Alphabet - Knowledge

1829: 592: 821: 1687: 142: 362:, strongly suggesting that the first alphabet had developed about that time. The script was based on letter appearances and names, believed to be based on Egyptian hieroglyphs. This script had no characters representing vowels. Originally, it probably was a syllabary—a script where syllables are represented with characters—with symbols that were not needed being removed. The best-attested Bronze Age alphabet is 2505:, there would be a consistent one-to-one correspondence between the letters and the phonemes so that a writer could predict the spelling of a word given its pronunciation, and a speaker would always know the pronunciation of a word given its spelling, and vice versa. However, this ideal is usually never achieved in practice. Languages can come close to it, such as Spanish and 588:. The Runic alphabets were used for Germanic languages from 100 CE to the late Middle Ages, being engraved on stone and jewelry, although inscriptions found on bone and wood occasionally appear. These alphabets have since been replaced with the Latin alphabet. The exception was for decorative use, where the runes remained in use until the 20th century. 745:, where the design of many of the letters comes from a sound's place of articulation, like P looking like the widened mouth and L looking like the tongue pulled in. The creation of Hangul was planned by the government of the day, and it places individual letters in syllable clusters with equal dimensions, in the same way as 2674:, is unknown to many Italians because spelling is usually trivial, as Italian spelling is highly phonemic. In standard Spanish, one can tell the pronunciation of a word from its spelling, but not vice versa, as phonemes sometimes can be represented in more than one way, but a given letter is consistently pronounced. 505:

changed itself. The letters used for non-existent phonemes were dropped. Afterwards, however, the alphabet went through many different changes. The final classical form of Etruscan contained 20 letters. Four of them are vowels (a, e, i, and u) - six fewer letters than the earlier forms. The script in

451:. The Phoenician script was probably the first phonemic script, and it contained only about two dozen distinct letters, making it a script simple enough for traders to learn. Another advantage of the Phoenician alphabet was that it could write different languages since it recorded words phonemically. 2714:

changed from an Arabic script to a Cyrillic script due to the Soviet Union's influence. In 2021, it made a transition to the Latin alphabet, similar to Turkish. The Cyrillic script used to be official in Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan before they switched to the Latin alphabet. Uzbekistan is reforming

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occurred after the orthography got established and because English has acquired a large number of loanwords at different times, retaining their original spelling at varying levels. However, even English has general, albeit complex, rules that predict pronunciation from spelling. Rules like this are

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The Phoenician script was spread across the Mediterranean by the Phoenicians. The Greek Alphabet was the first alphabet in which vowels have independent letter forms separate from those of consonants. The Greeks chose letters representing sounds that did not exist in Phoenician to represent vowels.

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For critics of the abjad-abugida-alphabet distinction, see Reinhard G. Lehmann: "27-30-22-26. How Many Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic", in: The idea of writing: Writing across borders; edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrich Quack, Leiden: Brill 2012, p. 11-52, esp p.

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are also an abugida, rather than a syllabary, as their name would imply, because each glyph stands for a consonant and is modified by rotation to represent the following vowel. In a true syllabary, each consonant-vowel combination gets represented by a separate glyph.

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The pronunciation of a language often evolves independently of its writing system. Writing systems have been borrowed for languages the orthography was not initially made to use. The degree to which letters of an alphabet correspond to phonemes of a language varies.

784:, the use of Zhuyin today is limited. However, it is still widely used in Taiwan. Zhuyin developed from a form of Chinese shorthand based on Chinese characters in the early 1900s and has elements of both an alphabet and a syllabary. Like an alphabet, the phonemes of 305:, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names. The script was used a fair amount in the 4th century CE. However, after pagan temples were closed down, it was forgotten in the 5th century until the discovery of the 2608:

A language may spell some words with unpronounced letters that exist for historical or other reasons. For example, the spelling of the Thai word for "beer" retains a letter for the final consonant "r" present in the English word it borrows, but silences

443:. The omission of vowels was not always a satisfactory solution due to the need of preserving sacred texts. "Weak" consonants are used to indicate vowels. These letters have a dual function since they can also be used as pure consonants. 2474:

In Cyrillic, originally, acrophony was present using Slavic words. The first three words going, azŭ, buky, vědě, with the Cyrillic collation order being, А, Б, В. However, this was later abandoned in favor of a system similar to Latin.

1854:, further classification can be based on their treatment of tone. Though names do not yet exist to distinguish the various types. Some alphabets disregard tone entirely, especially when it does not carry a heavy functional load, as in 2705:

to realign the writing with the contemporary spoken language. These can range from simple spelling changes and word forms to switching the entire writing system. For example, Turkey switched from the Arabic alphabet to a Latin-based

1793:, writing the vowels is mandatory, and whole letters are used, so the script is a true alphabet. Other languages may use a Semitic abjad with forced vowel diacritics, effectively making them abugidas. On the other hand, the 1634:

level—that is, it has separate glyphs for individual sounds and not for larger units such as syllables or words. In the narrower sense, some scholars distinguish "true" alphabets from two other types of segmental script,

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Reinhard G. Lehmann: "27-30-22-26. How Many Letters Needs an Alphabet? The Case of Semitic", in: The idea of writing: Writing across borders; edited by Alex de Voogt and Joachim Friedrich Quack, Leiden: Brill 2012, p.

1870:, an abugida, vowels are indicated by diacritics. The placing of the diacritic relative to the consonant is modified to indicate the tone. More rarely, a script may have separate letters for tones, as is the case for 2004:), which derives from the Northwest Semitic "Abgad" order, is already well established. Although, languages using this alphabet have different conventions for their treatment of modified letters (such as the 1821:, has assimilated into their consonant modifications. It is no longer systematic and must be learned as a syllabary rather than as a segmental script. Even more extreme, the Pahlavi abjad eventually became 446:

The Proto-Sinaitic script and the Ugaritic script were the first scripts with a limited number of signs instead of using many different signs for words, in contrast to cuneiform, Egyptian hieroglyphs, and

102:. This system was used until the 5th century CE, and fundamentally differed by adding pronunciation hints to existing hieroglyphs that had previously carried no pronunciation information. Later on, these 606:

was the writing system of the Hungarians. It was in use during the entire history of Hungary, albeit not as an official writing system. From the 19th century, it once again became more and more popular.

2690:, may seem to lack much correspondence between the spelling and pronunciation. However, its rules on pronunciation, though complex, are consistent and predictable with a fair degree of accuracy. 3240: 5269: 463:

from the 16th century BCE, had 87 symbols, including five vowels. In its early years, there were many variants of the Greek alphabet, causing many different alphabets to evolve from it.

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At the other extreme are languages such as English, where pronunciations mostly have to be memorized as they do not correspond to the spelling consistently. For English, this is because the

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The Local Scripts of Archaic Greece: A Study of the Origin of the Greek Alphabet and Its Development from the Eighth to the Fifth Centuries B.C. (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology)

2467:. The French names (from which the English names got derived) preserve the qualities of the English vowels before the Great Vowel Shift. By contrast, the names of F, L, M, N, and S ( 6128: 1643:. These three differ in how they treat vowels. Abjads have letters for consonants and leave most vowels unexpressed. Abugidas are also consonant-based but indicate vowels with 749:. This change allows for mixed-script writing, where one syllable always takes up one type space no matter how many letters get stacked into building that one sound-block. 6122: 1858:

and many other languages of Africa and the Americas. Most commonly, tones are indicated by diacritics, which is how vowels are treated in abugidas, which is the case for

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also uses a tetragraph for one of its phonemes, namely "кхъу." Two letters representing one sound occur in several instances in Hungarian as well (where, for instance,

1878:. For many, regardless of whether letters or diacritics get used, the most common tone is not marked, just as the most common vowel is not marked in Indic abugidas. In 5415:

Reassessing the role of the syllable in Italian phonology: an experimental study of consonant cluster syllabification, definite article allomorphy and segment duration

622:. Cyrillic is one of the most widely used modern alphabetic scripts and is notable for its use in Slavic languages and also for other languages within the former 5611: 1828: 5245:

Advances in Social Science, Education, and Humanities Research: Proceedings of the 2022 6th international Seminar, on Education, Management, and Social Sciences

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The Bua Luang What You See is what You Say Thai Phrase Handbook Contemporary Thai-language Phrases in Context, WYSIWYS Easier-to-read Transliteration System

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European alphabets, especially Latin and Cyrillic, have been adapted for many languages of Asia. Arabic is also widely used, sometimes as an abjad, as with

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National languages sometimes elect to address the problem of dialects by associating the alphabet with the national standard. Some national languages like

2372:: The letters are arranged according to how and where the sounds get produced in the mouth. This organization is present in Southeast Asia, Tibet, Korean 5637: 6953: 6437: 6062: 374:

script with 30 signs, including three that indicate the following vowel. This script was not used after the destruction of Ugarit in 1178 BCE.

7383: 7373: 6948: 6054: 203:, which simply adds a vowel after the character representing each letter. Some systems also used to have acrophony but later abandoned it, such as 7363: 7353: 6943: 6938: 6933: 433:

was descended. Abugidas are writing systems with characters comprising consonant–vowel sequences. Alphabets without obligatory vowels are called

183:. This also means that letters may be used as a method of "numbering" ordered items. Letters also have names in some languages; this is known as 3370:(2005). "Two Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from the Wadi el-Ḥôl: New Evidence for the Origin of the Alphabet from the Western Desert of Egypt". 5172: 4928: 4002: 3544: 9079: 7368: 5680: 2622:

A language may use different sets of symbols or rules for distinct vocabulary items, typically for foreign words, such as in the Japanese

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are considered distinct letters representing different vowel sounds from sounds represented by their unaccented counterparts. In Spanish,

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A language may represent a given phoneme by combinations of letters rather than just a single letter. Two-letter combinations are called

6244: 5551: 2423:. It referred to the letters by adding a vowel (usually "e", sometimes "a", or "u") before or after the consonant. Two exceptions were 9111: 6170: 6094: 5796: 2068: 410:. This script is the parent script of all western alphabets. By the 10th century BCE, two other forms distinguish themselves, 490:. One of these became the Latin alphabet, which spread across Europe as the Romans expanded their republic. After the fall of the 5642: 160:, which only need letters for consonants. Abjads generally lack vowel indicators altogether, while abugidas represent them with 6113: 8301: 10181: 6430: 5353: 4398:

Thai-English Picture Book: Thai Consonants, Vowels, 4 Tone Marks, Numbers and Activity Book for Kids | Thai Language Learning

4177: 3126: 2918: 114:. The Phoenician system is considered the first true alphabet and is the ultimate ancestor of many modern scripts, including 8750: 6133: 3487:

Documents in Mycenaean Greek: Three Hundred Selected Tablets from Knossos, Pylos and Mycenae with Commentary and Vocabulary

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Pronunciation of individual words may change according to the presence of surrounding words in a sentence, for example, in

494:, the alphabet survived in intellectual and religious works. It came to be used for the descendant languages of Latin (the 8187: 6499: 6259: 301:

that are called uniliterals, which are glyphs that provide one sound. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for

6723: 498:) and most of the other languages of western and central Europe. Today, it is the most widely used script in the world. 6033: 6006: 5985: 5966: 5943: 5870: 5850: 5829: 5806: 5781: 5756: 5526: 5484: 5423: 5388: 5252: 5226: 5199: 5148: 5051: 5012: 4904: 4745: 4613: 4578: 4460: 4405: 4357: 4320: 4295: 4237: 3823: 3693: 3658: 3571: 3520: 3494: 3469: 3462:

Language History, Language Change, and Language Relationship: An Introduction to Historical and Comparative Linguistics

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have a very regular spelling system with nearly one-to-one correspondence between letters and phonemes. Similarly, the

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A language may represent the same phoneme with two or more different letters or combinations of letters. An example is

5615: 662:, their disciple. They feature many letters that appear to have been borrowed from or influenced by Greek and Hebrew. 9949: 9935: 9905: 9044: 6404: 5587: 3734: 3210: 5140:

Empty signs, historical imaginaries: the entangled nationalization of names and naming in a late Habsburg borderland

10167: 8884: 8281: 6423: 5552:"English spellings don't match the sounds they are supposed to represent. It's time to change | Mind your language" 4649: 4608:. Joel Corneal Kuipers, Ray McDermott. New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. pp. 320–342. 2443:

for Z in all forms of English, other than American English. Over time names sometimes shifted or were added, as in

2113: 1866:(an abugida). In Thai, the tone is determined primarily by a consonant, with diacritics for disambiguation. In the 1459: 6728: 8607: 7868: 2723: 2497:

words, following the principle on which alphabets get based. These rules will map letters of the alphabet to the

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the alphabet to use diacritics on the letters that are marked by apostrophes and the letters that are digraphs.

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is typically an abugida augmented with dedicated letters for initial vowels, though some traditions use अ as a

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has connected the illiterate turquoise miner graffiti theory to the origin of the alphabet. In 1999, American

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Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: a guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet

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Himelfarb, Elizabeth J. "First Alphabet Found in Egypt", Archaeology 53, Issue 1 (January/February 2000): 21.

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syllabary is used for foreign words, and there are rules in English for using loanwords from other languages.

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Languages may fail to achieve a one-to-one correspondence between letters and sounds in any of several ways:

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and shows evidence of having been adapted from specific forms of Egyptian hieroglyphs that could be dated to

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system, for aiding pronunciation and as an input method for Chinese characters on computers and cellphones.

10160: 10139: 7427: 7202: 6718: 6494: 6254: 6075: 1805:, but vowel marks are written after the preceding consonant rather than as diacritic marks. Although short 1647:, a systematic graphic modification of the consonants. The earliest known alphabet using this sense is the 1143: 249:(β). The names for the Greek letters, in turn, came from the first two letters of the Phoenician alphabet: 6089: 4342:

2017 International Conference on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT)

2468: 2464: 2460: 1767: 1759: 317:. The last known use of the Cuneiform script was in 75 CE, after which the script fell out of use. In the 10040: 10019: 8699: 8694: 8389: 8291: 6813: 6504: 4434: 1648: 53:

written to represent particular sounds in a spoken language. Specifically, letters largely correspond to

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It is unknown whether the earliest alphabets had a defined sequence. Some alphabets today, such as the

1882:, not only is one of the tones unmarked; but there is a diacritic to indicate a lack of tone, like the 655: 7437: 6755: 2698:

usually successful. However, rules to predict spelling from pronunciation have a higher failure rate.

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Alphabets usually have a standard ordering for their letters. This makes alphabets a useful tool in

39: 17: 5447: 5112:(Digitized ed.). Indiana University, Department of Slavic Languages and Literature. p. 90. 5076: 4261: 2098: 9857: 9843: 9148: 7731: 7534: 6750: 6156: 4336:

Alphonsa, Alice Celin; Bhanja, Chuya China; Laskar, Azharuddin; Laskar, Rabul Hussain (July 2017).

3735:"Contemporary Hungarian Rune-Writing Ideological Linguistic Nationalism within a Homogenous Nation" 2541: 2229:, in the dictionary. An exception is the German telephone directory, where umlauts are sorted like 2020: 1781:

The boundaries between the three types of segmental scripts are not always clear-cut. For example,

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its classical form was used until the 1st century CE. The Etruscan language itself was not used in

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The Proto-Sinaitic script eventually developed into the Phoenician alphabet, conventionally called

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In Phoenician, each letter got associated with a word that begins with that sound. This is called

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The Etruscan alphabet remained nearly unchanged for several hundred years. Only evolving once the

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DIN 5007-1:2005-08 Filing of Character Strings – Part 1: General Rules for Processing (ABC Rules)

2806: 2647: 2471:) remain the same in both languages because "short" vowels were largely unaffected by the Shift. 1067: 278: 152:

distinguishes true alphabets—which use letters to represent both consonants and vowels—from both

1477: 8864: 7803: 7793: 7726: 7236: 6669: 6117: 4836: 2953: 2796: 2525: 808:. While Zhuyin is not a mainstream writing system, it is still often used in ways similar to a 591: 426: 5296:

Workbook/laboratory manual to accompany Yookoso! : an invitation to contemporary Japanese

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which all represent phonemes and considered separate single letters, would follow the letters

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symbols also became used to transcribe foreign words. The first fully phonemic script was the

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Alphabets often come to be associated with a standard ordering of their letters; this is for

1602: 514: 382: 322: 107: 8956: 8161: 5645:. 26 October 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 26 October 2017. 3399: 3267: 10293: 10012: 9763: 9440: 8936: 8591: 8555: 7960: 7883: 7716: 7464: 7454: 7293: 7276: 6592: 6249: 3355: 2502: 2484: 2023:). In French, these are not considered to be additional letters for collation. However, in 1397: 1078: 603: 596: 542: 534: 491: 337: 294: 4942: 4016: 3942: 8: 8839: 8735: 8457: 7980: 6686: 4522:(in German). German Institute for Standardisation (Deutsches Institut für Normung). 2005. 4051: 3359: 3170: 2303:

tablets from the fourteenth century BCE preserve the alphabet in two sequences. One, the

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The Alphabet Effect: A Media Ecology Understanding of the Making of Western Civilization

3922:"Alphabet's Epitome: The Invention of Hangul and its Contribution to the Korean Society" 30:

This article is about alphabets in general. For the English alphabet in particular, see

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Thackston, W.M. (2006), "—Sorani Kurdish— A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings",

3762: 3538: 3379: 3337: 2981: 2906: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2663: 2546: 2439:(from Greek)—this discrepancy was inherited by many European languages, as in the term 2431:, which were borrowed from the Greek alphabet rather than Etruscan. They were known as 2393: 2292: 2249: 2203: 2024: 1909: 1898: 1851: 1809:

is not written, as in the Indic abugidas, The source of the term "abugida", namely the

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Taylor, Insup (1980), Kolers, Paul A.; Wrolstad, Merald E.; Bouma, Herman (eds.),

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The Effects of Historical German-Slovene Language Contact on the Slovene Language

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to represent sounds in any language, independently of orthography, is called the

2702: 2675: 2529: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2354: 2350: 2320: 2308: 2295:, are learned one letter at a time, in no particular order, and are not used for 2005: 1875: 1855: 1832: 1763: 1755: 1699: 1676: 1656: 1517: 1511: 1505: 1379: 1363: 1334: 1317: 1115: 1033: 1024: 1015: 1004: 872: 793: 788:

are represented by individual symbols, but like a syllabary, the phonemes of the

713: 679: 675: 671: 619: 440: 419: 341: 330: 326: 204: 196: 192: 188: 135: 127: 119: 115: 8276: 7459: 6141:, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Eleanor Robson, Alan Millard and Rosalind Thomas ( 4709: 3966: 3890:

Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages

1592: 1149: 561:. Other alphabets only use a subset of the Latin alphabet, such as Hawaiian and 10216: 10100: 9984: 9964: 9873: 9741: 9672: 9571: 9519: 9512: 9344: 9337: 9316: 9295: 9196: 9189: 8996: 8951: 8879: 8874: 8725: 8709: 8684: 8627: 8617: 8612: 8452: 8326: 8286: 8256: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8166: 8141: 8089: 8029: 7995: 7945: 7893: 7858: 7813: 7783: 7736: 7696: 7595: 7549: 7504: 7422: 7358: 7313: 7298: 7261: 7241: 7209: 7197: 7145: 7140: 7130: 7120: 7115: 7032: 7017: 7007: 6973: 6963: 6908: 6893: 6858: 6708: 6612: 6560: 6450: 6322: 6307: 6179: 6108: 5508: 5233:

Note in the pronunciation guide next to "เบียร์" it has it being said as, "Bia"

5030:"Standardization of Finnish Orthography: From Reformists to National Awakeners" 4337: 3903: 2791: 2577: 2420: 2409: 2365: 2342: 2328: 2312: 2130:, as though it were a single letter, which contrasts several languages such as 1922: 1871: 1867: 1847: 1802: 1794: 1775: 1703: 1695: 1664: 1660: 1447: 1435: 1369: 1285: 1259: 1252: 1128: 881: 785: 765: 585: 550: 538: 239: 220: 200: 165: 131: 123: 64: 8426: 5476:

Easy French step-by-step: master high-frequency grammar for French proficiency

5433: 5398: 5158: 5042: 5029: 4338:"Spectral feature based automatic tonal and non-tonal language classification" 3530: 2969: 2619:

Different dialects of a language may use different phonemes for the same word.

10282: 10223: 10072: 10005: 9928: 9898: 9756: 9734: 9665: 9561: 9540: 9387: 9245: 9163: 9156: 9127: 9086: 9001: 8991: 8986: 8773: 8467: 8126: 8069: 7721: 7494: 7378: 7333: 7288: 7256: 7105: 7022: 6995: 6968: 6898: 6883: 6868: 6823: 6580: 6348: 5880:

McLuhan, Marshall; Logan, Robert K. (1977). "Alphabet, Mother of Invention".

5536: 5494: 5363: 5092: 4914: 4755: 4623: 4247: 4201: 4187: 3833: 3668: 3593:. Larissa Bonfante (2nd ed.). Manchester : Manchester University Press. 3333: 3080: 2977: 2879: 2766: 2756: 2679: 2346: 1798: 1786: 1743: 1719: 1715: 1580: 1471: 995: 789: 701: 694: 577: 306: 245: 99: 87: 35: 7042: 6138: 6071:

Inventing the Alphabet: The Origins of Letters from Antiquity to the Present

5727: 5597: 5314: 4989: 4958:

Note how it says short vowels are similar between Middle and Modern English.

4879: 4588: 3608: 2455:

for Z. Comparing them in English and French gives a clear reflection of the

2202:

respectively, as well as Hungarian and Welsh. Further, German words with an

2095:; those digraphs were still formally designated as letters, but in 2010 the 820: 9679: 9644: 9585: 9072: 8834: 8730: 8643: 8535: 8436: 8246: 8059: 8024: 8005: 7940: 7828: 7590: 7514: 7323: 7318: 7229: 7224: 7160: 7100: 7080: 7037: 7027: 6978: 6863: 6843: 6833: 6681: 6659: 6617: 6415: 6378: 5413: 5378: 5138: 4695: 4123: 3988: 3510: 3269:

Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs

3055:"The Miners Who Invented the Alphabet – A Response to Christopher Rollston" 2569: 2489:

When an alphabet is adopted or developed to represent a given language, an

2358: 1723: 1691: 1623: 1483: 1277: 1271: 1218: 1201: 917: 908: 863: 809: 623: 554: 507: 429:, a sister script to the Phoenician alphabet, is the script from which the 334: 261: 76: 7888: 5516: 5474: 5343: 4894: 4735: 4603: 4227: 4167: 3847: 3813: 3648: 3218: 2954:"Last Writing: Script Obsolescence in Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Mesoamerica" 1291: 10262: 10026: 9957: 9238: 8929: 8789: 8550: 8394: 8251: 8156: 7925: 7853: 7838: 7746: 7539: 7449: 7348: 7338: 7192: 7155: 7110: 7095: 7070: 6990: 6918: 6903: 6607: 6059:

The Greatest Invention: A History of the World in Nine Mysterious Scripts

5707: 5577: 5512: 5294: 4969: 4859: 4568: 3588: 3147: 2741: 2683: 2490: 2059:

were also formerly considered single letters and sorted separately after

1863: 1619: 1265: 530: 345: 5893: 4675: 4202:"КОПТСКОЕ ПИСЬМО • Большая российская энциклопедия – электронная версия" 4103: 3968: 3902:"上親制諺文二十八字...是謂訓民正音 (His majesty created 28 characters himself... It is 3325: 1686: 1626:

in both a wide and a narrow sense. In a broader sense, an alphabet is a

8919: 8894: 8462: 7905: 7395: 7390: 7246: 7187: 6828: 6363: 3626: 3383: 2533: 1771: 1570: 1553: 1299: 584:. Elder Futhark gave rise to other alphabets known collectively as the 224: 5922: 3721:

Deutschsprachigen Keltologensymposiums. Zürich, 7.–10. September 2009,

2280:

at the end. However, æ phonetically corresponds with ä, as does ø and

141: 10230: 10209: 10202: 8981: 8818: 8514: 8481: 8316: 8207: 7756: 7484: 7400: 7125: 6332: 6327: 6317: 5681:"Uzbekistan Aims For Full Transition To Latin-Based Alphabet By 2023" 5638:О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику 2746: 2389: 2369: 2296: 1904: 1644: 1238: 840: 371: 310: 184: 176: 161: 68: 8924: 5857:

Chapter 3 traces and summarizes the invention of alphabetic writing.

3354: 2907:"The Korean writing system: An alphabet? A syllabary? A logography?" 2509:. Others, such as English, deviate from it to a much larger degree. 2451:, or "double V" in French, the English name for Y, and the American 2307:

order later used in Phoenician, has continued with minor changes in

2126:(all incidentally loanwords) instead of appearing after the initial 1758:, for example, is essentially an abjad but has syllabic letters for 618:

and became, together with the Greek uncial script, the basis of the

8946: 8909: 8904: 8784: 8745: 8586: 8345: 8230: 8121: 7863: 7751: 7701: 7085: 6888: 6848: 6629: 6622: 6473: 6302: 6297: 6217: 6202: 6095:"Language, Writing and Alphabet: An Interview with Christophe Rico" 5929: 4136:

Bernard Comrie, 2005, "Writing Systems", in Haspelmath et al. eds,

3095: 2801: 2719: 2623: 2494: 2357:

usually uses its sequence, although Arabic retains the traditional

2324: 2211: 1836: 1822: 1672: 1586: 1559: 1094: 835: 693:

Most alphabetic scripts of India and Eastern Asia descend from the

482:-600 BCE giving rise to many different alphabets used to write the 456: 448: 302: 179:, as words can be listed in a well-defined order—commonly known as 103: 80: 72: 8966: 6148: 5705: 5243:

Strielkowski, Wadim; Birkök, Mehmet; Khan, Intakhab, eds. (2022).

2339:. Both orders have therefore been stable for at least 3000 years. 199:. However, acrophony is not present in all languages, such as the 9053: 8560: 8431: 8321: 8296: 8182: 8019: 7873: 7848: 7617: 7524: 7172: 6786: 6597: 6282: 5998:

Letter Perfect: The Marvelous History of Our Alphabet from A to Z

5005:

Beyond Orthographic Depth in Reading: Equitable Division of Labor

2826: 2811: 2751: 2687: 2498: 1840: 1640: 1631: 851: 237:); it was made from the first two letters of the Greek alphabet, 168:

was the first true alphabet; it was originally derived from the

153: 55: 4896:

A simple approach to French pronunciation: a comprehensive guide

4381:

Galaal, Muuse Haaji Ismaaʻiil; Andrzejewski, Bogumił W. (1956).

10054: 7798: 7610: 7529: 7474: 7182: 6853: 6368: 5299:. Sachiko Fuji, Yasuhiko Tohsaku. New York: McGraw-Hill. 1994. 4052:"Sinaitic inscriptions | Alphabet, Meaning, & Decipherment" 3910:))", 《세종실록 (The Annals of the Choson Dynasty: Sejong)》 25년 12월. 3907: 2613: 2373: 1883: 1879: 1782: 1727: 1244: 1190: 1184: 1042: 935: 781: 773: 757: 738: 475:, was carried over by Greek colonists to the Italian peninsula 401: 367: 313:, primarily used to write several ancient languages, including 4424:, Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications, vol. 29, pp. 46–61 3489:(Reprinted ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 60. 826:

Predominant national and selected regional or minority scripts

654:. The Glagolitic alphabet is believed to have been created by 8421: 8416: 8266: 8049: 7950: 7637: 6548: 6277: 5978:

Writing: Theory and History of the Technology of Civilization

3967:

Paul A. Kolers; Merald Ernest Wrolstad; Herman Bouma (1980).

2952:

Houston, Stephen; Baines, John; Cooper, Jerrold (July 2003).

2816: 2103:

changed it, so they are no longer considered letters at all.

2043:

is considered a separate letter, but accented vowels such as

1739: 1636: 1497: 1491: 981: 960: 946: 846: 777: 730: 683: 435: 251: 157: 5798:

Semitic Writing (Schweich Lectures on Biblical Archaeology S

5448:"Spanish Pronunciation: The Ultimate Guide | The Mimic Meth" 4461:"From A to Z — the surprising history of alphabetical order" 3815:

Phonology and morphology of Biblical Hebrew: an introduction

3314:

Zeitschrift für Assyrologie und vorderasiatische Archäologie

377: 344:

discovered an earlier version of this first alphabet at the

329:

around 1840 BCE, apparently left by Canaanite workers.

8899: 8794: 6373: 5124:

Dictionaries, An International Encyclopedia of Lexicography

5003:

Seidenberg, Mark (1992). Frost, Ram; Katz, Leonard (eds.).

4740:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 177–178. 4288:

Sorani Kurdish — A Reference Grammar with Selected Readings

4142:

The solid form of language: an essay on writing and meaning

2377: 956: 145:

Corresponding letters in the Phoenician and Latin alphabets

60: 4335: 4225: 741:

alphabet in 1443 CE. Hangul is a unique alphabet: it is a

518: 5188:

The Routledge Concise Compendium of the World's Languages

4400:. Amazon Digital Services LLC (published 20 March 2021). 2701:

Sometimes, countries have the written language undergo a

370:

before the 15th century BCE. This was an alphabetic

5842:

In the Beginning: A Short History of the Hebrew Language

4315:(in German). Harrassowitz (published 31 December 1974). 4017:"The Definition of the Bopomofo Chinese Phonetic System" 2463:

in today's English, but in contemporary French they are

2368:

of alphabets used in India uses a unique order based on

1789:, which, when used for other languages, is an abjad. In 59:

as the smallest sound segments that can distinguish one

5824:] (in German) (2nd ed.). München: C. H. Beck. 5612:"Нұрсұлтан Назарбаев. Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру" 5582:(3rd ed.). London: I.B. Tauris. pp. 188–189. 4169:

A primer on Ugaritic: language, culture, and literature

3682:

Robustelli, Cecilia; Maiden, Martin (4 February 2014).

3372:

The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research

1754:

All three types may be augmented with syllabic glyphs.

5901:

Millard, A. R. (1986). "The Infancy of the Alphabet".

5242: 4172:. Joel H. Hunt. New York: Cambridge University Press. 3788:"Aramaic Alphabet | PDF | Languages Of Asia | Writing" 2335:

was used in southern Arabia and is preserved today in

5077:"Sociolinguistic factors in borrowed writing systems" 4262:"A Practical Sanskrit Introductory by Charles Wikner" 2448: 2428: 2424: 2299:

where a definite order is required. However, a dozen

2001: 1998: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1986: 1983: 1980: 1977: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1965: 1962: 1959: 1956: 1953: 1950: 1947: 1944: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1932: 1929: 1926: 804:). The last symbol ㄢ takes place as the entire final 34:. For the international technology conglomerate, see 5788:

Overview of modern and some ancient writing systems.

4605:

Fine description: ethnographic and linguistic essays

4573:. Ian Hinchliffe (2nd ed.). London: Routledge. 3272:(2nd revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. 1762:

These are the only times that vowels are indicated.

557:ð of Old English and Icelandic, which is a modified 233:, which in turn originated in the Greek, ἀλφάβητος ( 4974:(7th Revised ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. 3716:im Lepontischen", in Stüber, Karin; et al. (eds.), 2951: 6079:, vol. LXX, no. 1 (19 January 2023), pp. 6, 8, 10. 6017: 5931: 4680:. Manchester: Manchester Univ. Press. p. 14. 4380: 2245:and are not distinguished in the spoken language. 614:was the initial script of the liturgical language 553:runes; and modified existing letters, such as the 283: 5934:Mysteries of the Alphabet: The Origins of Writing 5345:Borrowed words: a history of loanwords in English 4435:"Devanagari – an overview | ScienceDirect Topics" 3048: 3046: 1850:of alphabets reflects how they treat vowels. For 1655:, is the ancestor of modern alphabets, including 517:, a combination of two letters make one, such as 288: 10280: 6065:, Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2022, 289 pp.; and 5860: 5838: 4422:Diexis and anaphora and prelinguistic universals 3681: 2493:generally comes into being, providing rules for 2478: 2206:get collated ignoring the umlaut as—contrary to 1706:(right) alphabets, which share many of the same 708:, and sometimes as a complete alphabet, as with 187:, and it is present in scripts including Greek, 6073:, University of Chicago Press, 2022, 380 pp.), 6015: 4864:. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. 3561: 3484: 3464:(3rd ed.). Mouton De Gruyter. p. 85. 3209:Gnomon (8 April 2004). Lynn, Bernadette (ed.). 2392:and is continuously used to varying degrees in 537:; borrowings from other alphabets, such as the 510:, but the script was used for religious texts. 321:, an apparently alphabetic system known as the 5930:Ouaknin, Marc-Alain; Bacon, Josephine (1999). 5801:(3rd rev. ed.). Oxford University Press. 4105:Studies in Aramaic inscriptions and onomastics 3043: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 2947: 2945: 1907:—namely, for listing words and other items in 164:added to letters. In this narrower sense, the 9038: 6431: 6164: 5952: 5791: 5765: 5214: 3943:"Hangul | Alphabet Chart & Pronunciation" 3708:Stifter, David (2010), "Lepontische Studien: 3185:"Alphabet | Definition, History, & Facts" 3153: 3119:The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems 3037: 3014: 3012: 3010: 3001: 2892: 2096: 1710:, although they have different pronunciations 658:, while the Cyrillic alphabet was created by 580:, believed to have evolved out of one of the 27:Set of letters used to write a given language 6445: 5994: 5879: 5507: 5185: 4165: 3883: 3881: 3875:, Harvard University, retrieved 10 June 2021 3096:"How the Alphabet was Born from Hieroglyphs" 3059:Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 792:are not; each possible final (excluding the 513:Some adaptations of the Latin alphabet have 325:appeared in Egyptian turquoise mines in the 6116:, animation by Prof. Robert Fradkin at the 5766:Daniels, Peter T.; Bright, William (1996). 5706:International Phonetic Association (1999). 5411: 5383:. P.G. Aaron. Hoboken: Taylor and Francis. 3024: 2942: 2545:and (in a few borrowed words) "dsch" for . 686:of the Middle East are developments of the 228: 9045: 9031: 6438: 6424: 6171: 6157: 6123:How the Alphabet Was Born from Hieroglyphs 5955:Homer and the Origin of the Greek Alphabet 5186:Campbell, George L.; King, Gareth (2018). 5171:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5002: 4927:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4861:Writing systems: a linguistic introduction 4811:Notice the "Names of the Letters" Section. 4733: 4219: 4140:(p 568 ff). Also Robert Bringhurst, 2004, 4001:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3543:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3459: 3307: 3093: 3052: 3007: 2958:Comparative Studies in Society and History 2118:) are inserted between words with initial 1651:, believed to be an abjad. Its successor, 796:) has its own character, an example being 697:, believed to be a descendant of Aramaic. 439:, with examples being Arabic, Hebrew, and 63:from another in a given language. Not all 6040:Chapter 4 traces the invention of writing 5712:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 5518:Linguistics for everyone: an introduction 5472: 5126:. Vol. 3rd. Walter De Gruyter. 1991. 5041: 4285: 3878: 3485:Ventris, Micheal; Chadwick, John (2015). 3211:"The Development of the Western Alphabet" 3110: 3070: 2997: 2995: 2869: 2268:, whereas the Swedish conventionally put 2069:Association of Spanish Language Academies 2067:, but in 1994, the tenth congress of the 670:Many phonetic scripts exist in Asia. The 5815: 5549: 5027: 4892: 4837:"Arabic alphabet, ABC – Names in Arabic" 4496:Exclusión de «ch» y «ll» del abecedario. 4101: 4078:"The Phoenician Alphabet & Language" 3586: 3562:Jeffery, L. H.; Johnston, A. W. (1990). 2913:, Boston, MA: Springer, pp. 67–82, 1827: 1685: 819: 590: 376: 140: 6243:Languages by writing system / 5900: 5744: 5643:President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 5575: 5521:. Boston: Wadsworth/ Cengage Learning. 4857: 4820: 4673: 4636: 4601: 3919: 3732: 3422: 3410: 3141: 3116: 3018: 2886: 2851: 2718:The standard system of symbols used by 2501:of the spoken language. In a perfectly 2019:) and certain combinations of letters ( 1714:Examples of present-day abjads are the 776:. After the later establishment of the 14: 10281: 5975: 5550:Linstead, Stephen (11 December 2014). 5341: 5267: 5215:Allyn, Eric; Chaiyana, Samorn (1995). 5136: 5105: 5074: 4566: 4553:Learn Norwegian (Alphabet and Numbers) 4549: 4532: 4458: 4310: 4138:The World Atlas of Language Structures 3873:Harvard Faculty of Arts & Sciences 3751:from the original on 16 December 2023. 3646: 3590:The Etruscan language: an introduction 3208: 3053:Goldwasser, Orly (12 September 2012). 2992: 2904: 2536:(four letters) "tsch" for the phoneme 1171: 385:, one of the earliest phonemic scripts 10182:American Printing House for the Blind 9958:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 9610:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali) 9026: 8816: 8771: 8664: 8343: 8228: 7570: 6784: 6546: 6529: 6419: 6152: 5412:Kambourakis, Kristie McCrary (2007). 5376: 5081:Toronto Working Papers in Linguistics 4674:Elliott, Ralph Warren Victor (1980). 4226:Dhanesh Jain; George Cardona (2007). 3685:A Reference Grammar of Modern Italian 3566:(Revised ed.). Clarendon Press. 3265: 2670:verb corresponding to 'spell (out),' 2576: 2540: 2524:, and three-letter groups are called 1892: 1778:as the graphic base for such vowels. 466: 8665: 5380:Handbook of Orthography and Literacy 4967: 3887: 3811: 3308:Westenholz, Aage (19 January 2007). 3292: 2071:changed the collating order so that 9052: 6178: 6020:Civilization Before Greece and Rome 4536:Learn Danish (Alphabet and Numbers) 4108:. Leuven: Leuven University Press. 3310:"The Graeco-Babyloniaca Once Again" 86:The first letters were invented in 24: 8772: 6250:Ancient languages corpuses by size 6044: 5882:ETC: A Review of General Semantics 4737:A history of the Japanese language 4395: 4075: 3920:Hitkari, Cherry (6 October 2021). 3888:Zhou, Minglang (24 October 2012). 3818:. Winona Lake, Ind.: Eisenbrauns. 3460:Hock, Hans; Joseph, Brian (2019). 3378:: 63, 65, 67–71, 73–113, 115–124. 3297:. Universiteit Leiden. p. 15. 2854:"Phoneme and Grapheme: A Parallel" 2286: 1916: 719: 665: 67:represent language in this way: a 25: 10305: 6083: 6061:, translated from the Italian by 6053:, "Alphabet Politics" (review of 5268:Gasser, Micheal (10 April 2021). 4650:"ScriptSource – Ethiopic (Geʻez)" 4166:Schniedewind, William M. (2007). 3515:. Alessandro Naso. Boston. 2017. 3295:A Descriptive Grammar of Sumerian 3072:10.2458/azu_jaei_v04i3_goldwasser 2110:(which spells the German phoneme 5748:The Writing Systems of the World 5699: 5673: 5648: 5630: 5604: 5569: 5543: 5501: 5466: 5440: 5221:. Bua Luang Publishing Company. 5075:Rogers, Henry (1 January 1999). 4570:Swedish: a comprehensive grammar 4155:The writing systems of the world 3970:Processing of visible language 2 2459:: A, B, C, and D are pronounced 8817: 5738: 5685:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 5405: 5370: 5335: 5287: 5261: 5247:. Atlantis Press. p. 644. 5236: 5208: 5179: 5130: 5116: 5099: 5068: 5021: 4996: 4961: 4935: 4886: 4851: 4829: 4814: 4787: 4762: 4727: 4702: 4667: 4642: 4630: 4595: 4560: 4543: 4526: 4512: 4500: 4488: 4478: 4452: 4427: 4414: 4389: 4374: 4329: 4304: 4279: 4254: 4194: 4159: 4147: 4130: 4095: 4069: 4044: 4034: 4009: 3960: 3935: 3913: 3896: 3865: 3840: 3805: 3780: 3755: 3726: 3702: 3675: 3640: 3615: 3580: 3555: 3503: 3478: 3453: 3428: 3416: 3404: 3390: 3348: 3301: 3286: 3259: 3233: 3202: 3177: 3159: 3135: 3087: 2724:International Phonetic Alphabet 2106:In German, words starting with 2027:, the accented letters such as 1618:The term "alphabet" is used by 1085: 418:. The Aramaic gave rise to the 295:Ancient Egyptian writing system 284:Alphabets related to Phoenician 6511:Languages by writing system / 5614:. 28 June 2017. Archived from 5473:Rochester, Myrna Bell (2009). 4459:Street, Julie (10 June 2020). 2933: 2911:Processing of Visible Language 2898: 2871:10.1080/00437956.1951.11659389 2845: 2241:also appear with the spelling 1730:; and abugidas, used to write 1675:(via the Greek alphabet), and 289:Ancient Near Eastern alphabets 90:to serve as an aid in writing 13: 1: 9950:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 9906:Gardner–Salinas braille codes 8344: 8229: 7571: 5915:10.1080/00438243.1986.9979978 5348:. Oxford Scholarship Online. 4770:"World Wide Words: Acrophony" 4350:10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342752 4313:A Manual of Pahlavi: Glossary 2838: 2479:Orthography and pronunciation 2361:, which is used for numbers. 1748:Canadian Aboriginal syllabics 1562: 1545: 1532: 1400: 1193: 1152: 476: 404: 394: 356: 349: 10161:National Braille Association 10140:Braille Institute of America 9858:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin) 6785: 6255:Undeciphered writing systems 6125:—Biblical Archaeology Review 6076:The New York Review of Books 5751:. Blackwell Publishers Ltd. 5377:Joshi, R. Malatesha (2013). 3156:, pp. 3–5, 91, 261–281. 2572:which may write the phoneme 2383: 2380:, which is not an alphabet. 348:valley. The script dated to 210: 7: 10041:Refreshable braille display 10020:Optical braille recognition 9617:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese) 9149:Chinese (mainland Mandarin) 8292:New Epoch Notation Painting 6260:Creators of writing systems 5769:The World's Writing Systems 4971:Old Church Slavonic grammar 4893:Pedersen, Loren E. (2016). 4734:Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). 4602:Conklin, Harold C. (2007). 4533:WAGmob (25 December 2013). 4290:. Independently Published. 3733:Maxwell, Alexander (2004). 3587:Bonfante, Giuliano (2002). 3100:Biblical Archaeology Review 2729: 2419:Acrophony got abandoned in 1169: 760:, sometimes referred to as 94:; these are referred to as 83:, or other semantic units. 10: 10310: 10108:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh 6547: 6189:Index of language articles 6129:An Early Hellenic Alphabet 5959:Cambridge University Press 5576:Zürcher, Erik Jan (2004). 5007:. Advances in Psychology. 4858:Sampson, Geoffrey (1985). 4823:Learn The Aramiac Alphabet 4385:. Oxford University Press. 4082:World History Encyclopedia 2482: 2087:came to be sorted between 2075:came to be sorted between 1921:The basic ordering of the 1896: 1785:Kurdish is written in the 778:People's Republic of China 656:Saints Cyril and Methodius 576:Another notable script is 276: 272: 71:assigns symbols to spoken 29: 10240: 10191: 10131: 10064: 9974: 9920: 9883: 9844:Mainland Chinese Mandarin 9823: 9804: 9785: 9690: 9596: 9557: 9484: 9411: 9110: 9103: 9064: 9022: 8825: 8812: 8780: 8767: 8718: 8677: 8673: 8660: 8636: 8600: 8574: 8523: 8480: 8445: 8365: 8358:Chinese family of scripts 8356: 8352: 8339: 8237: 8224: 8175: 7583: 7579: 7566: 7428:Boyd's syllabic shorthand 7415: 7063: 6806: 6797: 6793: 6780: 6555: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6525: 6513:by first written accounts 6482: 6461: 6457: 6392: 6341: 6268: 6231: 6195: 6186: 5976:Powell, Barry B. (2009). 5861:Logan, Robert K. (2004). 5839:Hoffman, Joel M. (2004). 5816:Haarmann, Harald (2004). 5745:Coulmas, Florian (1989). 5479:. New York: McGraw Hill. 5143:. New York. p. 211. 5043:10.1515/9783110288179.351 4550:WAGmob (2 January 2014). 4286:Thackston, W. M. (2022). 4102:Lipiński, Edward (1975). 3848:"Brāhmī | writing system" 3247:. Bibliotheca Alexandrina 3154:Daniels & Bright 1996 3117:Coulmas, Florian (1996). 3038:Daniels & Bright 1996 3002:Daniels & Bright 1996 2970:10.1017/S0010417503000227 2893:Daniels & Bright 1996 1801:was based closely on the 1722:; true alphabets include 850: 845: 833: 830: 752: 724: 565:, which uses the letters 96:Egyptian uniliteral signs 79:assign symbols to words, 40:Alphabet (disambiguation) 9831:Chinese semi-syllabaries 9094:Unicode braille patterns 9080:International uniformity 7535:Thomas Natural Shorthand 6245:by first written account 6016:Saggs, H. W. F. (1991). 5579:Turkey: a modern history 5137:Berecz, Ágoston (2020). 4968:Lunt, Horace G. (2001). 4494:Real Academia Española. 4420:Clark, Marybeth (2000), 4229:The Indo-Aryan languages 3362:; Lundberg, Marilyn J.; 3266:Allen, James P. (2010). 2221:, and where a word like 815: 10168:Blindness organizations 10147:Braille Without Borders 9936:Canadian currency marks 9558:Egyptian lineage family 8741:Southwest Paleohispanic 6213:History of the alphabet 5774:Oxford University Press 5418:. New York: Routledge. 5342:Durkin, Philip (2014). 5106:Reindl, Donald (2005). 5028:Nordlund, Taru (2012). 4947:chaucer.fas.harvard.edu 4943:"The Great Vowel Shift" 4567:Holmes, Philip (2003). 4311:Nyberg, Henrik (1964). 4153:Florian Coulmas, 1991, 3647:Knight, Sirona (2008). 3293:Bram, Jagersma (2010). 3094:Goldwasser, O. (2010). 2852:Pulgram, Ernst (1951). 2807:List of writing systems 2581:in six different ways: 1726:, Cyrillic, and Korean 1068:History of the alphabet 573:only in foreign words. 471:The Greek alphabet, in 279:History of the alphabet 9485:Russian lineage family 8885:Great Lakes Algonquian 7794:Greco-Iberian alphabet 7727:Gabelsberger shorthand 6670:Inscriptional Parthian 6134:Museum of the Alphabet 6118:University of Maryland 6114:Evolution of alphabets 5953:Powell, Barry (1991). 5818:Geschichte der Schrift 5327:: CS1 maint: others ( 5270:"4.5: English Accents" 4821:MacLeod, Ewan (2015). 4795:"The Samaritan Script" 4677:Runes, an introduction 4344:. pp. 1271–1276. 3653:. New York: Sterling. 2797:NATO phonetic alphabet 2099:Real Academia Española 2097: 2083:in the dictionary and 1862:(a true alphabet) and 1843: 1711: 1460:Great Lakes Algonquian 1059: 599: 549:, which came from the 427:South Arabian alphabet 386: 229: 172:, which was an abjad. 146: 49:is a standard set of 10249:Accessible publishing 10175:Schools for the blind 10154:Japan Braille Library 9943:Computer Braille Code 9597:Indian lineage family 8977:Old Persian cuneiform 7844:Carolingian minuscule 6650:Ancient North Arabian 6026:Yale University Press 5995:Sacks, David (2004). 5980:. Oxford: Blackwell. 5274:Social Sci LibreTexts 4439:www.sciencedirect.com 4396:B., Alisscia (2021). 4266:sanskritdocuments.org 4232:. London: Routledge. 3812:Blau, Joshua (2010). 3763:"Glagolitic alphabet" 3712:und die Funktion von 3547:) CS1 maint: others ( 3217:. BBC. Archived from 3121:. Oxford: Blackwell. 2538:German pronunciation: 1831: 1689: 1144:Ancient South Arabian 823: 594: 383:Proto-Sinaitic script 380: 323:Proto-Sinaitic script 144: 108:Proto-Sinaitic script 10013:Mountbatten Brailler 9368:(largely reassigned) 9151:(largely reassigned) 8700:Southeastern Iberian 8695:Northeastern Iberian 6593:Egyptian hieroglyphs 3892:. Mouton de Gruyter. 3366:; Zuckerman, Bruce; 3360:Dobbs-Allsopp, F. W. 2574:Greek pronunciation: 2503:phonemic orthography 2485:Phonemic orthography 2376:, and even Japanese 2349:sequence, which got 2237:since names such as 2210:, which adopted the 1079:Egyptian hieroglyphs 780:and its adoption of 772:phonetically in the 604:Old Hungarian script 597:Old Hungarian script 582:Old Italic alphabets 492:Western Roman Empire 408: 1000 BCE 398: 1050 BCE 360: 2000 BCE 353: 1800 BCE 92:Egyptian hieroglyphs 38:For other uses, see 9965:Nemeth braille code 9751:(reassigned vowels) 9276:(extended to 8-dot) 8850:Canadian Aboriginal 8736:Khitan small script 8458:Khitan large script 7648:Coorgi–Cox alphabet 6145:, 18 December 2003) 6109:Alphabets of Europe 5938:. Abbeville Press. 4899:. Minneapolis, MN. 3906:(original name for 3623:"Etruscan alphabet" 3326:10.1515/ZA.2007.014 3171:Merriam-Webster.com 2256:alphabets end with 1669:Old Italic alphabet 1306:Canadian Aboriginal 827: 616:Old Church Slavonic 612:Glagolitic alphabet 459:syllabary, used by 170:Phoenician alphabet 112:Phoenician alphabet 9999:Braille translator 9976:Braille technology 9952:(science; GS8/GS6) 9921:Symbols in braille 9851:Taiwanese Mandarin 9366:Taiwanese Mandarin 8972:Nwagu Aneke script 8524:Other logosyllabic 8446:Chinese-influenced 8385:Oracle bone script 8367:Chinese characters 8302:Ojibwe Hieroglyphs 7692:Eclectic shorthand 7680:Duployan shorthand 7633:Caucasian Albanian 7433:Canadian syllabics 6469:History of writing 6354:Canadian syllabics 6223:Scripts in Unicode 6208:History of writing 6090:The Origins of abc 6001:. Broadway Books. 5822:History of Writing 5687:. 12 February 2021 5509:Denham, Kristin E. 5192:Taylor and Francis 4801:. 16 November 2022 3710:Lexicon Leponticum 3436:"Matres lectionis" 3241:"Uniliteral Signs" 3221:on 9 December 2008 3021:, pp. 140–141 2787:Constructed script 2782:Character encoding 2777:Butterfly Alphabet 2772:Alphabetical order 2603:⟨υι⟩ 2599:⟨οι⟩ 2595:⟨ει⟩ 2345:used an unrelated 1910:alphabetical order 1899:Alphabetical order 1893:Alphabetical order 1844: 1712: 1649:Wadi el-Hol script 1530:Caucasian Albanian 1060: 1052:Canadian syllabics 825: 747:Chinese characters 628:Cyrillic alphabets 600: 467:European alphabets 387: 381:A specimen of the 297:had a set of some 181:alphabetical order 147: 10276: 10275: 10272: 10271: 10194:tactile alphabets 10122:William Bell Wait 10115:Sabriye Tenberken 9916: 9915: 9781: 9780: 9766:(Japanese vowels) 9564:-mediated scripts 9491:-mediated scripts 9018: 9017: 9014: 9013: 9010: 9009: 8870:Ditema tsa Dinoko 8808: 8807: 8763: 8762: 8759: 8758: 8656: 8655: 8652: 8651: 8476: 8475: 8335: 8334: 8220: 8219: 8216: 8215: 7562: 7561: 7558: 7557: 7411: 7410: 6776: 6775: 6763:Teeline Shorthand 6521: 6520: 6413: 6412: 6405:In Southeast Asia 5903:World Archaeology 5865:. Hampton Press. 5454:. 17 January 2017 5355:978-0-19-166706-0 5034:Walter de Gruyter 4839:. 3 February 2013 4179:978-0-511-34933-1 3364:McCarter, P. Kyle 3245:Learn Hieroglyphs 3128:978-0-631-21481-6 2920:978-1-468-41070-9 2737:Ugaritic alphabet 2695:Great Vowel Shift 2591:⟨υ⟩ 2587:⟨η⟩ 2583:⟨ι⟩ 2457:Great Vowel Shift 2225:would come after 1846:Thus the primary 1766:has a letter for 1616: 1615: 1156: 5th c. BCE 1058: 1057: 786:syllable initials 774:Republic of China 768:. It transcribes 743:featural alphabet 503:Etruscan language 496:Romance languages 488:Etruscan alphabet 319:Middle Bronze Age 309:. There was also 215:The English word 16:(Redirected from 10301: 10265: 10258: 10256:Braille literacy 10251: 10233: 10226: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10184: 10177: 10170: 10163: 10156: 10149: 10142: 10124: 10117: 10110: 10103: 10096: 10089: 10082: 10075: 10057: 10050: 10048:Slate and stylus 10043: 10036: 10034:Perkins Brailler 10029: 10022: 10015: 10008: 10001: 9994: 9992:Braille embosser 9987: 9967: 9960: 9953: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9909: 9901: 9894: 9876: 9869: 9860: 9853: 9846: 9839: 9832: 9816: 9813:American Braille 9797: 9794:Algerian Braille 9774: 9767: 9759: 9752: 9744: 9737: 9730: 9723: 9715: 9708: 9701: 9683: 9675: 9668: 9661: 9654: 9647: 9640: 9633: 9626: 9619: 9612: 9589: 9581: 9574: 9550: 9543: 9536: 9529: 9522: 9515: 9508: 9501: 9475: 9470: 9465: 9458: 9453: 9448: 9443: 9436: 9429: 9422: 9409: 9408: 9404: 9397: 9390: 9383: 9376: 9369: 9361: 9354: 9347: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9291: 9284: 9277: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9220: 9213: 9206: 9199: 9192: 9185: 9178: 9166: 9159: 9152: 9144: 9137: 9130: 9123: 9108: 9107: 9096: 9089: 9082: 9075: 9058: 9047: 9040: 9033: 9024: 9023: 8814: 8813: 8769: 8768: 8675: 8674: 8667:Semi-syllabaries 8662: 8661: 8363: 8362: 8354: 8353: 8341: 8340: 8226: 8225: 7581: 7580: 7568: 7567: 7470:Japanese Braille 7055:Zanabazar square 6924:Nepalese scripts 6814:Bengali–Assamese 6804: 6803: 6795: 6794: 6782: 6781: 6699:Pitman shorthand 6544: 6543: 6540: 6539: 6527: 6526: 6459: 6458: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6417: 6416: 6342:Current examples 6323:Semi-syllabaries 6173: 6166: 6159: 6150: 6149: 6039: 6023: 6012: 5991: 5972: 5949: 5937: 5926: 5897: 5876: 5856: 5835: 5812: 5787: 5762: 5732: 5731: 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5668: 5666: 5660:www.evertype.com 5656:"ÖZBEK ALIFBOSI" 5652: 5646: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5608: 5602: 5601: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5547: 5541: 5540: 5505: 5499: 5498: 5470: 5464: 5463: 5461: 5459: 5452:The Mimic Method 5444: 5438: 5437: 5409: 5403: 5402: 5374: 5368: 5367: 5339: 5333: 5332: 5326: 5318: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5240: 5234: 5232: 5212: 5206: 5205: 5190:(2nd ed.). 5183: 5177: 5176: 5170: 5162: 5134: 5128: 5127: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5103: 5097: 5096: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5045: 5025: 5019: 5018: 5000: 4994: 4993: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4953: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4918: 4890: 4884: 4883: 4855: 4849: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4833: 4827: 4826: 4818: 4812: 4810: 4808: 4806: 4791: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4774:World Wide Words 4766: 4760: 4759: 4731: 4725: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4706: 4700: 4699: 4671: 4665: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4654:scriptsource.org 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4627: 4599: 4593: 4592: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4516: 4510: 4504: 4498: 4492: 4486: 4482: 4476: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4431: 4425: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4383:Hikmaad Soomaali 4378: 4372: 4371: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4308: 4302: 4301: 4283: 4277: 4276: 4274: 4272: 4258: 4252: 4251: 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4198: 4192: 4191: 4163: 4157: 4151: 4145: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4048: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4013: 4007: 4006: 4000: 3992: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3955: 3953: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3917: 3911: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3885: 3876: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3844: 3838: 3837: 3809: 3803: 3802: 3800: 3798: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3775: 3773: 3759: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3644: 3638: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3619: 3613: 3612: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3559: 3553: 3552: 3542: 3534: 3507: 3501: 3500: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3446: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3397:Ugaritic Writing 3394: 3388: 3387: 3368:Manassa, Colleen 3352: 3346: 3345: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3254: 3252: 3237: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3226: 3206: 3200: 3199: 3197: 3195: 3181: 3175: 3174: 3163: 3157: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3133: 3132: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3091: 3085: 3084: 3074: 3050: 3041: 3040:, pp. 92–96 3035: 3022: 3016: 3005: 3004:, pp. 74–75 2999: 2990: 2989: 2949: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2930: 2929: 2927: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2883: 2873: 2849: 2832:Letter symbolism 2708:Turkish alphabet 2604: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2575: 2544: 2539: 2470: 2469:/ɛf,ɛl,ɛm,ɛn,ɛs/ 2466: 2462: 2461:/eɪ,biː,siː,diː/ 2117: 2102: 1769: 1761: 1567: 1564: 1550: 1547: 1537: 1534: 1405: 1402: 1339: 1338: 1198: 1195: 1174: 1157: 1154: 1133: 1132: 1111: 1110: 1099: 1098: 1087: 1083: 1082: 1062: 1061: 1049: 1040: 1031: 1022: 1013: 1002: 993: 987: 979: 970: 965: 954: 944: 933: 924: 915: 906: 897: 888: 879: 870: 861: 828: 824: 800:written as ㄌㄨㄢ ( 735:Sejong the Great 688:Aramaic alphabet 660:Clement of Ohrid 484:Italic languages 481: 478: 461:Mycenaean Greeks 409: 406: 399: 396: 361: 358: 354: 351: 232: 150:Peter T. Daniels 32:English alphabet 21: 10309: 10308: 10304: 10303: 10302: 10300: 10299: 10298: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10268: 10261: 10254: 10247: 10236: 10229: 10222: 10215: 10208: 10201: 10187: 10180: 10173: 10166: 10159: 10152: 10145: 10138: 10127: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10099: 10092: 10085: 10080:Charles Barbier 10078: 10071: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10025: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9997: 9990: 9983: 9970: 9963: 9956: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9912: 9904: 9897: 9890: 9879: 9872: 9865: 9856: 9849: 9842: 9835: 9830: 9819: 9811: 9805:Frequency-based 9800: 9792: 9777: 9770: 9762: 9755: 9747: 9740: 9733: 9726: 9718: 9711: 9704: 9697: 9686: 9678: 9671: 9664: 9657: 9650: 9643: 9636: 9629: 9622: 9615: 9608: 9601:Bharati Braille 9598: 9592: 9584: 9577: 9570: 9559: 9553: 9546: 9539: 9532: 9525: 9518: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9486: 9480: 9473: 9468: 9461: 9456: 9451: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9425: 9418: 9407: 9400: 9393: 9386: 9379: 9372: 9364: 9357: 9350: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9294: 9287: 9280: 9272: 9265: 9258: 9251: 9244: 9237: 9230: 9223: 9216: 9209: 9202: 9195: 9188: 9181: 9175:Unified English 9169: 9162: 9155: 9147: 9140: 9133: 9126: 9119: 9104:Braille scripts 9099: 9092: 9085: 9078: 9071: 9060: 9056: 9051: 9006: 8821: 8804: 8800:Stokoe notation 8776: 8755: 8714: 8669: 8648: 8632: 8596: 8575:Logoconsonantal 8570: 8519: 8472: 8441: 8348: 8331: 8312:Siglas poveiras 8233: 8212: 8171: 8075:Younger Futhark 7779:Gregg shorthand 7575: 7554: 7407: 7059: 6789: 6772: 6551: 6534: 6517: 6490:Writing systems 6478: 6453: 6451:writing systems 6444: 6414: 6409: 6388: 6337: 6264: 6239:Writing systems 6227: 6191: 6182: 6180:Writing systems 6177: 6105:Michael Everson 6086: 6067:Johanna Drucker 6063:Todd Portnowitz 6051:Josephine Quinn 6047: 6045:Further reading 6036: 6009: 5988: 5969: 5946: 5873: 5853: 5832: 5809: 5784: 5759: 5741: 5736: 5735: 5720: 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5679: 5678: 5674: 5664: 5662: 5654: 5653: 5649: 5640: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5618:on 28 June 2017 5610: 5609: 5605: 5590: 5574: 5570: 5560: 5558: 5548: 5544: 5529: 5513:Lobeck, Anne C. 5506: 5502: 5487: 5471: 5467: 5457: 5455: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5426: 5410: 5406: 5391: 5375: 5371: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5320: 5319: 5307: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5266: 5262: 5255: 5241: 5237: 5229: 5213: 5209: 5202: 5194:. p. 253. 5184: 5180: 5164: 5163: 5151: 5135: 5131: 5122: 5121: 5117: 5104: 5100: 5073: 5069: 5054: 5026: 5022: 5015: 5001: 4997: 4982: 4966: 4962: 4951: 4949: 4941: 4940: 4936: 4920: 4919: 4907: 4891: 4887: 4872: 4856: 4852: 4842: 4840: 4835: 4834: 4830: 4825:. pp. 3–4. 4819: 4815: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4792: 4788: 4778: 4776: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4748: 4732: 4728: 4718: 4716: 4708: 4707: 4703: 4688: 4672: 4668: 4658: 4656: 4648: 4647: 4643: 4635: 4631: 4616: 4600: 4596: 4581: 4565: 4561: 4548: 4544: 4531: 4527: 4518: 4517: 4513: 4505: 4501: 4493: 4489: 4483: 4479: 4469: 4467: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4433: 4432: 4428: 4419: 4415: 4408: 4394: 4390: 4379: 4375: 4360: 4334: 4330: 4323: 4309: 4305: 4298: 4284: 4280: 4270: 4268: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4180: 4164: 4160: 4152: 4148: 4135: 4131: 4116: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4050: 4049: 4045: 4039: 4035: 4025: 4023: 4015: 4014: 4010: 3994: 3993: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3951: 3949: 3941: 3940: 3936: 3926: 3924: 3918: 3914: 3901: 3897: 3886: 3879: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3841: 3826: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3794: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3771: 3769: 3761: 3760: 3756: 3748: 3737: 3731: 3727: 3707: 3703: 3696: 3680: 3676: 3661: 3645: 3641: 3631: 3629: 3621: 3620: 3616: 3601: 3585: 3581: 3574: 3560: 3556: 3536: 3535: 3523: 3509: 3508: 3504: 3497: 3483: 3479: 3472: 3458: 3454: 3444: 3442: 3434: 3433: 3429: 3421: 3417: 3409: 3405: 3395: 3391: 3353: 3349: 3306: 3302: 3291: 3287: 3280: 3264: 3260: 3250: 3248: 3239: 3238: 3234: 3224: 3222: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3191: 3183: 3182: 3178: 3173:. October 2023. 3165: 3164: 3160: 3152: 3148: 3140: 3136: 3129: 3115: 3111: 3092: 3088: 3051: 3044: 3036: 3025: 3017: 3008: 3000: 2993: 2950: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2903: 2899: 2891: 2887: 2850: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2822:Transliteration 2762:Alphabet effect 2732: 2703:spelling reform 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2537: 2487: 2481: 2386: 2293:Hanuno'o script 2289: 2287:Early alphabets 1919: 1917:Latin alphabets 1901: 1895: 1889: 1852:tonal languages 1803:Tibetan abugida 1612: 1611: 1610: 1565: 1548: 1535: 1403: 1332: 1331: 1208: 1207: 1196: 1155: 1126: 1125: 1104: 1103: 1092: 1091: 1076: 1075: 1070: 1054: 1047: 1045: 1038: 1036: 1029: 1027: 1020: 1018: 1011: 1007: 1000: 998: 991: 985: 984: 977: 975: 968: 966: 963: 952: 950: 942: 938: 931: 929: 922: 920: 913: 911: 904: 902: 895: 893: 886: 884: 877: 875: 868: 866: 859: 843: 838: 818: 790:syllable finals 755: 727: 722: 720:Other alphabets 680:Syriac alphabet 676:Hebrew alphabet 672:Arabic alphabet 668: 666:Asian alphabets 620:Cyrillic script 595:A photo of the 586:Runic alphabets 479: 469: 420:Hebrew alphabet 407: 397: 391:Proto-Canaanite 359: 352: 342:Deborah Darnell 331:Orly Goldwasser 327:Sinai peninsula 291: 286: 281: 275: 265:, the word for 255:, the word for 213: 134:, and possibly 65:writing systems 43: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10307: 10297: 10296: 10291: 10274: 10273: 10270: 10269: 10267: 10266: 10259: 10252: 10244: 10242: 10241:Related topics 10238: 10237: 10235: 10234: 10227: 10220: 10217:New York Point 10213: 10206: 10198: 10196: 10189: 10188: 10186: 10185: 10178: 10171: 10164: 10157: 10150: 10143: 10135: 10133: 10129: 10128: 10126: 10125: 10118: 10111: 10104: 10101:Harris Mowbray 10097: 10090: 10083: 10076: 10068: 10066: 10062: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10030: 10023: 10016: 10009: 10002: 9995: 9988: 9985:Braille e-book 9980: 9978: 9972: 9971: 9969: 9968: 9961: 9954: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9924: 9922: 9918: 9917: 9914: 9913: 9911: 9910: 9902: 9895: 9887: 9885: 9881: 9880: 9878: 9877: 9870: 9863: 9862: 9861: 9854: 9847: 9840: 9827: 9825: 9821: 9820: 9818: 9817: 9808: 9806: 9802: 9801: 9799: 9798: 9789: 9787: 9783: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9775: 9768: 9760: 9753: 9745: 9738: 9731: 9724: 9716: 9709: 9702: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9687: 9685: 9684: 9676: 9669: 9662: 9655: 9648: 9641: 9634: 9627: 9620: 9613: 9605: 9603: 9594: 9593: 9591: 9590: 9582: 9575: 9567: 9565: 9555: 9554: 9552: 9551: 9544: 9537: 9530: 9523: 9516: 9509: 9502: 9494: 9492: 9482: 9481: 9479: 9478: 9477: 9476: 9471: 9466: 9459: 9454: 9449: 9437: 9430: 9423: 9415: 9413: 9406: 9405: 9398: 9391: 9384: 9377: 9370: 9362: 9355: 9348: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9249: 9242: 9235: 9228: 9221: 9214: 9207: 9200: 9193: 9186: 9179: 9167: 9160: 9153: 9145: 9138: 9131: 9124: 9116: 9114: 9112:French-ordered 9105: 9101: 9100: 9098: 9097: 9090: 9083: 9076: 9068: 9066: 9062: 9061: 9050: 9049: 9042: 9035: 9027: 9020: 9019: 9016: 9015: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9007: 9005: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8974: 8969: 8964: 8959: 8954: 8952:Linear Elamite 8949: 8944: 8939: 8934: 8933: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8826: 8823: 8822: 8810: 8809: 8806: 8805: 8803: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8781: 8778: 8777: 8774:Sign languages 8765: 8764: 8761: 8760: 8757: 8756: 8754: 8753: 8751:Quốc Âm Tân Tự 8748: 8743: 8738: 8733: 8728: 8726:Espanca script 8722: 8720: 8716: 8715: 8713: 8712: 8707: 8702: 8697: 8692: 8687: 8685:Linear Elamite 8681: 8679: 8671: 8670: 8658: 8657: 8654: 8653: 8650: 8649: 8647: 8646: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8633: 8631: 8630: 8625: 8620: 8615: 8610: 8604: 8602: 8598: 8597: 8595: 8594: 8589: 8584: 8578: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8568: 8566:Yi (Classical) 8563: 8558: 8553: 8548: 8543: 8538: 8533: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8520: 8518: 8517: 8512: 8507: 8502: 8497: 8492: 8486: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8471: 8470: 8465: 8460: 8455: 8449: 8447: 8443: 8442: 8440: 8439: 8434: 8429: 8424: 8419: 8414: 8413: 8412: 8407: 8402: 8392: 8390:Bronze scripts 8387: 8382: 8377: 8371: 8369: 8360: 8350: 8349: 8337: 8336: 8333: 8332: 8330: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8314: 8309: 8304: 8299: 8294: 8289: 8284: 8279: 8274: 8269: 8264: 8259: 8254: 8249: 8244: 8238: 8235: 8234: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8217: 8214: 8213: 8211: 8210: 8205: 8203:Flag semaphore 8200: 8198:New York Point 8195: 8193:Telegraph code 8190: 8188:Maritime flags 8185: 8179: 8177: 8173: 8172: 8170: 8169: 8164: 8159: 8154: 8149: 8144: 8142:Visible Speech 8139: 8134: 8129: 8124: 8119: 8114: 8112:Sorang Sompeng 8109: 8104: 8099: 8098: 8097: 8092: 8087: 8082: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8047: 8042: 8037: 8032: 8027: 8022: 8017: 8016: 8015: 8014: 8013: 8008: 8003: 7998: 7996:Galik alphabet 7993: 7978: 7973: 7968: 7963: 7958: 7953: 7948: 7943: 7938: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7902: 7901: 7896: 7894:Tironian notes 7891: 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7841: 7836: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7811: 7806: 7801: 7796: 7791: 7781: 7776: 7771: 7766: 7761: 7760: 7759: 7754: 7749: 7739: 7737:Garay alphabet 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7688: 7687: 7677: 7672: 7671: 7670: 7665: 7655: 7650: 7645: 7640: 7635: 7630: 7625: 7620: 7615: 7614: 7613: 7603: 7598: 7593: 7587: 7585: 7577: 7576: 7564: 7563: 7560: 7559: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7547: 7542: 7537: 7532: 7527: 7522: 7520:Sorang Sompeng 7517: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7462: 7457: 7452: 7447: 7446: 7445: 7443:Déné syllabics 7440: 7430: 7425: 7419: 7417: 7413: 7412: 7409: 7408: 7406: 7405: 7404: 7403: 7398: 7388: 7387: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7321: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7291: 7286: 7281: 7280: 7279: 7269: 7264: 7259: 7254: 7249: 7244: 7239: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7227: 7217: 7212: 7207: 7206: 7205: 7195: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7169: 7168: 7158: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7128: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7108: 7103: 7098: 7093: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7073: 7067: 7065: 7061: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7052: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7040: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7010: 7005: 7000: 6999: 6998: 6988: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6886: 6881: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6821: 6816: 6810: 6808: 6801: 6791: 6790: 6778: 6777: 6774: 6773: 6771: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6758: 6753: 6748: 6738: 6733: 6732: 6731: 6726: 6716: 6711: 6706: 6704:Proto-Sinaitic 6701: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6684: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6620: 6615: 6610: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6589: 6588: 6578: 6577: 6576: 6565: 6564: 6556: 6553: 6552: 6536: 6535: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6518: 6516: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6479: 6477: 6476: 6471: 6465: 6463: 6455: 6454: 6443: 6442: 6435: 6428: 6420: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6407: 6402: 6396: 6394: 6393:Related topics 6390: 6389: 6387: 6386: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6366: 6361: 6356: 6351: 6345: 6343: 6339: 6338: 6336: 6335: 6330: 6325: 6320: 6315: 6310: 6305: 6300: 6295: 6290: 6285: 6280: 6274: 6272: 6266: 6265: 6263: 6262: 6257: 6252: 6247: 6241: 6235: 6233: 6229: 6228: 6226: 6225: 6220: 6215: 6210: 6205: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6192: 6187: 6184: 6183: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6153: 6147: 6146: 6136: 6131: 6126: 6120: 6111: 6102: 6092: 6085: 6084:External links 6082: 6081: 6080: 6055:Silvia Ferrara 6046: 6043: 6042: 6041: 6035:978-0300050318 6034: 6013: 6008:978-0767911733 6007: 5992: 5987:978-1405162562 5986: 5973: 5968:978-0521589079 5967: 5950: 5945:978-0789205216 5944: 5927: 5909:(3): 390–398. 5898: 5888:(4): 373–383. 5877: 5872:978-1572735231 5871: 5858: 5852:978-0814736548 5851: 5836: 5831:978-3406479984 5830: 5813: 5808:978-0197259177 5807: 5789: 5783:978-0195079937 5782: 5763: 5758:978-0631180289 5757: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5733: 5718: 5698: 5672: 5647: 5641:(in Russian). 5636: 5629: 5603: 5588: 5568: 5542: 5528:978-1413015898 5527: 5500: 5486:978-0071642217 5485: 5465: 5439: 5425:978-1003061977 5424: 5404: 5390:978-1136781346 5389: 5369: 5354: 5334: 5305: 5286: 5260: 5254:978-2494069305 5253: 5235: 5228:978-0942777048 5227: 5207: 5201:978-0367581251 5200: 5178: 5150:978-1789206357 5149: 5129: 5115: 5098: 5067: 5053:978-3110288179 5052: 5020: 5014:978-0444891402 5013: 4995: 4980: 4960: 4934: 4906:978-1635052596 4905: 4885: 4870: 4850: 4828: 4813: 4799:The Samaritans 4786: 4761: 4747:978-0511932427 4746: 4726: 4701: 4686: 4666: 4641: 4629: 4615:978-0938692850 4614: 4594: 4580:978-0415278836 4579: 4559: 4542: 4525: 4511: 4499: 4487: 4477: 4451: 4426: 4413: 4407:979-8725525847 4406: 4388: 4373: 4359:978-1509061068 4358: 4328: 4322:978-3447015806 4321: 4303: 4297:979-8837159206 4296: 4278: 4253: 4239:978-1135797119 4238: 4218: 4193: 4178: 4158: 4146: 4129: 4114: 4094: 4068: 4043: 4033: 4008: 3979: 3959: 3934: 3912: 3904:Hunminjeongeum 3895: 3877: 3864: 3839: 3825:978-1575066011 3824: 3804: 3779: 3754: 3725: 3701: 3695:978-0340913390 3694: 3674: 3660:978-1402760068 3659: 3639: 3614: 3599: 3579: 3573:978-0198140610 3572: 3554: 3522:978-1934078495 3521: 3502: 3496:978-1107503410 3495: 3477: 3471:978-3110609691 3470: 3452: 3427: 3415: 3403: 3389: 3356:Darnell, J. C. 3347: 3300: 3285: 3279:978-1139486354 3278: 3258: 3232: 3201: 3176: 3158: 3146: 3134: 3127: 3109: 3086: 3042: 3023: 3006: 2991: 2941: 2932: 2919: 2897: 2885: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2792:Fingerspelling 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2733: 2731: 2728: 2680:silent letters 2648:Serbo-Croatian 2628: 2627: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2606: 2566: 2483:Main article: 2480: 2477: 2435:"Greek Y" and 2385: 2382: 2366:Brahmic family 2288: 2285: 1923:Latin alphabet 1918: 1915: 1897:Main article: 1894: 1891: 1868:Pollard script 1848:categorisation 1795:Phagspa script 1776:zero consonant 1720:Hebrew scripts 1630:script at the 1614: 1613: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1599: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1578: 1577: 1576: 1575: 1574: 1557: 1551: 1540: 1539: 1538: 1521: 1515: 1509: 1503: 1502: 1501: 1495: 1489: 1488: 1487: 1481: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1457: 1433: 1432: 1431: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1373: 1355: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1329: 1328: 1327: 1324:Square Aramaic 1315: 1314: 1313: 1312: 1311: 1310: 1309: 1297: 1296: 1295: 1283: 1282: 1281: 1275: 1269: 1242: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1199: 1188: 1182: 1181: 1180: 1179: 1178: 1177: 1176: 1160: 1159: 1158: 1141: 1129:Proto-Sinaitic 1123: 1122: 1121: 1120: 1119: 1072: 1071: 1066: 1065: 1056: 1055: 1046: 1037: 1028: 1019: 1010: 1008: 999: 990: 988: 976: 967: 951: 941: 939: 930: 921: 912: 903: 894: 885: 876: 867: 858: 855: 854: 849: 844: 834: 832: 817: 814: 766:semi-syllabary 754: 751: 726: 723: 721: 718: 667: 664: 468: 465: 366:, invented in 299:24 hieroglyphs 290: 287: 285: 282: 277:Main article: 274: 271: 221:Middle English 212: 209: 201:Latin alphabet 166:Greek alphabet 100:lexicographers 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10306: 10295: 10292: 10290: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10264: 10260: 10257: 10253: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10239: 10232: 10228: 10225: 10224:Night writing 10221: 10218: 10214: 10211: 10207: 10204: 10200: 10199: 10197: 10195: 10190: 10183: 10179: 10176: 10172: 10169: 10165: 10162: 10158: 10155: 10151: 10148: 10144: 10141: 10137: 10136: 10134: 10132:Organisations 10130: 10123: 10119: 10116: 10112: 10109: 10105: 10102: 10098: 10095: 10094:Valentin Haüy 10091: 10088: 10084: 10081: 10077: 10074: 10073:Louis Braille 10070: 10069: 10067: 10063: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10028: 10024: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10010: 10007: 10006:Braille watch 10003: 10000: 9996: 9993: 9989: 9986: 9982: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9973: 9966: 9962: 9959: 9955: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9940: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9929:Braille music 9926: 9925: 9923: 9919: 9907: 9903: 9900: 9896: 9893: 9892:Luxembourgish 9889: 9888: 9886: 9882: 9875: 9871: 9868: 9864: 9859: 9855: 9852: 9848: 9845: 9841: 9838: 9834: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9826: 9822: 9814: 9810: 9809: 9807: 9803: 9795: 9791: 9790: 9788: 9784: 9773: 9769: 9765: 9761: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9746: 9743: 9739: 9736: 9732: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9714: 9710: 9707: 9703: 9700: 9696: 9695: 9693: 9691:Other scripts 9689: 9681: 9677: 9674: 9670: 9667: 9663: 9660: 9656: 9653: 9649: 9646: 9642: 9639: 9635: 9632: 9628: 9625: 9621: 9618: 9614: 9611: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9595: 9587: 9583: 9580: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9568: 9566: 9563: 9556: 9549: 9545: 9542: 9538: 9535: 9531: 9528: 9524: 9521: 9517: 9514: 9510: 9507: 9503: 9500: 9496: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9483: 9472: 9467: 9464: 9463:Northern Sámi 9460: 9455: 9450: 9445: 9444: 9442: 9438: 9435: 9431: 9428: 9424: 9421: 9417: 9416: 9414: 9412:Nordic family 9410: 9403: 9399: 9396: 9392: 9389: 9385: 9382: 9378: 9375: 9371: 9367: 9363: 9360: 9356: 9353: 9352:South African 9349: 9346: 9342: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9293: 9290: 9286: 9283: 9279: 9275: 9274:Luxembourgish 9271: 9268: 9264: 9261: 9257: 9254: 9250: 9247: 9243: 9240: 9236: 9233: 9229: 9226: 9222: 9219: 9215: 9212: 9208: 9205: 9201: 9198: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9180: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9165: 9161: 9158: 9154: 9150: 9146: 9143: 9139: 9136: 9132: 9129: 9125: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9106: 9102: 9095: 9091: 9088: 9087:ASCII braille 9084: 9081: 9077: 9074: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9063: 9055: 9048: 9043: 9041: 9036: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9021: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8975: 8973: 8970: 8968: 8965: 8963: 8960: 8958: 8955: 8953: 8950: 8948: 8945: 8943: 8940: 8938: 8935: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8902: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8827: 8824: 8820: 8815: 8811: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8752: 8749: 8747: 8744: 8742: 8739: 8737: 8734: 8732: 8729: 8727: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8717: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8701: 8698: 8696: 8693: 8691: 8688: 8686: 8683: 8682: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8668: 8663: 8659: 8645: 8642: 8641: 8639: 8635: 8629: 8626: 8624: 8621: 8619: 8618:Attic (Greek) 8616: 8614: 8611: 8609: 8606: 8605: 8603: 8599: 8593: 8590: 8588: 8585: 8583: 8580: 8579: 8577: 8573: 8567: 8564: 8562: 8559: 8557: 8556:Proto-Elamite 8554: 8552: 8549: 8547: 8544: 8542: 8539: 8537: 8534: 8532: 8529: 8528: 8526: 8522: 8516: 8513: 8511: 8508: 8506: 8503: 8501: 8498: 8496: 8493: 8491: 8488: 8487: 8485: 8483: 8479: 8469: 8466: 8464: 8461: 8459: 8456: 8454: 8451: 8450: 8448: 8444: 8438: 8435: 8433: 8430: 8428: 8425: 8423: 8420: 8418: 8415: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8393: 8391: 8388: 8386: 8383: 8381: 8378: 8376: 8373: 8372: 8370: 8368: 8364: 8361: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8342: 8338: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8313: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8303: 8300: 8298: 8295: 8293: 8290: 8288: 8285: 8283: 8280: 8278: 8275: 8273: 8270: 8268: 8265: 8263: 8260: 8258: 8255: 8253: 8250: 8248: 8245: 8243: 8240: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8227: 8223: 8209: 8206: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8174: 8168: 8165: 8163: 8160: 8158: 8155: 8153: 8150: 8148: 8145: 8143: 8140: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8128: 8125: 8123: 8120: 8118: 8115: 8113: 8110: 8108: 8105: 8103: 8100: 8096: 8093: 8091: 8088: 8086: 8083: 8081: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8070:Elder Futhark 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8048: 8046: 8043: 8041: 8038: 8036: 8033: 8031: 8028: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8012: 8009: 8007: 8004: 8002: 7999: 7997: 7994: 7992: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7984: 7983: 7982: 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7967: 7964: 7962: 7961:Old Hungarian 7959: 7957: 7954: 7952: 7949: 7947: 7944: 7942: 7939: 7937: 7934: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7912: 7909: 7907: 7904: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7840: 7837: 7835: 7832: 7831: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7815: 7812: 7810: 7807: 7805: 7802: 7800: 7797: 7795: 7792: 7789: 7785: 7782: 7780: 7777: 7775: 7772: 7770: 7767: 7765: 7762: 7758: 7755: 7753: 7750: 7748: 7745: 7744: 7743: 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7682: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7669: 7666: 7664: 7661: 7660: 7659: 7656: 7654: 7651: 7649: 7646: 7644: 7641: 7639: 7636: 7634: 7631: 7629: 7626: 7624: 7621: 7619: 7616: 7612: 7609: 7608: 7607: 7604: 7602: 7599: 7597: 7594: 7592: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7578: 7574: 7569: 7565: 7551: 7548: 7546: 7543: 7541: 7538: 7536: 7533: 7531: 7528: 7526: 7523: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7495:Masaram Gondi 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7471: 7468: 7466: 7465:Gunjala Gondi 7463: 7461: 7458: 7456: 7453: 7451: 7448: 7444: 7441: 7439: 7436: 7435: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7420: 7418: 7414: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7393: 7392: 7389: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7351: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7325: 7322: 7320: 7317: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7290: 7287: 7285: 7282: 7278: 7277:Old Sundanese 7275: 7274: 7273: 7270: 7268: 7265: 7263: 7260: 7258: 7255: 7253: 7250: 7248: 7245: 7243: 7240: 7238: 7235: 7231: 7228: 7226: 7223: 7222: 7221: 7220:Old Maldivian 7218: 7216: 7213: 7211: 7208: 7204: 7203:Bilang-bilang 7201: 7200: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7162: 7159: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7132: 7129: 7127: 7124: 7122: 7119: 7117: 7114: 7112: 7109: 7107: 7104: 7102: 7099: 7097: 7094: 7092: 7089: 7087: 7084: 7082: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7072: 7069: 7068: 7066: 7062: 7056: 7053: 7051: 7048: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7035: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7023:Sylheti Nagri 7021: 7019: 7016: 7014: 7011: 7009: 7006: 7004: 7001: 6997: 6994: 6993: 6992: 6989: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6926: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6850: 6847: 6845: 6842: 6840: 6837: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6825: 6824:Brahmi script 6822: 6820: 6817: 6815: 6812: 6811: 6809: 6805: 6802: 6800: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6779: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6757: 6754: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6744: 6743: 6742: 6739: 6737: 6734: 6730: 6727: 6725: 6722: 6721: 6720: 6719:South Arabian 6717: 6715: 6712: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6693: 6690: 6689: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6665:Inscriptional 6663: 6661: 6658: 6657: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6636: 6633: 6631: 6628: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6609: 6606: 6605: 6604: 6601: 6599: 6596: 6594: 6591: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6571: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6558: 6557: 6554: 6550: 6545: 6541: 6537: 6533: 6528: 6524: 6514: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6464: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6441: 6436: 6434: 6429: 6427: 6422: 6421: 6418: 6406: 6403: 6401: 6398: 6397: 6395: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6355: 6352: 6350: 6347: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6267: 6261: 6258: 6256: 6253: 6251: 6248: 6246: 6242: 6240: 6237: 6236: 6234: 6230: 6224: 6221: 6219: 6216: 6214: 6211: 6209: 6206: 6204: 6201: 6200: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6185: 6181: 6174: 6169: 6167: 6162: 6160: 6155: 6154: 6151: 6144: 6140: 6137: 6135: 6132: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6119: 6115: 6112: 6110: 6106: 6103: 6100: 6096: 6093: 6091: 6088: 6087: 6078: 6077: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6049: 6048: 6037: 6031: 6027: 6022: 6021: 6014: 6010: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5979: 5974: 5970: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5951: 5947: 5941: 5936: 5935: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5908: 5904: 5899: 5895: 5891: 5887: 5883: 5878: 5874: 5868: 5864: 5859: 5854: 5848: 5845:. NYU Press. 5844: 5843: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5823: 5819: 5814: 5810: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5794: 5793:Driver, G. R. 5790: 5785: 5779: 5775: 5771: 5770: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5750: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5729: 5725: 5721: 5715: 5711: 5710: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5676: 5661: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5639: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5607: 5599: 5595: 5591: 5589:1-4175-5697-8 5585: 5581: 5580: 5572: 5557: 5553: 5546: 5538: 5534: 5530: 5524: 5520: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5478: 5477: 5469: 5453: 5449: 5443: 5435: 5431: 5427: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5408: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5386: 5382: 5381: 5373: 5365: 5361: 5357: 5351: 5347: 5346: 5338: 5330: 5324: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5302: 5298: 5297: 5290: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5256: 5250: 5246: 5239: 5230: 5224: 5220: 5219: 5211: 5203: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5168: 5160: 5156: 5152: 5146: 5142: 5141: 5133: 5125: 5119: 5111: 5110: 5102: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5082: 5078: 5071: 5063: 5059: 5055: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5024: 5016: 5010: 5006: 4999: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4977: 4973: 4972: 4964: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4930: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4898: 4897: 4889: 4881: 4877: 4873: 4867: 4863: 4862: 4854: 4838: 4832: 4824: 4817: 4800: 4796: 4790: 4775: 4771: 4765: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4730: 4715: 4711: 4705: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4683: 4679: 4678: 4670: 4655: 4651: 4645: 4639:, p. 395 4638: 4633: 4625: 4621: 4617: 4611: 4607: 4606: 4598: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4576: 4572: 4571: 4563: 4555: 4554: 4546: 4538: 4537: 4529: 4521: 4515: 4509: 4508:Cubadebate.cu 4503: 4497: 4491: 4481: 4466: 4462: 4455: 4440: 4436: 4430: 4423: 4417: 4409: 4403: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4377: 4369: 4365: 4361: 4355: 4351: 4347: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4318: 4314: 4307: 4299: 4293: 4289: 4282: 4267: 4263: 4257: 4249: 4245: 4241: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4207: 4203: 4197: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4162: 4156: 4150: 4143: 4139: 4133: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4083: 4079: 4072: 4057: 4053: 4047: 4037: 4022: 4018: 4012: 4004: 3998: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3963: 3948: 3944: 3938: 3923: 3916: 3909: 3905: 3899: 3891: 3884: 3882: 3874: 3868: 3853: 3849: 3843: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3821: 3817: 3816: 3808: 3793: 3789: 3783: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3747: 3743: 3736: 3729: 3722: 3719: 3715: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3662: 3656: 3652: 3651: 3643: 3628: 3624: 3618: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3591: 3583: 3575: 3569: 3565: 3558: 3550: 3546: 3540: 3532: 3528: 3524: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3506: 3498: 3492: 3488: 3481: 3473: 3467: 3463: 3456: 3441: 3437: 3431: 3425:, p. 147 3424: 3419: 3413:, p. 142 3412: 3407: 3401: 3398: 3393: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3351: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3323: 3319: 3316:(in German). 3315: 3311: 3304: 3296: 3289: 3281: 3275: 3271: 3270: 3262: 3246: 3242: 3236: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3205: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3155: 3150: 3144:, p. 396 3143: 3138: 3130: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3097: 3090: 3082: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3060: 3056: 3049: 3047: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3020: 3015: 3013: 3011: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2948: 2946: 2936: 2922: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2901: 2894: 2889: 2881: 2877: 2872: 2867: 2863: 2859: 2855: 2848: 2844: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2767:Alphabet song 2765: 2763: 2760: 2758: 2757:Alphabet book 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2738: 2735: 2734: 2727: 2725: 2721: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2696: 2691: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2618: 2615: 2611: 2607: 2579: 2571: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2553:stands for , 2552: 2548: 2543: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2523: 2519: 2518: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2476: 2472: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2426: 2422: 2417: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2381: 2379: 2375: 2371: 2367: 2362: 2360: 2356: 2352: 2348: 2344: 2340: 2338: 2334: 2331:; the other, 2330: 2326: 2322: 2318: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2246: 2244: 2240: 2236: 2232: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2197: 2193: 2189: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2115: 2109: 2104: 2101: 2100: 2094: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2051:are not. The 2050: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2010: 2007: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1988: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1976: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1964: 1961: 1958: 1955: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1931: 1928: 1924: 1914: 1912: 1911: 1906: 1900: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1857: 1853: 1849: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1813:now used for 1812: 1811:Ge'ez abugida 1808: 1804: 1800: 1799:Mongol Empire 1796: 1792: 1788: 1787:Arabic script 1784: 1779: 1777: 1773: 1765: 1757: 1752: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1702:(bottom) and 1701: 1697: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1666: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1624:paleographers 1621: 1604: 1603:Paleohispanic 1601: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1582: 1581:Libyco-Berber 1579: 1572: 1569: 1568: 1561: 1558: 1555: 1552: 1544: 1541: 1531: 1528: 1527: 1525: 1522: 1519: 1516: 1513: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1499: 1496: 1493: 1490: 1485: 1482: 1479: 1476: 1473: 1470: 1467: 1464: 1461: 1458: 1455: 1452: 1451: 1449: 1446: 1445: 1443: 1440: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1429: 1426: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1412: 1409: 1399: 1398:Old Hungarian 1396: 1395: 1393: 1390: 1389: 1387: 1384: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1365: 1362: 1361: 1359: 1356: 1353: 1350: 1345: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1325: 1322: 1321: 1319: 1316: 1307: 1304: 1303: 1302:10th century 1301: 1298: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1287: 1284: 1279: 1276: 1273: 1270: 1267: 1264: 1263: 1261: 1258: 1257: 1255: 1254: 1249: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1226: 1223: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1216: 1214: 1211: 1210: 1203: 1200: 1192: 1189: 1186: 1183: 1173: 1167: 1166: 1164: 1161: 1151: 1148: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1139: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1130: 1124: 1117: 1114: 1113: 1109: 1108: 1102: 1101: 1097: 1096: 1090: 1089: 1081: 1080: 1074: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1063: 1053: 1044: 1035: 1026: 1017: 1009: 1006: 997: 989: 983: 974: 962: 959: / 958: 948: 940: 937: 928: 919: 910: 901: 892: 883: 874: 865: 857: 856: 853: 848: 842: 837: 829: 822: 813: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 750: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 717: 715: 711: 707: 703: 698: 696: 695:Brahmi script 691: 689: 685: 681: 677: 673: 663: 661: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 608: 605: 598: 593: 589: 587: 583: 579: 578:Elder Futhark 574: 572: 568: 564: 560: 556: 552: 548: 544: 540: 536: 532: 528: 524: 520: 516: 511: 509: 508:imperial Rome 504: 499: 497: 493: 489: 485: 474: 464: 462: 458: 452: 450: 444: 442: 438: 437: 432: 431:Ge'ez abugida 428: 423: 421: 417: 413: 403: 392: 384: 379: 375: 373: 369: 365: 347: 343: 339: 336: 335:Egyptologists 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 307:Rosetta Stone 304: 300: 296: 280: 270: 268: 264: 263: 258: 254: 253: 248: 247: 242: 241: 236: 231: 226: 222: 218: 208: 206: 202: 198: 194: 190: 186: 182: 178: 173: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 143: 139: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 88:Ancient Egypt 84: 82: 78: 74: 70: 66: 62: 58: 57: 52: 48: 41: 37: 36:Alphabet Inc. 33: 19: 9764:Thai and Lao 9441:Scandinavian 9073:1829 braille 9065:Braille cell 8865:Cypro-Minoan 8731:Pahawh Hmong 8644:Sitelen Pona 8608:Hindu-Arabic 7941:Mundari Bani 7572: 7515:Pahawh Hmong 7324:Tamil-Brahmi 7230:Eveyla Akuru 7225:Dhives Akuru 6692:Paleo-Hebrew 6559: 6495:undeciphered 6318:Pictographic 6313:Phonogrammic 6287: 6142: 6139:The Alphabet 6098: 6074: 6070: 6058: 6019: 5997: 5977: 5954: 5933: 5906: 5902: 5885: 5881: 5862: 5841: 5821: 5817: 5797: 5768: 5747: 5739:Bibliography 5708: 5701: 5689:. Retrieved 5684: 5675: 5663:. Retrieved 5659: 5650: 5632: 5620:. Retrieved 5616:the original 5606: 5578: 5571: 5559:. Retrieved 5556:the Guardian 5555: 5545: 5517: 5503: 5475: 5468: 5456:. Retrieved 5451: 5442: 5414: 5407: 5379: 5372: 5344: 5337: 5295: 5289: 5277:. Retrieved 5273: 5263: 5244: 5238: 5217: 5210: 5187: 5181: 5139: 5132: 5123: 5118: 5108: 5101: 5084: 5080: 5070: 5033: 5023: 5004: 4998: 4970: 4963: 4950:. Retrieved 4946: 4937: 4895: 4888: 4860: 4853: 4841:. Retrieved 4831: 4822: 4816: 4803:. Retrieved 4798: 4789: 4777:. Retrieved 4773: 4764: 4736: 4729: 4717:. Retrieved 4714:alyaseer.net 4713: 4704: 4676: 4669: 4657:. Retrieved 4653: 4644: 4637:Millard 1986 4632: 4604: 4597: 4569: 4562: 4552: 4545: 4535: 4528: 4519: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4480: 4468:. Retrieved 4464: 4454: 4442:. Retrieved 4438: 4429: 4421: 4416: 4397: 4391: 4382: 4376: 4341: 4331: 4312: 4306: 4287: 4281: 4269:. Retrieved 4265: 4256: 4228: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4205: 4196: 4168: 4161: 4154: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4132: 4104: 4097: 4085:. Retrieved 4081: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4055: 4046: 4036: 4024:. Retrieved 4020: 4011: 3973:. New York. 3969: 3962: 3950:. Retrieved 3946: 3937: 3925:. Retrieved 3915: 3898: 3889: 3872: 3867: 3855:. Retrieved 3851: 3842: 3814: 3807: 3795:. Retrieved 3791: 3782: 3770:. Retrieved 3766: 3757: 3741: 3728: 3720: 3718:Akten des 5. 3717: 3713: 3709: 3704: 3684: 3677: 3649: 3642: 3630:. Retrieved 3617: 3589: 3582: 3563: 3557: 3511: 3505: 3486: 3480: 3461: 3455: 3443:. Retrieved 3439: 3430: 3423:Coulmas 1989 3418: 3411:Coulmas 1989 3406: 3396: 3392: 3375: 3371: 3350: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3294: 3288: 3268: 3261: 3249:. Retrieved 3244: 3235: 3223:. Retrieved 3219:the original 3214: 3204: 3192:. Retrieved 3188: 3179: 3161: 3149: 3142:Millard 1986 3137: 3118: 3112: 3103: 3099: 3089: 3062: 3058: 3019:Coulmas 1989 2961: 2957: 2935: 2924:, retrieved 2910: 2900: 2888: 2864:(1): 15–20. 2861: 2857: 2847: 2717: 2700: 2692: 2684:nasal vowels 2671: 2629: 2570:modern Greek 2562: 2558: 2554: 2550: 2542:[tʃ] 2515: 2511: 2488: 2473: 2465:/a,be,se,de/ 2452: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2418: 2387: 2363: 2359:abjadi order 2341: 2332: 2304: 2290: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2261: 2257: 2247: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2230: 2226: 2222: 2218: 2214: 2199: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2107: 2105: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2016: 2012: 2008: 1920: 1908: 1902: 1888: 1845: 1833:Ge'ez Script 1806: 1780: 1753: 1713: 1694:showing the 1692:Venn diagram 1627: 1617: 1593:Neo-Tifinagh 1589:4th century 1583:10th c. BCE 1462:19th century 1394:6th century 1366:4th century 1333: 1288:7th century 1272:Dhives Akuru 1262:4th century 1251: 1221:10th c. BCE 1219:Paleo-Hebrew 1215:12th c. BCE 1165:12th c. BCE 1134:19th c. BCE 1127: 1105: 1100:32nd c. BCE 1093: 1077: 964: 909:Neo-Tifinagh 810:romanization 805: 801: 797: 794:medial glide 782:Hanyu Pinyin 761: 756: 737:created the 728: 699: 692: 682:, and other 669: 624:Soviet Union 609: 601: 575: 570: 566: 558: 512: 500: 473:Euboean form 470: 453: 445: 434: 424: 388: 292: 266: 260: 256: 250: 244: 238: 234: 216: 214: 174: 148: 85: 77:logographies 54: 46: 44: 10294:Orthography 10263:RoboBraille 10087:Róża Czacka 10027:Perforation 9824:Independent 9722:(Bhutanese) 9457:Greenlandic 9128:Azerbaijani 8930:Jindai moji 8819:Syllabaries 8790:SignWriting 8690:Celtiberian 8592:Hieroglyphs 8395:Seal script 8380:Traditional 8252:Blissymbols 8157:Warang Citi 8132:Tolong Siki 8085:Marcomannic 8065:Dalecarlian 8055:Anglo-Saxon 8035:Pau Cin Hau 7926:Medefaidrin 7879:Merovingian 7839:Blackletter 7747:Asomtavruli 7540:Warang Citi 7349:Ulu scripts 7294:New Tai Lue 7237:Mon–Burmese 7091:Bhattiprolu 6919:Nandinagari 6746:ʾEsṭrangēlā 6505:constructed 6333:Syllabaries 6303:Logographic 6298:Ideogrammic 6143:In Our Time 5691:13 December 5665:13 December 5622:13 December 5561:13 December 5458:13 December 5279:15 December 5036:: 351–372. 4952:13 December 4843:13 December 4805:13 December 4779:13 December 4659:14 December 4444:30 November 4271:30 November 4211:30 November 4087:30 November 4061:30 November 4026:30 November 3952:30 November 3927:30 November 3772:30 November 3512:Etruscology 3106:(2): 40–53. 2895:, p. 4 2742:Abecedarium 2578:[i] 2534:tetragraphs 2491:orthography 2134:, in which 2021:multigraphs 1823:logographic 1520:3rd century 1514:3rd century 1500:4th century 1494:2nd century 1450:7th c. BCE 1444:8th c. BCE 1438:8th c. BCE 1430:2nd century 1388:2nd c. BCE 1382:2nd c. BCE 1360:2nd c. BCE 1346:4th century 1340:3rd c. BCE 1320:3rd c. BCE 1274:6th century 1268:4th century 1247:3rd c. BCE 1235:8th c. BCE 1197: 1601 1146:9th c. BCE 1140:15th c. BCE 1112:7th c. 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