1216:, framed in mixed Franco-Romanian divisions, which made it necessary to increase the French forces by about seven or nine regiments. Both the support units and the artillery or the financing of these units would have to be borne by France. In December, he warned again of the likelihood of failure if the forces assigned to the campaign proved too meager, a view shared by Franchet d'Espèrey, who preferred to arm local anti-Bolshevik forces and limit French involvement to advisers. Finally the French Government, wishing to demobilize units and with other regions to attend to, did not approve of Berthelot's plan, and only sent part of a French division and some Greek units. The inclusion of these was due to Clemenceau's desire to use Allied rather than French troops wherever possible and to the availability of relatively fresh Greek forces, provided in exchange for promises of favourable consideration of Greek territorial claims at the
466:
439:
290:
137:
301:
357:
346:
244:
498:
375:
256:
1204:, from whose forces Berthelot's forces were to come and who was on bad terms with Clemenceau, severely criticized the intervention plans. According to Franchet d'Espèrey, the forces planned for the operation were insufficient, part of the units that had to march to the east were very weak and some, like the Senegalese, would not be able to stand the harsh climate of the region. He also warned of the discouragement and weariness of the war that had spread among some units. Soon Berthelot began to share Franchet d'Espèrey's scepticism about the campaign: instead of the planned twelve divisions, he was only able to obtain three, and one of them was weakened by the spread of influenza in its ranks.
476:
429:
149:
1483:, on an inspection visit on 20 March, concluded, like D'Anselme, that withdrawal was inevitable. While assuring the Volunteers that his intention was to stay in the city, on 23 March he asked Paris to withdraw. Separately, the French and Greek commands prepared for the evacuation, while the French command officially followed stating their intention to defend it. The French did not communicate their withdrawal plans with their Greek allies — nearly half of the city's forces, while the French only represented a third — nor with Denikin's supporters. On 29 March, Clemenceau announced to Franchet d'Espèrey that the Allies had approved the retreat.
323:
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403:
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48:
161:
270:
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fight. On 9 March, however, Hryhoriv again attacked
Kherson, and this time the Greek defenders decided to evacuate the town. The attackers seized armored train and control of railway station and port, while the defenders took refuge in the citadel. Thanks to the bombardment of French ships and the assault of a Greek company, the Allies managed to retake the port and break the encirclement of the citadel. That same night the evacuation began and the next day the allied ships left the city, which remained in the hands of the besiegers.
1573:
intervention and the next day some participated in a large demonstration in favor of the Soviet
Government. The French naval command sent troops ashore who fired into the crowd, causing two deaths and a dozen wounded. The next day, the immediate departure of the ships to France was agreed, which began on 23 April. On the 21st, Franchet d'Espèrey finally ordered the evacuation, which ended on the 28th, after an extension of the truce. The French anti-Bolshevik strategy moved from military intervention to the establishment of a "
1276:
1477:
Bolsheviks could count on the uprising of some fifty thousand city workers. Lacking in food due to not controlling rural areas, the growing population of the city — nearly a million people — was in a dire situation, with provisions for only ten days and dependent on Allied supply by sea. Last minute French attempts to install a
Ukrainian-Russian government under clear control of the allied military commanders failed and only served to increase the hostility of the population towards the occupying forces.
1407:
campaign was not limited to the troops, but also affected the officers. Added to this dispiriting situation was the lack of reinforcements; six weeks after landing in Odesa, Berthelot complained that he had barely three thousand men to dominate the whole of
Ukraine. Berthelot requested twenty new divisions, nine of them "trusted" French . The rejection of the intervention by the French left in the Parliament, and the refusal of the Americans and British to deploy large forces as recommended by Marshal
1351:. The latter had been willing to accept practically all of the French demands except for the resignation of Petliura, but this was not enough for an agreement to be reached between the Entente and the former. In addition, the weaker that the Directorate became, the less the French were interested in forming an agreement with it. The talks, however, had made it possible to expand the perimeter under French control around Odesa and facilitate the control of a strip of territory that reached the
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the German garrison nor the local population. Unable to defend the perimeter of the city and fearful of suffering a popular uprising, the French commanders agreed with a local communist delegate for a peaceful evacuation, which took place between 14 and 16 March without incident. Hryhoriv's troops entered the latter at the same time as the
Germans —the last to leave the city— embarked to abandon it. A large quantity of German and allied weapons fell into the hands of Hryhoriv.
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1565:. On 14 April, the Bolsheviks reached Sevastopol, where the French and Russian commanders maintained tense relations. On 16 April, the French naval artillery repelled an assault on the city and allowed a truce to be signed the next day, that was to last until 25 April. During the truce, the evacuation would be prepared and the government of the city would be handed over to the local
1499:
2 April, gave rise to panic and the concentration of a large number of citizens on the docks, eager to embark on the French ships. In all, thirty thousand soldiers and fifty thousand civilians left Odesa. The
Bolsheviks did not interfere with the evacuation. Part of the allied forces, as well as others hostile to the Bolsheviks, retreated overland to
1398:
unfavourable: they continued to maintain their pre-war habits of arrogance and irresponsibility, they were a small force and overstaffed. The perception of the
Russian officers of the French expeditionary force was also negative: they found French commanders arrogant and criticized their contacts with their political rivals in the region.
1259:, who surrounded it. British and French warships docked at the port (17 December), but no troops landed. The presence of these ships, however, encouraged Polish and Russian officers to create volunteer units. With the arrival of Directorate forces in the outskirts of the city on 24 December, these units took refuge in the port, under
1193:, that the Allies were willing to employ twelve divisions in southern Russia and collaborate with their forces in the fight against the Bolsheviks. These promises were based on informal information that Berthelot had received in France before leaving on his mission and were exaggerated, although they fed the illusions of the
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On 1 April, the
Government of Paris ordered D'Anselme to withdraw from Odesa, which fell to Hryhoriv's meager forces — some two thousand men — who captured a large quantity of weapons. The evacuation took place between 3 and 7 April. The first rumors about the departure of the Allies, which spread on
1459:
allowed an allied counterattack at
Kherson and the repulsion of a new assault. The next day, however, a new attack by Hryhoriv's forces managed to break through the city's defenses, aided by an uprising of the population. Two French companies sent to the city to hold the defense on 8 March refused to
1401:
Likewise, the military intervention did not receive the sympathy of the population. According to D'Anselme, most of the population of the area was pro-Bolshevik and hostile to his forces. The rejection of the population further sank the spirit of the Allied troops. Algerian units refused to embark at
1342:
and
Kherson, was controlled by the Allies. D'Anselme negotiated the peaceful surrender of Kherson and Mykolaiv with Petliura's delegates. These conversations disgusted Denikin, even though D'Anselme reminded him that his orders stated that he must cooperate with all anti-Bolshevik forces and that the
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were defeated by the more numerous Bolsheviks. Although the Allies had 25,000 men in Odesa and another 4,000 from the Volunteer Army — the former very discouraged and the latter considered to have no real military value — Hryhoriv's forces were estimated at 30-40,000 men and it was believed that the
1096:
had refused payment of the Russian debt. During the first year of Bolshevik rule, French aid to its enemies was limited to funding and the dispatch of some military advisers. This was not, however, Clemenceau's original plan, which provided for the sending of various allied units to Russia once the
1463:
With Kherson captured, Hryhoriv concentrated his units on Mykolaiv, which he had failed to take on 7 March. The defending forces, five hundred Greeks and two weak French companies, were even smaller than those that had been defeated at Kherson. The defenders could not count on the collaboration of
1144:
to limit the German advance. Noulens and the ministry proposed, on the contrary, to support the anti-Bolshevik groups bent on overthrowing the Bolshevik government. In the late summer of 1918, Paris adopted the position hostile to Moscow that its diplomats recommended. Clemenceau decided to send a
1374:
The French plan depended on the collaboration of all the anti-Bolshevik forces in the area, which was not achieved. The general hostility of the population, the resistance of the Bolsheviks, the mutinies of their own troops, the lack of supplies and the disunity of the anti-Bolshevik forces first
1406:
when they were told they were leaving for Odesa; the commanders feared a mutiny by the demoralized troops. The Bolsheviks also launched an intense propaganda campaign to undermine the already dwindling desire of the French soldiers to fight in Russia. The pessimism and lack of enthusiasm for the
1467:
The Allies then concentrated on the defense of Odesa, the destination of numerous refugees and Hryhoriv's growing forces. One after another, the main French officials advised the Government to evacuate the city. On 16 March, Berthelot requested relief. Although Clemenceau ordered the city to be
1303:
The initial objective of the French Government was to achieve the military defeat of the Bolsheviks and at the same time gain a zone of influence in the area that could bring economic benefits. Once Odesa was under control, General Borius, in command of the French forces that had occupied it,
1024:
with hostility. The anti-Bolsheviks, for their own part, were unable to forge an alliance, separated by deep differences that caused the French frustration. The defeats at Kherson and Mykolaiv in March convinced the French commanders of desirability of reaching an agreement with the Bolshevik
1697:
According to D'Anselme's chief of staff, nine-tenths of Denikin's forces were officers, and these lacked a popular base. D'Anselme himself noted the poor desire to fight for these forces and the existence of nine White admirals to control the port of Odesa. Franchet d'Espèrey reported that:
1397:
In addition, relations between the Volunteer Army and the French commanders were tense. They considered it excessively reactionary, lacking popular sympathy and forces in the area to become the core of an anti-Bolshevik army. Various French officers' impressions of Denikin's supporters were
1366:, who was opposed to the rapprochement with France and abandoned his loyalty to the Directorate to go over to the Bolsheviks, controlled the interior. The French and their allies were unable to expel him from his positions during the operations they carried out during the month of February.
1572:
With the withdrawal approved by Paris, riots broke out on French ships docked in the port on 19 April, the same day that the administration was to pass into the hands of the Soviets according to the truce agreement. The mutineers demanded their return to France and the end of the military
1454:
French setbacks encouraged Hryhoriv's forces to storm Mykolaiv and Kherson — which had refused to surrender on the night of the 1 March — between 3 and 5 March. But a German armored train, French naval artillery, and Greek units repelled the onslaught. On 6 March, the arrival of two Greek
1411:, complicated the sending of the reinforcements requested by Berthelot. Clemanceau had to promise in Parliament to limit the intervention to the occupation of a territory where the anti-Bolshevik forces could regroup, without the Allied forces entering into combat with the Soviet forces.
1019:
With troops short and demoralized, unwilling to risk their lives in Russia for a cause they did not understand, the French commanders saw little future for the campaign. Bolshevik forces seemed numerous, well commanded and supported by the population that had received those of the
1211:
and for this it would have three French and as many Greek divisions, in addition to a Romanian contingent that would be sent to him later. Berthelot, who considered these forces insufficient to guarantee the success of the mission, suggested the inclusion of fifteen Romanian
1630:
Denikin's General Staff had prepared a beautiful plan to reconquer Russia that required eighteen Allied divisions and ammunition and so on for half a million Russian soldiers that he intended to recruit under the protection of the Allied
1673:
The Poles contributed three thousand men and the Romanians, two thousand five hundred, viewed with suspicion by the Ukrainian population due to the territorial disputes between the different groups, despite the military value of these
1375:
convinced the French military commanders and then their Government of the inconvenience of continuing the military intervention in the region. From direct intervention, the French moved on to a strategy of containment and aid to the
1447:, barely one hundred and fifty French, seven hundred Greeks and some Russian officers of dubious military value defended the city . Hryhoriv's forces surrounding the city numbered between ten and twelve thousand men. For its part,
366:
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units and, with the help of Polish and Russian officers and after heavy fighting, expelled them from the city. The Germans remained neutral in the conflict, while they tried with relative success to abandon the city. The German
1507:, covering the Allied rear during the retreat west. Denikin, only informed of the French retreat after it had already occurred, accused the French commanders of cowardice and of having left the city unnecessarily.
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793:
1207:
After several weeks without receiving further instructions about his mission, Berthelot finally obtained more instructions on 21 November: the operation was to go beyond the occupation of
1451:
had a German garrison of twelve thousand men, but of dubious loyalty to the Allies; German soldiers had no intention of engaging the Bolsheviks in conjunction with their former enemies.
1523:
was abandoned by the allied forces after agreeing to a truce that facilitated the evacuation in mid-April, once the local forces were unable to defend Crimea from the Bolshevik forces.
1554:, who were supported by mutinous French soldiers. The French troops, many of them colonial, were also unenthusiastic about the campaign and there were incidents both in Crimea as in
523:
1088:, approved a loan of one hundred million francs to finance anti-Bolshevik activities in Russia. Clemenceau's idea was to use control of the grain-rich Ukraine and the industry of
773:
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from the two territories, but also to "carry out the economic encirclement of Bolshevism and bring about its downfall." Berthelot had to use the allied units deployed in the
1664:
Munholland, on the other hand, states that there were only short skirmishes and that the Withdrawal of the Directorate units was agreed between them and the French command.
1561:
On 3 April, Bolshevik forces entered the peninsula after overcoming little resistance from the Volunteers. On 8 April, the Crimean government had to evacuate its capital,
516:
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Kirițescu, Constantin; Istoria războiului pentru întregirea României - Ediția a III-a, vol. II; Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1989. ISBN 973-29-0048-2
1386:, became evident again in Ukraine and caused great frustration to the French military commanders. The quarrels between the different groups, which included anyone from
1343:
deals with the Directorate they were not political, but only military. Negotiations with the Directorate continued unsuccessfully until February, when the Bolsheviks
1539:, which were also not well regarded by the local population. The French commanders again considered the five or six thousand Volunteers of little value as troops.
1189:, who considered Berthelot too pro-Romanian, and to assure him of the seriousness of the French plans, the French general told Denikin's representative, General
3455:
1177:—a veteran of the Romanian Front— at the head of a military mission that covered Romania and Ukraine. His mission was not only to ensure the withdrawal of the
17:
3465:
3445:
316:
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1546:, the Allies had 5,000 men, including 2,000 Greeks with little desire to continue fighting under French command. It was, however, the Greek units of the
992:. Thanks to the arrival of reinforcements throughout December 1918 and January 1919, the Allies managed to take control of various cities in Ukraine and
361:
748:
1235:—were finally deployed in Ukrainian territory. The ground troops were joined by an allied squadron made up of French, British and Greek ships.
3535:
1569:. Again, the shortage of troops for defense, the hostility of the bulk of the population and the low morale of the soldiers advised retreat.
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in a military intervention that combined political and economic objectives, in the style of colonial expeditions. To allay the suspicions of
3460:
1109:. These troops were to facilitate the establishment of a new Russian Government, favourable to the political and economic interests of the
1025:
authorities and ending the expedition. This was approved at the end of March and carried out at the beginning of the following month. The
962:
248:
3530:
683:
3510:
1574:
3093:"L'intervention française à Odessa (décembre 1918 - mars 1919) vue à travers l'action du « Consul de France », Emile Henno"
1228:
1140:, advocated the total rupture of relations with the Bolshevik government, while the military commanders defended the agreement with
3515:
3500:
977:, but lacking in forces and sympathy among the local population, it was a failure that ended with the evacuation of the territory.
783:
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began to advance towards the coast, defended with insufficient forces. By early March, he was at the gates of the main cities. In
1251:—a city with a very mixed population, barely a fifth Ukrainian and a large number of Russians and Jews— to replace the retreating
540:
39:
1614:
Berthelot had headed the French military mission in Romania in 1916-1917 and the Russians and Romanians disputed the control of
1217:
3190:
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defended and D'Anselme began to reinforce his perimeter on 13 March, on 16 March the besiegers tightened the close by taking
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1335:
820:
305:
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The situation in Crimea, where the Allies had deployed 2,500 men in early April, was similar to that in Ukraine. The
1223:
Indeed, the Greek authorities promised the participation of forty-two thousand men, framed in three divisions of the
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912:
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798:
758:
3403:
Churchill's Secret War with Lenin: British and Commonwealth Military Intervention in the Russian Civil War, 1918–20
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However, the coastal cities were cut off from the rest of Ukraine by the forces of the Directorate and the various
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military expedition to Russia, despite the scepticism of the military commanders about its chances of success.
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402:
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93:
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By the middle of the month and thanks to the arrival of reinforcements originally intended for the defense of
1480:
1201:
1344:
1293:
1036:, had succeeded in expelling the Allied forces from the occupied coastal cities in late 1918 and early 1919.
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as of January. He ordered the German 15th Division to maintain order in Mykolaiv. This city, together with
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728:
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225:
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On 23 December 1917, the British and French governments had divided the region into zones of operations:
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1308:, as military governor of the city, which intensified the impression that the French were backing him.
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350:
1117:, the French high command in Paris had outlined plans to intervene in Russia in order to maintain the
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declared it under French protection. He appointed General Grishin-Almazov, a local representative of
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The first indication of the French government's intentions to intervene in the south of the former
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1472:, sixty kilometers to the northeast. In various battles, the few Allied forces and those of the
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988:, they soon had to leave the initial offensive plan and adopt a defensive strategy against the
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165:
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47:
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According to a member of the British military mission at Denikin's headquarters, in December:
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had ended. The allied expeditionary force was to serve as the unifying nucleus of the Russian
3279:
3212:. Vol. 20: Revolutions and interventions in Hungary and its neighbor states, 1918–1919.
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1431:, one of the cities occupied by the Allies between late 1918 and early 1919, which fell to
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53:
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in March 1918, the French Foreign Ministry, supported by its former ambassador to Russia,
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in December 1917. Short on personnel, officers and supplies, demoralized and receptive to
8:
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Some soldiers had spent eighteen to twenty-four months at the front without rest permits.
1326:
While Polish, Russian, and Romanian contingents remained in Odesa, Greek units landed in
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The disunity of the anti-Bolshevik formations, which had already been made clear at the
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Snook, David (1989). "British Naval Operations in the Black Sea 1918–1920, Part I".
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At the end of February, while Berthelot's envoy requested reinforcements in Paris,
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1503:, which was temporarily defended from any Bolshevik assault by units of the Greek
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Denikin's army is more of a nuisance than a help... It has all the faults of the
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and prevent areas of strategic economic interest from falling into German hands.
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1255:. The unit was soon cut off from the rest of the country by the forces of the
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to try to recover the losses of French investors in Russia, after the new
1049:
2791:
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1165:, was left in command of the military intervention in Ukraine and Crimea.
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Between the volunteers and the people there is a true and savage hatred.
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on behalf of the anti-Bolshevik forces, partly for economic reasons.
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3321:"The allies in Russia, 1917–20: Intervention as seen by the whites"
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1315:
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89:
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Battles of the Russian Civil War involving the Czechoslovak Legion
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The leaders of the mutiny, however, faced court-martial in France.
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997:
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85:
3280:"The French army and intervention in Southern Russia, 1918–1919"
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1026:
993:
81:
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Civil War in South Russia, 1919-1920: The Defeat of the Whites
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Colonel Freydenberg, D'Anselme's Chief of Staff, stated that:
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that were in charge of putting down the workers' uprisings in
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No French soldier who has saved his life on the Marne or in
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protection. The city was left in the hands of units led by
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was in a similar situation to the 7th, captured at Odesa.
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on 25 December. Joint command was left to French General
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1967:
1394:, prevented the drafting of a common political program.
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2109:
2107:
2087:
1872:
2878:
2767:
2491:
2329:
1239:
Situation of the region on the eve of the intervention
2317:
1841:
1322:
handed over to Allied military control in early 1919.
1287:, landed in the city a week after the arrival of the
2188:
2104:
3506:Battles involving the Armed Forces of South Russia
3526:Battles involving the Ukrainian People's Republic
1173:was the appointment on 7 October 1918 of General
1032:, formally submitted to the Bolshevik command of
3437:
1651:The third ended up being used in the capture of
182:
1267:, who maintained an uneasy truce with Denikin.
1723:would want to lose it in the fields of Russia.
1080:remained on the French side. In addition, the
3456:Romanian involvement in the Russian Civil War
3138:The Ukraine, 1917–1921: A Study in Revolution
969:. The intervention was an involvement in the
524:
3207:
3033:
3018:
2985:
2954:
2929:
2902:
2872:
2856:
2825:
2801:
2757:
2738:
2711:
2695:
2667:
2638:
2613:
2597:
2560:
2525:
2509:
2427:
2351:
2295:
2258:
2239:
2131:
2081:
2060:
2048:
2012:
1957:
1941:
1929:
1908:
1835:
1816:
1804:
1785:
1770:
953:between December 1918 and April 1919 on the
27:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War
3446:French involvement in the Russian Civil War
1060:who decided to intervene militarily in the
3451:Greek involvement in the Russian Civil War
3277:
3049:
3037:
3006:
2989:
2973:
2958:
2933:
2917:
2860:
2844:
2829:
2813:
2785:
2761:
2742:
2726:
2699:
2683:
2671:
2655:
2617:
2601:
2585:
2564:
2545:
2529:
2513:
2485:
2469:
2450:
2431:
2412:
2397:
2385:
2299:
2278:
2243:
2223:
2182:
2135:
2033:
2016:
2000:
1984:
1961:
1945:
1887:
1866:
1044:
531:
517:
46:
3466:Wars involving Soviet Russia (1917–1922)
3242:
2366:
2151:
2098:
1514:
1485:
1423:
1310:
1274:
1152:
1048:
3318:
3208:Király, Béla K.; Pastor, Peter (1988).
3135:
3090:
2887:
2797:
2773:
2497:
2481:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2274:
2235:
2167:
2147:
1996:
1862:
1847:
1330:. Other Allied units fanned out across
40:Southern Front of the Russian Civil War
14:
3438:
3400:
3210:War and society in East Central Europe
18:Allied intervention in Southern Russia
3371:
3170:
3065:
2541:
2270:
2211:
2163:
2119:
512:
3536:Battles involving the Volunteer Army
3284:Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique
3461:Crimea during the Russian Civil War
24:
3531:Campaigns of the Russian Civil War
1279:French soldiers deployed in Odesa.
25:
3547:
1012:, some ceded by agreement by the
1655:and not in the Russian campaign.
1318:, one of several towns that the
1227:, although only two of them—the
496:
484:
474:
464:
447:
437:
427:
401:
390:
373:
355:
344:
332:
321:
310:
299:
288:
268:
254:
242:
219:
207:
184:
171:
159:
147:
135:
68:18 December 1918 – 30 April 1919
3516:Poland in the Russian Civil War
3501:Odessa in the Russian Civil War
3059:
1728:
1710:
1691:
1677:
1667:
1658:
1645:
1636:
1621:
1608:
1270:
1148:
754:Southern Front counteroffensive
3183:University of California Press
1748:
1283:A French expeditionary force,
13:
1:
3511:History of Greece (1909–1924)
1741:
1355:, without the need to fight.
1243:In November 1918, the German
1124:Following the signing of the
1039:
963:Allied intervention in Russia
913:Bolshevik–Makhnovist conflict
980:French-led forces landed in
943:Southern Russia intervention
33:Southern Russia Intervention
7:
3278:Munholland, J. Kim (1981).
1584:
1529:Crimean Regional Government
276:Ukrainian People's Republic
94:Ukrainian People's Republic
10:
3552:
1419:
1034:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko
1014:Central Council of Ukraine
351:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseyenko
3341:10.1080/09546540308575766
3218:Columbia University Press
1591:North Russia intervention
1510:
1435:'s forces in early March.
1414:
1369:
949:military intervention in
550:
494:
413:
281:
119:
60:
45:
37:
32:
3319:Shmelev, Anatol (2003).
3146:Harvard University Press
3142:Cambridge, Massachusetts
3091:Fieschi, Pascal (2016).
3066:Allen, W. E. D. (1963).
3034:Király & Pastor 1988
3019:Király & Pastor 1988
2986:Király & Pastor 1988
2955:Király & Pastor 1988
2930:Király & Pastor 1988
2903:Király & Pastor 1988
2873:Király & Pastor 1988
2857:Király & Pastor 1988
2826:Király & Pastor 1988
2802:Király & Pastor 1988
2758:Király & Pastor 1988
2739:Király & Pastor 1988
2712:Király & Pastor 1988
2696:Király & Pastor 1988
2668:Király & Pastor 1988
2639:Király & Pastor 1988
2614:Király & Pastor 1988
2598:Király & Pastor 1988
2561:Király & Pastor 1988
2526:Király & Pastor 1988
2510:Király & Pastor 1988
2428:Király & Pastor 1988
2352:Király & Pastor 1988
2296:Király & Pastor 1988
2259:Király & Pastor 1988
2240:Király & Pastor 1988
2132:Király & Pastor 1988
2082:Király & Pastor 1988
2061:Király & Pastor 1988
2049:Király & Pastor 1988
2013:Király & Pastor 1988
1958:Király & Pastor 1988
1942:Király & Pastor 1988
1930:Király & Pastor 1988
1909:Király & Pastor 1988
1836:Király & Pastor 1988
1817:Király & Pastor 1988
1805:Király & Pastor 1988
1786:Király & Pastor 1988
1771:Király & Pastor 1988
1705:and none of its virtues.
1683:According to D'Anselme:
1601:
1531:had requested help from
1082:Prime minister of France
1058:prime minister of France
543:of the Russian Civil War
3401:Wright, Damien (2017).
3243:Mawdsley, Evan (1987).
3136:Hunczak, Taras (1977).
3113:10.3406/casla.2016.1142
2314:, pp. 95, 339–340.
1285:Army of the Danube (AD)
1253:Austro-Hungarian forces
1126:Treaty of Brest-Litovsk
1045:First actions in Russia
3068:The Ukraine: a history
1725:
1707:
1688:
1633:
1524:
1495:
1436:
1323:
1320:Directorate of Ukraine
1280:
1218:Paris Peace Conference
1200:For his part, General
1166:
1065:
794:Pavlohrad–Katerynoslav
282:Commanders and leaders
52:Greek soldiers of the
3374:Warship International
3296:10.3406/cmr.1981.1903
3245:The Russian Civil War
3171:Kenez, Peter (1977).
3076:Russell & Russell
2616:, pp. 324, 343;
1717:
1699:
1684:
1628:
1596:Siberian intervention
1518:
1490:French evacuation of
1489:
1427:
1314:
1278:
1257:Ukrainian Directorate
1156:
1128:peace treaty between
1113:. Shortly before the
1107:anti-Bolshevik forces
1052:
957:shores of the former
724:Vyoshenskaya Uprising
3333:Taylor & Francis
3325:Revolutionary Russia
1579:hostile to communism
1094:Bolshevik government
821:Rostov–Novocherkassk
54:5/42 Evzone Regiment
2988:, p. 350-351;
1960:, p. 338-339;
1336:Philippe d 'Anselme
1191:Dmitry Shcherbachev
1161:, a veteran of the
973:on the side of the
784:Voronezh–Kastornoye
662:Allied intervention
2063:, p. 284-285.
1525:
1496:
1481:Franchet d'Espèrey
1437:
1324:
1281:
1202:Franchet d'Espèrey
1167:
1115:October Revolution
1086:Georges Clemenceau
1066:
1054:Georges Clemenceau
967:October Revolution
729:Alexandrovsky Fort
679:Katerynoslav March
384:(From February 18)
328:Konstantinos Nider
306:Philippe d'Anselme
105:Bolshevik victory
3476:Conflicts in 1919
3471:Conflicts in 1918
3192:978-0-520-03346-7
1062:Russian Civil War
986:Soviet propaganda
971:Russian Civil War
961:, as part of the
938:
937:
893:Dagestan uprising
769:Advance on Moscow
709:Hryhoriv Uprising
684:Northern Caucasus
674:Voronezh–Povorino
507:
506:
385:
115:
114:
109:Allied evacuation
16:(Redirected from
3543:
3432:
3397:
3368:
3315:
3274:
3239:
3204:
3167:
3132:
3087:
3053:
3047:
3041:
3031:
3022:
3016:
3010:
3004:
2993:
2992:, p. 60-61.
2983:
2977:
2971:
2962:
2952:
2937:
2927:
2921:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2891:
2885:
2876:
2870:
2864:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2833:
2823:
2817:
2816:, p. 56-57.
2811:
2805:
2795:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2771:
2765:
2755:
2746:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2715:
2709:
2703:
2693:
2687:
2686:, p. 54-55.
2681:
2675:
2665:
2659:
2653:
2642:
2636:
2621:
2611:
2605:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2568:
2558:
2549:
2539:
2533:
2523:
2517:
2507:
2501:
2495:
2489:
2479:
2473:
2467:
2454:
2448:
2435:
2425:
2416:
2410:
2401:
2400:, p. 47-48.
2395:
2389:
2383:
2370:
2364:
2355:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2327:
2321:
2315:
2309:
2303:
2293:
2282:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2215:
2209:
2186:
2180:
2171:
2161:
2155:
2145:
2139:
2129:
2123:
2117:
2102:
2096:
2085:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2052:
2046:
2037:
2031:
2020:
2010:
2004:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1965:
1955:
1949:
1939:
1933:
1927:
1912:
1906:
1891:
1885:
1870:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1839:
1833:
1820:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1789:
1783:
1774:
1768:
1755:
1752:
1735:
1732:
1726:
1714:
1708:
1703:old Russian Army
1695:
1689:
1681:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1662:
1656:
1649:
1643:
1640:
1634:
1625:
1619:
1612:
1575:cordon sanitaire
1441:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
1433:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
1364:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
1362:. The main one,
1097:fighting in the
1030:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
990:Bolshevik forces
898:Tambov Rebellion
888:Northern Taurida
873:Ulagay's Landing
719:Chapan rebellion
545:
533:
526:
519:
510:
509:
501:
500:
499:
489:
488:
487:
479:
478:
469:
468:
452:
451:
450:
442:
441:
432:
431:
408:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
406:
405:
395:
394:
383:
380:Nykyfor Hryhoriv
378:
377:
376:
370:
360:
359:
358:
349:
348:
347:
337:
336:
335:
326:
325:
324:
315:
314:
313:
304:
303:
302:
293:
292:
274:
272:
271:
259:
258:
257:
247:
246:
245:
224:
223:
222:
212:
211:
210:
194:
190:
188:
187:
176:
175:
164:
163:
152:
151:
140:
139:
62:
61:
50:
30:
29:
21:
3551:
3550:
3546:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3436:
3435:
3421:
3263:
3228:
3193:
3156:
3062:
3057:
3056:
3050:Munholland 1981
3048:
3044:
3038:Munholland 1981
3036:, p. 351;
3032:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3007:Munholland 1981
3005:
2996:
2990:Munholland 1981
2984:
2980:
2974:Munholland 1981
2972:
2965:
2959:Munholland 1981
2957:, p. 350;
2953:
2940:
2934:Munholland 1981
2932:, p. 350;
2928:
2924:
2918:Munholland 1981
2916:
2909:
2901:
2894:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2867:
2861:Munholland 1981
2859:, p. 348;
2855:
2851:
2845:Munholland 1981
2843:
2836:
2830:Munholland 1981
2828:, p. 344;
2824:
2820:
2814:Munholland 1981
2812:
2808:
2800:, p. 341;
2796:
2792:
2786:Munholland 1981
2784:
2780:
2772:
2768:
2762:Munholland 1981
2760:, p. 344;
2756:
2749:
2743:Munholland 1981
2741:, p. 345;
2737:
2733:
2727:Munholland 1981
2725:
2718:
2710:
2706:
2700:Munholland 1981
2698:, p. 343;
2694:
2690:
2684:Munholland 1981
2682:
2678:
2672:Munholland 1981
2670:, p. 343;
2666:
2662:
2656:Munholland 1981
2654:
2645:
2637:
2624:
2618:Munholland 1981
2612:
2608:
2602:Munholland 1981
2600:, p. 346;
2596:
2592:
2586:Munholland 1981
2584:
2571:
2565:Munholland 1981
2563:, p. 343;
2559:
2552:
2546:Munholland 1981
2544:, p. 308;
2540:
2536:
2530:Munholland 1981
2528:, p. 342;
2524:
2520:
2514:Munholland 1981
2512:, p. 343;
2508:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2486:Munholland 1981
2484:, p. 337;
2480:
2476:
2470:Munholland 1981
2468:
2457:
2451:Munholland 1981
2449:
2438:
2432:Munholland 1981
2430:, p. 346;
2426:
2419:
2413:Munholland 1981
2411:
2404:
2398:Munholland 1981
2396:
2392:
2386:Munholland 1981
2384:
2373:
2365:
2358:
2346:
2342:
2334:
2330:
2322:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2300:Munholland 1981
2298:, p. 342;
2294:
2285:
2279:Munholland 1981
2277:, p. 335;
2273:, p. 308;
2269:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2244:Munholland 1981
2242:, p. 342;
2238:, p. 334;
2234:
2230:
2224:Munholland 1981
2222:
2218:
2210:
2189:
2183:Munholland 1981
2181:
2174:
2166:, p. 307;
2162:
2158:
2146:
2142:
2136:Munholland 1981
2134:, p. 285;
2130:
2126:
2118:
2105:
2097:
2088:
2080:
2067:
2059:
2055:
2047:
2040:
2034:Munholland 1981
2032:
2023:
2017:Munholland 1981
2015:, p. 345;
2011:
2007:
2001:Munholland 1981
1999:, p. 332;
1995:
1991:
1985:Munholland 1981
1983:
1968:
1962:Munholland 1981
1956:
1952:
1946:Munholland 1981
1944:, p. 338;
1940:
1936:
1928:
1915:
1907:
1894:
1888:Munholland 1981
1886:
1873:
1867:Munholland 1981
1865:, p. 331;
1861:
1854:
1846:
1842:
1834:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1792:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1758:
1753:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1729:
1715:
1711:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1678:
1672:
1668:
1663:
1659:
1650:
1646:
1641:
1637:
1626:
1622:
1613:
1609:
1604:
1587:
1577:" of countries
1513:
1422:
1417:
1384:Iaşi Conference
1372:
1273:
1241:
1175:Henri Berthelot
1159:Henri Berthelot
1157:French General
1151:
1047:
1042:
939:
934:
903:Perekop–Chonhar
878:Obytichnyi Spit
734:Bender Uprising
699:Khotyn Uprising
546:
542:
539:
537:
503:
497:
495:
485:
483:
473:
463:
448:
446:
436:
426:
400:
389:
382:
374:
372:
371:
364:
362:Anatoly Skachko
356:
354:
353:
345:
343:
333:
331:
330:
322:
320:
319:
311:
309:
308:
300:
298:
297:
295:Henri Bertholot
287:
269:
267:
255:
253:
243:
241:
220:
218:
208:
206:
185:
183:
170:
158:
146:
134:
96:
56:in Odessa, 1919
51:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3549:
3539:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:1919 in France
3493:
3491:1918 in France
3488:
3486:1919 in Russia
3483:
3481:1918 in Russia
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3434:
3433:
3419:
3398:
3369:
3316:
3275:
3261:
3240:
3226:
3205:
3191:
3168:
3154:
3133:
3097:Cahiers slaves
3088:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3054:
3042:
3023:
3021:, p. 351.
3011:
2994:
2978:
2963:
2938:
2922:
2907:
2905:, p. 325.
2892:
2890:, p. 342.
2877:
2875:, p. 329.
2865:
2849:
2834:
2818:
2806:
2804:, p. 329.
2790:
2778:
2776:, p. 341.
2766:
2747:
2731:
2716:
2714:, p. 344.
2704:
2688:
2676:
2660:
2643:
2641:, p. 343.
2622:
2606:
2590:
2569:
2550:
2534:
2518:
2502:
2500:, p. 337.
2490:
2474:
2455:
2436:
2417:
2402:
2390:
2371:
2369:, p. 130.
2356:
2354:, p. 342.
2350:, p. 95;
2340:
2338:, p. 338.
2328:
2316:
2304:
2283:
2263:
2261:, p. 349.
2248:
2228:
2216:
2214:, p. 308.
2187:
2172:
2170:, p. 334.
2156:
2154:, p. 129.
2150:, p. 90;
2140:
2124:
2122:, p. 307.
2103:
2101:, p. 129.
2086:
2084:, p. 323.
2065:
2053:
2051:, p. 284.
2038:
2021:
2005:
1989:
1966:
1950:
1934:
1932:, p. 338.
1913:
1911:, p. 337.
1892:
1871:
1852:
1850:, p. 264.
1840:
1838:, p. 348.
1821:
1819:, p. 347.
1809:
1807:, p. 346.
1790:
1788:, p. 342.
1775:
1773:, p. 285.
1756:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1727:
1709:
1690:
1676:
1666:
1657:
1644:
1635:
1620:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1600:
1599:
1598:
1593:
1586:
1583:
1537:Volunteer Army
1512:
1509:
1494:in April 1919.
1474:Volunteer Army
1421:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1377:White movement
1371:
1368:
1272:
1269:
1265:Symon Petliura
1240:
1237:
1195:Volunteer Army
1179:Central Powers
1171:Russian Empire
1163:Romanian Front
1150:
1147:
1138:Joseph Noulens
1134:Central Powers
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
975:White movement
959:Russian Empire
936:
935:
933:
932:
927:
921:
920:
916:
915:
910:
905:
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
854:
853:
848:
838:
833:
831:North Caucasus
828:
823:
817:
816:
812:
811:
806:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
774:Nizhyn–Poltava
771:
766:
761:
756:
751:
746:
741:
736:
731:
726:
721:
716:
711:
706:
701:
696:
691:
686:
681:
676:
670:
669:
665:
664:
659:
654:
649:
644:
639:
634:
629:
624:
619:
614:
609:
604:
599:
594:
589:
584:
579:
574:
568:
567:
563:
562:
556:
555:
551:
548:
547:
541:Southern Front
536:
535:
528:
521:
513:
505:
504:
493:
492:
491:
481:
471:
455:
454:
444:
434:
416:
415:
411:
410:
397:Symon Petliura
386:
341:
284:
283:
279:
278:
265:
264:
263:
261:Soviet Ukraine
251:
230:
229:
228:
216:
200:White movement
196:
195:
192:Czechoslovakia
180:
168:
156:
144:
122:
121:
117:
116:
113:
112:
111:
110:
102:
98:
97:
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
58:
57:
43:
42:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3548:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3420:9781911512103
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3262:9780049470248
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3241:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3227:9780880331371
3223:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3194:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3175:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3155:9780674920095
3151:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3134:
3130:
3126:
3122:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3102:
3099:(in French).
3098:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3064:
3063:
3052:, p. 62.
3051:
3046:
3040:, p. 61.
3039:
3035:
3030:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3009:, p. 61.
3008:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2991:
2987:
2982:
2976:, p. 60.
2975:
2970:
2968:
2961:, p. 60.
2960:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2947:
2945:
2943:
2936:, p. 59.
2935:
2931:
2926:
2920:, p. 59.
2919:
2914:
2912:
2904:
2899:
2897:
2889:
2884:
2882:
2874:
2869:
2863:, p. 57.
2862:
2858:
2853:
2847:, p. 57.
2846:
2841:
2839:
2832:, p. 57.
2831:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2810:
2803:
2799:
2794:
2788:, p. 56.
2787:
2782:
2775:
2770:
2764:, p. 56.
2763:
2759:
2754:
2752:
2745:, p. 55.
2744:
2740:
2735:
2729:, p. 55.
2728:
2723:
2721:
2713:
2708:
2702:, p. 54.
2701:
2697:
2692:
2685:
2680:
2674:, p. 53.
2673:
2669:
2664:
2658:, p. 53.
2657:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2640:
2635:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2627:
2620:, p. 52.
2619:
2615:
2610:
2604:, p. 52.
2603:
2599:
2594:
2588:, p. 52.
2587:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2567:, p. 52.
2566:
2562:
2557:
2555:
2548:, p. 52.
2547:
2543:
2538:
2532:, p. 51.
2531:
2527:
2522:
2516:, p. 51.
2515:
2511:
2506:
2499:
2494:
2488:, p. 51.
2487:
2483:
2478:
2472:, p. 51.
2471:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2453:, p. 50.
2452:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2434:, p. 49.
2433:
2429:
2424:
2422:
2415:, p. 49.
2414:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2394:
2388:, p. 48.
2387:
2382:
2380:
2378:
2376:
2368:
2367:Mawdsley 1987
2363:
2361:
2353:
2349:
2344:
2337:
2332:
2326:, p. 95.
2325:
2320:
2313:
2308:
2302:, p. 47.
2301:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2288:
2281:, p. 47.
2280:
2276:
2272:
2267:
2260:
2255:
2253:
2246:, p. 47.
2245:
2241:
2237:
2232:
2226:, p. 43.
2225:
2220:
2213:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2202:
2200:
2198:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2185:, p. 47.
2184:
2179:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2160:
2153:
2152:Mawdsley 1987
2149:
2144:
2138:, p. 46.
2137:
2133:
2128:
2121:
2116:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2108:
2100:
2099:Mawdsley 1987
2095:
2093:
2091:
2083:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2072:
2070:
2062:
2057:
2050:
2045:
2043:
2036:, p. 46.
2035:
2030:
2028:
2026:
2019:, p. 45.
2018:
2014:
2009:
2003:, p. 45.
2002:
1998:
1993:
1987:, p. 45.
1986:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1973:
1971:
1964:, p. 44.
1963:
1959:
1954:
1948:, p. 44.
1947:
1943:
1938:
1931:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1890:, p. 44.
1889:
1884:
1882:
1880:
1878:
1876:
1869:, p. 44.
1868:
1864:
1859:
1857:
1849:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1787:
1782:
1780:
1772:
1767:
1765:
1763:
1761:
1751:
1747:
1731:
1724:
1722:
1713:
1706:
1704:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1670:
1661:
1654:
1648:
1639:
1632:
1624:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1588:
1582:
1580:
1576:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1548:13th Division
1545:
1540:
1538:
1534:
1533:Anton Denikin
1530:
1522:
1517:
1508:
1506:
1505:13th Division
1502:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1452:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1412:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1378:
1367:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:expelled them
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1294:15th Division
1290:
1286:
1277:
1268:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1226:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1205:
1203:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1187:Anton Denikin
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1160:
1155:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1130:Soviet Russia
1127:
1122:
1120:
1119:Eastern Front
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
978:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
948:
944:
931:
928:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
852:
849:
847:
844:
843:
842:
839:
837:
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
750:
749:Mamontov Raid
747:
745:
742:
740:
737:
735:
732:
730:
727:
725:
722:
720:
717:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
685:
682:
680:
677:
675:
672:
671:
667:
666:
663:
660:
658:
655:
653:
650:
648:
645:
643:
640:
638:
635:
633:
630:
628:
625:
623:
620:
618:
617:Transcaucasia
615:
613:
610:
608:
605:
603:
600:
598:
595:
593:
590:
588:
585:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
569:
565:
564:
561:
558:
557:
553:
552:
549:
544:
534:
529:
527:
522:
520:
515:
514:
511:
502:30,000–40,000
482:
477:
472:
467:
462:
461:
460:
459:
445:
440:
435:
430:
425:
424:
423:
422:
418:
417:
412:
409:
404:
399:
398:
393:
387:
381:
368:
363:
352:
342:
340:
339:Anton Denikin
329:
318:
317:Ioan Pătrașcu
307:
296:
291:
286:
285:
280:
277:
266:
262:
252:
250:
249:Soviet Russia
240:
239:
238:
237:
236:
231:
227:
217:
215:
205:
204:
203:
202:
201:
193:
181:
179:
174:
169:
167:
162:
157:
155:
150:
145:
143:
138:
133:
132:
131:
130:
129:
124:
123:
118:
108:
107:
106:
103:
100:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
72:
71:
67:
64:
63:
59:
55:
49:
44:
41:
36:
31:
19:
3402:
3380:(1): 36–50.
3377:
3373:
3328:
3324:
3290:(1): 43–66.
3287:
3283:
3244:
3209:
3173:
3137:
3100:
3096:
3067:
3060:Bibliography
3045:
3014:
2981:
2925:
2888:Hunczak 1977
2868:
2852:
2821:
2809:
2798:Hunczak 1977
2793:
2781:
2774:Hunczak 1977
2769:
2734:
2707:
2691:
2679:
2663:
2609:
2593:
2537:
2521:
2505:
2498:Hunczak 1977
2493:
2482:Hunczak 1977
2477:
2393:
2348:Hunczak 1977
2343:
2336:Hunczak 1977
2331:
2324:Hunczak 1977
2319:
2312:Hunczak 1977
2307:
2275:Hunczak 1977
2266:
2236:Hunczak 1977
2231:
2219:
2168:Hunczak 1977
2159:
2148:Hunczak 1977
2143:
2127:
2056:
2008:
1997:Hunczak 1977
1992:
1953:
1937:
1863:Hunczak 1977
1848:Hunczak 1977
1843:
1812:
1750:
1730:
1718:
1712:
1700:
1693:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1647:
1638:
1629:
1623:
1610:
1571:
1560:
1541:
1526:
1519:The port of
1497:
1479:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1438:
1400:
1396:
1381:
1373:
1357:
1325:
1302:
1282:
1271:Intervention
1245:7th Division
1242:
1225:I Army Corps
1222:
1206:
1199:
1168:
1149:French plans
1123:
1067:
1018:
979:
942:
940:
836:Novorossiysk
661:
597:Steppe March
457:
456:
420:
419:
388:
233:
232:
226:South Russia
198:
197:
126:
125:
120:Belligerents
104:
38:Part of the
3253:Unwin Hyman
3107:: 161–172.
1388:monarchists
1289:Directorate
1103:Middle East
799:3rd Kharkiv
789:Khopyor–Don
764:Perehonivka
744:2nd Kharkiv
560:1st Kharkiv
421:In Ukraine:
365: [
3440:Categories
3429:1023368302
3394:8014468800
3335:: 87–107.
3312:5546942436
3129:7290969875
2542:Allen 1963
2271:Allen 1963
2212:Allen 1963
2164:Allen 1963
2120:Allen 1963
1742:References
1631:divisions.
1616:Bessarabia
1563:Simferopol
1552:Sevastopol
1521:Sevastopol
1501:Bessarabia
1392:socialists
1332:Sevastopol
1040:Background
1006:Sevastopol
965:after the
908:2nd Crimea
841:Azerbaijan
809:2nd Donbas
779:Orel–Kursk
704:1st Donbas
612:1st Crimea
607:March Days
582:Donbas-Don
458:In Crimea:
235:Bolsheviks
78:Sevastopol
3386:0043-0374
3365:145442425
3357:760303529
3349:0954-6545
3304:0008-0160
3271:974120622
3236:830834449
3201:797257452
3164:310782079
3121:1283-3878
3084:578666051
1556:Constanța
1470:Berezivka
1457:companies
1404:Constanța
1214:regiments
955:Black Sea
637:Tsaritsyn
592:Ice March
3407:Solihull
3214:New York
3179:Berkeley
3072:New York
1585:See also
1449:Mykolaiv
1340:Tiraspol
1316:Mykolaiv
1298:Mykolaiv
1247:reached
1231:and the
1132:and the
1101:and the
1010:Tiraspol
1002:Mykolaiv
868:Lankaran
804:4th Kiev
759:3rd Kiev
714:Binagadi
694:2nd Kiev
657:Dibrivka
642:Kurdamir
602:Iași–Don
587:1st Kiev
577:Shamkhor
414:Strength
90:Mykolaiv
73:Location
1674:forces.
1567:soviets
1445:Kherson
1429:Kherson
1420:Ukraine
1360:otamans
1353:Dnieper
1328:Kherson
1306:Denikin
1183:Balkans
1111:Entente
1099:Balkans
1090:Donetsk
1078:Ukraine
1022:Entente
998:Kherson
982:Ukraine
951:Ukraine
945:was an
930:Georgia
883:Armenia
858:Ochakov
689:Ukraine
627:Goychay
178:Romania
86:Kherson
3427:
3417:
3411:Helion
3392:
3384:
3363:
3355:
3347:
3310:
3302:
3269:
3259:
3249:Boston
3234:
3224:
3199:
3189:
3162:
3152:
3127:
3119:
3082:
1721:Verdun
1511:Crimea
1415:Defeat
1370:Status
1261:allied
1076:, and
1074:Donbas
1070:Crimea
1056:, the
1027:Otaman
994:Crimea
947:Allied
863:Anzali
851:Sarvan
846:Yalama
572:Mughan
443:15,000
433:23,000
273:
214:Crimea
189:
166:Poland
154:Greece
142:France
128:Allies
101:Result
82:Odessa
3361:S2CID
3331:(1).
3105:Paris
3103:(1).
1653:Izmir
1602:Notes
1544:Odesa
1492:Odesa
1347:from
1249:Odesa
1209:Odesa
1142:Lenin
925:Anapa
826:Odesa
739:Odesa
647:Livny
632:Sochi
622:Kuban
490:5,000
480:2,000
470:3,000
453:4,000
369:]
3425:OCLC
3415:ISBN
3390:OCLC
3382:ISSN
3353:OCLC
3345:ISSN
3308:OCLC
3300:ISSN
3267:OCLC
3257:ISBN
3232:OCLC
3222:ISBN
3197:OCLC
3187:ISBN
3160:OCLC
3150:ISBN
3125:OCLC
3117:ISSN
3080:OCLC
1409:Foch
1349:Kyiv
1233:13th
1008:and
941:The
919:1921
815:1920
668:1919
652:Baku
566:1918
554:1917
88:and
65:Date
3337:doi
3292:doi
3109:doi
1535:'s
1390:to
1296:at
1229:2nd
3442::
3423:.
3413:.
3409::
3405:.
3388:.
3378:26
3376:.
3359:.
3351:.
3343:.
3329:16
3327:.
3323:.
3306:.
3298:.
3288:22
3286:.
3282:.
3265:.
3255:.
3251::
3247:.
3230:.
3220:.
3216::
3195:.
3185:.
3181::
3177:.
3158:.
3148:.
3144::
3140:.
3123:.
3115:.
3101:14
3095:.
3078:.
3074::
3070:.
3026:^
2997:^
2966:^
2941:^
2910:^
2895:^
2880:^
2837:^
2750:^
2719:^
2646:^
2625:^
2572:^
2553:^
2458:^
2439:^
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