: Environmental Activism in State and Society

7457:"Deforestation in Colombia Down 70 Percent So Far This Year" 7246:"Brazil's Amazon rainforest suffers worst fires in a decade" 6038: 6036: 5345:"Brazil: Amazon sees worst deforestation levels in 15 years" 5066: 8178: 7691: 6943: 6301:"The science is clear: Forest loss behind Brazil's drought" 6042: 5766: 5491: 4960:. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. 4143: 1099:

can produce an electric shock that can stun or kill, while

1058: 1018: 1008: 977: 146: 7276:"Campaigners' anger after huge surge in rainforest blazes" 4414:"Bat-transmitted Human Rabies Outbreaks, Brazilian Amazon" 4302:"Large seasonal swings in leaf area of Amazon rainforests" 4100: 3672: 7032:"Climate change a threat to Amazon rainforest, warns WWF" 6522:"Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon falls 22% in 2023" 6033: 5487:"Record-breaking number of fires burn in Brazil's Amazon" 5420: 5388: 4957:

Livestock's Long Shadow: Environmental Issues and Options

4944:

Centre for International Forestry Research (CIFOR) (2004)

4916:"Impacts and Causes of Deforestation in the Amazon Basin" 2164: 1574: 1466:

Home to much of the Amazon rainforest, Brazil's tropical

289:" as the name of one of their first-level administrative 7078:"Amazon drought 'severe' in 2010, raising warming fears" 5416:"Brazil's Amazon rainforest is burning at a record rate" 4075:

Historical Biogeography of Neotropical Freshwater Fishes

3973:"Amazon Rainforest, Amazon Plants, Amazon River Animals" 2945:"The domestication of Amazonia before European conquest" 1728:

contained within the vegetation, which could accelerate

1103:

are known to bite and injure humans. Various species of

956:, tens of thousands of plants, and some 2,000 birds and 891:

List of plants of Amazon Rainforest vegetation of Brazil

738:

when the climate was drier and savanna more widespread.

7216:"Brazil's Bolsonaro calls surging Amazon fires a 'lie'" 7087:, BBC News, February 3, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2014 6326:

E. Lovejoy, Thomas; Nobre, Carlos (February 21, 2018).

6207:

Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Nobre, Carlos (December 20, 2019).

4892:

Deforesting the Earth: From Prehistory to Global Crisis

3436: 3333:. September 8, 1961. p. 8 – via Google News. 2949:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

2037:

interact to create a uniform layer of "popcorn-shaped"

1423:

Timelapse of the deforestation 1984–2018 (bottom right)

995:

Amount of species per hectare in the Amazon rainforest

6877:

Nobre, Carlos; Lovejoy, Thomas E. (February 1, 2018).

6303:. Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR). 5860: 4411: 1964:

with the Amazon rainforest is currently emitting more

1524:. Currently, Brazil is the largest global producer of 1509:

forest are visible to the naked eye from outer space.

586:. Several tribes of the Jivaroan group, including the 7728:

Conference: Climate change and the fate of the Amazon

6413: 5523:"Brazil registers huge spike in Amazon deforestation" 4817:"The future of deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon" 4412:

da Rosa; Elizabeth S. T.; et al. (August 2006).

3542: 3304:

From the first expedition to the creation of the Park

3294:

La Republica Oligarchic. Editorial Lexus 2000 p. 925.

765:, then retracted to a mostly inland formation at the 7432:"BNDES to join anti-deforestation effort from banks" 5039:"Research paper of Leydimere Oliveira on the amazon" 4872: 4870: 3495:

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

1550:

Brazilian mining operation in the Amazon Rainforest.

952:

The region is home to about 2.5 million insect

7518:

Rio Claro: A Brazilian Plantation System, 1820–1920

7128:Casado, Letícia; Londoño, Ernesto (July 28, 2019). 4668:"Amazon Rainforest 'heading to point of no return'" 4361:"Amazon under threat: Fires, loggers and now virus" 3350:(Kindle ed.). Garland, Texas: Hannibal Books. 1895:

Aerial roots of red mangrove on an Amazonian river.

1684:

Impact of deforestation on natural habitat of trees

478:

Amazonia: Man and Culture in a Counterfeit Paradise

6974: 6575:"Deforestation in Brazilian Amazon halved in 2023" 5375:"'Record number of fires' in Brazilian rainforest" 4610: 4571: 4072:James S. Albert; Roberto E. Reis (March 8, 2011). 3387:, Amazonia Security Agenda Project, archived from 1693: 1493:to flip it into a non-forest ecosystem – degraded 5987:. Newshub. Reuters. July 13, 2019. Archived from 5414:Yeung, Jessie; Alvarado, Abel (August 21, 2019). 4867: 4557:"Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests" 4541:"Forest Pulse: The Latest on the World's Forests" 4300:Mynenia, Ranga B.; et al. (March 13, 2007). 4299: 3826:"Desert Dust Feeds Amazon Forests – NASA Science" 3637: 3603:Milani, Edison José; Zalán, Pedro Victor (1999). 1797:has been calculated to have a value of $ 6820 if 9454:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests 9390: 7535:. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. 4463: 4004:"Ancient giant dolphin discovered in the Amazon" 3949:The ecology of trees in the tropical rain forest 3545:Tropical Forests & Global Atmospheric Change 2865:Yuhas, Alan; Jiménez, Jesus (January 23, 2024). 2537: 2535: 2362: 1960:indicate that, in terms of global warming, the 1607:According to a November 2021 report by Brazil's 960:. To date, at least 40,000 plant species, 2,200 884: 7615: 6944:Stockholm Resilience Centre (October 5, 2020). 6325: 5716:Cox, Betts, Jones, Spall and Totterdell. 2000. 4996:Causes of Deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon 4750:Bochow, Nils; Boers, Niklas (October 6, 2023). 4306:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4078:. University of California Press. p. 308. 3865:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3443:Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society 926:Wet tropical forests are the most species-rich 498:The first European to travel the length of the 37:"Amazonia" redirects here. For other uses, see 7549:Hecht, Susanna and Alexander Cockburn (1990). 7429: 6844:, July 23, 2006. Retrieved September 28, 2006. 6209:"Amazon tipping point: Last chance for action" 5087:"INPE: Estimativas Anuais desde 1988 até 2009" 5058:Human Pressure on the Brazilian Amazon Forests 4808: 4636: 4634: 4137: 4065: 3235:"The Amazon's head hunters and body shrinkers" 2596: 2594: 980:species in the region is estimated at 16,000. 796:. Water on the eastern side flowed toward the 7850: 7763: 7127: 7068:, February 4, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2014 5413: 4094: 3414:Origin and Evolution of Tropical Rain Forests 2903: 2652: 2650: 2532: 2484:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. January 11, 2024. 2382: 2376: 1489:reaching about 20–25% (hence 0–5% more), the 1134:can also be contracted in the Amazon region. 515:Pre-Columbian agriculture in the Amazon Basin 201:5,500,000 km (2,100,000 sq mi) 7045:, March 22, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2014. 6876: 6206: 5851:. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. 5733:, November 9, 2000. (subscription required) 4692: 4532: 4459: 4457: 4029:"Photos / Pictures of the Amazon Rainforest" 3666: 3437:Burnham, Robyn J.; Johnson, Kirk R. (2004). 3057: 2864: 2152:In 2020, a 17 percent rise was noted in the 2083:Impact of early 21st-century Amazon droughts 1602:European Union–Mercosur free trade agreement 1356:, a species of frog found within the Amazon. 871:transported in 2007 and the lowest in 2011. 7777: 6867:, July 23, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2014. 6854:"Dying Forest: One year to save the Amazon" 6829:"Amazon rainforest 'could become a desert'" 6011:"US and Brazil agree to Amazon development" 5842:"Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis" 5805:1871.1/949d3af3-f463-40cc-90ab-1f9ff3060125 5174: 5172: 4749: 4631: 4277:. South AmericaTravel Guide. Archived from 3941: 3602: 3543:Malhi, Yadvinder; Phillips, Oliver (2005). 2625: 2623: 2591: 1907:Climate change disturbances of rainforests. 1118:dwell in the rainforest and can spread the 874:A possibility causing the variation is the 711:Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest, near 7857: 7843: 7770: 7756: 7734:, University of Oxford, March 20–22, 2007. 7682:The Amazon: The World's Largest Rainforest 7055:2010 Amazon drought record: 8 Gt extra CO2 6819:, July 16, 2006. Retrieved August 23, 2014 6109: 5117:"Oil Drilling Contaminated Western Amazon" 4693:Lovejoy, Thomas E.; Nobre, Carlos (2018). 4001: 3711: 3631: 2647: 2033:This image reveals how the forest and the 843:Sahara Desert dust windblown to the Amazon 819:Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest near 753:, the rainforest extended as far south as 7644: 7000: 6920: 6902: 6683: 6359: 6248: 6069: 5929:Ecological and Environmental Anthropology 5803: 5793: 5178: 4938: 4835: 4791: 4726: 4595:from the original on September 10, 2022. 4454: 4437: 4335: 4325: 3894: 3884: 3778: 3694: 3622: 3536: 3462: 2976: 2502:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. May 30, 2024. 7530: 7430:Ziolla Menezes, Fabiane (May 30, 2023). 5736: 5685: 5169: 4992: 4886: 4547:. World Resources Institute. June 2023. 3570:Journal of South American Earth Sciences 3430: 3267:. New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston. 3006:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2620: 2201:Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve 2175: 2102:National Institute of Amazonian Research 2028: 1915: 1803: 1764: 1707: 1657:Fires and deforestation in the state of 1545: 1530: 1512:In the 1970s, construction began on the 1476: 1473:greatly exceeds that of other countries. 1461: 913: 898: 814: 775: 718:The rainforest likely formed during the 706: 698: 444: 428: 416: 405: 389: 7096: 6740: 6605:International Journal of Remote Sensing 6489: 6298: 5922: 5854: 5593: 5591: 5545: 5449: 5019:from the original on September 10, 2008 4674:from the original on September 22, 2020 4608: 4520:from the original on September 12, 2021 3855:Barkley, Anne E.; Prospero, Joseph M.; 2899: 2897: 2821: 2250:Environmental impact of meat production 830:over the last 21,000 years through the 249:The majority of the forest, 60%, is in 14: 9391: 7698:Seasons in the Amazon and river levels 7492: 6546: 6050:Frontiers in Forests and Global Change 5325:from the original on November 18, 2021 5157:from the original on February 18, 2019 5147:"Oil and Gas Extraction in the Amazon" 5127:from the original on February 18, 2019 5065:. Retrieved September 28, 2006. (The 4640: 4186: 4035:from the original on December 17, 2008 3793: 3411: 3405: 3381:Land use Status and Trends in Amazonia 3123: 3070:from the original on December 26, 2019 3027: 3025: 3023: 2656: 2279:Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization 2245:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest 2165:Possibility of forest-friendly economy 1812:, around the start of the 21st century 1716:Environmentalists are concerned about 1398:Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest 437:encountered in the Brazilian state of 382:History of South America § Amazon 7838: 7751: 7656:from the original on January 24, 2021 7286:from the original on November 7, 2020 7109:from the original on October 31, 2019 6502:from the original on February 6, 2022 6272:Watts, Jonathan (November 28, 2017). 6271: 5897: 5828: 5744:"World may be warming up even faster" 5450:Garrand, Danielle (August 20, 2019). 5230: 4358: 3343: 3245:from the original on October 13, 2018 3152: 2999: 2924:from the original on January 10, 2022 2553:from the original on December 7, 2019 2147:National Institute for Space Research 1631:Deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon 1371:, indigenous to the American tropics. 743:Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event 305:, and comprises the largest and most 7718:Original news updates on the Amazon. 7584: 7556:Hochstetler, K. and M. Keck (2007). 7256:from the original on October 2, 2020 7226:from the original on August 12, 2020 7196:from the original on August 14, 2020 7140:from the original on August 18, 2020 6956:from the original on October 8, 2020 6706: 6490:Einhorn, Catrin (February 4, 2022). 5686:Katarina, Zimmer (August 28, 2019). 5644:from the original on April 21, 2021. 5588: 5467:from the original on August 27, 2019 5431:from the original on August 14, 2020 5395:from the original on August 22, 2019 5295:from the original on August 24, 2019 5265:from the original on August 25, 2019 4002:Weisberger, Mindy (March 26, 2024). 3929:from the original on August 14, 2019 3796:"Saharan Dust Feeds Amazon's Plants" 3039:from the original on January 8, 2020 2894: 2579:from the original on October 7, 2019 2458:from the original on October 7, 2019 1991:Due to the conservation policies of 780:Aerial view of the Amazon rainforest 662:was killed by an uncontacted Amazon 647:and led to the establishment of the 261:with 10%, and with minor amounts in 7403: 6777:"Amazon Drought Worst in 100 Years" 6307:from the original on August 9, 2020 6299:Verchot, Louis (January 29, 2015). 6122:from the original on April 14, 2020 5654: 4567:from the original on April 4, 2024. 4551:from the original on June 27, 2023. 4383:"Piranha 'less deadly than feared'" 3020: 2520:from the original on April 13, 2020 2332:(Sistema de Vigilância da Amazônia) 632:, killed 40,000 native Amazonians. 400:The Naturalist on the River Amazons 24: 7478: 7166:from the original on July 25, 2020 6547:Spring, Jake (November 29, 2023). 6471:from the original on July 15, 2021 6395:from the original on April 7, 2021 6021:from the original on March 7, 2021 5965:from the original on July 25, 2020 5667:from the original on April 7, 2021 5533:from the original on July 25, 2020 5503:from the original on July 25, 2020 5355:from the original on July 15, 2022 4974:from the original on July 26, 2008 4855:from the original on July 22, 2018 4641:Tandon, Ayesha (October 4, 2023). 4082:from the original on June 30, 2011 3806:from the original on June 23, 2019 3752: 2707:from the original on July 25, 2020 2677:from the original on July 25, 2020 1982:Indigenous peoples of the Americas 472:given the poor soil. Archeologist 25: 9475: 7819:Puerto Princesa Underground River 7670: 7385:from the original on May 18, 2021 7338:from the original on May 18, 2021 6280:from the original on June 7, 2020 4393:from the original on July 7, 2007 3983:from the original on May 17, 2008 3836:from the original on May 14, 2017 3794:Garner, Rob (February 24, 2015). 3317:"Rain delays rescue of explorers" 3058:Simon Romero (January 14, 2012). 2010: 27:Large rainforest in South America 9365: 9364: 8697:West South Central United States 7603:The Amazon Rubber Boom 1850–1920 7449: 7423: 7397: 7371: 7350: 7324: 7298: 7268: 7238: 7208: 7178: 7152: 7121: 7097:Abraham, John (August 3, 2017). 7090: 7071: 7048: 7025: 6968: 6937: 6870: 6847: 6822: 6799: 6769: 6734: 6700: 6651: 6592: 6567: 6540: 6514: 6483: 6407: 6376: 6319: 6292: 6265: 6200: 6134: 6103: 6084: 6003: 5977: 5961:. Devdiscourse. April 27, 2019. 5951: 5916: 5760: 5627:10.1046/j.1365-2699.2000.00198.x 5426:Turner Broadcasting System, Inc. 4166:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00680.x 4123:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00705.x 3515:10.1111/j.1475-5661.2005.00181.x 3124:Junior, Gonçalo (October 2008). 1900: 1888: 1872: 1860: 1700:Deforestation and climate change 1677: 1665: 1650: 1638: 1625:2019 Amazon rainforest wildfires 1444: 1428: 1416: 1391: 1376: 1361: 1344: 1328: 1313: 1299: 1285: 1271: 1257: 1243: 1229: 1215: 1199: 1185: 1171: 1157: 1143: 651:for indigenous people along the 84: 8912:Latin America and the Caribbean 8778:Latin America and the Caribbean 7489:. University of Illinois Press. 6382: 5710: 5679: 5648: 5607:Global Ecology and Biogeography 5515: 5479: 5443: 5407: 5367: 5337: 5307: 5277: 5247: 5224: 5199: 5139: 5109: 5079: 5049: 5031: 4986: 4947: 4908: 4880: 4743: 4686: 4660: 4602: 4405: 4375: 4359:Costa, Camilla (May 21, 2020). 4352: 4293: 4267: 4231: 4180: 4047: 4021: 3995: 3965: 3911: 3848: 3818: 3787: 3746: 3624:10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i3/007 3596: 3561: 3479: 3344:Snell, Ron (February 2, 2006). 3337: 3309: 3297: 3288: 3270: 3257: 3227: 3181: 3140: 3117: 3082: 3051: 2993: 2858: 2815: 2763: 2719: 2689: 2406: 2285:Amazon Conservation Association 2021:Environmental management system 1694:Conservation and climate change 1323:have an extremely painful sting 457:evidence from an excavation at 7616:Sheil, D.; Wunder, S. (2002). 7495:Latin American Research Review 5923:Cormier, L. (April 16, 2006). 5774:Environmental Research Letters 3033:"Unnatural Histories – Amazon" 2836:10.1126/science.302.5653.2067b 2565: 2506: 2488: 2470: 2444: 2348: 1003:Number of species per hectare 613:tribe that expanded along the 13: 1: 7730:. Podcasts of talks given at 7605:. Stanford University Press. 7553:. New York: Harper Perennial. 7527:. Cambridge University Press. 6743:Forest Ecology and Management 6110:David Adam (March 11, 2009). 5231:Cowie, Sam (August 2, 2024). 4846:10.1016/j.futures.2005.07.011 4588:. September 2022. p. 8. 4261:10.1016/S0378-1127(98)00494-0 4241:Forest Ecology and Management 3740:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00059-1 3705:10.1016/S0277-3791(99)00024-4 3640:Journal of Quaternary Science 3590:10.1016/S0895-9811(01)00025-6 3263:Chagnon, Napoleon A. (1992). 2437: 1618: 885:Biodiversity, flora and fauna 703:Amazon rainforest in Colombia 649:first Brazilian National Park 8379:Middle East and North Africa 8084:Middle East and North Africa 7687:WWF in the Amazon rainforest 7520:. Stanford University Press. 6763:10.1016/j.foreco.2006.05.066 5655:Fox, Alex (March 26, 2021). 4418:Emerging Infectious Diseases 3759:Geophysical Research Letters 2749:10.1126/science.272.5260.373 2260:Indigenous peoples in Brazil 1835:community-based conservation 680: 344:is said to arise from a war 335: 92:Amazon rainforest ecoregions 7: 9419:Ecoregions of South America 7601:Weinstein, Barbara (1983). 6859:September 25, 2015, at the 3547:. Oxford University Press. 3284:. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 2727:Peopling of the Americas". 2222: 1535:Indigenous protesters from 685: 386:Amazon River § History 10: 9480: 9434:Natural history of Ecuador 8672:Northeastern United States 7531:Goulding, Michael (2021). 7043:World Wide Fund for Nature 7002:10.1038/s41558-022-01287-8 6441:10.1038/s41586-021-03629-6 5935:(1): 14–32. Archived from 5072:September 1, 2004, at the 4490:10.1038/s41586-021-03876-7 3977:World Wide Fund for Nature 3953:Cambridge University Press 3720:Quaternary Science Reviews 3675:Quaternary Science Reviews 3412:Morley, Robert J. (2000). 2910:. Routledge. p. 108. 2608:. World Bank. May 24, 2023 2424:(mixed-race), also called 2330:Amazon Surveillance System 2317:Rainforest Foundation Fund 2128:World Wide Fund for Nature 2098:Woods Hole Research Center 2061:devices and programs like 2014: 1697: 1622: 1401: 1395: 888: 855:desert. The dust contains 788:, it is believed that the 694: 658:In 1961, British explorer 532:Since the 1970s, numerous 379: 375: 36: 29: 9464:Droughts in South America 9459:Forestry in South America 9429:Natural history of Brazil 9360: 9302: 9279: 9246: 9210: 9143: 9037: 8945: 8936: 8865: 8786: 8592: 8396: 8177: 8135: 8044: 8035: 7983: 7940: 7880: 7785: 7560:. Duke University Press. 6625:10.1080/01431160600928609 6096:October 16, 2017, at the 5211:World Rainforest Movement 4993:Margulis, Sergio (2004). 4617:. Yale University Press. 3126:"Amazonia lost and found" 3103:10.1017/s0003598x00099373 2307:Rainforest Action Network 1996:condition in the Amazon. 1993:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 1722:destruction of the forest 1591:World Rainforest Movement 1179:Giant Amazonian centipede 197: 160: 112: 107: 83: 48: 39:Amazonia (disambiguation) 9449:Regions of South America 9153:Antarctic/Southern Ocean 8157:Transantarctic Mountains 6071:10.3389/ffgc.2021.618401 5912:Harvard University Press 5795:10.1088/1748-9326/aca3b8 5749:August 18, 2020, at the 5723:August 18, 2020, at the 3306:, pib.socioambiental.org 2701:Encyclopaedia Britannica 2452:"WWF – About the Amazon" 2341: 2290:Amazon Conservation Team 2071:synthetic aperture radar 2017:Environmental monitoring 1988:own or manage the land. 1750:greenhouse gas emissions 1577:used also for financing 1520:been used for livestock 1335:Parrots at clay lick in 851:in Northern Chad in the 745:, the extinction of the 459:Caverna da Pedra Pintada 230:that covers most of the 9424:Natural history of Peru 8902:Caribbean South America 7779:New 7 Wonders of Nature 7637:10.5751/ES-00458-060209 7595:10.1126/science.aaa7864 7312:. University of Bristol 7083:April 15, 2016, at the 7060:March 27, 2019, at the 6834:August 6, 2006, at the 6171:10.1126/science.aba7580 5179:Sierra Praeli, Yvette. 4327:10.1073/pnas.0611338104 4031:. Travel.mongabay.com. 3886:10.1073/pnas.1906091116 3206:10.1126/science.1086112 3003:Explorers of the Amazon 2793:10.1126/science.1086112 2265:Tapiche Ohara's Reserve 2025:Unmanned aerial vehicle 1558:Since the discovery of 1514:Trans-Amazonian highway 1408:Trans-Amazonian Railway 1404:Trans-Amazonian Highway 9439:Neotropical ecoregions 8682:Southern United States 8485:Scandinavian Peninsula 7716:Amazon Rainforest News 7162:. CNN. June 19, 2020. 7037:June 14, 2020, at the 6904:10.1126/sciadv.aat2340 6879:"Amazon Tipping Point" 6498:. The New York Times. 6352:10.1126/sciadv.aat2340 6328:"Amazon Tipping Point" 6233:10.1126/sciadv.aba2949 6017:. September 14, 2019. 4776:10.1126/sciadv.add9973 4719:10.1126/sciadv.aat2340 4695:"Amazon Tipping Point" 4554:● 2022 and 2023 data: 4430:10.3201/eid1708.050929 3455:10.1098/rstb.2004.1531 2961:10.1098/rspb.2015.0813 2904:Chris C. Park (2003). 2663:. London: Rivingtons. 2657:Taylor, Isaac (1898). 2635:. The World Bank. 2023 2400: 2392: 2383: 2377: 2372: 2363: 2358: 2181: 2042: 1927: 1813: 1790: 1720:that will result from 1713: 1551: 1539: 1482: 1474: 1451:Wildfires in Brazil's 923: 911: 823: 781: 715: 704: 450: 442: 426: 414: 403: 318:indigenous territories 244:indigenous territories 98:in dark green and the 76: 66: 56: 9158:Antarctic Convergence 8702:Western United States 7804:Iguazu / Iguaçu Falls 7722:Amazon-Rainforest.org 7677:Journey into Amazonia 7523:Dean, Warren (1997). 7485:Bunker, S.G. (1985). 7064:, Rolf Schuttenhelm, 6981:Nature Climate Change 6811:May 11, 2020, at the 5351:. November 19, 2021. 5321:. November 18, 2021. 4670:. February 22, 2018. 4209:10.1007/s004420100809 3947:Turner, I.M. (2001). 2514:"WNF: Places: Amazon" 2179: 2119:Nature climate change 2114:Nature Communications 2032: 1921:Guiana Amazonian Park 1919: 1807: 1768: 1726:release of the carbon 1724:, and also about the 1711: 1549: 1534: 1480: 1465: 1439:state of Brazil, 2016 1435:Deforestation in the 1251:Blue poison dart frog 917: 902: 818: 779: 710: 702: 577:University of Florida 504:Francisco de Orellana 448: 432: 420: 409: 393: 346:Francisco de Orellana 299:Guiana Amazonian Park 285:. Four nations have " 100:Amazon drainage basin 94:as delineated by the 8224:Greater Central Asia 7703:May 2, 2023, at the 7625:Conservation Ecology 7574:. Houghton Mifflin. 7461:Yale Environment 360 7436:The Brazilian Report 6787:on November 15, 2019 6781:www.ens-newswire.com 6639:on December 21, 2008 6389:Smithsonian Magazine 5939:on December 21, 2008 5847:May 7, 2006, at the 5698:on February 18, 2021 5661:Smithsonian Magazine 5462:CBS Interactive Inc. 5319:Reuters/The Guardian 5097:on November 30, 2010 4146:Conservation Biology 4103:Conservation Biology 3780:10.1002/2015GL063040 3753:Yu, Hongbin (2015). 3241:. January 20, 2012. 2907:Tropical Rainforests 2549:. October 17, 2013. 2216:the Colombian Amazon 1958:scientific synthesis 1769:Peruvian researcher 1718:loss of biodiversity 1468:primary (old-growth) 1453:indigenous territory 1337:Yasuni National Park 1223:Brown-throated sloth 832:last glacial maximum 767:last glacial maximum 641:Villas-Bôas brothers 30:For other uses, see 9370:Continents of Earth 8897:Brazilian Highlands 8306:Indian subcontinent 8167:Antarctic Peninsula 7965:Southern Hemisphere 7960:Northern Hemisphere 7570:Revkin, A. (1990). 7252:. October 1, 2020. 7222:. August 11, 2020. 7192:. August 13, 2020. 6993:2022NatCC..12..271B 6895:2018SciA....4.2340L 6755:2006ForEM.234....1K 6676:2005EaInt...9g...1A 6617:2007IJRS...28.1299W 6528:. November 11, 2023 6433:2021Natur.595..388G 6344:2018SciA....4.2340L 6225:2019SciA....5A2949L 6163:2020Sci...370..117L 6062:2021FrFGC...4.8401C 5908:David Maybury-Lewis 5875:1989Natur.339..655P 5786:2022ERL....17l5005B 5692:National Geographic 5619:2000GloEB...9..315T 5566:1993Natur.363..234M 5499:. August 21, 2019. 5391:. August 21, 2019. 4768:2023SciA....9D9973B 4711:2018SciA....4.2340L 4482:2021Natur.597..516F 4318:2007PNAS..104.4820M 4275:"Amazon Rainforest" 4253:1999ForEM.118..127L 4201:2002Oecol.130....1W 4158:2005ConBi..19..619L 4115:2005ConBi..19..689D 4059:National Geographic 3877:2019PNAS..11616216B 3871:(33): 16216–16221. 3771:2015GeoRL..42.1984Y 3732:2000QSRv...19..141C 3687:2000QSRv...19..725V 3652:2000JQS....15..347C 3582:2001JSAES..14..335C 3507:2005TrIBG..30..477M 3449:(1450): 1595–1610. 3198:2003Sci...301.1710H 3136:on August 12, 2014. 2830:(5653): 2067–2070. 2785:2003Sci...301.1710H 2779:(5640): 1710–1714. 2741:1996Sci...272..373R 2573:"Inside the Amazon" 2496:"Amazon Rainforest" 2336:Global Forest Watch 2312:Rainforest Alliance 1844:In April 2019, the 996: 734:at least until the 546:Unnatural Histories 509:Unnatural Histories 506:in 1542. The BBC's 224:tropical rainforest 178: / 9185:Great Barrier Reef 8806:Mainland Australia 8514:Apennine Peninsula 7975:Western Hemisphere 7950:Eastern Hemisphere 7404:FREITAS, TATIANA. 7134:The New York Times 6664:Earth Interactions 6496:The New York Times 5742:Radford, T. 2002. 5045:on August 3, 2013. 4281:on August 12, 2008 3524:on October 1, 2008 3278:"Mundurukú people" 3097:(322): 1084–1095. 3064:The New York Times 2955:(1812): 20150813. 2872:The New York Times 2359:Floresta amazônica 2190:According to WWF, 2182: 2043: 1986:indigenous peoples 1956:Results of a 2021 1928: 1826:indigenous peoples 1814: 1810:uncontacted tribes 1791: 1783:Dipteryx micrantha 1759:ecosystem services 1714: 1595:Green extractivism 1552: 1540: 1483: 1475: 994: 924: 912: 824: 782: 716: 705: 622:Amazon rubber boom 486:Upano Valley sites 451: 443: 427: 415: 404: 57:Floresta amazônica 18:Amazon Rain forest 9399:Amazon rainforest 9386: 9385: 9266:Mediterranean Rim 9139: 9138: 9078:Mediterranean Sea 8932: 8931: 8885:Amazon Rainforest 8712:Canadian Prairies 8677:Pacific Northwest 8538:Iberian Peninsula 8323:Arabian Peninsula 8150:Antarctic Plateau 7910:Three/Four Worlds 7832: 7831: 7790:Amazon rainforest 6427:(7867): 388–393. 6196:on July 15, 2021. 6157:(6512): 117–121. 5869:(6227): 656–657. 5560:(6426): 234–240. 5261:. June 18, 2019. 5123:. June 13, 2014. 5009:978-0-8213-5691-3 4967:978-92-5-105571-7 4920:kanat.jsc.vsc.edu 4901:978-0-226-89947-3 4624:978-0-300-08483-2 4476:(7877): 516–521. 4312:(12): 4820–4823. 3857:Mahowald, Natalie 3554:978-0-19-856706-6 3423:978-0-471-98326-2 3394:on March 19, 2016 3130:Pesquisa (Ed.220) 3013:978-0-226-76337-8 3000:Smith, A (1994). 2917:978-0-415-06239-8 2735:(5260): 373–384. 2670:978-0-559-29668-0 2393:Forêt amazonienne 2255:Forest protection 2126:According to the 1788:Peruvian Amazonia 1712:Amazon rainforest 1573:(the main ore of 1105:poison dart frogs 1077: 1076: 922:in western Brazil 918:A giant, bundled 895:Amazonian manatee 849:Bodélé depression 594:for trophies and 435:uncontacted tribe 209:Amazon rainforest 205: 204: 49:Amazon rainforest 16:(Redirected from 9471: 9368: 9367: 9347:Global Southwest 9342:Global Southeast 9332:Global Northwest 9327:Global Northeast 9317:Global Heartland 9261:Indian Ocean Rim 8943: 8942: 8835:Island Melanesia 8526:Balkan Peninsula 8301:Himalayan states 8248:Russian Far East 8042: 8041: 7970:Water Hemisphere 7859: 7852: 7845: 7836: 7835: 7772: 7765: 7758: 7749: 7748: 7665: 7663: 7661: 7655: 7648: 7622: 7598: 7546: 7510: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7467: 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7442: 7427: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7416: 7401: 7395: 7394: 7392: 7390: 7375: 7369: 7368: 7366: 7364: 7354: 7348: 7347: 7345: 7343: 7328: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7317: 7302: 7296: 7295: 7293: 7291: 7272: 7266: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7242: 7236: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7212: 7206: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7182: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7156: 7150: 7149: 7147: 7145: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7114: 7094: 7088: 7075: 7069: 7052: 7046: 7029: 7023: 7022: 7004: 6972: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6961: 6941: 6935: 6934: 6924: 6906: 6883:Science Advances 6874: 6868: 6851: 6845: 6826: 6820: 6803: 6797: 6796: 6794: 6792: 6783:. Archived from 6773: 6767: 6766: 6738: 6732: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6707:Isaacson, Andy. 6704: 6698: 6697: 6687: 6655: 6649: 6648: 6646: 6644: 6635:. Archived from 6611:(6): 1299–1315. 6596: 6590: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6571: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6560: 6544: 6538: 6537: 6535: 6533: 6518: 6512: 6511: 6509: 6507: 6487: 6481: 6480: 6478: 6476: 6411: 6405: 6404: 6402: 6400: 6380: 6374: 6373: 6363: 6332:Science Advances 6323: 6317: 6316: 6314: 6312: 6296: 6290: 6289: 6287: 6285: 6276:. The Guardian. 6269: 6263: 6262: 6252: 6219:(12): eaba2949. 6213:Science Advances 6204: 6198: 6197: 6195: 6189:. Archived from 6148: 6138: 6132: 6131: 6129: 6127: 6107: 6101: 6089:Available under 6088: 6083: 6073: 6040: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5998: 5996: 5991:on July 19, 2019 5981: 5975: 5974: 5972: 5970: 5955: 5949: 5948: 5946: 5944: 5920: 5914: 5901: 5895: 5894: 5883:10.1038/339655a0 5858: 5852: 5832: 5826: 5825: 5807: 5797: 5764: 5758: 5740: 5734: 5714: 5708: 5707: 5705: 5703: 5694:. Archived from 5683: 5677: 5676: 5674: 5672: 5652: 5646: 5645: 5643: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5585: 5574:10.1038/363234a0 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5529:. July 3, 2019. 5519: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5483: 5477: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5447: 5441: 5440: 5438: 5436: 5411: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5400: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5341: 5335: 5334: 5332: 5330: 5311: 5305: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5291:. July 2, 2019. 5281: 5275: 5274: 5272: 5270: 5251: 5245: 5244: 5242: 5240: 5228: 5222: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5203: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5176: 5167: 5166: 5164: 5162: 5143: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5121:livesciences.com 5113: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5093:. Archived from 5083: 5077: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5041:. Archived from 5035: 5029: 5028: 5026: 5024: 5018: 5001: 4990: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4979: 4951: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4926:on June 15, 2013 4922:. Archived from 4912: 4906: 4905: 4884: 4878: 4874: 4865: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4854: 4839: 4821: 4812: 4806: 4805: 4795: 4762:(40): eadd9973. 4756:Science Advances 4747: 4741: 4740: 4730: 4699:Science Advances 4690: 4684: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4638: 4629: 4628: 4616: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4594: 4583: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4552: 4536: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4441: 4424:(8): 1197–1202. 4409: 4403: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4389:. July 2, 2007. 4379: 4373: 4372: 4370: 4368: 4356: 4350: 4349: 4339: 4329: 4297: 4291: 4290: 4288: 4286: 4271: 4265: 4264: 4247:(1–3): 127–138. 4235: 4229: 4228: 4184: 4178: 4177: 4141: 4135: 4134: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4069: 4063: 4062: 4051: 4045: 4044: 4042: 4040: 4025: 4019: 4018: 4016: 4014: 3999: 3993: 3992: 3990: 3988: 3969: 3963: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3915: 3909: 3908: 3898: 3888: 3852: 3846: 3845: 3843: 3841: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3782: 3765:(6): 1984–1991. 3750: 3744: 3743: 3726:(1–5): 141–169. 3715: 3709: 3708: 3698: 3670: 3664: 3663: 3635: 3629: 3628: 3626: 3600: 3594: 3593: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3523: 3517:. Archived from 3492: 3483: 3477: 3476: 3466: 3434: 3428: 3427: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3399: 3393: 3386: 3375: 3369: 3368: 3366: 3364: 3341: 3335: 3334: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3292: 3286: 3285: 3274: 3268: 3261: 3255: 3254: 3252: 3250: 3231: 3225: 3224: 3185: 3179: 3178: 3144: 3138: 3137: 3132:. Archived from 3121: 3115: 3114: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3055: 3049: 3048: 3046: 3044: 3029: 3018: 3017: 2997: 2991: 2990: 2980: 2940: 2934: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2901: 2892: 2891: 2889: 2887: 2862: 2856: 2855: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2767: 2761: 2760: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2712: 2693: 2687: 2686: 2684: 2682: 2654: 2645: 2644: 2642: 2640: 2627: 2618: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2598: 2589: 2588: 2586: 2584: 2569: 2563: 2562: 2560: 2558: 2539: 2530: 2529: 2527: 2525: 2510: 2504: 2503: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2474: 2468: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2448: 2431: 2410: 2404: 2401:Amazoneregenwoud 2386: 2380: 2366: 2352: 2154:Amazon wildfires 2085: 2084: 1966:greenhouse gases 1904: 1892: 1876: 1864: 1820:(such as in the 1779: 1771:Tatiana Espinosa 1681: 1669: 1654: 1642: 1448: 1432: 1420: 1380: 1365: 1348: 1332: 1317: 1303: 1289: 1275: 1261: 1247: 1233: 1219: 1203: 1189: 1175: 1161: 1147: 1095:. In the river, 1000:Type of organism 997: 993: 639:, supported the 554:forest gardening 348:fought with the 193: 192: 190: 189: 188: 183: 179: 176: 175: 174: 171: 88: 79: 77:Amazoneregenwoud 69: 59: 46: 45: 21: 9479: 9478: 9474: 9473: 9472: 9470: 9469: 9468: 9389: 9388: 9387: 9382: 9356: 9298: 9275: 9242: 9206: 9135: 9124:South China Sea 9033: 8976:Central America 8928: 8861: 8782: 8734:Northern Mexico 8722:Northern Canada 8707:Atlantic Canada 8662:Mountain states 8588: 8443:European Russia 8436:Southern Russia 8392: 8345:Iranian Plateau 8173: 8162:West Antarctica 8145:East Antarctica 8131: 8031: 7979: 7955:Land Hemisphere 7936: 7876: 7863: 7833: 7828: 7781: 7776: 7705:Wayback Machine 7692:Amazonia.org.br 7673: 7668: 7659: 7657: 7653: 7620: 7543: 7481: 7479:Further reading 7476: 7475: 7465: 7463: 7455: 7454: 7450: 7440: 7438: 7428: 7424: 7414: 7412: 7402: 7398: 7388: 7386: 7379:"Our ecolodges" 7377: 7376: 7372: 7362: 7360: 7356: 7355: 7351: 7341: 7339: 7330: 7329: 7325: 7315: 7313: 7304: 7303: 7299: 7289: 7287: 7274: 7273: 7269: 7259: 7257: 7244: 7243: 7239: 7229: 7227: 7214: 7213: 7209: 7199: 7197: 7184: 7183: 7179: 7169: 7167: 7158: 7157: 7153: 7143: 7141: 7126: 7122: 7112: 7110: 7095: 7091: 7085:Wayback Machine 7076: 7072: 7066:Bits Of Science 7062:Wayback Machine 7053: 7049: 7039:Wayback Machine 7030: 7026: 6973: 6969: 6959: 6957: 6942: 6938: 6889:(2): eaat2340. 6875: 6871: 6865:The Independent 6861:Wayback Machine 6852: 6848: 6841:The Independent 6836:Wayback Machine 6827: 6823: 6813:Wayback Machine 6804: 6800: 6790: 6788: 6775: 6774: 6770: 6739: 6735: 6725: 6723: 6705: 6701: 6685:10.1175/EI134.1 6656: 6652: 6642: 6640: 6597: 6593: 6583: 6581: 6573: 6572: 6568: 6558: 6556: 6545: 6541: 6531: 6529: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6505: 6503: 6488: 6484: 6474: 6472: 6412: 6408: 6398: 6396: 6381: 6377: 6338:(2): eaat2340. 6324: 6320: 6310: 6308: 6297: 6293: 6283: 6281: 6270: 6266: 6205: 6201: 6193: 6146: 6139: 6135: 6125: 6123: 6108: 6104: 6098:Wayback Machine 6041: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6009: 6008: 6004: 5994: 5992: 5983: 5982: 5978: 5968: 5966: 5957: 5956: 5952: 5942: 5940: 5921: 5917: 5902: 5898: 5859: 5855: 5849:Wayback Machine 5833: 5829: 5765: 5761: 5751:Wayback Machine 5741: 5737: 5725:Wayback Machine 5715: 5711: 5701: 5699: 5684: 5680: 5670: 5668: 5653: 5649: 5641: 5602: 5596: 5589: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5521: 5520: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5485: 5484: 5480: 5470: 5468: 5448: 5444: 5434: 5432: 5412: 5408: 5398: 5396: 5380:BBC News Online 5373: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5343: 5342: 5338: 5328: 5326: 5313: 5312: 5308: 5298: 5296: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5268: 5266: 5253: 5252: 5248: 5238: 5236: 5229: 5225: 5215: 5213: 5205: 5204: 5200: 5190: 5188: 5177: 5170: 5160: 5158: 5145: 5144: 5140: 5130: 5128: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5100: 5098: 5085: 5084: 5080: 5074:Wayback Machine 5054: 5050: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5010: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4977: 4975: 4968: 4952: 4948: 4943: 4939: 4929: 4927: 4914: 4913: 4909: 4902: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4868: 4858: 4856: 4852: 4837:10.1.1.573.1317 4819: 4813: 4809: 4748: 4744: 4705:(2): eaat2340. 4691: 4687: 4677: 4675: 4666: 4665: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4639: 4632: 4625: 4607: 4603: 4592: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4555: 4553: 4539: 4537: 4533: 4523: 4521: 4462: 4455: 4410: 4406: 4396: 4394: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4366: 4364: 4357: 4353: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4282: 4273: 4272: 4268: 4236: 4232: 4185: 4181: 4142: 4138: 4099: 4095: 4085: 4083: 4070: 4066: 4053: 4052: 4048: 4038: 4036: 4027: 4026: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4000: 3996: 3986: 3984: 3971: 3970: 3966: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3917: 3916: 3912: 3853: 3849: 3839: 3837: 3824: 3823: 3819: 3809: 3807: 3792: 3788: 3751: 3747: 3716: 3712: 3671: 3667: 3636: 3632: 3601: 3597: 3566: 3562: 3555: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3525: 3521: 3490: 3484: 3480: 3435: 3431: 3424: 3410: 3406: 3397: 3395: 3391: 3384: 3376: 3372: 3362: 3360: 3358: 3342: 3338: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3289: 3276: 3275: 3271: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3233: 3232: 3228: 3186: 3182: 3167:10.2307/2803990 3145: 3141: 3122: 3118: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3052: 3042: 3040: 3031: 3030: 3021: 3014: 2998: 2994: 2941: 2937: 2927: 2925: 2918: 2902: 2895: 2885: 2883: 2863: 2859: 2820: 2816: 2768: 2764: 2724: 2720: 2710: 2708: 2695: 2694: 2690: 2680: 2678: 2671: 2655: 2648: 2638: 2636: 2629: 2628: 2621: 2611: 2609: 2600: 2599: 2592: 2582: 2580: 2571: 2570: 2566: 2556: 2554: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2523: 2521: 2512: 2511: 2507: 2494: 2493: 2489: 2476: 2475: 2471: 2461: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2434: 2411: 2407: 2373:Selva amazónica 2353: 2349: 2344: 2321: 2269: 2235:Atlantic Forest 2225: 2167: 2093:The Independent 2087: 2082: 2081: 2075:Thematic Mapper 2051:satellite-based 2047:remotely sensed 2027: 2013: 1908: 1905: 1896: 1893: 1884: 1877: 1868: 1865: 1855:to protect it. 1822:Peruvian Amazon 1795:Peruvian Amazon 1773: 1755:natural capital 1706: 1696: 1685: 1682: 1673: 1670: 1661: 1655: 1646: 1643: 1627: 1621: 1460: 1459: 1458: 1457: 1456: 1449: 1441: 1440: 1433: 1425: 1424: 1421: 1410: 1400: 1394: 1387: 1381: 1372: 1366: 1357: 1349: 1340: 1333: 1324: 1318: 1309: 1304: 1295: 1290: 1281: 1276: 1267: 1262: 1253: 1248: 1239: 1237:Emperor tamarin 1234: 1225: 1220: 1211: 1204: 1195: 1190: 1181: 1176: 1167: 1162: 1153: 1148: 908:giant leaf frog 897: 887: 845: 771:glacial periods 736:current ice age 697: 688: 683: 564:soil management 482:anthropological 388: 378: 364:, described by 362:Greek mythology 338: 297:uses the name " 221:moist broadleaf 186: 184: 180: 177: 172: 169: 167: 165: 164: 103: 102:in light green. 71: 70: 67:Selva amazónica 61: 60: 51: 50: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9477: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9421: 9416: 9411: 9406: 9401: 9384: 9383: 9381: 9380: 9378:Physical Earth 9361: 9358: 9357: 9355: 9354: 9349: 9344: 9339: 9334: 9329: 9324: 9319: 9314: 9308: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9285: 9283: 9277: 9276: 9274: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9252: 9250: 9244: 9243: 9241: 9240: 9235: 9230: 9229: 9228: 9217: 9215: 9208: 9207: 9205: 9204: 9199: 9198: 9197: 9192: 9190:Mariana Trench 9187: 9177: 9172: 9170:Atlantic Ocean 9167: 9162: 9161: 9160: 9149: 9147: 9141: 9140: 9137: 9136: 9134: 9133: 9131:Southern Ocean 9128: 9127: 9126: 9121: 9119:East China Sea 9111: 9110: 9109: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9096: 9095: 9090: 9085: 9075: 9070: 9065: 9060: 9053:Atlantic Ocean 9050: 9044: 9042: 9035: 9034: 9032: 9031: 9030: 9029: 9024: 9014: 9013: 9012: 9007: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8986: 8985: 8980: 8979: 8978: 8973: 8958: 8952: 8950: 8940: 8934: 8933: 8930: 8929: 8927: 8926: 8925: 8924: 8914: 8909: 8904: 8899: 8894: 8889: 8888: 8887: 8882: 8871: 8869: 8863: 8862: 8860: 8859: 8857:Remote Oceania 8854: 8849: 8844: 8839: 8838: 8837: 8827: 8826: 8825: 8820: 8819: 8818: 8813: 8808: 8792: 8790: 8784: 8783: 8781: 8780: 8775: 8774: 8773: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8751: 8746: 8741: 8736: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8727:Western Canada 8724: 8719: 8717:Eastern Canada 8714: 8709: 8704: 8699: 8694: 8689: 8684: 8679: 8674: 8669: 8664: 8659: 8654: 8649: 8644: 8639: 8634: 8624: 8619: 8614: 8609: 8604: 8598: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8571: 8566: 8565: 8564: 8559: 8554: 8544: 8543: 8542: 8541: 8540: 8530: 8529: 8528: 8518: 8517: 8516: 8506: 8501: 8491: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8487: 8477: 8472: 8467: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8439: 8438: 8433: 8431:South Caucasus 8428: 8426:North Caucasus 8418: 8408: 8402: 8400: 8394: 8393: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8388: 8387: 8386: 8381: 8376: 8366: 8365: 8364: 8359: 8349: 8348: 8347: 8337: 8336: 8335: 8333:South Caucasus 8325: 8315: 8314: 8313: 8308: 8303: 8293: 8292: 8291: 8286: 8276: 8271: 8270: 8269: 8264: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8251: 8250: 8235: 8234: 8233: 8228: 8227: 8226: 8211: 8210: 8209: 8204: 8202:Aralkum Desert 8199: 8189: 8183: 8181: 8175: 8174: 8172: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8154: 8153: 8152: 8141: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8130: 8129: 8128: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8100: 8090: 8089: 8088: 8087: 8086: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8056: 8050: 8048: 8039: 8033: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8028: 8027: 8017: 8012: 8007: 8002: 8001: 8000: 7993:Africa-Eurasia 7989: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7972: 7967: 7962: 7957: 7952: 7946: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7935: 7934: 7933: 7932: 7927: 7922: 7917: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7886: 7884: 7878: 7877: 7862: 7861: 7854: 7847: 7839: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7824:Table Mountain 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7786: 7783: 7782: 7775: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7752: 7746: 7745: 7739:humpback whale 7735: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7707: 7695: 7689: 7684: 7679: 7672: 7671:External links 7669: 7667: 7666: 7613: 7599: 7582: 7568: 7566:978-0822340317 7554: 7547: 7541: 7528: 7521: 7511: 7490: 7482: 7480: 7477: 7474: 7473: 7448: 7422: 7396: 7370: 7349: 7323: 7297: 7267: 7237: 7207: 7177: 7151: 7120: 7089: 7070: 7047: 7024: 6987:(3): 271–278. 6967: 6936: 6869: 6846: 6821: 6815:, Paul Brown, 6798: 6768: 6733: 6699: 6650: 6591: 6566: 6553:The NRI Nation 6539: 6513: 6482: 6406: 6375: 6318: 6291: 6264: 6199: 6133: 6102: 6032: 6002: 5976: 5950: 5915: 5896: 5853: 5835:Houghton, J.T. 5827: 5780:(12): 125005. 5759: 5735: 5709: 5678: 5647: 5613:(4): 315–335. 5587: 5544: 5527:Deutsche Welle 5514: 5478: 5442: 5406: 5366: 5336: 5306: 5276: 5246: 5235:. The Guardian 5223: 5198: 5168: 5138: 5108: 5078: 5048: 5030: 5008: 4985: 4966: 4946: 4937: 4907: 4900: 4879: 4866: 4830:(4): 432–453. 4807: 4742: 4685: 4659: 4630: 4623: 4601: 4570: 4531: 4453: 4404: 4374: 4351: 4292: 4266: 4230: 4179: 4152:(3): 619–624. 4136: 4109:(3): 689–694. 4093: 4064: 4046: 4020: 3994: 3964: 3940: 3910: 3847: 3817: 3786: 3745: 3710: 3696:10.1.1.536.519 3665: 3646:(4): 347–356. 3630: 3617:(3): 199–205. 3595: 3576:(4): 335–347. 3560: 3553: 3535: 3501:(4): 477–499. 3478: 3429: 3422: 3404: 3370: 3356: 3336: 3308: 3296: 3287: 3282:britannica.com 3269: 3256: 3226: 3180: 3161:(4): 635–652. 3139: 3116: 3081: 3050: 3019: 3012: 2992: 2935: 2916: 2893: 2857: 2814: 2762: 2718: 2688: 2669: 2646: 2619: 2590: 2564: 2531: 2505: 2500:britannica.com 2487: 2482:britannica.com 2478:"Amazon River" 2469: 2442: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2433: 2432: 2405: 2346: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2339: 2338: 2333: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2319: 2314: 2309: 2304: 2298: 2293: 2287: 2282: 2275: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2226: 2224: 2221: 2197:Aripuanã River 2166: 2163: 2158:Jair Bolsonaro 2086: 2079: 2039:cumulus clouds 2012: 2011:Remote sensing 2009: 1910: 1909: 1906: 1899: 1897: 1894: 1887: 1885: 1878: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1859: 1746:climate change 1742:computer model 1730:global warming 1695: 1692: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1676: 1674: 1671: 1664: 1662: 1656: 1649: 1647: 1644: 1637: 1623:Main article: 1620: 1617: 1613:satellite data 1537:Vale do Javari 1506:soil fertility 1502:slash and burn 1450: 1443: 1442: 1434: 1427: 1426: 1422: 1415: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1411: 1396:Main article: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1382: 1375: 1373: 1367: 1360: 1358: 1350: 1343: 1341: 1334: 1327: 1325: 1319: 1312: 1310: 1305: 1298: 1296: 1291: 1284: 1282: 1279:Green anaconda 1277: 1270: 1268: 1263: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1242: 1240: 1235: 1228: 1226: 1221: 1214: 1212: 1205: 1198: 1196: 1191: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1170: 1168: 1163: 1156: 1154: 1149: 1142: 1075: 1074: 1071: 1065: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1051: 1045: 1044: 1041: 1035: 1034: 1031: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1015: 1014: 1011: 1005: 1004: 1001: 886: 883: 844: 841: 810:Solimões Basin 802:Amazonas Basin 790:drainage basin 763:Middle Miocene 741:Following the 724:Atlantic Ocean 696: 693: 687: 684: 682: 679: 637:Cândido Rondon 455:archaeological 433:Members of an 377: 374: 337: 334: 253:, followed by 211:, also called 203: 202: 199: 195: 194: 162: 158: 157: 114: 110: 109: 105: 104: 89: 81: 80: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9476: 9465: 9462: 9460: 9457: 9455: 9452: 9450: 9447: 9445: 9442: 9440: 9437: 9435: 9432: 9430: 9427: 9425: 9422: 9420: 9417: 9415: 9412: 9410: 9407: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9379: 9375: 9371: 9363: 9362: 9359: 9353: 9350: 9348: 9345: 9343: 9340: 9338: 9335: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9323: 9320: 9318: 9315: 9313: 9310: 9309: 9307: 9305: 9301: 9295: 9292: 9290: 9287: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9278: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9253: 9251: 9249: 9245: 9239: 9236: 9234: 9231: 9227: 9224: 9223: 9222: 9219: 9218: 9216: 9214: 9209: 9203: 9200: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9182: 9181: 9180:Pacific Ocean 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9159: 9156: 9155: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9146: 9142: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9120: 9117: 9116: 9115: 9114:Pacific Ocean 9112: 9108: 9105: 9104: 9103: 9100: 9094: 9091: 9089: 9086: 9084: 9081: 9080: 9079: 9076: 9074: 9071: 9069: 9068:Caribbean Sea 9066: 9064: 9061: 9059: 9056: 9055: 9054: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9045: 9043: 9041: 9036: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9019: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9010:by population 9008: 9006: 9003: 9002: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8984: 8983:South America 8981: 8977: 8974: 8972: 8969: 8968: 8967: 8966:North America 8964: 8963: 8962: 8959: 8957: 8954: 8953: 8951: 8949: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8935: 8923: 8920: 8919: 8918: 8917:Southern Cone 8915: 8913: 8910: 8908: 8905: 8903: 8900: 8898: 8895: 8893: 8892:Andean States 8890: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8873: 8872: 8870: 8868: 8867:South America 8864: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8836: 8833: 8832: 8831: 8828: 8824: 8821: 8817: 8814: 8812: 8809: 8807: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8799: 8798: 8797: 8794: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8779: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8755: 8752: 8750: 8747: 8745: 8742: 8740: 8737: 8735: 8732: 8728: 8725: 8723: 8720: 8718: 8715: 8713: 8710: 8708: 8705: 8703: 8700: 8698: 8695: 8693: 8690: 8688: 8685: 8683: 8680: 8678: 8675: 8673: 8670: 8668: 8665: 8663: 8660: 8658: 8655: 8653: 8650: 8648: 8645: 8643: 8640: 8638: 8635: 8633: 8630: 8629: 8628: 8625: 8623: 8620: 8618: 8615: 8613: 8610: 8608: 8605: 8603: 8600: 8599: 8597: 8595: 8594:North America 8591: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8570: 8567: 8563: 8560: 8558: 8557:Low Countries 8555: 8553: 8550: 8549: 8548: 8545: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8533:South-western 8531: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8521:South-eastern 8519: 8515: 8512: 8511: 8510: 8509:South-central 8507: 8505: 8502: 8500: 8499:Mediterranean 8497: 8496: 8495: 8492: 8486: 8483: 8482: 8481: 8478: 8476: 8473: 8471: 8468: 8466: 8465:British Isles 8463: 8461: 8458: 8457: 8456: 8453: 8449: 8446: 8444: 8441: 8437: 8434: 8432: 8429: 8427: 8424: 8423: 8422: 8419: 8417: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8395: 8385: 8382: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8363: 8362:Levantine Sea 8360: 8358: 8355: 8354: 8353: 8350: 8346: 8343: 8342: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8331: 8330: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8320: 8319: 8316: 8312: 8309: 8307: 8304: 8302: 8299: 8298: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8272: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8259: 8258: 8255: 8249: 8246: 8245: 8244: 8241: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8220: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8212: 8208: 8205: 8203: 8200: 8198: 8195: 8194: 8193: 8190: 8188: 8185: 8184: 8182: 8180: 8176: 8168: 8165: 8164: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8151: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8138: 8134: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8106: 8105: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8095: 8094: 8091: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8070: 8067: 8066: 8065: 8062: 8061: 8060: 8057: 8055: 8054:Mediterranean 8052: 8051: 8049: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8026: 8023: 8022: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8013: 8011: 8008: 8006: 8003: 7999: 7996: 7995: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7986: 7982: 7976: 7973: 7971: 7968: 7966: 7963: 7961: 7958: 7956: 7953: 7951: 7948: 7947: 7945: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7912: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7887: 7885: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7860: 7855: 7853: 7848: 7846: 7841: 7840: 7837: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7814:Komodo Island 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7791: 7788: 7787: 7784: 7780: 7773: 7768: 7766: 7761: 7759: 7754: 7753: 7750: 7744: 7743:in the Amazon 7740: 7736: 7733: 7732:Oriel College 7729: 7726: 7723: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7706: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7678: 7675: 7674: 7660:September 25, 7652: 7647: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7614: 7612: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7583: 7581: 7580:9780002158862 7577: 7573: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7542:9780520316126 7538: 7534: 7529: 7526: 7522: 7519: 7515: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7491: 7488: 7484: 7483: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7437: 7433: 7426: 7411: 7407: 7400: 7384: 7380: 7374: 7359: 7353: 7337: 7333: 7327: 7311: 7307: 7301: 7285: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7241: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7211: 7195: 7191: 7187: 7181: 7165: 7161: 7155: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7108: 7104: 7100: 7093: 7086: 7082: 7079: 7074: 7067: 7063: 7059: 7056: 7051: 7044: 7040: 7036: 7033: 7028: 7020: 7016: 7012: 7008: 7003: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6986: 6982: 6978: 6971: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6932: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6905: 6900: 6896: 6892: 6888: 6884: 6880: 6873: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6850: 6843: 6842: 6837: 6833: 6830: 6825: 6818: 6814: 6810: 6807: 6802: 6786: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6737: 6722: 6718: 6714: 6710: 6703: 6695: 6691: 6686: 6681: 6677: 6673: 6669: 6665: 6661: 6654: 6638: 6634: 6630: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6595: 6580: 6576: 6570: 6554: 6550: 6543: 6527: 6523: 6517: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6486: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6410: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6379: 6371: 6367: 6362: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6329: 6322: 6306: 6302: 6295: 6279: 6275: 6268: 6260: 6256: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6203: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6160: 6156: 6152: 6145: 6137: 6121: 6117: 6113: 6106: 6099: 6095: 6092: 6087: 6081: 6077: 6072: 6067: 6063: 6059: 6055: 6051: 6047: 6039: 6037: 6025:September 15, 6020: 6016: 6012: 6006: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5964: 5960: 5954: 5938: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5919: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5900: 5892: 5888: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5868: 5864: 5857: 5850: 5846: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5831: 5823: 5819: 5815: 5811: 5806: 5801: 5796: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5763: 5756: 5752: 5748: 5745: 5739: 5732: 5731: 5726: 5722: 5719: 5713: 5697: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5666: 5662: 5658: 5651: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5592: 5583: 5579: 5575: 5571: 5567: 5563: 5559: 5555: 5548: 5532: 5528: 5524: 5518: 5502: 5498: 5494: 5493: 5488: 5482: 5466: 5463: 5459: 5458: 5453: 5446: 5430: 5427: 5423: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5376: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5346: 5340: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5310: 5294: 5290: 5286: 5280: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5250: 5234: 5227: 5212: 5208: 5202: 5186: 5182: 5175: 5173: 5156: 5152: 5151:wwf.panda.org 5148: 5142: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5112: 5096: 5092: 5088: 5082: 5075: 5071: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5034: 5015: 5011: 5005: 4998: 4997: 4989: 4973: 4969: 4963: 4959: 4958: 4950: 4941: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4911: 4903: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4883: 4873: 4871: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4825: 4818: 4811: 4803: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4746: 4738: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4720: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4700: 4696: 4689: 4673: 4669: 4663: 4648: 4644: 4637: 4635: 4626: 4620: 4615: 4614: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4574: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538:● 2021 data: 4535: 4524:September 11, 4519: 4515: 4511: 4507: 4503: 4499: 4495: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4460: 4458: 4449: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4378: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4296: 4280: 4276: 4270: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4234: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4140: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4108: 4104: 4097: 4081: 4077: 4076: 4068: 4060: 4056: 4050: 4034: 4030: 4024: 4009: 4005: 3998: 3982: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3962: 3961:0-521-80183-4 3958: 3955:, Cambridge. 3954: 3950: 3944: 3928: 3924: 3920: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3897: 3892: 3887: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3851: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3805: 3801: 3797: 3790: 3781: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3760: 3756: 3749: 3741: 3737: 3733: 3729: 3725: 3721: 3714: 3706: 3702: 3697: 3692: 3688: 3684: 3680: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3634: 3625: 3620: 3616: 3612: 3611: 3606: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3571: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3546: 3539: 3528:September 25, 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3496: 3489: 3482: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3433: 3425: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3390: 3383: 3382: 3374: 3359: 3357:0-929292-86-3 3353: 3349: 3348: 3340: 3332: 3328: 3324: 3323: 3318: 3312: 3305: 3300: 3291: 3283: 3279: 3273: 3266: 3260: 3249:September 12, 3244: 3240: 3236: 3230: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3184: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3150: 3143: 3135: 3131: 3127: 3120: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3085: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3054: 3038: 3034: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3015: 3009: 3005: 3004: 2996: 2988: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2939: 2923: 2919: 2913: 2909: 2908: 2900: 2898: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2873: 2868: 2861: 2853: 2849: 2845: 2841: 2837: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2810: 2806: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2774: 2766: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2730: 2722: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2692: 2676: 2672: 2666: 2662: 2661: 2653: 2651: 2634: 2633: 2626: 2624: 2607: 2603: 2597: 2595: 2578: 2574: 2568: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2538: 2536: 2519: 2515: 2509: 2501: 2497: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2473: 2457: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2429: 2428: 2423: 2422: 2417: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2390: 2385: 2381:, or usually 2379: 2374: 2370: 2365: 2360: 2356: 2351: 2347: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2323: 2322: 2318: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2308: 2305: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2291: 2288: 2286: 2283: 2280: 2277: 2276: 2273:Organizations 2272: 2271: 2266: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2256: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2241: 2238: 2236: 2233: 2231: 2228: 2227: 2220: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2206: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2188: 2186: 2178: 2174: 2172: 2162: 2159: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2143: 2141: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2106:tipping point 2103: 2099: 2096:reported the 2095: 2094: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2066: 2064: 2060: 2055: 2052: 2048: 2040: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2008: 2006: 2001: 1997: 1994: 1989: 1987: 1983: 1977: 1975: 1974:deforestation 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1935:Deforestation 1932: 1926: 1925:French Guiana 1922: 1918: 1914: 1903: 1898: 1891: 1886: 1882: 1875: 1870: 1863: 1858: 1857: 1856: 1852: 1849: 1847: 1842: 1838: 1836: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1819: 1811: 1806: 1802: 1800: 1799:intact forest 1796: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1772: 1767: 1763: 1760: 1756: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1738: 1735: 1734:carbon stores 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1710: 1705: 1701: 1691: 1680: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1660: 1653: 1648: 1641: 1636: 1635: 1634: 1632: 1626: 1616: 1614: 1610: 1605: 1603: 1598: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1567: 1564: 1561: 1556: 1548: 1544: 1538: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1517: 1515: 1510: 1507: 1503: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1491:tipping point 1487: 1486:Deforestation 1479: 1472: 1469: 1464: 1454: 1447: 1438: 1431: 1419: 1409: 1405: 1399: 1392:Deforestation 1385: 1379: 1374: 1370: 1369:Scarlet macaw 1364: 1359: 1355: 1354: 1347: 1342: 1338: 1331: 1326: 1322: 1316: 1311: 1308: 1302: 1297: 1294: 1288: 1283: 1280: 1274: 1269: 1266: 1260: 1255: 1252: 1246: 1241: 1238: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1218: 1213: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1197: 1194: 1193:Howler monkey 1188: 1183: 1180: 1174: 1169: 1166: 1165:Mygalomorphae 1160: 1155: 1152: 1146: 1141: 1140: 1139: 1135: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1097:electric eels 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1066: 1062: 1060: 1057: 1056: 1052: 1050: 1047: 1046: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1036: 1032: 1030: 1027: 1026: 1022: 1020: 1017: 1016: 1012: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1002: 999: 998: 992: 990: 989:invertebrates 985: 984:respiration. 981: 979: 973: 971: 967: 963: 959: 955: 950: 948: 944: 941: 937: 933: 929: 921: 916: 909: 905: 904:Deforestation 901: 896: 892: 882: 879: 877: 872: 868: 865: 860: 858: 854: 850: 840: 837: 833: 829: 822: 817: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 778: 774: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 721: 714: 709: 701: 692: 678: 676: 671: 669: 666:known as the 665: 661: 660:Richard Mason 656: 654: 650: 646: 642: 638: 633: 631: 627: 623: 618: 616: 612: 608: 603: 601: 597: 596:headshrinking 593: 589: 585: 580: 578: 574: 569: 565: 561: 560: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 538:Pre-Columbian 535: 530: 528: 524: 523:Percy Fawcett 520: 516: 511: 510: 505: 501: 496: 494: 489: 487: 483: 479: 475: 474:Betty Meggers 471: 466: 464: 460: 456: 447: 440: 436: 431: 424: 419: 412: 408: 402: 401: 396: 392: 387: 383: 373: 371: 367: 363: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 333: 331: 326: 325:deforestation 321: 319: 314: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 276: 272: 271:French Guiana 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 245: 241: 237: 236:South America 233: 229: 225: 222: 218: 214: 213:Amazon jungle 210: 200: 196: 191: 163: 159: 156: 152: 148: 144: 140: 136: 135: 134:French Guiana 130: 126: 122: 118: 115: 111: 106: 101: 97: 93: 87: 82: 78: 74: 68: 64: 58: 54: 47: 44: 40: 33: 19: 9414:Amazon River 9409:Amazon biome 9404:Amazon basin 9376: / 9374:List of seas 9372: / 9337:Global South 9322:Global North 9256:Atlantic Rim 9195:Ring of Fire 9175:Indian Ocean 9165:Arctic Ocean 9107:Persian Gulf 9102:Indian Ocean 9083:Adriatic Sea 9048:Arctic Ocean 8884: 8880:Amazon Basin 8875:Amazon Plain 8847:Near Oceania 8652:Mid-Atlantic 8602:Aridoamerica 8562:Northwestern 8475:Northwestern 8448:Southeastern 8340:Greater Iran 8279:Southeastern 8274:Pacific Asia 8243:Pacific Asia 8231:Northeastern 8187:Asia–Pacific 7930:Fourth World 7920:Second World 7789: 7710:amazonia.org 7658:. 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The BBC's 531: 507: 500:Amazon River 497: 490: 477: 467: 463:forest cover 452: 398: 353: 341: 339: 323:Large scale 322: 315: 248: 232:Amazon basin 228:Amazon biome 216: 212: 208: 206: 132: 43: 9444:Rainforests 9352:Global West 9312:Global East 9271:Pacific Rim 9213:waterbodies 9202:World Ocean 9027:New Zealand 8907:The Guianas 8796:Australasia 8739:West Indies 8667:New England 8647:Great Lakes 8617:Mesoamerica 8504:Middle East 8480:Scandinavia 8369:Middle East 8207:Caspian Sea 8113:Great Lakes 8093:Sub-Saharan 8079:Middle East 7942:Hemispheres 7925:Third World 7915:First World 7868:'s primary 7809:Jeju Island 7799:Hạ Long Bay 7290:November 5, 6670:(1): 1–31. 6559:December 3, 6506:February 6, 6383:Fox, Alex. 6311:November 8, 6284:November 8, 5457:cbsnews.com 5101:November 3, 4859:October 27, 4195:(1): 1–14. 2681:October 12, 2583:November 5, 2557:October 18, 2462:October 11, 2045:The use of 1774: [ 1611:, based on 1579:gold mining 1571:cassiterite 1560:fossil fuel 1471:forest loss 1321:Bullet ants 1265:Bald uakari 968:species in 784:During the 653:Xingu River 645:Mato Grosso 620:During the 592:headhunting 559:terra preta 470:agriculture 185: / 161:Coordinates 90:Map of the 9393:Categories 9093:Ionian Sea 9088:Aegean Sea 9058:Baltic Sea 8990:Antarctica 8842:Micronesia 8811:New Guinea 8769:Portuguese 8692:West Coast 8642:East Coast 8637:Bible Belt 8632:Appalachia 8311:Subregions 8219:Inner Asia 8137:Antarctica 8037:Continents 8010:Antarctica 7985:Landmasses 7895:Down Under 7890:Arab World 7874:subregions 7646:10535/2768 7611:0804711682 7260:October 2, 7230:August 11, 7200:August 13, 6960:October 6, 6726:August 11, 6584:January 9, 5702:October 8, 5537:August 22, 5507:August 21, 5471:August 21, 5435:August 21, 5399:August 21, 5385:BBC Online 5299:August 25, 5269:August 25, 5239:August 20, 5216:August 20, 5191:August 22, 4978:August 19, 4652:October 6, 4285:August 19, 3933:August 14, 3681:(8): 725. 3398:August 25, 3322:The Herald 3149:BioScience 2928:August 24, 2697:"Yanomami" 2438:References 2355:Portuguese 2324:Technology 2192:ecotourism 2171:World Bank 2073:(SAR) and 2035:atmosphere 2015:See also: 1970:it absorbs 1846:Ecuadorian 1748:caused by 1744:of future 1698:See also: 1619:2019 fires 1402:See also: 1109:lipophilic 1049:Amphibians 889:See also: 857:phosphorus 828:vegetation 794:Purus Arch 786:mid-Eocene 550:wilderness 380:See also: 330:World Bank 307:biodiverse 257:with 13%, 240:rainforest 53:Portuguese 9289:Antarctic 9073:Irish Sea 9063:Black Sea 9022:Australia 8971:Caribbean 8948:continent 8922:Patagonia 8852:Polynesia 8830:Melanesia 8823:Zealandia 8801:Australia 8687:Southwest 8607:Caribbean 8384:Near East 8025:submerged 8020:Zealandia 8015:Australia 7905:Old World 7900:New World 7363:March 19, 7113:August 8, 7019:247255222 7011:1758-6798 6913:2375-2548 6721:1059-1028 6633:128603494 6555:. Reuters 6465:235906356 6449:0028-0836 6399:April 19, 6241:2375-2548 6187:222080850 6091:CC BY 4.0 6080:2624-893X 5969:April 28, 5822:253666282 5814:1748-9326 5259:France 24 4832:CiteSeerX 4784:2375-2548 4514:237388791 4498:1476-4687 4189:Oecologia 4013:March 29, 3691:CiteSeerX 3416:. Wiley. 3091:Antiquity 2969:0962-8452 2881:0362-4331 2757:129231783 2412:Many are 1951:Argentina 1837:efforts. 1808:A map of 1583:manganese 1353:Pipa pipa 1339:, Ecuador 1208:Heliconia 1029:Epiphytes 804:. 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