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The perpetually warm, wet climate makes these environments more productive than any other terrestrial environment on Earth and promotes explosive plant growth. A tree here may grow over 23 m (75 ft) in height in just 5 years. From above, the forest appears as an unending sea of green,
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on Earth: Half of the world's species may live in these forests, where a square kilometer may be home to more than 1,000 tree species. These forests are found around the world, particularly in the
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The status of monsoon vine forests in the
Northern Territory: a perspective. In 'The rainforest legacy: Australian national rainforests study. Special Australian heritage publication series 7(1)
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107:, TSMF are characterized by low variability in annual temperature and high levels of rainfall of more than 2,000 mm (79 in) annually. Forest composition is dominated by
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a low, often impenetrable dense forest of tangled tropical shrub and small trees. It is usually found in marshy areas but also on dry land in certain places. The term is used in
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now cover less than 6% of Earth's land surface. Scientists estimate that more than half of all the world's plant and animal species live in tropical rainforests.
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with more than 2000 mm, or 80 inches, annually) throughout the year. These forests occur in a belt around the equator, with the largest areas in the
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871:'Rainforests of Western Australia'. In 'The rainforest legacy: Australian national rainforests study'. Special Australian heritage publication series 7(1)
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are found in cooler-climate mountainous areas. Those with elevations high enough to regularly encounter low-level cloud cover are known as
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Desarrollo sostenible y medio ambiente en República
Dominicana: Medios naturales, manejo histórico, conservación y protección.
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2013:
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Terborgh, J; Winter, B (1983). "A method for siting parks and reserves with special reference to
Colombia and Ecuador".
397:. Some trees in these forests drop some or all of their leaves during the winter dry season. These forests are found in
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188:. The forest floor, relatively clear of undergrowth due to the thick canopy above, is prowled by other animals such as
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TSMF is generally found in large, discontinuous patches centered on the equatorial belt and between the
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An ecological survey of the monsoon forests of the north-western region of the
Northern Territory
884:
783:
438:
254:
73:
794:(3). British Ecological Society : Journal of Ecology Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 551-570: 551–570.
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4183:
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16:"Tropical evergreen forest" redirects here. For the tropical evergreen coniferous forests, see
142:
broken only by occasional, taller "emergent" trees. These towering emergents are the realm of
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8:
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345:. About half of the world's tropical rainforests are in the South American countries of
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53:
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50:
6840:
National
Environmental Management: Integrated Coastal Management Act, 24 of 2008
304:
classification scheme, and includes moist forests, wet forests, and rainforests.
6765:
1818:
1674:
1653:
1643:
629:
169:, a medium layer of canopy, lower canopy, shrub level, and finally understory.
166:
112:
68:
1253:
1236:
990:
Cámara
Artigas, Rafael; Martínez Batlle, José Ramón; Díaz del Olmo, Fernando.
6918:
6755:
1571:
1521:
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920:
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is highest in the forest canopy. The canopy can be divided into five layers:
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1679:
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1017:
958:
938:
888:
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829:
693:
477:
428:
326:
208:
200:
158:
131:
786:(1 Oct 1959). "A Physiognomic Classification of Australian Rain Forests".
6552:
5739:
1536:
460:
410:
330:
151:
135:
46:
296:
6725:
6366:
3152:
1765:
1541:
815:
394:
390:
354:
268: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
204:
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418:
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162:
123:
108:
807:
243:
3185:
3059:
2838:
1587:
1531:
1494:
674:
List of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests ecoregions
481:
464:
223:
212:
143:
6845:
National
Environmental Management: Protected Areas Act, 57 of 2003
2896:
905:
300:
Tropical and subtropical moist forests (TSMF) as shown within the
6563:
Percy FitzPatrick
Institute of African Ornithology Virtual Museum
6534:
3284:
1489:
1076:. Oxford Monographs on Biogeography. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
227:
199:
All levels of these forests contain an unparalleled diversity of
189:
185:
2849:
List of marine invertebrates of the Cape
Peninsula and False Bay
1147:
Island Africa: the evolution of Africa's rare animals and plants
30:
Distribution of tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
6835:
4115:
3167:
1463:
1353:
1281:
NASA picture of the afforestation of the earth in the year 2002
1237:"New Caledonia – a conservation imperative for an ancient land"
1023:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
964:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
944:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
855:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
835:
The Vegetation of the Humid Tropical Region of North Queensland
346:
334:
177:
147:
26:
2854:
List of marine vertebrates of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
1177:
Biogeography and ecology of the rain forests of eastern Africa
1132:
Review of the protected areas system in the Afrotropical Realm
172:
The canopy is home to many of the forest's animals, including
6557:
3259:
1358:
1329:
1016:
957:
937:
848:
828:
181:
93:
1162:
Forest conservation in the East Usambara Mountains, Tanzania
919:
744:"Tropical and Subtropical Moist Broadleaf Forest Ecoregions"
230:. An area the size of Ireland is destroyed every few years.
1516:
927:. Rainforest CRC – via National Library of Australia.
452:
350:
193:
2864:
List of brown seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
2859:
List of green seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
2812:
List of Southern African indigenous trees and woody lianes
1149:. Princeton, New Jersey, USA: Princeton University Press.
868:
735: This article incorporates text available under the
173:
6482:
South African Association for Marine Biological Research
3258:
2869:
List of red seaweeds of the Cape Peninsula and False Bay
1074:
Biogeography and Quaternary history in tropical America
741:
389:): receiving high overall rainfall with a warm summer
23:
Habitat type defined by the World Wide Fund for Nature
3090:
Drakensberg montane grasslands, woodlands and forests
1286:
BBC video clips and details of the species found here
1234:
1159:
979:
Diccionario provincial casi-razonado de vozes cubanas
226:, while others are subject to large-scale commercial
215:
that can grow over 30 cm (1 ft) in length.
605:
5886:
1204:
6330:Southeast Atlantic Seamounts Marine Protected Area
6214:Table Mountain National Park Marine Protected Area
4937:Southern Namaqualand Quartzite Klipkoppe Shrubland
1320:
1235:Mittermeier, R.A.; Werner, T.B.; Lees, A. (1996).
1103:
476:A number of TSMF ecoregions are notable for their
6377:Department of Environment, Forestry and Fisheries
6103:Addo Elephant National Park Marine Protected Area
3085:Drakensberg alti-montane grasslands and woodlands
6925:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
6916:
6492:South African Institute for Aquatic Biodiversity
1848:
895:, Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service
180:. Below the canopy, a lower understory hosts to
35:Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests
6679:List of authors of South African botanical taxa
6487:South African Environmental Observation Network
6428:
6335:Southwest Indian Seamount Marine Protected Area
2839:Regional taxon checklists and other minor lists
6746:International Union for Conservation of Nature
4622:Nieuwoudtville-Roggeveld Dolerite Renosterveld
2797:List of invasive plant species in South Africa
1950:
1189:
1110:. San Diego, California, USA: Academic Press.
1071:
1036:
6497:South African National Biodiversity Institute
1894:
1834:
1306:
1213:. National Geographic Society. Archived from
1089:Phytogeography and vegetation ecology of Cuba
1005:Diccionario de voces indígenas de Puerto Rico
906:Russell-Smith, Jeremy; Dunlop, Clyde (1987),
767:
308:The biome includes several types of forests:
6776:South African Sustainable Seafood Initiative
6684:List of authors of South African animal taxa
6658:University of KwaZulu-Natal Botanical Garden
6402:Nelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality
4907:Richtersveld Sandy Coastal Scorpionstailveld
1272:Facts about the world's tropical rainforests
1179:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
1174:
6863:List of field guides to South African biota
6830:National Environmental Management Act, 1998
6736:Environmental impact of recreational diving
6340:Port Elizabeth Corals Marine Protected Area
6320:Prince Edward Islands Marine Protected Area
6310:Namaqua Fossil Forest Marine Protected Area
6305:iSimangaliso Offshore Marine Protected Area
6174:Namaqua National Park Marine Protected Area
5785:Subantarctic Biotic Herbfield and Grassland
1454:Mediterranean forests, woodlands, and scrub
321:, are forests which receive high rainfall (
18:tropical and subtropical coniferous forests
6895:
6454:South African National Collection of Fungi
6250:Agulhas Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
5700:Pondoland-Natal Sandstone Coastal Sourveld
3100:Maputaland–Pondoland bushland and thickets
1841:
1827:
1313:
1299:
877:
668:International Tropical Timber Organization
6285:Browns Bank Complex Marine Protected Area
4962:Stinkfonteinberge Eastern Apron Shrubland
4942:Southern Richtersveld Inselberg Shrubland
2371:
1252:
994:Sevilla 2012. ISBN 84-00-08392-X, p. 169.
313:Lowland equatorial evergreen rain forests
284:Learn how and when to remove this message
6653:Stellenbosch University Botanical Garden
6290:Browns Bank Corals Marine Protected Area
6204:Sixteen Mile Beach Marine Protected Area
6025:ǀAi-ǀAis/Richtersveld Transfrontier Park
5899:Index of protected areas of South Africa
3333:Dwarsberg-Swartruggens Mountain Bushveld
3275:List of vegetation types of South Africa
2817:List of botanists by author abbreviation
2792:List of invasive species in South Africa
2434:Whip spiders and tailless whip scorpions
925:"The rainforests of Cape York Peninsula"
417:, Northern Australia and across much of
295:
78:
67:
25:
6825:Marine Living Resources Act, 18 of 1998
6663:Walter Sisulu National Botanical Garden
6623:KwaZulu-Natal National Botanical Garden
6603:Harold Porter National Botanical Garden
6315:Orange Shelf Edge Marine Protected Area
6270:Amathole Offshore Marine Protected Area
5460:Southern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
5445:Northern Nababiepsberge Mountain Desert
5002:Vyftienmyl se Berge Succulent Shrubland
4947:Southern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
4867:Northern Richtersveld Scorpionstailveld
4727:Central Richtersveld Mountain Shrubland
3991:Southern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
3926:Northern Drakensberg Highland Grassland
3816:Drakensberg-Amathole Afromontane Fynbos
1160:Hamilton, AC; Bensted-Smith, R (1989).
1144:
1134:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN/UNEP. 1986a.
1101:
1086:
1072:Whitmore, TC; Prance, GT, eds. (1987).
580:Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests
6917:
6643:North-West University Botanical Garden
6638:Manie van der Schijff Botanical Garden
6618:Kirstenbosch National Botanical Garden
6613:Karoo Desert National Botanical Garden
6515:African Coelacanth Ecosystem Programme
6159:Langebaan Lagoon Marine Protected Area
4982:Tatasberg Mountain Succulent Shrubland
4484:Swartberg Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
4066:Waterberg-Magaliesberg Summit Sourveld
3996:Southern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
3951:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Moist Grassland
3941:Northern Escarpment Quartzite Sourveld
3936:Northern Escarpment Dolomite Grassland
3931:Northern Escarpment Afromontane Fynbos
6704:
6427:
5885:
5800:Subantarctic Drainage Line Vegetation
5551:Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands
4992:Upper Annisvlakte Succulent Shrubland
4952:Southern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
4872:Northern Richtersveld Yellow Duneveld
4519:Western Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
4384:Northern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
4214:Eastern Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
4199:Central Coastal Shale Band Vegetation
4046:Vaal Reefs Dolomite Sinkhole Woodland
3257:
2991:
2895:
2837:
2448:Alderflies, dobsonflies and fishflies
1893:
1822:
1294:
1175:Lovett, JC; Wasser, SK, eds. (1993).
1091:. Budapest, Hungary: Akadémiai Kiadó.
822:
725:
723:
721:
719:
717:
715:
713:
711:
709:
471:
6807:List of nature reserves in Cape Town
6588:Free State National Botanical Garden
6382:Department of Science and Innovation
6345:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
6229:uThukela Banks Marine Protected Area
5858:KwaZulu-Natal coastal lowland forest
4987:Umdaus Mountains Succulent Shrubland
4912:Riethuis-Wallekraal Quartz Vygieveld
4882:Piketberg Quartz Succulent Shrubland
4757:Goariep Mountain Succulent Shrubland
4577:Hantam Plateau Dolerite Renosterveld
4514:Western Altimontane Sandstone Fynbos
4219:Eastern Inland Shale Band Vegetation
4204:Central Inland Shale Band Vegetation
3961:Northern Zululand Mistbelt Grassland
3811:Drakensberg Foothill Moist Grassland
3176:Southern Indian Ocean Islands tundra
3045:Tropical and subtropical grasslands,
2807:List of slime moulds of South Africa
1438:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
1400:Grasslands, savannas, and shrublands
869:Beard, J.S.; Keneally, K.F. (1987),
782:
266:adding citations to reliable sources
237:
6397:iSimangaliso Wetland Park Authority
6280:Benguela Muds Marine Protected Area
6275:Benguela Bank Marine Protected Area
6255:Agulhas Front Marine Protected Area
6184:Robben Island Marine Protected Area
6169:Marcus Island Marine Protected Area
6164:Malgas Island Marine Protected Area
6154:Jutten Island Marine Protected Area
5965:Golden Gate Highlands National Park
5865:List of forests of the Western Cape
5843:List of forests of the Eastern Cape
5790:Subantarctic Cinder Cone Vegetation
4557:Central Mountain Shale Renosterveld
3403:Koranna-Langeberg Mountain Bushveld
2918:Maputaland-Pondoland-Albany Hotspot
1866:Marine biodiversity of South Africa
776:
515:Northwestern Andean montane forests
13:
6648:Pretoria National Botanical Garden
6325:Protea Banks Marine Protected Area
6265:Aliwal Shoal Marine Protected Area
6260:Agulhas Muds Marine Protected Area
6199:Sardinia Bay Marine Protected Area
6149:iSimangaliso Marine Protected Area
5636:Subtropical Estuarine Salt Marshes
4752:Eenriet Plains Succulent Shrubland
4469:Stinkfonteinberge Quartzite Fynbos
4434:South Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
4354:North Kammanassie Sandstone Fynbos
3831:Eastern Free State Sandy Grassland
3761:Amersfoort Highveld Clay Grassland
3423:KwaZulu-Natal Hinterland Thornveld
3055:Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands
3030:KwaZulu–Cape coastal forest mosaic
3005:List of ecoregions in South Africa
706:
662:Center for Tropical Forest Science
14:
6956:
6628:Lowveld National Botanical Garden
6300:Childs Bank Marine Protected Area
6295:Cape Canyon Marine Protected Area
6224:Tsitsikamma Marine Protected Area
6128:Dwesa-Cwebe Marine Protected Area
6118:Bird Island Marine Protected Area
6113:Betty's Bay Marine Protected Area
6050:Gouritz Cluster Biosphere Reserve
5810:Subantarctic Fernbrake Vegetation
4932:Rosyntjieberg Succulent Shrubland
4827:Namaqualand Heuweltjie Strandveld
4617:Nieuwoudtville Shale Renosterveld
4597:Matjiesfontein Shale Renosterveld
4071:Western Free State Clay Grassland
3886:Lesotho Highland Basalt Grassland
3826:Eastern Free State Clay Grassland
3708:Western Maputaland Sandy Bushveld
2802:List of Oomycetes of South Africa
1364:Montane grasslands and shrublands
1265:
1205:World Wildlife Fund, ed. (2001).
559:Coastal forests of eastern Africa
498:in Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay
6894:
6884:
6883:
6781:World Register of Marine Species
6598:Hantam National Botanical Garden
6520:National Biodiversity Assessment
6138:Helderberg Marine Protected Area
6045:Cape Winelands Biosphere Reserve
5661:Upper Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
5621:Subantarctic Kelp Bed Vegetation
5576:Lower Gariep Alluvial Vegetation
5531:Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetlands
5526:Cape Lowland Alluvial Vegetation
4877:Oograbies Plains Sandy Grassland
4852:Namaqualand Spinescent Grassland
4682:Western Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
4612:Namaqualand Granite Renosterveld
4572:Eastern Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
4562:Central Ruêns Shale Renosterveld
4542:Baviaanskloof Shale Renosterveld
4459:South Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
4454:South Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
4444:South Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
4439:South Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
4379:North Swartberg Sandstone Fynbos
4374:North Sonderend Sandstone Fynbos
4364:North Outeniqua Sandstone Fynbos
4359:North Langeberg Sandstone Fynbos
4081:Western Lesotho Basalt Shrubland
4076:Western Highveld Sandy Grassland
4056:Vredefort Dome Granite Grassland
4011:Steenkampsberg Montane Grassland
3956:Northern KwaZulu-Natal Shrubland
3876:KwaZulu-Natal Highland Thornveld
3806:Drakensberg Afroalpine Heathland
3796:Carletonville Dolomite Grassland
3703:Western Maputaland Clay Bushveld
3593:Poung Dolomite Mountain Bushveld
3428:KwaZulu-Natal Sandstone Sourveld
3035:Maputaland coastal forest mosaic
2787:List of bacteria of South Africa
2454:Booklice, barklice and barkflies
730:
636:
622:
608:
521:Guayanan Highlands moist forests
242:
6525:National Vegetation Map Project
6219:Trafalgar Marine Protected Area
6189:Rocherpan Marine Protected Area
6179:Pondoland Marine Protected Area
5888:Protected areas of South Africa
5838:List of forests of South Africa
5795:Subantarctic Coastal Vegetation
5651:Subtropical Seashore Vegetation
5641:Subtropical Freshwater Wetlands
5626:Subtropical Alluvial Vegetation
5596:Namaqualand Seashore Vegetation
4887:Platbakkies Succulent Shrubland
4842:Namaqualand Klipkoppe Shrubland
4717:Bushmanland Inselberg Shrubland
4677:Vanrhynsdorp Shale Renosterveld
4667:Swartland Silcrete Renosterveld
4652:Swartland Alluvium Renosterveld
4449:South Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
4369:North Rooiberg Sandstone Fynbos
4329:Matjiesfontein Quartzite Fynbos
3966:Paulpietersburg Moist Grassland
3628:South Eastern Coastal Thornveld
3573:Phalaborwa-Timbavati Mopaneveld
3348:Gauteng Shale Mountain Bushveld
3130:Montane fynbos and renosterveld
3125:Lowland fynbos and renosterveld
2499:Sawflies, wasps, bees, and ants
1480:Flooded grasslands and savannas
1228:
1198:
1183:
1168:
1153:
1138:
1124:
1095:
1080:
1065:
1030:
1010:
1003:Hernández Aquino, Luis (1993).
997:
984:
971:
951:
931:
375:semi-evergreen (mixed) seasonal
253:needs additional citations for
6209:Stilbaai Marine Protected Area
6133:Goukamma Marine Protected Area
6108:Amathole Marine Protected Area
6065:Magaliesberg Biosphere Reserve
5455:Richtersveld Sheet Wash Desert
5405:Alexander Bay Coastal Duneveld
4862:Northern Knersvlakte Vygieveld
4802:Lekkersing Succulent Shrubland
4797:Kosiesberg Succulent Shrubland
4792:Koedoesberge-Moordenaars Karoo
4777:Knersvlakte Dolomite Vygieveld
4767:Kamiesberg Mountains Shrubland
4657:Swartland Granite Renosterveld
4632:Robertson Granite Renosterveld
4061:Wakkerstroom Montane Grassland
3891:Low Escarpment Moist Grassland
3791:Bloemfontein Karroid Shrubland
3678:Tshokwane-Hlane Basalt Lowveld
3638:Soutpansberg Mountain Bushveld
3368:Gordonia Kameeldoring Bushveld
3065:Zambezian and mopane woodlands
3025:Knysna–Amatole montane forests
2992:
2560:Marine heterobranch gastropods
1793:Ecological land classification
1322:Biogeographic regionalisations
913:
899:
862:
842:
761:
575:Sri Lanka lowland rain forests
547:Albertine Rift montane forests
490:Southwest Amazon moist forests
341:in Australia and parts of the
63:
1:
6608:Johannesburg Botanical Garden
6593:Garden Route Botanical Garden
6194:Robberg Marine Protected Area
6143:Hluleka Marine Protected Area
6123:De Hoop Marine Protected Area
5933:Augrabies Falls National Park
5750:Southern Afrotemperate Forest
5725:Northern Afrotemperate Forest
5470:Western Gariep Lowland Desert
5251:Saldanha Limestone Strandveld
5171:Grahamstown Grassland Thicket
4897:Richtersveld Coastal Duneveld
4892:Prince Albert Succulent Karoo
4807:Little Karoo Quartz Vygieveld
4737:Die Plate Succulent Shrubland
4722:Central Knersvlakte Vygieveld
4607:Mossel Bay Shale Renosterveld
4582:Humansdorp Shale Renosterveld
4499:Swartruggens Quartzite Fynbos
4304:Kouga Grassy Sandstone Fynbos
4294:Kouebokkeveld Alluvium Fynbos
3946:Northern Free State Shrubland
3916:Mooi River Highland Grassland
3578:Pilanesberg Mountain Bushveld
3568:Olifantshoek Plains Thornveld
3558:Nwambyia-Pumbe Sandy Bushveld
3303:Barberton Serpentine Sourveld
1192:Madagascar: A natural history
1018:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
959:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
939:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
889:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
850:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
830:Tracey, J. G. (John Geoffrey)
699:
652:Tropical dry broadleaf forest
401:, parts of South America, in
387:Köppen climate classification
6890:Biodiversity of South Africa
6449:National Research Foundation
6407:South African National Parks
6010:Table Mountain National Park
6000:Mountain Zebra National Park
5975:Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park
5561:Highveld Alluvial Vegetation
5475:Western Gariep Plains Desert
5450:Richtersberg Mountain Desert
5410:Eastern Gariep Plains Desert
5201:Koedoeskloof Karroid Thicket
5096:Crossroads Grassland Thicket
5007:Western Bushmanland Klipveld
4967:Swartruggens Quartzite Karoo
4822:Namaqualand Coastal Duneveld
4782:Knersvlakte Quartz Vygieveld
4742:Doringrivier Quartzite Karoo
4672:Uniondale Shale Renosterveld
4662:Swartland Shale Renosterveld
4647:Swartberg Shale Renosterveld
4637:Roggeveld Shale Renosterveld
4627:Peninsula Shale Renosterveld
4592:Langkloof Shale Renosterveld
4587:Kango Limestone Renosterveld
4547:Breede Alluvium Renosterveld
4509:Tsitsikamma Sandstone Fynbos
4254:Grootrivier Quartzite Fynbos
4001:Soutpansberg Summit Sourveld
3981:Sekhukhune Montane Grassland
3846:Frankfort Highveld Grassland
3801:Central Free State Grassland
3781:Besemkaree Koppies Shrubland
3618:Sekhukhune Mountain Bushveld
3232:Southeast Atlantic ecoregion
3140:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1850:Biodiversity of South Africa
1459:Deserts and xeric shrublands
1207:"Puerto Rican moist forests"
1194:. Oxford, UK: Facts on File.
1059:10.1016/0006-3207(83)90005-8
742:World Wide Fund for Nature.
393:and (often) a cooler winter
7:
6705:
6429:Biodiversity research in SA
6060:Kruger to Canyons Biosphere
5923:Addo Elephant National Park
5695:Maputaland Wooded Grassland
5611:Southern Kalahari Salt Pans
5516:Cape Estuarine Salt Marshes
5506:Arid Estuarine Salt Marshes
5465:Western Gariep Hills Desert
5415:Eastern Gariep Rocky Desert
5355:Bushmanland Sandy Grassland
5350:Bushmanland Basin Shrubland
5246:Saldanha Granite Strandveld
5101:Doubledrift Karroid Thicket
4972:Tanqua Escarpment Shrubland
4847:Namaqualand Shale Shrubland
4837:Namaqualand Inland Duneveld
4787:Knersvlakte Shale Vygieveld
4642:Ruêns Silcrete Renosterveld
4524:Winterhoek Sandstone Fynbos
4334:Matjiesfontein Shale Fynbos
4324:Lourensford Alluvium Fynbos
4244:Graafwater Sandstone Fynbos
4234:Garden Route Granite Fynbos
4189:Cape Winelands Shale Fynbos
4091:Wolkberg Dolomite Grassland
4041:uKhahlamba Basalt Grassland
4026:Tarkastad Montane Shrubland
4016:Stormberg Plateau Grassland
3911:Midlands Mistbelt Grassland
3896:Lydenburg Montane Grassland
3766:Barberton Montane Grassland
3751:Amathole Mistbelt Grassland
3698:Waterberg Mountain Bushveld
3563:Ohrigstad Mountain Bushveld
3358:Gold Reef Mountain Bushveld
2975:Maputaland-Pondoland Region
2466:Dragonflies and damselflies
1700:Temperate Northern Atlantic
1390:Broadleaf and mixed forests
1211:WildWorld Ecoregion Profile
1164:. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
885:Webb, L. J. (Leonard James)
657:Tropical coniferous forests
601:
565:Madagascar subhumid forests
492:in Brazil, Peru and Bolivia
323:tropical rainforest climate
122:than any other terrestrial
10:
6961:
6786:World Wide Fund for Nature
6444:Iziko South African Museum
6234:Walker Bay Whale Sanctuary
6015:Tankwa Karoo National Park
5948:Garden Route National Park
5685:KwaZulu-Natal Coastal Belt
5606:Southern Kalahari Mekgacha
5556:Fynbos Riparian Vegetation
5491:Albany Alluvial Vegetation
5375:Kalahari Karroid Shrubland
5345:Bushmanland Arid Grassland
5340:Blouputs Karroid Thornveld
5221:Motherwell Karroid Thicket
5181:Groot Brak Dune Strandveld
5091:Cape Flats Dune Strandveld
4832:Namaqualand Heuweltjieveld
4812:Namaqualand Arid Grassland
4602:Montagu Shale Renosterveld
4504:Swellendam Silcrete Fynbos
4429:South Hex Sandstone Fynbos
4409:Piketberg Sandstone Fynbos
4404:Peninsula Sandstone Fynbos
4349:North Hex Sandstone Fynbos
4319:Loerie Conglomerate Fynbos
4299:Kouebokkeveld Shale Fynbos
4289:Kogelberg Sandstone Fynbos
4194:Cederberg Sandstone Fynbos
4149:Bokkeveld Sandstone Fynbos
4096:Woodbush Granite Grassland
4021:Strydpoort Summit Sourveld
3866:Karoo Escarpment Grassland
3861:KaNgwane Montane Grassland
3836:Eastern Highveld Grassland
3786:Bloemfontein Dry Grassland
3756:Amathole Montane Grassland
3746:Aliwal North Dry Grassland
3723:Zululand Coastal Thornveld
3623:Sekhukhune Plains Bushveld
3598:Pretoriuskop Sour Bushveld
3583:Polokwane Plateau Bushveld
3548:Northern Zululand Sourveld
3498:Mamabolo Mountain Bushveld
3493:Malelane Mountain Bushveld
3293:Andesite Mountain Bushveld
3237:Southwest Indian ecoregion
2605:Marine spiny-finned fishes
1803:Vegetation classifications
1705:Temperate Northern Pacific
1190:Preston-Mafham, K (1991).
923:; Fell, David. G. (2005).
590:New Caledonia rain forests
570:Puerto Rican moist forests
561:from Somalia to Mozambique
502:Chocó–Darién moist forests
118:These forests are home to
72:Moist broadleaf forest in
58:World Wide Fund for Nature
15:
6879:
6855:
6817:
6802:Biodiversity of Cape Town
6794:
6711:
6700:
6671:
6571:
6543:
6505:
6462:
6434:
6423:
6357:
6242:
6095:
6078:
6033:
5953:Tsitsikamma National Park
5907:
5894:
5881:
5853:KwaZulu-Natal Dune Forest
5828:
5820:Subantarctic Polar Desert
5773:
5669:
5601:Namib Seashore Vegetation
5483:
5430:Kwaggarug Mountain Desert
5319:
5301:Vanstadens Forest Thicket
5241:Saldanha Flats Strandveld
5231:Oudshoorn Karroid Thicket
5216:Mons Ruber Fynbos Thicket
5211:Langebaan Dune Strandveld
5126:Escarpment Valley Thicket
5030:
4997:Vanrhynsdorp Gannabosveld
4927:Rooiberg Quartz Vygieveld
4902:Richtersveld Red Duneveld
4712:Anenous Plateau Shrubland
4707:Agter-Sederberg Shrubland
4702:Aggeneys Gravel Vygieveld
4690:
4552:Breede Shale Renosterveld
4532:
4494:Swartland Alluvium Fynbos
4474:Suurberg Quartzite Fynbos
4464:Southern Cape Dune Fynbos
4414:Potberg Ferricrete Fynbos
4394:Overberg Sandstone Fynbos
4389:Olifants Sandstone Fynbos
4314:Leipoldtville Sand Fynbos
4279:Kango Conglomerate Fynbos
4274:Kamiesberg Granite Fynbos
4264:Hawequas Sandstone Fynbos
4239:Garden Route Shale Fynbos
4114:
4101:Xhariep Karroid Grassland
4006:Soweto Highveld Grassland
3856:Ithala Quartzite Sourveld
3821:East Griqualand Grassland
3771:Basotho Montane Shrubland
3736:
3643:Springbokvlakte Thornveld
3633:Southern Lebombo Bushveld
3613:Schweizer-Reneke Bushveld
3543:Northern Lebombo Bushveld
3468:Madikwe Dolomite Bushveld
3463:Lowveld Rugged Mopaneveld
3408:Kuruman Mountain Bushveld
3388:Kaalrug Mountain Bushveld
3383:Gravelotte Rocky Bushveld
3373:Gordonia Plains Shrubland
3353:Ghaap Plateau Vaalbosveld
3313:Cathedral Mopane Bushveld
3283:
3270:
3264:Vegetation classification
3253:
3202:
3194:Southern Africa mangroves
3184:
3166:
3138:
3108:
3073:
3043:
3013:
3000:
2987:
2950:Drakensberg Alpine Centre
2908:
2891:
2844:
2833:
2779:
2664:
2638:
2572:
2537:
2441:
2422:Shorttailed whipscorpions
2403:
2320:
1904:
1900:
1895:National taxon checklists
1889:
1871:Temperate Southern Africa
1856:
1780:
1738:
1715:Temperate Southern Africa
1667:
1611:
1600:
1580:
1507:
1472:
1446:
1408:
1377:
1346:
1337:
1328:
1254:10.1017/s0030605300021487
981:3d ed. Havana 1861 p. 172
585:Borneo peat swamp forests
509:Wet Tropics of Queensland
362:Tropical seasonal forests
339:Wet Tropics of Queensland
89:Gilbertiodendron dewevrei
6633:Makana Botanical Gardens
6055:Kogelberg Nature Reserve
6020:West Coast National Park
5985:Mapungubwe National Park
5958:Wilderness National Park
5848:Forests of KwaZulu-Natal
5760:Southern Mistbelt Forest
5735:Northern Mistbelt Forest
5631:Subtropical Dune Thicket
5536:Cape Seashore Vegetation
5380:Lower Gariep Broken Veld
5291:Thorndale Forest Thicket
5271:Subtropical Dune Thicket
5256:Saltaire Karroid Thicket
5236:Overberg Dune Strandveld
5206:Lambert's Bay Strandveld
5121:Escarpment Mesic Thicket
4567:Ceres Shale Renosterveld
4424:Robertson Granite Fynbos
4419:Potberg Sandstone Fynbos
4399:Peninsula Granite Fynbos
4209:De Hoop Limestone Fynbos
4124:Agulhas Limestone Fynbos
4086:Winburg Grassy Shrubland
4051:Vaal-Vet Sandy Grassland
3453:Loskop Mountain Bushveld
3060:Southern Africa bushveld
3047:savannas, and shrublands
3015:Tropical and subtropical
2505:Silverfish and firebrats
2463:Cockroaches and termites
1881:Wildlife of South Africa
1725:Tropical Eastern Pacific
1675:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
439:freshwater swamp forests
233:
128:Indo-Malayan Archipelago
5755:Southern Coastal Forest
5730:Northern Coastal Forest
5715:Lowveld Riverine Forest
5690:Maputaland Coastal Belt
5420:Helskloof Canyon Desert
5385:Lower Karoo Gwarrieveld
5266:St Francis Dune Thicket
5261:Sardinia Forest Thicket
5156:Geluk Grassland Thicket
5116:Escarpment Arid Thicket
5066:Baviaans Valley Thicket
4344:Namaqualand Sand Fynbos
4164:Breede Quartzite Fynbos
4106:Zastron Moist Grassland
3986:Senqu Montane Shrubland
3976:Rand Highveld Grassland
3921:Mthatha Moist Grassland
3841:Egoli Granite Grassland
3688:Vaalbos Rocky Shrubland
3668:Thukela Valley Bushveld
3653:Swaziland Sour Bushveld
3538:Norite Koppies Bushveld
3523:Mopane Gabbro Shrubland
3518:Mopane Basalt Shrubland
3488:Makuleke Sandy Bushveld
3433:Lebombo Summit Sourveld
3338:Eastern Valley Bushveld
3017:moist broadleaf forests
2877:Timber trees of Gauteng
2610:Marine Perciform fishes
1746:Biogeographic provinces
1710:Temperate South America
1428:Moist broadleaf forests
1039:Biological Conservation
517:of Colombia and Ecuador
218:Many forests are being
74:Mudumalai National Park
6583:Durban Botanic Gardens
6472:Animal Demography Unit
5990:Marakele National Park
5943:Camdeboo National Park
5938:Bontebok National Park
5805:Subantarctic Fellfield
5616:Southern Karoo Riviere
5496:Albany Dune Strandveld
5425:Kahams Mountain Desert
5311:Willowmore Gwarrieveld
5286:Sundays Valley Thicket
5226:Nanaga Savanna Thicket
5191:Hartenbos Dune Thicket
5166:Gouritz Valley Thicket
5086:Buffels Valley Thicket
5022:Willowmore Gwarrieveld
4857:Namaqualand Strandveld
4772:Klawer Sandy Shrubland
4489:Swartberg Shale Fynbos
4309:Kouga Sandstone Fynbos
4229:Elim Ferricrete Fynbos
4184:Cape Flats Sand Fynbos
4179:Canca Limestone Fynbos
4159:Breede Alluvium Fynbos
4139:Algoa Sandstone Fynbos
4134:Albertinia Sand Fynbos
4031:Tsakane Clay Grassland
3906:Mabela Sandy Grassland
3851:Income Sandy Grassland
3713:Western Sandy Bushveld
3608:Schmidtsdrif Thornveld
3528:Musina Mopane Bushveld
3483:Makhado Sweet Bushveld
3448:Limpopo Sweet Bushveld
3443:Limpopo Ridge Bushveld
3438:Legogote Sour Bushveld
3343:Gabbro Grassy Bushveld
3318:Central Sandy Bushveld
3148:Kalahari xeric savanna
3110:Mediterranean forests,
2940:Griqualand West Centre
2508:Stick and leaf insects
1276:The Nature Conservancy
768:Basic Biology (2016).
549:from Uganda to Burundi
531:Veracruz moist forests
504:in Colombia and Panama
329:of South America, the
305:
96:
76:
31:
6795:Regional biodiversity
6751:Marine protected area
6477:BirdLife South Africa
6392:Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife
6005:Namaqua National Park
5928:Agulhas National Park
5705:Transkei Coastal Belt
5646:Subtropical Salt Pans
5591:Namaqualand Salt Pans
5521:Cape Inland Salt Pans
5501:Algoa Dune Strandveld
5395:Upper Karoo Hardeveld
5296:Umtiza Forest Thicket
5281:Sundays Mesic Thicket
5161:Goukamma Dune Thicket
5111:Elands Forest Thicket
5081:Buffels Mesic Thicket
5061:Albany Valley Thicket
4479:Suurberg Shale Fynbos
4269:Hopefield Sand Fynbos
4154:Boland Granite Fynbos
3881:Leolo Summit Sourveld
3776:Bedford Dry Grassland
3683:Tzaneen Sour Bushveld
3588:Postmasburg Thornveld
3478:Makatini Clay Thicket
2965:Sekhukhuneland Centre
2935:Cape Floristic Region
2913:Cape Floristic Region
2898:Biodiversity hotspots
2457:Butterflies and moths
1808:Zoogeographic regions
1766:Global 200 ecoregions
1695:Temperate Australasia
1433:Dry broadleaf forests
644:Earth sciences portal
555:of Kenya and Tanzania
542:Upper Guinean forests
537:Congolese rainforests
299:
165:canopy with emergent
82:
71:
43:tropical moist forest
29:
6771:Scuba diving tourism
6731:Encyclopedia of Life
5995:Mokala National Park
5980:Kruger National Park
5546:Drakensberg Wetlands
5440:Noms Mountain Desert
5390:Northern Upper Karoo
5276:Sundays Arid Thicket
5196:Kasouga Dune Thicket
5186:Hamburg Dune Thicket
5151:Gamka Valley Thicket
5071:Bethelsdorp Bontveld
5056:Albany Mesic Thicket
5017:Western Little Karoo
4817:Namaqualand Blomveld
4747:Eastern Little Karoo
4339:Montagu Shale Fynbos
4259:Hangklip Sand Fynbos
4249:Greyton Shale Fynbos
4144:Atlantis Sand Fynbos
3971:Queenstown Thornveld
3871:Klerksdorp Thornveld
3658:Tembe Sandy Bushveld
3513:Moot Plains Bushveld
3112:woodlands, and scrub
2902:Centres of diversity
2478:Jumping bristletails
1876:Western Indo-Pacific
1788:Altitudinal zonation
1730:Western Indo-Pacific
1690:Eastern Indo-Pacific
1685:Central Indo-Pacific
425:Montane rain forests
385:climates (as in the
318:tropical rainforests
315:, commonly known as
302:Holdridge Life Zones
262:improve this article
84:Congolian rainforest
6761:Nature conservation
6070:Waterberg Biosphere
5970:Karoo National Park
5710:Ironwood Dry Forest
5656:Tanqua Wash Riviere
5586:Namaqualand Riviere
5435:Namib Lichen Fields
5400:Western Upper Karoo
5365:Eastern Upper Karoo
5360:Eastern Lower Karoo
5306:Western Gwarrieveld
5176:Grassridge Bontveld
5141:Fish Valley Thicket
5106:Eastern Gwarrieveld
5046:Albany Arid Thicket
5012:Western Gwarrieveld
4957:Steytlerville Karoo
4732:Citrusdal Vygieveld
4174:Breede Shale Fynbos
4129:Agulhas Sand Fynbos
3901:Lydenburg Thornveld
3418:Kuruman Vaalbosveld
3398:Kimberley Thornveld
3328:Dwaalboom Thornveld
3095:Highveld grasslands
2955:Soutpansberg Centre
2545:Non-marine molluscs
2413:Microwhip scorpions
1761:Lists of ecoregions
1418:Tropical rainforest
1145:Kingdon, J (1989).
1102:Kingdon, J (1997).
1087:Borhidi, A (1991).
1051:1983BCons..27...45T
977:Pichardo, Esteban.
800:1959JEcol..47..551W
689:Tropical vegetation
553:Eastern Arc forests
526:Cuban moist forests
415:Indian subcontinent
203:species, including
105:Tropic of Capricorn
6930:Terrestrial biomes
6530:Reef Atlas Project
6387:Eastern Cape Parks
5566:Highveld Salt Pans
5511:Bushmanland Vloere
5335:Albany Broken Veld
5146:Gamka Arid Thicket
5136:Fish Mesic Thicket
5076:Blombos Strandveld
4284:Knysna Sand Fynbos
4224:Elgin Shale Fynbos
4169:Breede Sand Fynbos
3603:Roodeberg Bushveld
3503:Marikana Thornveld
3217:Benguela ecoregion
3075:Montane grasslands
2600:Marine bony fishes
2490:Net-winged insects
2379:Marine crustaceans
1861:Afrotropical realm
1798:Floristic kingdoms
1562:Hydrothermal vents
1423:Coniferous forests
1385:Coniferous forests
873:, pp. 289–304
788:Journal of Ecology
684:Trees of the world
616:Environment portal
472:Notable ecoregions
457:Dominican Republic
443:peat swamp forests
306:
134:, and the African
97:
77:
32:
6912:
6911:
6875:
6874:
6871:
6870:
6741:Low impact diving
6696:
6695:
6692:
6691:
6419:
6418:
6415:
6414:
6372:City of Cape Town
6353:
6352:
5877:
5876:
5873:
5872:
5815:Subantarctic Mire
5541:Cape Vernal Pools
5131:Fish Arid Thicket
3718:Zeerust Thornveld
3673:Tsende Mopaneveld
3663:Thukela Thornveld
3473:Mafikeng Bushveld
3413:Kuruman Thornveld
3363:Gordonia Duneveld
3249:
3248:
3245:
3244:
3222:Delagoa ecoregion
3212:Agulhas ecoregion
3204:Marine ecoregions
2983:
2982:
2887:
2886:
2829:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2634:
2633:
2590:Freshwater fishes
2555:Marine gastropods
2533:
2532:
2350:Marine cnidarians
2316:
2315:
1816:
1815:
1776:
1775:
1720:Tropical Atlantic
1596:
1595:
1503:
1502:
1395:Deciduous forests
343:Malay Archipelago
294:
293:
286:
41:), also known as
6952:
6898:
6897:
6887:
6886:
6792:
6791:
6702:
6701:
6460:
6459:
6425:
6424:
6093:
6092:
5905:
5904:
5883:
5882:
5581:Muscadel Riviere
3728:Zululand Lowveld
3458:Loskop Thornveld
3308:Bhisho Thornveld
3281:
3280:
3255:
3254:
3011:
3010:
2989:
2988:
2970:Barberton Centre
2893:
2892:
2835:
2834:
2401:
2400:
2369:
2368:
2354:Marine flatworms
2182:Scrophulariaceae
1948:
1947:
1902:
1901:
1891:
1890:
1843:
1836:
1829:
1820:
1819:
1609:
1608:
1344:
1343:
1335:
1334:
1315:
1308:
1301:
1292:
1291:
1259:
1258:
1256:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1172:
1166:
1165:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1109:
1099:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1069:
1063:
1062:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1026:, pp. 13–70
1014:
1008:
1001:
995:
988:
982:
975:
969:
968:
967:, pp. 20–25
955:
949:
948:
947:, pp. 34–38
935:
929:
928:
917:
911:
910:
903:
897:
896:
881:
875:
874:
866:
860:
859:
858:, pp. 13–20
846:
840:
839:
838:, pp. 13–20
826:
820:
819:
780:
774:
773:
765:
759:
758:
756:
755:
746:. Archived from
734:
727:
646:
641:
640:
639:
632:
627:
626:
625:
618:
613:
612:
377:forests, have a
365:, also known as
289:
282:
278:
275:
269:
246:
238:
101:Tropic of Cancer
6960:
6959:
6955:
6954:
6953:
6951:
6950:
6949:
6915:
6914:
6913:
6908:
6867:
6851:
6813:
6790:
6707:
6688:
6667:
6574:
6567:
6545:
6544:Citizen science
6539:
6507:
6501:
6464:
6458:
6439:Bolus Herbarium
6430:
6411:
6359:
6349:
6238:
6087:
6085:
6083:
6081:
6074:
6036:
6029:
5914:
5912:
5910:
5903:
5890:
5869:
5830:
5824:
5777:
5769:
5720:Mangrove Forest
5676:
5674:
5672:
5665:
5479:
5326:
5324:
5322:
5315:
5051:Albany Bontveld
5037:
5035:
5033:
5026:
4922:Roggeveld Karoo
4917:Robertson Karoo
4693:
4686:
4528:
4110:
4036:Tsomo Grassland
3732:
3693:VhaVenda Miombo
3648:Stella Bushveld
3553:Nossob Bushveld
3508:Molopo Bushveld
3378:Granite Lowveld
3323:Delagoa Lowveld
3279:
3266:
3241:
3227:Natal ecoregion
3198:
3180:
3162:
3158:Succulent Karoo
3134:
3120:Albany thickets
3111:
3104:
3076:
3069:
3046:
3039:
3016:
3009:
2996:
2979:
2960:Wolkberg Centre
2930:Succulent Karoo
2923:Succulent Karoo
2904:
2883:
2840:
2821:
2775:
2660:
2630:
2568:
2550:Marine molluscs
2529:
2437:
2416:Pseudoscorpions
2399:
2367:
2312:
2090:Crossosomatales
2075:Ceratophyllales
1953:
1946:
1896:
1885:
1852:
1847:
1817:
1812:
1772:
1734:
1663:
1603:
1592:
1588:Endolithic zone
1576:
1509:
1499:
1468:
1442:
1410:
1404:
1373:
1339:
1324:
1319:
1268:
1263:
1262:
1233:
1229:
1220:
1218:
1203:
1199:
1188:
1184:
1173:
1169:
1158:
1154:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1129:
1125:
1118:
1106:African mammals
1100:
1096:
1085:
1081:
1070:
1066:
1035:
1031:
1015:
1011:
1002:
998:
989:
985:
976:
972:
956:
952:
936:
932:
918:
914:
904:
900:
882:
878:
867:
863:
847:
843:
827:
823:
808:10.2307/2257290
781:
777:
766:
762:
753:
751:
728:
707:
702:
642:
637:
635:
628:
623:
621:
614:
607:
604:
599:
496:Atlantic Forest
474:
435:Flooded forests
413:, parts of the
405:and around the
403:Central America
367:moist deciduous
290:
279:
273:
270:
259:
247:
236:
66:
56:defined by the
51:tropical forest
24:
21:
12:
11:
5:
6958:
6948:
6947:
6942:
6937:
6935:Tropical flora
6932:
6927:
6910:
6909:
6907:
6906:
6899:
6892:
6880:
6877:
6876:
6873:
6872:
6869:
6868:
6866:
6865:
6859:
6857:
6853:
6852:
6850:
6849:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6827:
6821:
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6815:
6814:
6812:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6798:
6796:
6789:
6788:
6783:
6778:
6773:
6768:
6766:Nature reserve
6763:
6758:
6753:
6748:
6743:
6738:
6733:
6728:
6723:
6718:
6712:
6709:
6708:
6698:
6697:
6694:
6693:
6690:
6689:
6687:
6686:
6681:
6675:
6673:
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6655:
6650:
6645:
6640:
6635:
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6625:
6620:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6600:
6595:
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6579:
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6555:
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6541:
6540:
6538:
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6527:
6522:
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6511:
6509:
6503:
6502:
6500:
6499:
6494:
6489:
6484:
6479:
6474:
6468:
6466:
6457:
6456:
6451:
6446:
6441:
6435:
6432:
6431:
6421:
6420:
6417:
6416:
6413:
6412:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
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6374:
6369:
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6350:
6348:
6347:
6342:
6337:
6332:
6327:
6322:
6317:
6312:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6277:
6272:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6246:
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6231:
6226:
6221:
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6211:
6206:
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6110:
6105:
6099:
6097:
6090:
6076:
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6073:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6057:
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6047:
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6028:
6027:
6022:
6017:
6012:
6007:
6002:
5997:
5992:
5987:
5982:
5977:
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5967:
5962:
5961:
5960:
5955:
5945:
5940:
5935:
5930:
5925:
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5917:
5902:
5901:
5895:
5892:
5891:
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5878:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5870:
5868:
5867:
5862:
5861:
5860:
5855:
5845:
5840:
5834:
5832:
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5825:
5823:
5822:
5817:
5812:
5807:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5787:
5781:
5779:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5687:
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5666:
5664:
5663:
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5653:
5648:
5643:
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5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
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5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
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5578:
5573:
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5553:
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5528:
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5513:
5508:
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5493:
5487:
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5481:
5480:
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5472:
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5392:
5387:
5382:
5377:
5372:
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5329:
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5308:
5303:
5298:
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5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
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5243:
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5233:
5228:
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5068:
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3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
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3575:
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3393:Kathu Bushveld
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3077:and shrublands
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2659:
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2653:
2651:Brown seaweeds
2648:
2646:Green seaweeds
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2640:
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2107:
2102:
2097:
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2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2066:
2065:
2058:Caryophyllales
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2029:
2028:
2018:
2017:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1991:
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1602:Biogeographic
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1266:External links
1264:
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1260:
1247:(2): 104–112.
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630:Ecology portal
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115:tree species.
113:semi-deciduous
65:
62:
22:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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6759:
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6756:National park
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6465:organisations
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6360:organisations
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2502:Scorpionflies
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2308:Zygophyllales
2306:
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2209:Euphorbiaceae
2207:
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2197:
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2115:Escalloniales
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2019:
2015:
2012:
2010:
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2004:Hyacinthaceae
2002:
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1999:Asphodelaceae
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1978:
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1942:Pteridophytes
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1572:Demersal zone
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1369:Alpine tundra
1367:
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1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
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1349:
1347:Polar/montane
1345:
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1279:
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1255:
1250:
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1242:
1238:
1231:
1217:on 2010-03-08
1216:
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1201:
1193:
1186:
1178:
1171:
1163:
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1117:9780124083554
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974:
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946:
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934:
926:
922:
921:Stanton, J.P.
916:
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813:
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771:
764:
750:on 2011-04-01
749:
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724:
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718:
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679:Monodominance
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649:
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634:
631:
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595:Western Ghats
593:
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466:
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447:
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440:
436:
433:
430:
429:cloud forests
426:
423:
420:
416:
412:
409:, in coastal
408:
404:
400:
399:South Florida
396:
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320:
319:
314:
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310:
309:
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298:
288:
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267:
263:
257:
256:
251:This section
249:
245:
240:
239:
231:
229:
225:
221:
216:
214:
210:
209:stick insects
206:
202:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
175:
170:
168:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
145:
139:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
116:
114:
110:
106:
102:
95:
91:
90:
86:dominated by
85:
81:
75:
70:
61:
59:
55:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
19:
6901:
6888:Categories:
6856:Publications
6716:Biodiversity
5775:Subantarctic
5765:Swamp Forest
5745:Scarp Forest
4977:Tanqua Karoo
4762:Hantam Karoo
4534:Renosterveld
3014:
2656:Red seaweeds
2514:Strepsiptera
2333:Comb jellies
2303:Zingiberales
2283:Saxifragales
2263:Ranunculales
2204:Malpighiales
2100:Dioscoreales
2095:Cucurbitales
2080:Commelinales
1984:Aquifoliales
1739:Subdivisions
1629:Australasian
1619:Afrotropical
1581:Other biomes
1557:Benthic zone
1552:Pelagic zone
1547:Neritic zone
1537:Kelp forests
1427:
1409:Tropical and
1244:
1240:
1230:
1219:. Retrieved
1215:the original
1210:
1200:
1191:
1185:
1176:
1170:
1161:
1155:
1146:
1140:
1131:
1126:
1105:
1097:
1088:
1082:
1073:
1067:
1045:(1): 45–58.
1042:
1038:
1032:
1022:
1012:
1004:
999:
991:
986:
978:
973:
963:
953:
943:
933:
915:
907:
901:
892:
879:
870:
864:
854:
844:
834:
824:
791:
787:
778:
763:
752:. Retrieved
748:the original
737:CC BY-SA 3.0
729:
694:Cloud forest
511:in Australia
478:biodiversity
475:
448:
437:, including
434:
424:
374:
370:
366:
360:
327:Amazon basin
316:
312:
307:
280:
271:
260:Please help
255:verification
252:
217:
201:invertebrate
198:
171:
159:biodiversity
157:In general,
156:
140:
132:Amazon Basin
120:more species
117:
98:
87:
54:habitat type
42:
38:
34:
33:
6945:Rainforests
6818:Legislation
6672:Taxonomists
6553:iNaturalist
5740:Sand Forest
5370:Gamka Karoo
2573:Vertebrates
2526:Webspinners
2460:Caddisflies
2384:Sea spiders
2363:Tardigrades
2345:Polychaetes
2337:Echinoderms
2226:Nymphaeales
2199:Magnoliales
2172:Acanthaceae
2135:Apocynaceae
2130:Gentianales
2070:Celastrales
2038:Brassicales
2033:Boraginales
2014:Orchidaceae
1994:Asparagales
1967:Alismatales
1649:Neotropical
1639:Indomalayan
1612:Terrestrial
1542:Coral reefs
1411:subtropical
1338:Terrestrial
461:Puerto Rico
411:West Africa
355:Rainforests
333:of central
331:Congo basin
213:butterflies
152:harpy eagle
136:Congo Basin
64:Description
47:subtropical
6919:Categories
6726:Ecotourism
6367:CapeNature
6358:Management
5038:Strandveld
3153:Nama Karoo
2994:Ecoregions
2580:Amphibians
2511:Stoneflies
2496:Orthoptera
2410:Harvestmen
2396:Entognatha
2393:Millipedes
2390:Centipedes
2372:Arthropods
2278:Sapindales
2273:Santalales
2236:Pandanales
2231:Oxalidales
2162:Icacinales
2157:Huerteales
2152:Gunnerales
2147:Geraniales
2105:Dipsacales
2053:Canellales
2026:Asteraceae
1932:Lycophytes
1927:Liverworts
1756:Ecoregions
1751:Bioregions
1659:Palearctic
1567:Cold seeps
1527:Intertidal
1221:2010-11-17
754:2019-05-29
700:References
395:dry season
391:wet season
274:March 2022
205:New Guinea
150:, and the
6721:Biosphere
6573:Botanical
6546:databases
6082:protected
6035:Biosphere
4692:Succulent
3738:Grassland
3186:Mangroves
2873:Related:
2523:True bugs
2493:Notoptera
2425:Solifugae
2419:Scorpions
2404:Arachnids
2341:Nematodes
2330:Bryozoans
2327:Ascidians
2293:Vahliales
2288:Solanales
2258:Proteales
2241:Piperales
2177:Lamiaceae
2140:Rubiaceae
2063:Aizoaceae
2043:Bruniales
2021:Asterales
2009:Iridaceae
1952:Flowering
1922:Hornworts
1634:Holarctic
1624:Antarctic
1532:Mangroves
1378:Temperate
1007:. p. 330.
784:Webb, Len
533:in Mexico
419:Indochina
407:Caribbean
163:overstory
144:hornbills
124:ecosystem
109:evergreen
6508:projects
6506:Research
6463:Research
6243:Offshore
6084:areas of
6037:reserves
5913:National
2639:Seaweeds
2626:Reptiles
2538:Molluscs
2517:Termites
2487:Mayflies
2484:Mantises
2221:Myrtales
2216:Malvales
2194:Liliales
2189:Laurales
2167:Lamiales
2110:Ericales
2085:Cornales
1989:Arecales
1977:Apiaceae
1962:Acorales
1912:Conifers
1781:See also
1654:Oceanian
1644:Nearctic
1522:Littoral
1495:Mangrove
1485:Riparian
1020:(1982),
961:(1982),
941:(1982),
891:(1982),
852:(1982),
832:(1982),
770:"Forest"
739:license.
602:See also
482:endemism
465:Colombia
383:savannah
224:farmland
190:gorillas
186:big cats
6940:Forests
6706:Related
6575:gardens
6535:SeaKeys
6096:Coastal
5911:African
5675:Coastal
5034:Thicket
3285:Savanna
2780:Related
2621:Mammals
2469:Earwigs
2451:Beetles
2442:Insects
2431:Ixodida
2428:Araneae
2358:Sponges
2321:Animals
2298:Vitales
2268:Rosales
2251:Poaceae
2125:Fagales
2120:Fabales
2048:Buxales
1972:Apiales
1508:Aquatic
1490:Wetland
1047:Bibcode
816:2257290
796:Bibcode
449:Manigua
381:or wet
379:monsoon
371:monsoon
228:logging
220:cleared
178:monkeys
148:toucans
92:, near
45:, is a
6088:Africa
6080:Marine
5831:VEGMAP
5829:not on
5671:Forest
5484:Azonal
5327:desert
5032:Albany
4116:Fynbos
3260:Biomes
3168:Tundra
2520:Thrips
2246:Poales
1954:plants
1937:Mosses
1917:Cycads
1905:Plants
1680:Arctic
1668:Marine
1604:realms
1510:biomes
1464:Steppe
1354:Tundra
1340:biomes
1330:Biomes
1114:
814:
670:(ITTO)
664:(CTFS)
455:, the
347:Brazil
337:, the
335:Africa
182:snakes
167:crowns
130:, the
6903:Index
6558:iSpot
6086:South
5915:Parks
5909:South
5778:biome
5323:Karoo
4694:Karoo
2666:Fungi
2585:Birds
2475:Flies
2472:Fleas
1359:Taiga
1274:from
812:JSTOR
234:Types
94:Isiro
5677:belt
5321:Nama
3262:and
2900:and
2481:Lice
1517:Pond
1241:Oryx
1112:ISBN
507:The
480:and
463:and
453:Cuba
441:and
351:Peru
349:and
222:for
211:and
194:deer
192:and
184:and
176:and
174:apes
111:and
103:and
49:and
39:TSMF
5673:and
5325:and
5036:and
1473:Wet
1447:Dry
1249:doi
1055:doi
804:doi
373:or
264:by
207:'s
6921::
1245:30
1243:.
1239:.
1209:.
1053:.
1043:27
1041:.
887:;
810:.
802:.
792:47
790:.
708:^
484::
459:,
369:,
353:.
196:.
154:.
146:,
138:.
60:.
6145:I
2772:Z
2769:Y
2766:X
2763:W
2760:V
2756:U
2751:T
2746:S
2742:R
2739:Q
2735:P
2731:O
2728:N
2724:M
2719:L
2715:K
2712:J
2709:I
2705:H
2701:G
2698:F
2694:E
2689:D
2684:C
2679:B
2674:A
1842:e
1835:t
1828:v
1314:e
1307:t
1300:v
1257:.
1251::
1224:.
1120:.
1061:.
1057::
1049::
818:.
806::
798::
772:.
757:.
467:.
445:.
431:.
421:.
287:)
281:(
276:)
272:(
258:.
37:(
20:.
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