425:
He was told of
Germany's diplomatic prowess convinced that Britain would not intervene in his mission. So he was surprised to learn Germany found "the necessity of taking action against Serbia", but this was not confirmed by an absent Secretary of State. Hoyos quickly advocated a firm, tough and confrontational approach putting himself at Berchtold's disposal. During the ensuing days a general consensus of war with Serbia was achieved in Vienna, where Conrad expected the Kaiser's backing. Before the assassination, a memorandum calling for a more aggressive foreign policy in the Balkans had been prepared in the Ballplatz. This one was now revised under the Hoyos guidance towards counselling a military solution. In addition, a letter from Emperor
458:
intervention as unlikely and that the intention was a limited war, known as localisation between Serbia and
Austria. While others have pointed to numerous remarks made during the course of July that undertaking action against Serbia would lead to a European war. It is reasoned that Russian intervention was not taken into much consideration. One can, for example, find little if any records of the issue being discussed in the minutes that Hoyos wrote from the two meetings of the Common Imperial Ministerial Council in July. However, on the 16 July 1914,
499:
466:, that Austria was not planning on any measure that might cause a war in the Balkans, so no Russian complaints were made. This in itself undermined the rationale that Austro-Hungary did not consider that a world war was impossible. In fact, by deliberately misrepresenting the existence and planning of a presentation to Serbia of an ultimatum containing “unacceptable demands”, the Austro-Hungary state implicitly knew that a world war would be inevitable, hence the deception during the
440:, whom he considered "too aged and unimaginative for such an important task". The following day, a Sunday morning Hoyos arrived in Berlin with the memorandum and the Emperor's letter to secure Szogyeny's support. While Szögyény-Marich met the Kaiser for lunch at Potsdam, Hoyos met the Under Secretary of State
453:
and
Zimmermann, and the Kaiser's commitments were confirmed. Austria-Hungary had thus received the famous "blank cheque" for dealing with Serbia. Upon his return to Vienna on 7 July, Hoyos reported back to the Ballplatz with Bethmann Hollweg's oral promise of support. He acted as secretary during
424:
It was Viktor
Naumann, a Berlin journalist's idea to contact a junior Ballplatz official in Vienna on 1 July 1914. Hoyos had been sent to Berlin 1908-9 to win German approval of the annexation of Bosnia. Naumann was well-connected, enticing Hoyos to believe he could influence the Wilhelmstrasse.
457:
While it is beyond doubt that Hoyos and others in the Austro-Hungarian leadership not only foresaw but wanted war during the July Crisis, it has, however, been much debated among historians as to whether they fully understood the scale of such a war. Some have argued that they considered a
Russian
448:
had just married and was away on his honeymoon). In the evening, Szögyény-Marich cabled about the Kaiser's pledge of "full German backing". Hoyos had received a similar message from
Zimmermann during his meeting. The following day the two diplomats met with Chancellor
385:, referred to as the 'Young Rebels', who favoured a more aggressive foreign policy as the only means to stop the decline of the Dual Monarchy and avoid its disintegration. This policy line would prove fatal during the summer of 1914.
572:
Through his daughter MĂ©lanie, he was a grandfather of
Countess Vendeline von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Countess Barbara von Bismarck-Schönhausen, Count Andreas von Bismarck-Schönhausen, and his descendants include
773:, Frankfurt am Main, Peter Lang, 1984, pp. 283-316. See also Eric A. Leuer. 'Die Mission Hoyos. Wie österreichisch-ungarische Diplomaten den ersten Weltkrieg begannen', Freiburg i.B., Centaurus Verlag, 2011.
31:
292:, a noble family that hailed originally from Spain, but which had migrated to Austria around 1525. Over the centuries, the family had become part of the Hungarian nobility.
307:. They had married in 1869, and Georg Hoyos had been in charge of the Whitehead shipyard in Fiume at the time. One of his sisters, Marguerite (1871–1945), was married to
417:, who served as Second Section Chief and was another prominent member of the Young Rebels, he quickly became one of the most vocal pro-war diplomats during the ensuing
511:
1033:
454:
the meeting of the Common
Ministerial Council the same day as well as on 19 July, when agreement was found on the last details about the note to Serbia.
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362:
of 1908, Hoyos was sent on a mission to Berlin to lobby for German support for the
Austrian annexation of Bosnia, and he became an ardent supporter of
684:
Ungleiche
Partner? Ă–sterreich und Deutschland in ihrer gegenseitigen Wahrnehmung. Historische Analysen und Vergleiche aus dem 19. und 20. Jahrhundert
510:
On 24 April 1913, in Paris, Hoyos married Edmée de Loys-Chandieu (1892–1945), the daughter of Henri, Marquis de Loys-Chandieu and the former
1204:
1199:
1194:
682:
Manfried Rauchensteiner, 'Entfesselung in Wien? Ă–sterreich-Ungarns Beitrag zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs', in Michael Gehler (ed.),
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William Jannen, Jr, 'The Austro-Hungarian Decision For War in July 1914', in Samuel R. Williamson, Jr & Peter Pastor (eds.),
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381:. Hoyos quickly became an influential adviser to Berchtold and the leader of a group of young diplomats at the
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Auf der Suche nach der verlorenen Zeit. Gesamtausgabe: Bände 1–8: Vollständige Textausgabe mit Kommentarband
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Graydon A. Tunstall, Jr, 'Austria-Hungary', in Richard F. Hamilton & Holger H. Herwig (eds.),
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Aristocratic Redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian Foreign Office on the Eve of the First World War
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Der deutsch-englische Gegensatz und sein EinfluĂź auf die Balkanpolitik Ă–sterreich-Ungarns
673:, vol. 2, Vienna, Verlag der Ă–sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1957, p. 435.
462:, the Austrian Ambassador in St. Petersburg, falsely told the Russian Foreign Minister,
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In order to ascertain the position of its ally Berchtold decided on 4 July to send his
1095:'Alexander Graf von Hoyos, Freiherr zu Stichsenstein', Solving Problems Through Force
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On the Hoyos mission, see Fritz Fellner, 'Die Mission Hoyos', in Wilhelm Alff (ed.),
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in 1914. He was the last chef de cabinet of Austria-Hungary. He was the grandson of
530:) and Count Edmond de Pourtalès (a son of the Swiss banker and art collector Count
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After the war had begun, Hoyos was relegated to a minor role, but he remained as
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490:). After the fall of the Habsburg empire, Hoyos retired from public service.
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1090:'Hoyos Alexander Graf', Ă–sterreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950
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Johann Georg von Hoyos (1914–1998), who married Helga von Amann in 1939.
327:
in Tokyo, in 1900 Hoyos started his diplomatic career as a provisional
323:
Following an expedition to China with his uncle, who served as British
470:(See 'Contents':- 6 Preparations for the Austro-Hungarian ultimatum).
328:
1034:"'Luncheon In Fur': The Surrealist Teacup That Stirred The Art World"
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Hoyos was born in Fiume (then part of Austria-Hungary, now called
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Friedrich Graf Szapáry von Muraszombath, Széchysziget und Szapár
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as minister at the newly opened legation at Christiania (now
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Gothaisches genealogisches Taschenbuch der gräflichen Häuser
637:. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
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299:(1842–1904), and Alice Whitehead, who was the daughter of
1038:
660:, West Lafayette, Purdue University Press, 1999, p. 38.
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Alice von Hoyos (1918-2007), who in 1955 married actor
867:
The Disinherited: A Story of Family, Love and Betrayal
712:, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 125.
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until January 1917, when he was demoted to serve in
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Essays On World War I: Origins and Prisoners of War
593:
Weltenwende. Ein Vorschlag zur Lösung der Weltkrise
857:
1117:Chef de cabinet of the Imperial Foreign Minister
671:Ă–sterreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815-1950
631:, not a first or middle name. The female form is
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545:, also a member of the Bismarck family, in 1937.
936:
686:, Stuttgart, Verlag Steiner, 1996, pp. 355-374.
369:In April 1912, Hoyos was appointed to serve as
948:(in German). Justus Perthes. 1941. p. 216
863:
534:). The couple had three children, including:
429:to the Kaiser in the same spirit was drafted.
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901:Grand Fortunes: Dynasties of Wealth in France
436:to Berlin to bypass the Ambassador at Berlin
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1005:"Comments on The artwork of Meret Oppenheim"
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771:Deutschlands Sonderung von Europa, 1862-1945
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256:diplomat who played a major role during the
541:Mélanie von Hoyos (1916–1949), who married
303:, the British engineer and inventor of the
264:of the Foreign Minister at the outbreak of
55:14 February 1917 – 2 November 1918
976:(in German). Reclam Verlag. p. 3683.
960:
891:
870:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. p. 110.
795:war council in Vienna, Geiss, no.39, vol.1
514:. Her maternal grandparents were Comtesse
399:centre of decision-making at Ballhausplatz
29:
1190:Austro-Hungarian diplomats of World War I
1060:Kronenbitter, GĂĽnther (1 November 2015).
1068:. Brill’s Digital Library of World War I
1031:
898:Pinçon, Michel; Pinçon, Monique (1999).
543:Count Gottfried von Bismarck-Schönhausen
497:
734:conversation, no.3, in Geiss, July 1914
335:. Then followed postings as attaché in
295:His parents were Georg Anton, Count of
252:(13 May 1876 – 20 October 1937) was an
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97:22 April 1912 – 4 January 1917
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617:Regarding personal names: Until 1919,
595:(Vienna, Verlag Jung Ă–sterreich, 1931)
745:Thirteen days: diplomacy and disaster
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331:at the Austro-Hungarian legation in
288:in Croatia) on 13 May 1876 into the
1205:Hungarian people of Spanish descent
1139:Austro-Hungarian Minister to Norway
43:Austro-Hungarian Minister to Norway
13:
1200:Austrian people of Spanish descent
1195:Austrian people of English descent
1032:Martyris, Nina (8 February 2016).
904:. Algora Publishing. p. 135.
473:
14:
1226:
1083:
747:, London, Pimlico, 2002, p. 76ff.
373:to the Imperial Foreign Minister
589:(Berlin, Verlag de Gryter, 1922)
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137:Ludwig Alexander Georg von Hoyos
925:
864:Sackville-West, Robert (2015).
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413:on 28 June 1914. Together with
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1066:referenceworks.brillonline.com
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502:Hoyos' wife, Edmée, in a 1928
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1:
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451:Theobald von Bethmann Hollweg
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820:, New York, 1983, pp. 55-81.
532:James-Alexandre de Pourtalès
366:'s activist foreign policy.
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625:was a title, translated as
108:Count Friedrich von Szapáry
10:
1231:
710:The Origins of World War I
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1136:
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1062:"Hoyos, Alexander, Count"
364:Count Lexa von Aehrenthal
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851:'Hoyos Alexander Graf',
804:'Hoyos Alexander Graf',
669:'Hoyos Alexander Graf',
580:
552:, who was divorced from
407:Archduke Franz Ferdinand
23:Alexander Graf von Hoyos
970:Proust, Marcel (2017).
575:Stephanie zu Guttenberg
460:Friedrich von Pourtalès
444:(as Secretary of State
242:Ludwig Alexander Georg
842:Fromkin, 2004 page 175
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272:, the inventor of the
185:Edmée de Loys-Chandieu
550:Friedrich von Ledebur
506:by Georges Chevalier
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438:Count Szögyény-Marich
229:Georg Anton von Hoyos
564:on 20 October 1937.
516:Mélanie de Pourtalès
309:Herbert von Bismarck
203:; died
656:William D. Godsey,
397:, Hoyos was at the
1210:People from Rijeka
1175:Austrian diplomats
1013:. 3 September 2013
512:Agnès de Pourtalès
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446:Gottlieb von Jagow
1180:Counts of Austria
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1146:Succeeded by
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1103:Diplomatic posts
983:978-3-15-961800-5
911:978-1-892941-18-3
877:978-1-63286-043-9
325:chargé d'affaires
313:Otto von Bismarck
260:while serving as
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1215:July Crisis
1170:1937 deaths
1165:1876 births
568:Descendants
562:Schwertberg
522:to Empress
468:July Crisis
419:July Crisis
389:July Crisis
358:During the
266:World War I
258:July Crisis
246:von Hoyos,
173:Schwertberg
147:13 May 1876
103:Preceded by
61:Preceded by
1159:Categories
833:, p. 145f.
829:Tunstall,
786:, p. 83ff.
756:Tunstall,
721:Tunstall,
600:References
504:Autochrome
442:Zimmermann
280:Early life
143:1876-05-13
782:Ponting,
760:, p. 135.
725:, p. 118.
554:Iris Tree
349:Stuttgart
226:Parent(s)
215:Relations
175:, Austria
93:In office
51:In office
853:op. cit.
831:op. cit.
806:op. cit.
784:op. cit.
758:op. cit.
723:op. cit.
699:, p. 12.
697:op. cit.
695:Godsey,
411:Sarajevo
341:Belgrade
248:Freiherr
645:Sources
524:Eugénie
329:attaché
305:torpedo
274:torpedo
209:
193:
189:
156:Croatia
83:of the
1072:15 May
1045:15 May
1017:15 May
989:10 May
980:
952:15 May
917:10 May
908:
883:10 May
874:
634:Gräfin
484:Norway
353:London
345:Berlin
343:, and
333:Peking
319:Career
286:Rijeka
199:
180:Spouse
628:Count
605:Notes
581:Works
337:Paris
297:Hoyos
207:)
195:(
191:
154:(now
150:Fiume
1148:None
1133:None
1125:None
1074:2020
1047:2020
1019:2020
991:2020
978:ISBN
954:2020
919:2020
906:ISBN
885:2020
872:ISBN
621:Graf
518:, a
488:Oslo
244:Graf
205:1937
201:1913
163:Died
133:Born
119:None
75:None
65:None
1039:NPR
421:.
409:in
405:of
393:As
1161::
1064:.
1036:.
1007:.
962:^
577:.
355:.
339:,
315:.
276:.
197:m.
1076:.
1049:.
1021:.
993:.
956:.
921:.
887:.
556:.
158:)
145:)
141:(
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