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770:, which also fought in the battle, had its bow and stern tubes removed before the war under just such a concern. One of the major concerns of the US Navy in the Santiago campaign was Spanish torpedoes. All ships during the blockade of Santiago, despite the heat and to the great discomfiture of their crews, kept their portholes shut to delay sinking if the ships were struck by torpedoes or mines.
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Whitehead's initial torpedo experiments were conducted with the help of his 12-year-old son, John, and a workman, Annibale Ploech. They discarded Luppis' concept of shore launch and control for an unguided weapon launched from a ship on a straight line at the target which became known as the
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was adapted for launching torpedoes at the
Schiavon shipyard in Fiume. The ship was equipped with a launching barrel, which was Whitehead's invention. More than 50 launch trials were performed in front of the factory, in Fiume harbour bay.
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By 1870, Whitehead had managed to increase the torpedo's speed to 7 knots (13 km/h) and it could hit a target 700 yards (640 m) away. The torpedo was driven by a small reciprocating engine run by compressed air.
463:). Luppis' device was a low-profile surface boat, propelled by compressed air, and controlled by ropes from the land. Whitehead and Luppis formed a partnership to perfect the torpedo as an effective weapon.
497:, the first self-propelled (locomotive) torpedo, officially presented to the Austrian Imperial Naval commission on 21 December 1866. The commission was impressed and the Austrian gunboat
445:, who had recently retired to Trieste from the Austrian Navy. Luppis had produced the first prototypes of a self-propelled torpedo in 1860, which he called the "coast saviour" (
942:. Captain von Trapp remarried after her death and became famous as the patriarch of the von Trapp Family Singers who were portrayed in the semi-fictional stage play and
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Cavaliere (Knight) John
Whitehead (1854–1902) married Countess Agathe Gobertina von Breunner (1856–1945), Austro-Hungarian nobility, and had issue:
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was severely damaged by a shell hit that detonated one of her internally mounted bow torpedoes while it lay armed in its above-water tube. The
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Whitehead fiercely guarded his trade secrets; employees were often sworn to secrecy about the guidance mechanisms employed in his torpedoes.
343:(3 January 1823 – 14 November 1905) was an English engineer who was most famous for developing the first effective self-propelled naval
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In 1915, the
Whitehead company established one of its largest enterprises, the Hungarian Submarine Building Corporation (German:
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Most of the world's major navies took note of the development of this device by the late 1880s. Even the extremely reduced post-
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was put out of action in port by multiple torpedo hits over the course of two nights by several
Japanese torpedo boats.
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959:(1858–1928), diplomat, who married on 15 April 1896 the Hon. Marian Cecilia Brodrick, youngest daughter of the
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The Naval Policy of
Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism
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The Naval Policy of
Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918: Navalism, Industrial Development, and the Politics of Dualism
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Three naval actions during the late nineteenth century changed the world navies' perception of the torpedo:
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Gyroscopic stabilisation to fix the torpedo's direction. In 1898, Whitehead purchased the newly invented
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Robert
Whitehead (right) and his son (left) with a battered test torpedo in Fiume, Austria-Hungary c.1875
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in Norway, and later sank. Whitehead's invention of the torpedo was a key development in naval history.
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When
Whitehead retired, the Whitehead family sold the company to two large British armaments companies,
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The Naval War in the
Mediterranean: 1914–1918 Routledge Library Editions: Military and Naval History
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Whitehead married
Frances Maria Johnson (1821–1883), daughter of James Johnson and Ann Boville
861:, West Sussex. His epitaph reads "His fame was in all nations round about". Kozala Cemetery in
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A self-regulating device that kept the torpedo at a constant preset depth. This consisted of a
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1277:, London: Sampson Low, Marston and Company, 1895, Fourth Edition 1896 (Two Volumes), pre ISBN
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was torpedoed and sunk at night while moored in a roadstead by the Brazilian torpedo gunboat
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In 1890 Whitehead opened a UK manufacturing and test site in Portland Harbour, Dorset.
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was the heiress of her grandfather's fortune. She had seven children with her husband
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Alice Whitehead, who married Georg Anton, Count of Hoyos (1842–1904), and had issue.
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John William St John Whitehead (1901–1984), stockbroker and pre-WWII amateur aviator
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The risks of torpedoes to the ships that carried them were shown, however, at the
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Submarines: An Illustrated History of Their Impact Weapons and warfare series
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in 1940, the German invasion of Denmark and Norway, the German heavy cruiser
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The first vessel sunk by self-propelled torpedoes was the Turkish steamer
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Though the product was promising, the torpedo did not produce profits for
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with a 14-inch (360 mm) Whitehead torpedo at a range of 100 yards.
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The Devil's Device: Robert Whitehead and the History of the Torpedo
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819:. The torpedo in the foreground commemorates his relative, Robert.
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Ironclads in action;: A sketch of naval warfare from 1855 to 1895
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Robert Boville Whitehead (1877–1945), who married and had issue
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Hugh Laurence James Whitehead (d. 27 December 1945 in London).
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972:(1905–1971), who became Prime Minister of Southern Rhodesia
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type diesel-electric submarines were produced in Rijeka.
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Whitehead's work in Trieste was noticed by the owners of
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Frances Eleanor Whitehead (d. 1900) who married Admiral
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Whitehead was a devout Christian and a supporter of the
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was involved in torpedo development; and established a
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Whitehead added two important features to the torpedo:
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His first professional employment was at a shipyard in
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1260:, Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1991 310pp,
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19:For other people named Robert Whitehead, see
1045:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
513:, later married Whitehead's daughter Alice.
865:is home to the Whitehead Family Mausoleum.
441:In the early 1860s, Whitehead met engineer
60:Learn how and when to remove these messages
963:, and had issue seven children including:
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1340:Shipbuilding companies of Austria-Hungary
757:, in July 1898, when the Spanish cruiser
182:Learn how and when to remove this message
117:Learn how and when to remove this message
1160:. Purdue University Press. p. 303.
1133:. Purdue University Press. p. 287.
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803:, West Sussex, England, pictured in 2013
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80:This article includes a list of general
1042:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
838:. In the early 1880s, he gave £1000 to
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509:s commander, Frigate Lieutenant Count
155:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1039:Brown, David K. "Whitehead, Robert".
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361:Mechanics' Institute, Manchester
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1297:US Naval Undersea Museum
1187:. ABC-CLIO. p. 170.
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1140:978-1-55753-034-9
1113:978-1-317-39186-9
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741:Sino-Japanese War
718:Revolta da Armada
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696:During the
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542:Ludwig Obry
495:Minenschiff
264:Citizenship
256:Nationality
99:introducing
1314:Categories
1061:required.)
1003:References
893:Shrivenham
872:(built by
606:SM U-XXIII
452:Salvacoste
351:Early life
272:Occupation
248:Shrivenham
221:1823-01-03
82:references
46:improve it
921:of today.
870:Whitehead
844:Devonport
722:Aquidaban
655:Civil War
602:SM U-XXII
538:gyroscope
394:coast of
390:, on the
149:summarize
107:June 2015
52:talk page
1100:(2015).
991:See also
913:married
791:Heritage
746:Dingyuan
708:frigate
647:Dingyuan
633:Frigate
598:SM U-XXI
457:Croatian
392:Adriatic
324:Projects
288:Children
275:Engineer
1235:19 June
1082:10 July
780:Blücher
773:During
760:Vizcaya
673:Intibah
594:SM U-XX
572:Vickers
447:Italian
415:Croatia
409:(today
396:Austria
388:Trieste
345:torpedo
329:torpedo
267:England
259:English
95:improve
1264:
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874:Scotts
863:Rijeka
411:Rijeka
374:, for
372:France
368:Toulon
357:Bolton
280:Spouse
229:Bolton
84:, but
1226:(PDF)
944:movie
911:Hoyos
767:Texas
507:'
504:Gemse
499:Gemse
407:Fiume
384:Italy
380:Milan
1262:ISBN
1237:2022
1189:ISBN
1162:ISBN
1135:ISBN
1108:ISBN
1084:2017
817:Bury
765:USS
604:and
574:and
303:Sir
237:Died
215:Born
1047:doi
815:in
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