874:
1036:. Captive toucans have been reported to hunt insects actively in their cages, and it is possible to keep toucans on an insect-only diet. They also plunder nests of smaller birds, taking eggs and nestlings. This probably provides a crucial addition of protein to their diet. Certainly, apart from being systematically predatory as well as frugivorous, like many omnivorous birds, they particularly prefer animal food for feeding their chicks. However, in their range, toucans are the dominant frugivores, and as such, play an extremely important ecological role as
844:
941:
997:
176:
126:
809:
840:) and compact. The tail is rounded and varies in length, from half the length to the whole length of the body. The neck is short and thick. The wings are small, as they are forest-dwelling birds who only need to travel short distances, and are often of about the same span as the bill-tip-to-tail-tip measurements of the bird.
1069:
The toucans are, due to their unique appearance, among the most popular and well known birds in the world. Across their native range they were hunted for food and also kept as pets, and their plumage and bills were used for decorations. In some places anyone that discovers a nest is deemed its owner
987:
Toucans often spend time sparring with their bills, tag-chasing, and calling during the long time it takes for fruit to digest. These behaviours may be related to maintenance of the pair bond or establishing dominance hierarchies, but the time required to digest fruit, which can be up to 75 minutes
974:
to forage, but are limited to forests with large old trees that have holes large enough to breed in. Toucans are poor dispersers, particularly across water, and have not reached the West Indies. The only non-forest living toucan is the toco toucan, which is found in savannah with forest patches and
865:
being the most notable exception to this rule (hence their common name, "dichromatic toucanets"). However, the bills of female toucans are usually shorter, deeper and sometimes straighter, giving more of a "blocky" impression compared to male bills. The feathers in the genus containing the largest
913:
system, though its size may still be advantageous in other ways. It does aid in their feeding behavior (as they sit in one spot and reach for all fruit in range, thereby reducing energy expenditure), and it has also been theorized that the bill may intimidate smaller birds, so that the toucan may
983:
Toucans are highly social and most species occur in groups of up to 20 or more birds for most of the time. Pairs may retire from the groups during the breeding season, then return with their offspring after the breeding season. Larger groups may form during irruptions, migration or around a
908:
resembling teeth, which historically led naturalists to believe that toucans captured fish and were primarily carnivorous; today it is known that they eat mostly fruit. Researchers have discovered that the large bill of the toucan is a highly efficient
1550:
Short, L.L. & Horne, J.F.M. (2017). Toucans (Ramphastidae). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive. Lynx
Edicions, Barcelona. (retrieved from
932:. Because of this, toucans may snap their tail forward until it touches the head. This is the posture in which they sleep, often appearing simply as a ball of feathers, with the tip of the tail sticking out over the head.
1061:) refers to its predominant frog-like croaking call, but toucans also make barking and growling sounds. They also use their bills to make tapping and clattering sounds. Mountain toucans are known for donkey-like braying.
952:
Toucans are native to the
Neotropics, from Southern Mexico, through Central America, into South America south to northern Argentina. They mostly live in the lowland tropics, but the mountain species from the genus
1048:
Toucans nest in cavities in trees, and the presence of suitable trees is a habitat prerequisite for toucans. For the most part toucans don't excavate nesting cavities, although some green toucanets do.
892:, which in some large species measures more than half the length of the body, is the hallmark of toucans. Despite its size, the toucan's bill is very light, being composed of bone struts filled with
427:. Toucans are usually found in pairs or small flocks. They sometimes fence with their bills and wrestle, which scientists hypothesize they do to establish dominance hierarchies. In
855:
The legs of the toucan are strong and rather short. Their toes are arranged in pairs with the first and fourth toes turned backward. The majority of toucans do not show any
2636:
1120:, the character Señor Túcan is a Spanish-speaking toucan who occasionally gives Dora and her friends advice. Tuca, the anthropomorphic title character of the 2019 show
918:
below). The beak allows the bird to reach deep into tree-holes to access food unavailable to other birds, and also to ransack suspended nests built by smaller birds.
921:
A toucan's tongue is long (up to 15 cm (5.9 in)), narrow, grey, and singularly frayed on each side, adding to its sensitivity as a tasting organ.
2520:
1355:
2559:
1442:
Tattersall, G. J.; Andrade, D. V.; Abe, A. S. (2009). "Heat
Exchange from the Toucan Bill Reveals a Controllable Vascular Thermal Radiator".
2631:
1721:
1216:[Elementary Course for Tupi-Portuguese Vocabulary of the Old Tupi] (in Portuguese). Universidade de São Paulo. Archived from
870:(smaller toucans) are yellow, crossed by one or more black or red bands. The toucanets have mostly green plumage with blue markings.
2494:
2533:
419:—the toucan bill has very limited use as an excavation tool. When the eggs hatch, the young emerge completely naked, without any
1890:
1862:
516:
1708:
1658:
1239:
Kuhl, H.; Frankl-Vilches, C.; Bakker, A.; Mayr, G.; Nikolaus, G.; Boerno, S.T.; Klages, S.; Timmermann, B.; Gahr, M. (2021).
1197:
2538:
1615:
Remsen, J.V. Jr.; Hyde, Mary Ann; Chapman, Angela (1993). "The Diets of
Neotropical Trogons, Motmots, Barbets and Toucans".
2269:
1367:
1566:
1098:
2564:
1671:
2546:
2155:
1389:
1213:
1116:
836:), at 680 g (1.50 lb) and 63 cm (25 in). Their bodies are short (of comparable size to a
2170:
2160:
1703:
Short, Lester; Horne, Jennifer. Toucans, Barbets and
Honeyguides. Publisher: Oxford University Press 2002.
1363:
945:
866:
toucans are generally purple, with touches of white, yellow, and scarlet, and black. The underparts of the
507:
is shown in the cladogram below. The number of species in each family is taken from the list maintained by
142:
1868:
2442:
175:
2447:
1883:
1325:
1089:
featured a toucan, as the black and white appearance of the bird mirrored the stout. A cartoon toucan,
508:
1404:
1162:
2262:
2118:
1979:
2041:
1989:
1969:
1964:
1108:
Toucans have also been used in popular media. They have been used as the principal characters in
262:
158:
20:
2603:
1128:
2590:
2433:
2395:
2227:
2202:
2165:
2071:
2051:
1994:
1974:
1959:
1079:
1075:
150:
1722:"Conservation puzzle: Endangered hyacinth macaw depends on its nest predator for reproduction"
1070:
and is entitled to sell the birds within. In the western world they were first popularised by
2598:
2585:
2525:
2222:
2197:
2123:
2108:
2066:
1876:
929:
2577:
1511:
Reynolds, J. (2003). "Handbook of the Birds of the World, Vol. 7. Jacamars to
Woodpeckers".
2468:
2133:
2081:
2076:
2046:
2036:
1999:
1949:
1752:
1736:
1581:
1451:
1241:"An unbiased molecular approach using 3′-UTRs resolves the avian family-level tree of life"
1086:
877:
873:
444:
1650:
924:
A structural complex probably unique to toucans involves the modification of several tail
8:
2255:
2192:
2128:
2056:
1329:
1001:
512:
478:
1740:
1585:
1493:
1455:
1310:
1283:
1126:
is a Toucan, and the companion of the song thrush Bertie. In the 2016 Nintendo 3DS game
843:
2212:
2031:
1803:
1779:"Proximity is not a proxy for parentage in an animal-dispersed Neotropical canopy palm"
1778:
1632:
1597:
1475:
1037:
170:
1524:
1132:, the Pokémon Toucannon and its previous evolutions were modeled after a Toco Toucan.
2572:
2455:
1808:
1704:
1654:
1467:
1424:
1403:
Meyers, Marc André; Chen, Po-Yu; Lin, Albert Yu-Min; Seki, Yasuaki (1 January 2008).
1383:
1267:
1193:
967:
856:
1479:
1074:, who devoted two editions to a detailed monograph of the family. The constellation
2626:
2299:
2113:
2086:
2061:
2026:
1954:
1900:
1798:
1790:
1744:
1686:
1624:
1589:
1520:
1459:
1416:
1305:
1295:
1262:
1252:
1122:
971:
959:
reach temperate climates at high altitudes in the Andes and can be found up to the
910:
821:
813:
470:
440:
359:
324:
1420:
2460:
2291:
2278:
2238:
1825:
1748:
1141:
501:
456:
353:
2551:
1085:
The family has been used prominently in advertising. During the 1930s and 1940s
2418:
2359:
1984:
1938:
1300:
996:
940:
718:
424:
385:
286:
1837:
1672:"Coloniality in the Yellow-Rumped Cacique as a Defense against Nest Predators"
988:
and during which the toucan can not feed, provides this time for socializing.
485:
and toucanets; more distant relatives include various families of barbets and
2620:
2021:
1428:
1257:
1240:
1058:
893:
601:
497:
462:
420:
69:
1690:
1463:
1114:, a 1992 UK television cartoon about two detectives named Zippi and Zac. In
2347:
2333:
2207:
1898:
1812:
1794:
1471:
649:
293:
247:
237:
2507:
2427:
2365:
2217:
1110:
1094:
1013:
848:
829:
695:
412:
377:
134:
125:
114:
44:
808:
2377:
2371:
2282:
2181:
2097:
1636:
1601:
1090:
1071:
1017:
861:
562:
546:
526:
504:
490:
486:
416:
307:
300:
227:
89:
54:
1333:
867:
2512:
2481:
960:
905:
500:
relationship between the toucans and the eight other families in the
187:
94:
38:
2499:
2389:
2247:
1628:
1593:
1567:"How Long do Fruit-Eating Birds Stay in the Plants Where They Feed?"
966:
For the most part the toucans are forest species, and restricted to
928:. The rear three vertebrae are fused and attached to the spine by a
2486:
2412:
2341:
2322:
2144:
955:
925:
901:
828:), at 130 g (4.6 oz) and 29 cm (11 in), to the
672:
436:
408:
404:
279:
207:
84:
79:
64:
59:
49:
1217:
1057:
Toucans make a variety of sounds. The very name of the bird (from
2316:
2308:
2010:
1926:
897:
617:
482:
397:
99:
74:
1649:
Nadkarni, Nalini M. ; Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. (Editors).
1552:
1284:"Complexity of avian evolution revealed by family-level genomes"
1720:
Pizo, M.A.; Donatti, C.I.; Guedes, N.M.R.; Galetti, M. (2008).
1651:
Monteverde: Ecology and
Conservation of a Tropical Cloud Forest
1097:
breakfast cereal since 1963, and a toucan is the mascot of the
1033:
1025:
428:
197:
1214:"Vocabulário Tupi-Português do Curso Elementar de Tupi Antigo"
2473:
1916:
393:
333:
1238:
1405:"Biological materials: Structure and mechanical properties"
1029:
1021:
889:
837:
432:
389:
365:
217:
388:. They are brightly marked and have large, often colorful
1865:
of a chestnut-mandibled toucan pair raising their chicks.
1370:. Spring 2005. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011
339:
1719:
368:
362:
342:
336:
1441:
1324:
330:
2637:
Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the
Neotropics
384:. The Ramphastidae are most closely related to the
327:
1163:"The Difference Between A Toucan & A Hornbill"
1614:
1402:
2618:
461:The name of this bird group is derived from the
900:between them, which take on the structure of a
2263:
1884:
415:and holes excavated by other animals such as
1653:. Publisher: Oxford University Press, 2000.
1565:Wheelwright, Nathaniel T. (1 January 1991).
1564:
1558:
1064:
935:
450:
423:. Toucans are resident breeders and do not
2270:
2256:
1891:
1877:
1016:(fruit eating), but are opportunistically
124:
1802:
1309:
1299:
1266:
1256:
411:in their nests. They make their nests in
1669:
1510:
1190:Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
995:
978:
939:
872:
842:
807:
1697:
1281:
1187:
2619:
1643:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1040:for seed dispersal of fruiting trees.
517:International Ornithological Committee
2394:
2393:
2277:
2251:
1872:
1776:
1336:. International Ornithologists' Union
1043:
2374:(woodpeckers, piculets and wrynecks)
407:and typically lay two to four white
1531:
1160:
515:and David Donsker on behalf of the
13:
1899:Toucans, toucanets, and aracaris (
1368:University of California San Diego
1334:"IOC World Bird List Version 14.1"
984:particularly large fruiting tree.
816:is the smallest species of toucan.
14:
2648:
2632:Extant Gelasian first appearances
2325:(puffbirds, nunbirds and nunlets)
1856:
1494:"Hot secret behind toucan's bill"
1282:Stiller, J.; et al. (2024).
1093:, has been used as the mascot of
851:is the largest species of toucan.
698:– New World barbets (15 species)
1099:Brazilian Social Democracy Party
358:
323:
174:
42:
1830:
1826:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance
1819:
1770:
1713:
1663:
1608:
1504:
1486:
1245:Molecular Biology and Evolution
1101:; its party members are called
914:plunder nests undisturbed (see
859:in their coloration, the genus
820:Toucans range in size from the
675:– African barbets (42 species)
481:. The family includes toucans,
1435:
1396:
1348:
1318:
1275:
1232:
1206:
1181:
1154:
904:. The bill has forward-facing
803:
1:
2156:Grey-breasted mountain toucan
1553:http://www.hbw.com/node/52284
1525:10.1016/S0006-3207(02)00275-6
1421:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.05.002
1409:Progress in Materials Science
1147:
1082:, is named after the toucan.
721:– toucan barbets (2 species)
652:– Asian barbets (35 species)
2171:Black-billed mountain toucan
2161:Plate-billed mountain toucan
1749:10.1016/j.biocon.2007.12.023
1364:Jacobs School of Engineering
1192:. London: Christopher Helm.
946:black-billed mountain toucan
620:– woodpeckers (240 species)
143:plate-billed mountain toucan
7:
1135:
1008:), nest in hollows in trees
604:– honeyguides (16 species)
392:. The family includes five
10:
2655:
1301:10.1038/s41586-024-07323-1
454:
18:
2402:
2332:
2307:
2289:
2236:
2179:
2142:
2095:
2008:
1936:
1914:
1388:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1268:21.11116/0000-0007-B72A-C
1228:– via fflch.usp.br.
1087:Guinness beer advertising
1078:, containing most of the
915:
732:
716:
709:
693:
686:
670:
663:
647:
640:
615:
599:
592:
585:
565:– puffbirds (38 species)
560:
544:
537:
530:
275:
270:
171:Scientific classification
169:
133:Clockwise from top-left:
132:
123:
30:
2119:Golden-collared toucanet
1980:Chestnut-tipped toucanet
1332:, eds. (December 2023).
1065:Relationship with humans
1052:
936:Distribution and habitat
880:have smaller bills than
549:– jacamars (18 species)
451:Taxonomy and systematics
163:Aulacorhynchus albivitta
2102:(dichromatic toucanets)
2042:Brown-mandibled aracari
1990:Crimson-rumped toucanet
1970:Black-throated toucanet
1965:White-throated toucanet
1729:Biological Conservation
1670:Robinson, S.K. (1985).
1513:Biological Conservation
1464:10.1126/science.1175553
1188:Jobling, J. A. (2010).
991:
888:The colorful and large
826:Pteroglossus inscriptus
737:– toucans (43 species)
159:white-throated toucanet
155:Pteroglossus castanotis
21:Toucan (disambiguation)
2228:Yellow-throated toucan
2203:Citron-throated toucan
2166:Hooded mountain toucan
2072:Pale-mandibled aracari
2052:Chestnut-eared aracari
2015:(aracaris or araçaris)
1995:Yellow-browed toucanet
1975:Groove-billed toucanet
1960:Blue-throated toucanet
1795:10.1098/rspb.2008.1793
1258:10.1093/molbev/msaa191
1080:Small Magellanic Cloud
1012:Toucans are primarily
1009:
949:
885:
852:
817:
396:and over 40 different
151:chestnut-eared aracari
147:Andigena laminirostris
2599:Paleobiology Database
2586:Paleobiology Database
2223:White-throated toucan
2198:Channel-billed toucan
2124:Tawny-tufted toucanet
2109:Yellow-eared toucanet
2067:Stripe-billed aracari
1691:10.1093/auk/102.3.506
999:
979:Behaviour and ecology
948:is a mountain species
943:
930:ball and socket joint
878:Spot-billed toucanets
876:
846:
811:
2134:Spot-billed toucanet
2082:Curl-crested aracari
2077:Fiery-billed aracari
2047:Black-necked aracari
2037:Ivory-billed aracari
2000:Blue-banded toucanet
1777:Sezen, U.U. (2009).
1129:Pokémon Sun and Moon
1006:Ramphastos dicolorus
445:convergent evolution
439:occupy the toucans'
380:birds in the family
19:For other uses, see
2193:Red-breasted toucan
2057:Many-banded aracari
1789:(1664): 2037–2044.
1741:2008BCons.141..792P
1586:1991Biotr..23...29W
1456:2009Sci...325..468T
1002:red-breasted toucan
1000:Toucans, like this
513:Pamela C. Rasmussen
2368:(American barbets)
2213:Keel-billed toucan
2149:(mountain toucans)
2032:Red-necked aracari
1555:on 25 March 2017).
1328:; Donsker, David;
1044:Breeding behaviour
1010:
970:. They will enter
950:
886:
853:
818:
2614:
2613:
2573:Open Tree of Life
2396:Taxon identifiers
2387:
2386:
2344:(African barbets)
2245:
2244:
1950:Wagler's toucanet
1943:(green toucanets)
1709:978-0-19-854666-5
1659:978-0-19-513310-3
1330:Rasmussen, Pamela
1199:978-1-4081-2501-4
1123:Tuca & Bertie
1117:Dora the Explorer
1105:for this reason.
972:secondary forests
857:sexual dimorphism
800:
799:
791:
790:
782:
781:
773:
772:
764:
763:
755:
754:
746:
745:
629:
628:
574:
573:
316:
315:
266:
118:
2644:
2607:
2606:
2594:
2593:
2581:
2580:
2568:
2567:
2555:
2554:
2552:NHMSYS0020959140
2542:
2541:
2529:
2528:
2516:
2515:
2503:
2502:
2490:
2489:
2477:
2476:
2464:
2463:
2451:
2450:
2438:
2437:
2436:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2391:
2390:
2362:(toucan-barbets)
2272:
2265:
2258:
2249:
2248:
2129:Gould's toucanet
2114:Guianan toucanet
2087:Saffron toucanet
2062:Collared aracari
2027:Lettered aracari
1955:Emerald toucanet
1893:
1886:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1838:"#733 Toucannon"
1834:
1828:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1806:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1751:. Archived from
1726:
1717:
1711:
1701:
1695:
1694:
1676:
1667:
1661:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1571:
1562:
1556:
1548:
1529:
1528:
1508:
1502:
1501:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1450:(5939): 468–70.
1439:
1433:
1432:
1400:
1394:
1393:
1387:
1379:
1377:
1375:
1352:
1346:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1322:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1303:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1260:
1236:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1210:
1204:
1203:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1158:
975:open woodlands.
911:thermoregulation
822:lettered aracari
814:lettered aracari
712:
711:
689:
688:
666:
665:
643:
642:
595:
594:
588:
587:
540:
539:
533:
532:
523:
522:
489:in the suborder
443:, an example of
441:ecological niche
375:
374:
371:
370:
367:
364:
357:
349:
348:
345:
344:
341:
338:
335:
332:
329:
261:
179:
178:
128:
112:
111:
41:
34:Temporal range:
28:
27:
2654:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2597:
2589:
2584:
2576:
2571:
2563:
2558:
2550:
2545:
2537:
2532:
2524:
2519:
2511:
2506:
2498:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2472:
2467:
2459:
2454:
2446:
2441:
2432:
2431:
2426:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2398:
2388:
2383:
2350:(Asian barbets)
2328:
2303:
2285:
2276:
2246:
2241:
2239:List of toucans
2232:
2185:
2175:
2148:
2138:
2101:
2091:
2014:
2004:
1942:
1932:
1910:
1897:
1859:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1841:
1836:
1835:
1831:
1824:
1820:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1759:
1758:on 4 March 2016
1755:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1702:
1698:
1674:
1668:
1664:
1648:
1644:
1629:10.2307/1369399
1613:
1609:
1594:10.2307/2388685
1569:
1563:
1559:
1549:
1532:
1509:
1505:
1500:. 23 July 2009.
1492:
1491:
1487:
1440:
1436:
1401:
1397:
1381:
1380:
1373:
1371:
1354:
1353:
1349:
1339:
1337:
1323:
1319:
1280:
1276:
1237:
1233:
1223:
1221:
1220:on 3 March 2016
1212:
1211:
1207:
1200:
1186:
1182:
1172:
1170:
1159:
1155:
1150:
1142:List of toucans
1138:
1067:
1055:
1046:
994:
981:
968:primary forests
938:
834:Ramphastos toco
806:
801:
792:
783:
774:
765:
756:
747:
630:
575:
459:
457:List of toucans
453:
361:
352:
351:
326:
322:
260:
173:
139:Ramphastos toco
119:
110:
109:
108:
107:
102:
97:
92:
87:
82:
77:
72:
67:
62:
57:
52:
47:
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
16:Family of birds
12:
11:
5:
2652:
2651:
2640:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2612:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2595:
2582:
2569:
2556:
2543:
2530:
2517:
2504:
2491:
2478:
2465:
2452:
2439:
2424:
2408:
2406:
2400:
2399:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2375:
2369:
2363:
2360:Semnornithidae
2357:
2351:
2345:
2338:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2326:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2305:
2304:
2297:
2295:
2287:
2286:
2275:
2274:
2267:
2260:
2252:
2243:
2242:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2186:(true toucans)
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2140:
2139:
2137:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2111:
2105:
2103:
2093:
2092:
2090:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1985:Tepui toucanet
1982:
1977:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1957:
1952:
1946:
1944:
1939:Aulacorhynchus
1934:
1933:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1920:
1912:
1911:
1896:
1895:
1888:
1881:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1857:External links
1855:
1852:
1851:
1829:
1818:
1769:
1712:
1696:
1662:
1642:
1607:
1557:
1530:
1519:(2): 280–281.
1503:
1485:
1434:
1395:
1347:
1317:
1274:
1251:(1): 108–127.
1231:
1205:
1198:
1180:
1167:animals.mom.me
1161:Ferrara, Sue.
1152:
1151:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1137:
1134:
1066:
1063:
1054:
1051:
1045:
1042:
1020:and will take
993:
990:
980:
977:
937:
934:
805:
802:
798:
797:
794:
793:
789:
788:
785:
784:
780:
779:
776:
775:
771:
770:
767:
766:
762:
761:
758:
757:
753:
752:
749:
748:
744:
743:
740:
739:
731:
728:
727:
724:
723:
719:Semnornithidae
715:
710:
708:
705:
704:
701:
700:
692:
687:
685:
682:
681:
678:
677:
669:
664:
662:
659:
658:
655:
654:
646:
641:
639:
636:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
623:
622:
614:
611:
610:
607:
606:
598:
593:
591:
586:
584:
581:
580:
577:
576:
572:
571:
568:
567:
559:
556:
555:
552:
551:
543:
538:
536:
531:
529:
521:
452:
449:
386:Toucan barbets
314:
313:
312:
311:
304:
297:
290:
287:Aulacorhynchus
283:
273:
272:
268:
267:
255:
251:
250:
245:
241:
240:
235:
231:
230:
225:
221:
220:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
167:
166:
130:
129:
121:
120:
105:
104:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2650:
2649:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2622:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2592:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2548:
2544:
2540:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2483:
2479:
2475:
2470:
2466:
2462:
2457:
2453:
2449:
2444:
2440:
2435:
2429:
2425:
2420:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2397:
2392:
2380:(honeyguides)
2379:
2378:Indicatoridae
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2331:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2314:
2312:
2310:
2306:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2273:
2268:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2240:
2235:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2184:
2183:
2178:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2094:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2022:Green aracari
2020:
2019:
2017:
2013:
2012:
2007:
2001:
1998:
1996:
1993:
1991:
1988:
1986:
1983:
1981:
1978:
1976:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1961:
1958:
1956:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1947:
1945:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1929:
1928:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1907:
1902:
1894:
1889:
1887:
1882:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1871:
1864:
1861:
1860:
1840:. Serebii.net
1839:
1833:
1827:
1822:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1783:Proc Biol Sci
1780:
1773:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1742:
1738:
1735:(3): 792–96.
1734:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1710:
1706:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1685:(3): 506–19.
1684:
1680:
1673:
1666:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1646:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1623:(1): 178–92.
1622:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1568:
1561:
1554:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1489:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1438:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1391:
1385:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:"Biomimetics"
1351:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1321:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1278:
1269:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1235:
1219:
1215:
1209:
1201:
1195:
1191:
1184:
1169:. Pets on Mom
1168:
1164:
1157:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1133:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1112:
1106:
1104:
1100:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1062:
1060:
1050:
1041:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1007:
1003:
998:
989:
985:
976:
973:
969:
964:
962:
958:
957:
947:
942:
933:
931:
927:
922:
919:
917:
912:
907:
903:
899:
895:
894:spongy tissue
891:
883:
879:
875:
871:
869:
864:
863:
858:
850:
845:
841:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
815:
810:
796:
795:
787:
786:
778:
777:
769:
768:
760:
759:
751:
750:
742:
741:
738:
736:
730:
729:
726:
725:
722:
720:
714:
713:
707:
706:
703:
702:
699:
697:
691:
690:
684:
683:
680:
679:
676:
674:
668:
667:
661:
660:
657:
656:
653:
651:
645:
644:
638:
637:
634:
633:
625:
624:
621:
619:
613:
612:
609:
608:
605:
603:
602:Indicatoridae
597:
596:
590:
589:
583:
582:
579:
578:
570:
569:
566:
564:
558:
557:
554:
553:
550:
548:
542:
541:
535:
534:
528:
525:
524:
520:
518:
514:
510:
506:
503:
499:
494:
492:
488:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
458:
448:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
373:
355:
347:
320:
310:
309:
305:
303:
302:
298:
296:
295:
291:
289:
288:
284:
282:
281:
277:
276:
274:
269:
264:
259:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
242:
239:
236:
233:
232:
229:
226:
223:
222:
219:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
177:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
131:
127:
122:
116:
101:
96:
91:
86:
81:
76:
71:
66:
61:
56:
51:
46:
40:
29:
26:
22:
2434:Ramphastidae
2404:Ramphastidae
2403:
2354:Ramphastidae
2353:
2348:Megalaimidae
2298:
2290:
2208:Choco toucan
2180:
2143:
2096:
2011:Pteroglossus
2009:
1937:
1925:
1915:
1906:Ramphastidae
1905:
1904:
1842:. Retrieved
1832:
1821:
1786:
1782:
1772:
1760:. Retrieved
1753:the original
1732:
1728:
1715:
1699:
1682:
1678:
1665:
1645:
1620:
1616:
1610:
1580:(1): 29–40.
1577:
1573:
1560:
1516:
1512:
1506:
1497:
1488:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1415:(1): 1–206.
1412:
1408:
1398:
1372:. Retrieved
1359:
1350:
1338:. Retrieved
1320:
1291:
1287:
1277:
1248:
1244:
1234:
1222:. Retrieved
1218:the original
1208:
1189:
1183:
1171:. Retrieved
1166:
1156:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1107:
1102:
1084:
1068:
1056:
1047:
1032:, and small
1011:
1005:
986:
982:
965:
954:
951:
923:
920:
887:
881:
860:
854:
833:
825:
819:
735:Ramphastidae
734:
733:
717:
694:
671:
650:Megalaimidae
648:
616:
600:
561:
545:
498:phylogenetic
495:
474:
466:
460:
413:tree hollows
403:Toucans are
402:
382:Ramphastidae
381:
318:
317:
306:
299:
294:Pteroglossus
292:
285:
278:
258:Ramphastidae
257:
248:Ramphastides
244:Infraorder:
162:
154:
146:
138:
25:
2508:iNaturalist
2428:Wikispecies
2366:Capitonidae
2218:Toco toucan
1326:Gill, Frank
1294:: 851–860.
1111:Toucan Tecs
1095:Froot Loops
1014:frugivorous
849:toco toucan
830:toco toucan
804:Description
696:Capitonidae
487:woodpeckers
417:woodpeckers
378:Neotropical
135:toco toucan
115:Pleistocene
2621:Categories
2323:Bucconidae
2319:(jacamars)
2317:Galbulidae
2283:Piciformes
2182:Ramphastos
2098:Selenidera
1844:24 January
1617:The Condor
1574:Biotropica
1374:6 November
1148:References
1091:Toucan Sam
1072:John Gould
1028:, smaller
1018:omnivorous
906:serrations
882:Ramphastos
862:Selenidera
563:Bucconidae
547:Galbulidae
527:Piciformes
509:Frank Gill
505:Piciformes
479:Portuguese
455:See also:
308:Selenidera
301:Ramphastos
234:Suborder:
228:Piciformes
2356:(toucans)
1429:0079-6425
961:tree line
926:vertebrae
437:hornbills
194:Kingdom:
188:Eukaryota
37:2–0
2419:Q1325045
2413:Wikidata
2342:Lybiidae
2292:Suborder
2145:Andigena
1813:19324791
1498:BBC News
1480:42756257
1472:19628866
1384:cite web
1311:11111414
1136:See also
1024:such as
956:Andigena
884:toucans.
868:araçaris
673:Lybiidae
483:aracaris
405:arboreal
280:Andigena
254:Family:
208:Chordata
204:Phylum:
198:Animalia
184:Domain:
117:– recent
2627:Toucans
2372:Picidae
2309:Galbuli
1927:Species
1804:2677255
1762:6 March
1737:Bibcode
1637:1369399
1602:2388685
1582:Bibcode
1452:Bibcode
1444:Science
1340:17 June
1103:tucanos
1038:vectors
1034:lizards
1026:insects
902:biofoam
898:keratin
618:Picidae
519:(IOC).
471:Guaraní
469:or the
425:migrate
398:species
319:Toucans
271:Genera
224:Order:
214:Class:
106:↓
2604:373609
2578:489463
2539:178146
2526:104755
2487:1RMPHF
2300:Family
1901:family
1811:
1801:
1707:
1657:
1635:
1600:
1478:
1470:
1427:
1308:
1288:Nature
1224:1 June
1196:
1173:8 July
1076:Tucana
838:crow's
477:, via
467:tukana
429:Africa
394:genera
376:) are
265:, 1825
263:Vigors
113:Early
31:Toucan
2591:99133
2565:57381
2521:IRMNG
2513:18485
2448:25352
2279:Order
1917:Genus
1863:Video
1756:(PDF)
1725:(PDF)
1675:(PDF)
1633:JSTOR
1598:JSTOR
1570:(PDF)
1476:S2CID
1360:Pulse
1053:Calls
1030:birds
502:order
473:word
465:word
390:bills
2560:NCBI
2534:ITIS
2500:9343
2495:GBIF
2482:EPPO
2474:1593
2443:BOLD
2334:Pici
1846:2017
1809:PMID
1764:2013
1705:ISBN
1655:ISBN
1468:PMID
1425:ISSN
1390:link
1376:2020
1342:2024
1226:2015
1194:ISBN
1175:2020
1059:Tupi
1022:prey
992:Diet
944:The
916:Diet
890:bill
847:The
812:The
496:The
491:Pici
475:tukã
463:Tupi
433:Asia
431:and
421:down
409:eggs
238:Pici
218:Aves
45:PreꞒ
2547:NBN
2469:EoL
2461:FJF
2456:CoL
1799:PMC
1791:doi
1787:276
1745:doi
1733:141
1687:doi
1679:Auk
1625:doi
1590:doi
1521:doi
1517:111
1460:doi
1448:325
1417:doi
1306:PMC
1296:doi
1292:629
1263:hdl
1253:doi
896:of
157:),
149:),
141:),
2623::
2601::
2588::
2575::
2562::
2549::
2536::
2523::
2510::
2497::
2484::
2471::
2458::
2445::
2430::
2415::
2281::
1903::
1807:.
1797:.
1785:.
1781:.
1743:.
1731:.
1727:.
1683:10
1681:.
1677:.
1631:.
1621:95
1619:.
1596:.
1588:.
1578:23
1576:.
1572:.
1533:^
1515:.
1496:.
1474:.
1466:.
1458:.
1446:.
1423:.
1413:53
1411:.
1407:.
1386:}}
1382:{{
1366:,
1362:.
1358:.
1304:.
1290:.
1286:.
1261:.
1249:38
1247:.
1243:.
1165:.
963:.
511:,
493:.
447:.
435:,
400:.
360:/-
356::
354:UK
350:,
334:uː
165:)
95:Pg
39:Ma
2271:e
2264:t
2257:v
1909:)
1892:e
1885:t
1878:v
1848:.
1815:.
1793::
1766:.
1747::
1739::
1693:.
1689::
1639:.
1627::
1604:.
1592::
1584::
1527:.
1523::
1482:.
1462::
1454::
1431:.
1419::
1392:)
1378:.
1344:.
1314:.
1298::
1271:.
1265::
1255::
1202:.
1177:.
1004:(
832:(
824:(
372:/
369:n
366:ə
363:k
346:/
343:n
340:æ
337:k
331:t
328:ˈ
325:/
321:(
161:(
153:(
145:(
137:(
100:N
90:K
85:J
80:T
75:P
70:C
65:D
60:S
55:O
50:Ꞓ
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
.jpg)
