1158:
3629:
60:
1062:. Baybars himself went with a few troops to deal with the Mongol right flank that was pounding his left wing. Baybars ordered a force from the army from Hama to reinforce his left. The large Mamluk numbers were able to overwhelm the Mongol force, who instead of retreating dismounted from their horses. Some Mongols were able to escape and took up positions on the hills. Once they became surrounded they once again dismounted, and fought to the death. During the celebration of victory, Baybars said that "How can I be happy? Before I had thought that I and my servants would defeat the Mongols, but my left wing was beaten by them. Only Allah helped us".
1080:
885:, the Khan of Golden Horde. He particularly was recorded to receive the first two hundred soldiers from Golden Horde to visit warmly, where Baybars persuade them to convert to Islam while also observing the growing enmity between the Golden Horde Khan with Hulagu. Baybars, who at that time has just defeated Hulagu, immediately sent envoy to Berke to inform the latter about this. Then, As soon as Berke converted to Islam, he sent envoy to Egypt to give news about this matter, and later, Baybars brought more peoples from Golden Horde to be sent into Egypt, where they also converted to Islam.
3622:
747:
596:, persuading him to break the accord and invade Egypt. Aybak wrote to an-Nassir Yusuf warning him of the danger of these Mamluks who took refuge in Syria, and agreed to grant him their territorial domains on the coast, but an-Nasir Yusuf refused to expel them and instead returned to them the domains which Aybak had granted. In 1255, an-Nasir Yusuf sent new forces to the Egyptian border, this time with many of Aktai's Mamluks, among them Baybars, and Qalawun al-Alfi, but he was defeated again. In 1257, Baybars and other Bahri Mamluks left Damascus to
976:
516:
908:, who unlike Mengu Timur was very cooperative with Baybars. It is theorized that this intimacy was not only due to the religious connection (as Noqai was a Muslim, unlike his Khan), but also because Noqai was not really fond of Mengu-Timur. However, Baybars was pragmatic in his approach and did not want to become involved in complicated intrigue inside the Golden Horde, so instead he stayed close to both Mengu Timur and Noqai.
372:
961:, who arrived in Acre in May 1271 and attempted to ally himself with the Mongols against Baybars. So Baybars declared a truce with Tripoli, as well as with Edward, who was never able to capture any territory from Baybars anyway. According to some reports, Baybars tried to have Edward assassinated with poison, but Edward survived the attempt and returned home in 1272.
732:, until 1517. Like his unfortunate predecessor, al-Hakim I also received the formal oath of allegiance of Baybars and provided him with legitimation. While most of the Muslim world did not take these caliphs seriously, as they were mere instruments of the sultans, they still lent a certain legitimation as well as a decorative element to their rule.
539:, where he employed an ingenious strategy in ordering the opening of a gate to let the crusader knights enter the town; the crusaders rushed into the town that they thought was deserted to find themselves trapped inside. They were besieged from all directions by the Egyptian forces and the town population, and suffered heavy losses.
678:. Al-Kurani is said originated from Nishapur. Al-Kurani and his follower are recorded to have attacked the weapon stores and stables of Cairo during a night raid. Baybars, however, manage to suppress the rebellion quickly as he surrounded and arrested them all. Al- Kurani and another rebel leaders were executed (crucified) in
438:'s dating of his birth, since he says it took place in 625 AH (12 December 1227 – 29 November 1228) and also that Baybars was about 24 years old in 1247, which would put his birth closer to 1223. He belonged to the Barli tribe. According to a fellow Cuman and eyewitness, Badr al-Din Baysari, the Barli fled the armies of the
1941:الظاهر بيبرس: ركن الدين أبو الفتوح بيبرس التركي البندقداري ثم الصالحي صاحب مصر والشام ولد في حدود العشرين وستمائة كان رجلاً شجاعاً فارساً مقداماً مجاهداً عظيم الهيبة يضرب بشجاعته المثل، وله في الإسلام أيام بيض وفتوحات مشهورة. أجازه الشيخ محيي الدين ابن عربي برواية جميع مؤلفاته توفي 676 هـ، ذكره الشعراني ضمن تلاميذ ابن عربي.
1038:'; they were also allowed to continue being governed by a king from the native royal family, although this king was chosen personally by Baybars, namely a Makurian noble named Shakanda. In practice this was reducing Makuria to a vassal kingdom, effectively ending Makuria's status as an independent kingdom.
1010:
affairs. A punitive Mamluk expedition was sent in response, but did not pass beyond the second cataract. Three years later the
Makurians attacked and destroyed Aswan, but this time, Baybars responded with a well-equipped army setting off from Cairo in early 1276, accompanied by a cousin of king David
1727:
By origin he was a
Kipchak Turk from the territory lying to the north of the Black Sea. When the Mongols conquered this region about 1241, Baybars's people fled across the Black Sea and sought refuge with a Turcoman chieftain in Anatolia, who proved treacherous, and turned on the fugitives with fire
1122:
One of Baibar's wives was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Nogay at-Tatari. Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din Giray at-Tatari. Another wife was the daughter of Amir Sayf ad-Din
Tammaji. Another wife was Iltutmish Khatun. She was the daughter of Barka Khan a former Khwarazmian amir.
2050:
The story of the involvement of
Baybars in the assassination was told by different historians in different ways. In one account the assassins killed Qutuz while he was giving a hand to Baybars (Al-Maqrizi and Ibn-Taghri). In another, from an Ayyubid source, Qutuz was giving a hand to someone when
1791:
Baybars I, al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn ak-Din
Baybars al-Salihi, was born around the year 1223 in what is now southern Russia. A member of the tribe of Kipchak Turks living on the north shores of the Black Sea, Barbars was a victim of the Mongol invasion of his native region in the late 1230's. By the
1070:
sent a letter to
Baybars asking him to delay his departure. Baybars chastised him for not aiding him during the Battle of Elbistan. Baybars told him he was leaving for Sivas to mislead Pervâne and the Mongols as to his true destination. Baybars also sent Taybars al-Waziri with a force to raid the
938:, two days later the first line of defences was captured by the besiegers; he was probably referring to a walled suburb outside the castle's entrance. After a lull of ten days, the besiegers conveyed a letter to the garrison, supposedly from the Grand Master of the Knights Hospitaller in Tripoli,
1118:
Sultan
Baybars married a noble lady from Tripoli (modern-day Lebanon) named Aisha al Bushnatiya, a prominent Arab family. Aisha was a warrior who fought the Crusaders along with her brother lieutenant Hassan. She met Sultan Baybars after he camped in Tripoli during his siege. They had a short
842:
by giving control of
Armenia's border fortresses to the Mamluks. In 1269, Hetoum abdicated in favour of his son and became a monk, but he died a year later. Leo was left in the awkward situation of keeping Cilicia as a subject of the Mongol Empire, while at the same time paying tribute to the
1758:
Baybars is described as a tall man with broad chest and shoulders, slim legs, a powerful voice, swarthy skin, and blue eyes. He was probably born about 625/1227–8 in the southern
Russian steppes as a member of a Qipçāq-Turkish group. At the age of fourteen he became a slave. The amīr Aydakīn
806:
in 1188 but returned to the
Kingdom of Jerusalem in 1240. Baybars promised the knights safe passage to the Christian town of Acre if they surrendered their fortress. Badly outnumbered, the knights agreed. Upon surrender, Baybars broke his promise and massacred the entire Templar garrison. On
2051:
Baybars struck his back with a sword (Abu-Al-Fida). A third account mentioned that Baybars tried to help Qutuz against the assassins (O. Hassan). According to Al-Maqrizi, the Emirs who struck Qutuz were Badr ad-Din Baktut, Emir Ons, and Emir Bahadir al-Mu'izzi. (Al-Maqrizi, p.519/vol.1)
778:
from 21 March to 30 April. After breaking into the town he offered free passage to the defending Knights Hospitallers if they surrendered their formidable citadel. The Knights accepted Baybars' offer but were enslaved anyway. Baybars razed the castle to the ground. He next attacked
719:
and duly received investiture as sultan from him. Unfortunately, al-Mustansir II was killed by the Mongols during an ill-advised expedition to recapture Baghdad from the Mongols later in the same year. In 1262, another Abbasid, allegedly the great-great-great-grandson of the Caliph
671:, which lifted the Mongol threat for a while. On 17 January 1261, Baybars's forces were able to rout the troops of Sinjar outside Damascus, and pursued the attack to the city, where the citizens were loyal to Sinjar and resisted Baybars, although their resistance was soon crushed.
1824:
Baybars was born around 1220 CE among the Qipchaq Turks, who lived in the steppe region north of the Black Sea. Fleeing from the Mongol invasions in the area in 1241–1242, Baybars and his family moved to Anatolia. There, Baybars was captured and ended up in the slave market of
1204:
Rage and sorrow are seated in my heart...so firmly that I scarce dare to stay alive. It seems that God wishes to support the Turks to our loss...ah, lord God...alas, the realm of the East has lost so much that it will never be able to rise up again. They will make a
634:
in 1260, when he decisively defeated the Mongols. After the battle, Sultan Qutuz (aka Koetoez) was assassinated while on a hunting expedition. It was said that Baybars was involved in the assassination because he expected to be rewarded with the governorship of
1065:
The possibility of a new Mongol army convinced Baybars to return to Syria, since he was far away from his bases and supply line. As the Mamluk army returned to Syria the commander of the Mamluk vanguard, Izz al-Din Aybeg al-Shaykhi, deserted to the Mongols.
711:, a theoretically supreme leader who had sometimes used his office to endow distant Muslim rulers with legitimacy by sending them writs of investiture. Thus, when the Abbasid refugee Abu al-Qasim Ahmad, the uncle of the last Abbasid caliph
942:, which granted permission for them to surrender. The garrison capitulated and the Sultan spared their lives. The new owners of the castle undertook repairs, focused mainly on the outer ward. The Hospitaller chapel was converted to a
344:, which was famous for being unconquerable by previous Muslim empire invasion attempts. As sultan, Baybars also engaged in a combination of diplomacy and military action, allowing the Mamluks of Egypt to greatly expand their empire.
2426:
A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith Sir Thomas Walker Arnold. men , observing the growing enmity between ... Baybars , who persuaded them to embrace Islam.1 Baybars himself was at war with Hūlāgū , whom he had recently
854:, capturing the city on 18 May. Baybars had promised to spare the lives of the inhabitants, but he broke his promise and had the city razed, killing or enslaving much of the population after the surrender. prompting the fall of the
479:
865:, which belonged to Guy, the son of John of Ibelin. Jaffa fell to Baybars on 7 March after twelve hours of fighting; most of Jaffa's citizens were slain, but Baybars allowed the garrison to go unharmed. After this he conquered
659:. Also, the threat from the Mongols was still serious enough to be considered as a threat to Baybars' authority. However, Baybars first chose to deal with Sinjar, and marched on Damascus. At the same time the princes of
807:
capturing Safed, Baybars did not raze the fortress to the ground but fortified and repaired it instead, as it was strategically situated and well constructed. He installed a new governor in Safed, with the rank of
466:, including the regions where the Cuman refugees recently settled. Both Baybars, who witnessed his parents being massacred, and Baysari were among the captives during the invasion and were sold into slavery in the
858:. The massacre of men, women, and children at Antioch "was the single greatest massacre of the entire crusading era." Priests had their throats slit inside their churches, and women were sold into slavery.
1019:
in the south, which, previously being Alodia's northernmost province, had by this period become a kingdom of its own. The king of al-Abwab, however, handed David over to Baybars, who had him executed.
850:. After successfully conquering Cilicila, Baybars in 1267 settled his unfinished business with Acre, and continued the extermination of remaining crusader garrisons in the following years. In 1268, he
1157:
2125:
1728:
and sword. Baybars was among the captives. He was then about fourteen years of age, and his journey southwards can be traced through the slave-markets of Sivas, Aleppo, Damascus and Hamah.
340:
and reinforced the union of Egypt and Syria as the region's pre-eminent Muslim state, able to fend off threats from both Crusaders and Mongols, and even managed to subdue the kingdom of
3450:
990:
In 1265 a Mamluk army allegedly raided Makuria as far south as Dongola while also expanding southwards along the African Red Sea coast, thus threatening the Nubians. In 1272 king
3628:
1209:
of Holy Mary's convent, and since the theft pleases her Son, who should weep at this, we are forced to comply as well...Anyone who wishes to fight the Turks is mad, for
1284:
He was also an efficient administrator who took interest in building various infrastructure projects, such as a mounted message relay system capable of delivery from
1258:
importance. In order to support his military campaigns, Baybars commissioned arsenals, warships and cargo vessels. He was also arguably the first to employ explosive
1480:
Adventuring in the Englishes: Language and Literature in a Postcolonial Globalized World, Ikram Ahmed Elsherif, Piers Michael Smith. 2014. Part I; Chapter 2, pg 18.
3621:
1102:
on 1 July 1277, when he was 53 years old. His demise has been the subject of some academic speculation. Many sources agree that he died from drinking poisoned
762:, which had become a vassal state of the Mongols and had participated in attacks against Islamic targets in Damascus and Syria. In 1263, Baybars laid siege to
3305:
2330:
1741:
3330:
Kastritsis, Dimitris (2013). "The Historical Epic "Ahval-i Sultan Mehemmed" (The Tales of Sultan Mehmed) in the Context of Early Ottoman Historiography".
1213:
does not fight them any more. They have conquered, they will conquer. For every day they drive us down, knowing that God, who was awake, sleeps now, and
1740:
Thorau, Peter (2010). "Baybars I, al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
1119:
relationship and after that they got married. There are conflicting stories of whether Aisha returned with Baybars to Egypt or was martyred in Tripoli.
1665:
1106:
that was intended for someone else. Other accounts suggest that he may have died from a wound while campaigning, or from illness. He was buried in the
953:
Baybars then turned his attention to Tripoli, but he interrupted his siege there to call a truce in May 1271. The fall of Antioch had led to the brief
648:
696:, who had earlier staved off the Mongol threat, were permitted to continue their rule in exchange for their recognizing Baybars' authority as Sultan.
3571:
609:
1006:. The Nubian army destroyed the town, causing “a blow to the very heart of Islam”. This initiated several decades of intervention by the Mamluks in
2685:
930:. Peasants who lived in the area had fled to the castle for safety and were kept in the outer ward. As soon as Baybars arrived, he began erecting
4025:
4005:
3043:
563:. Shortly after the victory over the Crusaders, Baybars and a group of Mamluk soldiers assassinated Turanshah, leading to as-Salih Ayyub's widow
3405:
291:
3985:
2826:
1180:
in 1260, repelling Mongol forces from Syria. Although in the Muslim world he has been considered a national hero for centuries, and in the
675:
639:
for his military success, but Qutuz, fearing his ambition, refused to give him the post. Baybars succeeded Qutuz as Sultan of Egypt.
2854:
838:, so that when Hetoum arrived with Mongol troops, the country was already devastated. Hetoum had to negotiate the return of his son
1891:
Dimitri Korobeinikov (2008), "A Broken Mirror: The Kıpçak World in the Thirteenth Century", in Florin Curta; Roman Kovalev (eds.),
3283:"La frontière entre le bilād al-islām et le bilād al-Nūba : enjeux et ambiguïtés d'une frontière immobile (VIIe-XIIe siècle)"
3200:
Gazda, M (2005). "Mameluke invasions on Nubia in the 13th Century. Some Thoughts on Political Interrelations in the Middle East".
555:
which essentially ended the Seventh Crusade and led to the capture of Louis IX. Egyptian forces in that battle were led by Sultan
3980:
3990:
463:
1674:"Baybars is described as a tall man with broad chest and shoulders, slim legs, a powerful voice, swarthy skin, and blue eyes."
3564:
2988:
2963:
2938:
1875:
1817:
1784:
1720:
1693:
1648:
1594:
1292:
in four days. He built bridges, irrigation and shipping canals, improved the harbours, and built mosques. He was a patron of
4020:
1188:
is still regarded as such, Baybars was reviled in the Christian world of the time for his successful campaigns against the
1011:
named Mashkouda or Shekanda. The Mamluks defeated the Nubians in three battles at Gebel Adda, Meinarti and finally at the
647:
Soon after Baybars had ascended to the Sultanate, his authority was confirmed without any serious resistance, except from
3765:
3396:
2440:
1176:, Baybars made the meritocratic ascent up the ranks of Mamluk society, where he commanded Mamluk forces in the decisive
3898:
3124:
2899:
2282:
1922:
3777:
3320:
3241:
3162:
3152:
3102:
2810:
2710:
2669:
2570:
2450:
2384:
2257:
2241:
2198:
2168:
1930:
1751:
1621:
1567:
1540:
1162:
2700:
2659:
1638:
1448:
4035:
3729:
3557:
17:
2374:
2272:
2231:
904:. Baybars continued to conduct warm correspondence with the Golden Horde, particularly with Mengu Timur's general
544:
3723:
2334:
2155:
1976:
According to Matthew Paris, only 2 Templars, 1 Hospitaller and one 'contemptible person' escaped. Matthew Paris,
1532:
The image of an Ottoman city: imperial architecture and urban experience in Aleppo in the 16th and 17th centuries
1238:. The arrival of the Mongol's Golden Horde to Egypt resulted in a significant number of Mongols accepting Islam.
3041:
Gunpowder Composition for Rockets and Cannon in Arabic Military Treatises In Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries
4030:
3432:
3357:
1792:
time he was fourteen, Baybars had become a prisoner of war; he was sold in the slave market in Sivas, Anatolia.
3928:
3886:
3410:
2184:
4040:
3313:
Aegyptus et Nubia Christiana. The Włodzimierz Godlewski Jubilee Volume on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday
2560:
2123:
1246:
Baybars was a popular ruler in the Muslim world who had defeated the crusaders in three campaigns, and the
689:
2402:
2400:
2398:
2396:
65:
3027:
The preaching of Islam: a history of the propagation of the Muslim faith, By Thomas Walker Arnold, p. 192
917:
59:
3874:
3253:; French, Pamela; Coupel, Pierre (1982), "Crusader Frescoes at Crac des Chevaliers and Marqab Castle",
3094:
2393:
1393:
1297:
1034:
tribute, and in return they were allowed to keep their religion, being protected under Islamic law as '
3040:
1047:
332:
and solidified the durability of their military system. He managed to pave the way for the end of the
3952:
3063:
1322:
1293:
750:
Gold coin minted under Baybars, with an Arabic inscription and an image of a panther or lion below it
552:
540:
536:
484:
630:
his return to Egypt, which was eagerly accepted. He was still a commander under sultan Qutuz at the
3862:
3584:
3495:
2124:. ʿAlī b. Maḥmūd b. Muḥammad b. ʿUmar b. Shāhanshāh b. Ayyūb b. Shādī b. Marwān, Ismāʿīl Abulfeda.
1449:"Sultans with Horns: The Political Significance of Headgear in the Mamluk Empire (MSR XII.2, 2008)"
1403:
1127:. She died in 1284–85. Another wife was the daughter Karmun Agha, a Mongol Amir. He had three sons
1012:
787:, where he captured both towns after destroying the crusaders' resistance, and razed the citadels.
729:
614:
31:
1613:
Muslims and Crusaders: Christianity's Wars in the Middle East, 1095–1382, from the Islamic Sources
2830:
855:
851:
839:
759:
741:
704:
443:
2442:
Kingship and Ideology in the Islamic and Mongol Worlds Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization
379:, with an inscription from 1273 glorifying the sultan and depicting his emblem, the lion/panther
64:
A probable near-contemporary depiction of Sultan Baybars: enthroned ruler and attendants in the
4010:
3904:
3838:
3826:
3580:
3531:
1398:
1317:
935:
724:, Abu al-'Abbas Ahmad, who had survived from the defeated expedition, was proclaimed caliph as
74:
2956:
State formation and the structure of politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, 648–741 A.H./1250–1340 C.E
2109:
Maqrīzī (al-), Taqī al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn 'Alī (1956). Ziada (al-Ziyādah), Muḥammad Muṣṭafā (ed.).
1805:
1772:
1611:
1557:
1530:
1079:
3844:
3424:
3391:
1908:
1710:
1584:
970:
799:
693:
600:, where they deposed its governor Kütük and plundered its markets, then they did the same in
329:
2933:. The medieval Mediterranean peoples, economies and cultures, 400–1500. Brill. p. 391.
2188:
4000:
3995:
3771:
2407:
1356:
1107:
1088:
780:
767:
668:
556:
435:
383:
Possibly based on the Turkic meaning of his name, Baybars used the panther as his heraldic
1507:
The New Encyclopædia Britannica, Macropædia, H.H. Berton Publisher, 1973–1974, p.773/vol.2
8:
3934:
3735:
3167:
3091:
Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures
2802:
1991:
A History of the Crusades, Volume Three: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
1655:"He was described as being a tall man with a powerful voice, swarthy skin, and blue eyes.
1251:
1177:
1152:
1016:
958:
927:
631:
318:
3940:
3910:
3880:
3711:
3467:
3270:
3184:
2983:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 1 The Near and Middle East. Brill. p. 33.
2679:
1334:
1055:
1035:
581:
532:
406:. He had broad shoulders, slim legs, and a powerful voice. It was observed that he had
314:
3382:
674:
There was also a brief rebellion in Cairo led by a leading figure of the Shiite named
3856:
3850:
3741:
3705:
3693:
3675:
3524:
3471:
3441:
3428:
3353:
3316:
3237:
3209:
3188:
3148:
3120:
3098:
2984:
2959:
2934:
2877:
2806:
2706:
2665:
2566:
2446:
2380:
2278:
2237:
2194:
2164:
2127:
Concise History of Humanity(المختصر في أخبار Tarikh al-Mukhtasar fi Akhbar al-Bashar)
2065:
1926:
1871:
1813:
1780:
1747:
1716:
1689:
1644:
1617:
1590:
1563:
1536:
1023:
870:
746:
700:
395:) plays with a rat, which may be interpreted to represent Baybars' Crusader enemies.
309:. He was one of the commanders of the Egyptian forces that inflicted a defeat on the
162:
105:
95:
3350:
The Medieval Kingdoms of Nubia. Pagans, Christians and Muslims along the Middle Nile
2085:
922:
On 30 March 1271, after Baybars captured the smaller castles in the area, including
822:, had submitted to the Mongol Empire. After defeating the forces of Hethum I in the
519:
The Mamluks under Baybars (yellow) fought off the Franks and the Mongols during the
3892:
3681:
3669:
3459:
3416:
3290:
3262:
3176:
2869:
1463:
1255:
991:
980:
815:
754:
As sultan, Baybars engaged in a lifelong struggle against the Crusader kingdoms in
467:
353:
288:
2160:
quoting Magrisi Sultans, I, i, p. 116; Abu al Fida pp. 145–50; Bar Hebraeus p. 439
1915:
Muhyi al-Din ibn 'Arabi and his jurisprudential opinions in al-Futuhāt al-Makkiyya
975:
728:, inaugurating the line of Abbasid caliphs of Cairo that continued as long as the
4015:
3717:
3651:
3541:
3231:
3047:
2411:
2304:
1868:
The Elite: The Story of Special Forces – From Ancient Sparta to the War on Terror
1838:
1490:
1197:
1189:
1144:
1128:
1124:
939:
716:
712:
569:
548:
528:
447:
431:
333:
310:
246:
170:
131:
115:
3192:
2795:
2117:
3832:
3820:
3808:
3783:
3759:
3753:
3747:
3250:
3036:
1388:
1305:
1279:
1193:
1071:
Armenian town of al-Rummana, whose inhabitants had hidden the Mongols earlier.
835:
823:
623:. The combined forces tried in vain to invade Egypt during the reign of Aybak.
589:
584:, the leader of the Bahri Mamluks. Some of his Mamluks, among them Baybars and
564:
560:
500:
494:
295:
3446:"The works of Sultan Bibars al-Bunduqdârî in Egypt [avec 31 planches]"
3180:
3073:
3069:
2873:
2562:
The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time
1030:. Under the terms of the settlement, the Nubians were now subjected to paying
774:
instead. He used siege engines to defeat the Crusaders in battles such as the
684:
After suppressing the revolt of Sinjar, Baybars then managed to deal with the
356:, Baybars' name means "great panther" or "lord panther" (see also Wiktionary:
3974:
3794:
3637:
3604:
3487:
3332:
Writing History at the Ottoman Court: Editing the Past, Fashioning the Future
3306:"La liste des conquêtes nubiennes de Baybars selon Ibn Šadd ād (1217 – 1285)"
3213:
3086:
2881:
2331:"Hudson Institute > American Outlook > American Outlook Article Detail"
2079:
2077:
2075:
1373:
1262:
in war, at the Battle of Ain Jalut. His military campaign also extended into
1169:
1148:
1135:
and Khizir. He had seven daughters; one of them was named Tidhkarbay Khatun.
954:
923:
862:
775:
721:
520:
504:
439:
322:
302:
224:
147:
3463:
3341:
Das Christentum in Nubien. Geschichte und Gestalt einer afrikanischen Kirche
2907:
758:, in part because the Christians had aided the Mongols. He started with the
364:
3958:
3315:(in French). Polish Centre of Mediterranean Archaeology. pp. 553–577.
1936:
1383:
1301:
1231:
1210:
893:
763:
328:
The reign of Baybars marked the start of an age of Mamluk dominance in the
3549:
3445:
2072:
1359:
has a wealth of manuscripts in various branches of knowledge to this day.
387:, and placed it on both coins and buildings. The lion/panther used on the
358:
3946:
3295:
3282:
2790:
1259:
984:
934:, powerful siege weapons which he would turn on the castle. According to
897:
847:
679:
388:
1893:
The Other Europe in the Middle Ages: Avars, Bulgars, Khazars, and Cumans
1712:
The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517
3916:
3699:
3274:
2413:
The Preaching of Islam A History of the Propagation of the Muslim Faith
2084:
al-Madidi, Khasd; Abdul Muhammad, Sawadi; Abdul Qadir an-Nuri, Duraid.
1326:
1185:
905:
901:
892:, Baybars wrote condolences and congratulations to the new Khan of the
889:
725:
399:
89:
2083:
1067:
846:
This isolated Antioch and Tripoli, led by Hethum's son-in-law, Prince
703:
in Iraq was overthrown by the Mongols in 1258 when they conquered and
462:, where they had arrived to Bulgaria about 1242. In the meantime, the
3373:
2158:
A History of the Crusades: The Kingdom of Acre and the Later Crusades
1616:. Seminar Studies (first ed.). Routledge. p. 121, Plate 8.
1467:
1181:
1051:
1027:
601:
597:
451:
427:
403:
3266:
1559:
Islamic Monuments in Cairo: The Practical Guide; New Revised Edition
888:
In some time around October to November 1267, or about 666 Safar of
515:
3657:
1352:
1289:
1214:
1132:
1099:
1092:
931:
866:
827:
819:
771:
656:
419:
407:
298:
175:
143:
2855:"Memlûk Sarayında Tek Eşlilik ve Çok Eşlilik Üzerine Bir İnceleme"
1325:
recording his battles and achievements. He has a heroic status in
688:, while quietly eliminating the prince of Kerak. Ayyubids such as
371:
3922:
3868:
3663:
1918:
1378:
1338:
1247:
1226:
Baybars also played an important role in bringing the Mongols to
1173:
1059:
803:
795:
715:, arrived in Cairo in 1261, Baybars had him proclaimed caliph as
685:
585:
341:
219:
209:
3233:
From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
2591:
626:
Baybars then sent 'Ala al-Din Taybars al-Waziri to discuss with
604:. Later on, they fought against the forces of an-Nasir Yusuf at
200:
al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari Abu al-Futuh
3814:
3802:
1516:
The history of the Mongol conquests, By J. J. Saunders, pg. 115
1206:
995:
947:
943:
708:
636:
605:
459:
455:
423:
384:
337:
2498:
551:. Only five Templar Knights escaped alive. The second was the
493:. In 1247, al-Bunduqārī was arrested and the sultan of Egypt,
3687:
3610:
3598:
1368:
1342:
1330:
1285:
1267:
1263:
1235:
1227:
1103:
1031:
1007:
1003:
882:
831:
791:
784:
755:
627:
620:
593:
577:
490:
471:
306:
234:
3261:, Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University: 177–210,
3208:. Gdansk Archaeological MuseumGdansk Archaeological Museum.
2827:"Zahiriyya Madrasa and Mausoleum of Sultan al-Zahir Baybars"
2771:
1759:
al-Bunduqdār bought him in Ḥamāt (Hama) a short while later.
1022:
Baybars then completed his conquest of Nubia, including the
2416:. A. Constable and Company; Harvard University. p. 192
1528:
1309:
999:
664:
660:
652:
475:
321:
in 1260, which marked the first substantial defeat of the
2868:(43). The Journal of International Social Research: 557.
2639:
2615:
2260:. CUP Archive. 11 November 1907 – via Google Books.
1234:
and took steps for the Golden Horde Mongols to travel to
814:
Later, in 1266, Baybars invaded the Christian country of
392:
376:
3236:, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,
2900:"Women, Architecture and Representation in Mamluk Cairo"
2726:
2579:
2527:
2525:
2032:
2020:
2008:
1996:
790:
In the same year, Baybars laid siege to the fortress of
3145:
Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281
3004:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
2931:
The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society
2274:
The Mamluks in Egyptian and Syrian Politics and Society
1993:, Cambridge University Press, London, 1951, pp. 272–273
1562:. The American University in Cairo Press. p. 185.
911:
317:. He also led the vanguard of the Egyptian army at the
3009:
2542:
2540:
1296:, such as his support for the medical research of his
826:, Baybars managed to ravage the three great cities of
3060:
Ancient Discoveries, Episode 12: Machines of the East
2627:
2603:
2522:
1906:
1312:, providing the cats of Cairo with food and shelter.
1041:
2406:
1910:محيي الدين بن عربي وآراؤه الفقهية في الفتوحات المكية
1890:
1015:. David fled upstream the Nile, eventually entering
2537:
2510:
1423:
al-Malik al-Ẓāhir Rukn al-Dīn Baybars al-Bunduqdārī
1304:. As a testament of a special relationship between
1230:. He developed strong ties with the Mongols of the
926:, he besieged the Krak des Chevaliers, held by the
881:Baybars actively pursued a close relationship with
325:army and is considered a turning point in history.
243:
Al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Bunduqdari
2947:
2794:
2271:Winter, Michael; Levanoni, Amalia (3 April 2018).
2113:(in Arabic). Vol. 2. Cairo: Lajnat al-Ta'līf.
770:, although the siege was abandoned when he sacked
3249:
2958:. Mamluk Studies. V&R Unipress. p. 105.
2953:
2743:
2741:
2492:
1775:. In Magill, Frank Northen; Aves, Alison (eds.).
1555:
1351:is the school built adjacent to his Mausoleum in
735:
3972:
3440:
2657:
1839:"Baybars I | Mamlūk Sultan of Egypt & Syria"
1524:
1522:
3052:
2922:
2149:
2147:
1865:
1161:Bronze bust of Sultan Baibars in Cairo, at the
489:, an Egyptian of high rank, who brought him to
3392:Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya and Baybars Mausoleum
3163:"The Taking of Le Krak des Chevaliers in 1271"
3079:
2928:
2738:
2438:
2379:. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1969. p. 557.
2270:
2220:Rodney Stark, 'God's Battalions', 2009, p. 230
1810:Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia
1777:Dictionary of World Biography: The Middle Ages
1640:The Fall of Christendom: The Road to Acre 1291
1609:
253:; 1223/1228 – 1 July 1277), commonly known as
3565:
3142:
2777:
2698:
2108:
1519:
1054:Mongols. He defeated a Ilkhanate army at the
876:
655:who was popular and powerful enough to claim
576:In 1254, a power shift occurred in Egypt, as
497:, confiscated his slaves, including Baybars.
3311:. In A. Łajtar; A. Obłuski; I. Zych (eds.).
2684:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2464:
2462:
2144:
1965:Egyptian Counter-attack, The Seventh Crusade
1884:
266:
3579:
2852:
994:marched east and attacked the port town of
964:
272:
27:Sultan of Egypt and Syria from 1260 to 1277
3572:
3558:
3329:
2732:
2445:. Cambridge University Press. p. 59.
2087:History of the Arab world and the Crusades
1861:
1859:
1589:. Cambridge University Press. p. 13.
1308:, Baybars left a cat garden in Cairo as a
971:Makuria § Decline (12th century–1365)
58:
3303:
3294:
3280:
3229:
2597:
2585:
2459:
2183:
2111:Kitāb al-Sulūk li-Ma'rifat Duwal al-Mulūk
2038:
2026:
2014:
2002:
1483:
667:proved able to defeat the Mongols in the
547:were both killed, along with most of the
398:Baybars was described as a tall man with
2893:
2891:
2862:Journal of International Social Research
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2661:The Spread of Islam Throughout the World
2658:El Hareir, Mbaye, Idris, Ravane (2011).
2318:A Concise History of the Armenian People
2153:
1636:
1603:
1321:("Life of al-Zahir Baibars"), a popular
1156:
1078:
974:
745:
535:in two major battles. The first was the
527:In 1250, he supported the defeat of the
514:
370:
3220:
3085:Albert Z. Iskandar, "Ibn al-Nafis", in
3015:
2233:The Routledge Companion to the Crusades
1856:
1666:"Encyclopaedia of Islam, THREE — Brill"
1549:
434:at the time. There is a discrepancy in
251:الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري
14:
4026:One Thousand and One Nights characters
4006:Generals of the medieval Islamic world
3973:
3347:
3338:
2954:Clifford, W.W.; Conermann, S. (2013).
2645:
2633:
2621:
2609:
2558:
2531:
2504:
2486:
2064:. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 1993.
1803:
1739:
1683:
1273:
347:
3553:
3199:
3114:
3108:
2978:
2972:
2897:
2888:
2837:
2789:
2783:
2546:
2516:
1733:
1582:
1446:
692:and the Ayyubid Emir Dynasty of Hama
559:, the young son of recently deceased
3160:
2853:Akkuş Yiğit, Fatma (20 April 2016).
2480:
2468:
2229:
1708:
1686:Sultan Baybars der Erste von Ägypten
1529:Heghnar Zeitlian Watenpaugh (2004).
1442:
1440:
912:Continued campaign against Crusaders
766:, the capital of the remnant of the
375:Bridge built by Baybars near modern
3406:Extensive Arabic Article on Baybars
2349:The Concise History of the Crusades
1770:
1637:Bartlett, W. B. (15 October 2021).
1474:
267:
250:
24:
1917:] (in Arabic) (1st ed.).
1870:. Simon and Schuster. p. 64.
1254:which many scholars deem of great
1241:
1042:Further campaign against Ilkhanate
642:
608:, then fled to join the forces of
543:, who took refuge in a house, and
25:
4052:
3419:; Pouwels, Randall, eds. (2000),
3367:
2929:Winter, M.; Levanoni, A. (2004).
2906:. pp. 20, 21. Archived from
1895:, Leiden: Brill, pp. 379–412
1836:
1437:
1163:Egyptian National Military Museum
3986:Muslims of Lord Edward's crusade
3700:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Jashnakir
3627:
3620:
1952:Lord of Joinville, 110, part II.
510:
503:(d. 973/1565) counted him among
480:'Alā' al-Dīn Īdīkīn al-Bunduqārī
3030:
3021:
2997:
2819:
2759:
2750:
2692:
2651:
2552:
2493:Folda, French & Coupel 1982
2474:
2432:
2367:
2354:
2341:
2323:
2310:
2298:
2264:
2250:
2223:
2214:
2177:
2102:
2062:The New Encyclopædia Britannica
2054:
2044:
1983:
1970:
1955:
1946:
1900:
1830:
1797:
1764:
1702:
1677:
1658:
1643:. Amberley Publishing Limited.
1630:
3981:Muslims of the Seventh Crusade
3730:Imad al-Din Abu'l Fida Isma'il
3536:24 October 1260 – 1 July 1277
3421:The History of Islam in Africa
3230:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977),
3147:, Cambridge University Press,
3143:Amitai-Preiss, Reuven (2004),
2565:. Cambridge University Press.
1670:referenceworks.brillonline.com
1576:
1510:
1501:
1416:
1123:She was the mother of his son
736:Campaign against the Crusaders
13:
1:
3991:Medieval history of Palestine
3161:King, D. J. Cathcart (1949),
2767:Mamluk Ilkhanid war 1260–1281
2699:Hopkins.Peter (3 June 2014).
2439:F. Broadbridge, Anne (2008).
2376:The Later Crusades, 1189–1311
2230:Lock, Peter (15 April 2013).
2090:. Mosul University Press 1981
1743:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Three
1431:
1315:His memoirs were recorded in
1046:In 1277, Baybars invaded the
545:William Longespée the Younger
474:. Afterwards, he was sold in
442:, arranging to settle in the
84:24 October 1260 – 1 July 1277
3115:Campo, Juan Eduardo (2009).
2898:Karam, Amina (22 May 2019).
2747:Ibn Taghri, Al-Zahir Baibars
2163:. CUP Archive. p. 316.
1083:Mausoleum chamber of sultan
950:were added to the interior.
707:, the Muslim world lacked a
690:Al-Ashraf Musa, Emir of Homs
649:Alam al-Din Sinjar al-Halabi
413:
7:
4021:13th-century Mamluk sultans
3334:. Indiana University Press.
2258:"The Crusaders in the East"
1837:Rabie, Hassanein Muhammad.
1808:. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.).
1362:
1168:As the first Sultan of the
979:Possible depiction of king
918:Fall of Krak des Chevaliers
10:
4057:
3875:Al-Aziz Jamal al-Din Yusuf
3378:Encyclopedia of the Orient
3136:
3095:Kluwer Academic Publishers
1907:Nader Jamil Jum'a (2020).
1812:. Routledge. p. 101.
1806:"Baybars I, Mamluk Sultan"
1779:. Routledge. p. 124.
1556:Caroline Williams (2008).
1394:Mosque of al-Zahir Baybars
1277:
1142:
998:, located on an important
968:
915:
877:Alliance with Golden Horde
739:
422:thought to be born in the
29:
3793:
3636:
3618:
3591:
3538:
3532:Sultan of Egypt and Syria
3529:
3521:
3516:
3481:
3387:Concise Britannica online
3304:Seignobos, Robin (2016).
3281:Seignobos, Robin (2010).
3225:, New York: Marboro Books
3221:Howarth, Stephen (1982),
3181:10.1017/S0003598X0002007X
2874:10.17719/jisr.20164317631
2722:– via Google Books.
2559:Howard, Jonathan (2011).
2294:– via Google Books.
2246:– via Google Books.
2210:– via Google Books.
2154:Runciman, Steven (1987).
1715:. Routledge. p. 90.
1138:
1113:
1058:and captured the city of
1050:, then controlled by the
292:sultan of Egypt and Syria
230:
218:
208:
199:
194:
190:
161:
153:
137:
125:
121:
111:
101:
88:
80:
73:
66:Baptistère de Saint Louis
57:
46:
41:
3863:Al-Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3046:26 February 2008 at the
3006:. Paul K. Davis, pg. 141
2702:Kenana Handbook of Sudan
1923:Dar al-Kutub al-'Ilmiyya
1866:Ranulph Fiennes (2019).
1447:Fuess, Albrecht (2018).
1409:
1404:Sayyidah Zainab District
1349:Al-Madrassa al-Zahiriyya
1074:
965:Campaign against Makuria
959:Prince Edward of England
464:Mongols invaded Bulgaria
141:1 July 1277 (aged 50/55)
32:Baybars (disambiguation)
4036:Supporters of Ibn Arabi
3464:10.3406/bifao.1926.1832
3339:Werner, Roland (2013).
3119:. Infobase Publishing.
2756:Al-Maqrizi, p. 99/vol.2
2664:. UNESCO. p. 300.
2507:, p. 117, note 16.
2193:. Penguin Books India.
1804:Amitai, Reuven (2006).
1771:Fry, C. George (1998).
1688:. Longman. p. 28.
1610:Niall Christie (2014).
1583:Petry, Carl F. (2022).
1048:Seljuq Sultanate of Rûm
983:on a wallpainting from
900:, to urge him to fight
856:Principality of Antioch
760:Principality of Antioch
742:Siege of Antioch (1268)
470:at the slave market in
444:Second Bulgarian Empire
389:bridge built by Baybars
362:"rich person, noble" +
48:Sultan Misr wa al-Sham
3905:Sayf al-Din Khushqadam
3827:Izz al-Din Abd al-Aziz
3352:. The British Museum.
3348:Welsby, Derek (2002).
3202:Gdansk African Reports
2600:, p. 554, note 2.
2351:(3rd ed. 2014), p. 168
1684:Thorau, Peter (1992).
1535:. Brill. p. 198.
1399:Sirat al-Zahir Baibars
1318:Sirat al-Zahir Baibars
1224:
1165:
1095:
987:
751:
524:
446:(named in the sources
391:near al-Ludd (today's
380:
368:"leopard, panther").
4031:13th-century Kipchaks
3766:Salah al-Din Muhammad
3706:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3694:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3676:Nasir al-Din Muhammad
3425:Ohio University Press
3401:Columbia Encyclopedia
3255:Dumbarton Oaks Papers
3117:Encyclopedia of Islam
2765:Reuven Amitai Press,
1709:Holt, P. M. (2014) .
1462:(2): 76, 84, Fig. 5.
1456:Mamlūk Studies Review
1278:Further information:
1202:
1160:
1143:Further information:
1082:
978:
969:Further information:
916:Further information:
861:Then he continued to
749:
740:Further information:
694:Al-Mansur Muhammad II
537:Battle of Al Mansurah
518:
374:
330:Eastern Mediterranean
3947:Sayf al-Din Tumanbay
3923:Sayf al-Din Qa'itbay
3712:Sayf al-Din Abu Bakr
3682:Zayn al-Din Kitbugha
3658:Badr al-Din Salamish
3652:Nasir al-Din Barakah
3493:Cadet branch of the
3296:10.4000/afriques.800
2408:Thomas Walker Arnold
1586:The Mamluk Sultanate
1357:Az-Zahiriyah Library
1108:Az-Zahiriyah Library
1089:Al-Zahiriyah Library
1024:Medieval lower Nubia
768:Kingdom of Jerusalem
669:First Battle of Homs
450:). They crossed the
426:region north of the
129:19 July 1223 or 1228
30:For other uses, see
4041:13th-century slaves
3899:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
3887:Fakhr al-Din Uthman
3869:Sayf al-Din Barsbay
3772:Zayn al-Din Sha'ban
3736:Sayf al-Din Sha'ban
3724:Shihab al-Din Ahmad
3670:Salah al-Din Khalil
3664:Sayf al-Din Qalawun
3646:Rukn al-Din Baybars
3195:on 23 December 2012
2910:on 18 December 2021
2648:, pp. 122–123.
2624:, pp. 120–122.
2337:on 29 January 2006.
1497:. 15 February 2024.
1274:Culture and science
1252:Battle of Ain Jalut
1178:Battle of Ain Jalut
1153:Battle of Ain Jalut
1026:which was ruled by
798:knights, which had
632:Battle of Ain Jalut
348:Name and appearance
319:Battle of Ain Jalut
282:Father of Conquests
3941:Al-Ashraf Janbalat
3911:Sayf al-Din Bilbay
3881:Sayf al-Din Jaqmaq
3845:Al-Mu'ayyad Shaykh
3839:Al-Musta'in Billah
3833:Nasir al-Din Faraj
3821:Nasir al-Din Faraj
3815:Sayf al-Din Barquq
3803:Sayf al-Din Barquq
3784:Salah al-Din Hajji
3754:Salah al-Din Salih
3718:Ala'a al-Din Kujuk
3688:Husam al-Din Lajin
2979:Papas, A. (2020).
2833:on 8 January 2009.
2801:. Dutton. p.
2778:Amitai-Preiss 2004
2347:Thomas F. Madden,
2185:Dalrymple, William
2060:MacHenry, Robert.
1989:Runciman, Steven,
1978:Louis IX's Crusade
1196:who fought in the
1166:
1096:
1056:Battle of Elbistan
1036:People of the Book
988:
818:which, under King
752:
582:Faris ad-Din Aktai
553:Battle of Fariskur
533:Louis IX of France
525:
381:
315:Louis IX of France
287:), was the fourth
50:Al-Malik al-Zahir
3968:
3967:
3929:An-Nasir Muhammad
3857:Sayf al-Din Tatar
3851:Al-Muzaffar Ahmad
3760:Badr al-Din Hasan
3748:Badr al-Din Hasan
3742:Sayf al-Din Hajji
3611:Sayf al-Din Qutuz
3548:
3547:
3539:Succeeded by
3525:Saif ad-Din Qutuz
3417:Levtzion, Nehemia
2990:978-90-04-39260-1
2981:Sufi Institutions
2965:978-3-8470-0091-4
2940:978-90-04-13286-3
1877:978-1-4711-5664-9
1819:978-0-415-96690-0
1786:978-1-57958-041-4
1722:978-1-317-87152-1
1695:978-0-582-06823-0
1650:978-1-4456-8418-5
1596:978-1-108-47104-6
1013:Battle of Dongola
701:Abbasid caliphate
651:, another Mamluk
240:
239:
204:
203:
183:Tidhkarbay Khatun
106:Saif ad-Din Qutuz
16:(Redirected from
4048:
3953:Qansuh al-Ghawri
3935:Abu Sa'id Qansuh
3893:Sayf al-Din Inal
3778:Ala'a al-Din Ali
3631:
3624:
3599:Izz al-Din Aybak
3574:
3567:
3560:
3551:
3550:
3522:Preceded by
3512:
3505:
3496:Mamluk Sultanate
3479:
3478:
3475:
3442:Creswell, K.A.C.
3437:
3363:
3344:
3335:
3326:
3310:
3300:
3298:
3277:
3246:
3226:
3217:
3196:
3191:, archived from
3157:
3131:
3130:
3112:
3106:
3083:
3077:
3067:
3056:
3050:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3013:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2994:
2976:
2970:
2969:
2951:
2945:
2944:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2915:
2895:
2886:
2885:
2859:
2850:
2835:
2834:
2829:. Archived from
2823:
2817:
2816:
2800:
2787:
2781:
2775:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2754:
2748:
2745:
2736:
2730:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2683:
2675:
2655:
2649:
2643:
2637:
2631:
2625:
2619:
2613:
2607:
2601:
2595:
2589:
2583:
2577:
2576:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2535:
2529:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2490:
2484:
2478:
2472:
2471:, pp. 88–92
2466:
2457:
2456:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2423:
2421:
2404:
2391:
2390:
2371:
2365:
2358:
2352:
2345:
2339:
2338:
2333:. Archived from
2327:
2321:
2314:
2308:
2302:
2296:
2295:
2293:
2291:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2187:(3 April 1989).
2181:
2175:
2174:
2151:
2142:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2132:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2100:
2099:
2097:
2095:
2081:
2070:
2058:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2036:
2030:
2024:
2018:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1987:
1981:
1980:, p. 14/ Vol. 5.
1974:
1968:
1959:
1953:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1904:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1863:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1834:
1828:
1827:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1768:
1762:
1761:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1706:
1700:
1699:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1654:
1634:
1628:
1627:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1580:
1574:
1573:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1526:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1471:
1468:10.6082/M100007Z
1453:
1444:
1425:
1420:
1329:, as well as in
1256:macro-historical
1222:
1098:Baybars died in
981:David of Makuria
852:besieged Antioch
816:Cilician Armenia
730:Mamluk sultanate
618:
541:Robert of Artois
488:
468:Sultanate of Rum
336:presence in the
286:
283:
280:
277:
274:
270:
269:
252:
192:
191:
157:Iltutmish Khatun
148:Mamluk Sultanate
62:
39:
38:
21:
18:Al-Zahir Baybars
4056:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4045:
3971:
3970:
3969:
3964:
3789:
3632:
3626:
3625:
3616:
3587:
3578:
3544:
3542:Al-Said Barakah
3535:
3527:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3491:
3484:
3435:
3415:
3411:Brief biography
3374:Baibars article
3370:
3360:
3323:
3308:
3267:10.2307/1291467
3251:Folda, Jaroslav
3244:
3223:Knights Templar
3155:
3139:
3134:
3127:
3113:
3109:
3084:
3080:
3064:History Channel
3058:
3057:
3053:
3048:Wayback Machine
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3014:
3010:
3002:
2998:
2991:
2977:
2973:
2966:
2952:
2948:
2941:
2927:
2923:
2913:
2911:
2896:
2889:
2857:
2851:
2838:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2813:
2788:
2784:
2776:
2772:
2764:
2760:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2739:
2733:Kastritsis 2013
2731:
2727:
2717:
2715:
2713:
2697:
2693:
2677:
2676:
2672:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2632:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2608:
2604:
2596:
2592:
2584:
2580:
2573:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2538:
2530:
2523:
2515:
2511:
2503:
2499:
2491:
2487:
2479:
2475:
2467:
2460:
2453:
2437:
2433:
2419:
2417:
2405:
2394:
2387:
2373:
2372:
2368:
2359:
2355:
2346:
2342:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2315:
2311:
2305:Claude Mutafian
2303:
2299:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2256:
2255:
2251:
2244:
2228:
2224:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2201:
2182:
2178:
2171:
2152:
2145:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2107:
2103:
2093:
2091:
2082:
2073:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2045:
2037:
2033:
2025:
2021:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1971:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1951:
1947:
1933:
1905:
1901:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1864:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1835:
1831:
1820:
1802:
1798:
1787:
1769:
1765:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1723:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1682:
1678:
1664:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1624:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1554:
1550:
1543:
1527:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1489:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1451:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1429:
1428:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1365:
1294:Islamic science
1282:
1276:
1244:
1242:Military legacy
1223:
1221:
1217:waxes powerful.
1198:Seventh Crusade
1190:Crusader States
1155:
1145:Seventh Crusade
1141:
1129:al-Said Barakah
1125:Al-Said Barakah
1116:
1087:(1260-1277) in
1077:
1044:
973:
967:
940:Hugues de Revel
920:
914:
879:
744:
738:
717:al-Mustansir II
645:
643:Becoming Sultan
612:
610:al-Mughith Umar
586:Qalawun al-Alfi
549:Knights Templar
529:Seventh Crusade
513:
482:
436:Ibn Taghrībirdī
432:Dasht-i Kipchak
416:
354:Turkic language
350:
311:Seventh Crusade
301:origin, in the
284:
281:
278:
275:
186:
171:Al-Said Barakah
142:
132:Dasht-i Kipchak
130:
116:Al-Said Barakah
75:Sultan of Egypt
69:
51:
49:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4054:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4028:
4023:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3966:
3965:
3963:
3962:
3956:
3950:
3944:
3938:
3932:
3926:
3920:
3914:
3908:
3902:
3896:
3890:
3884:
3878:
3872:
3866:
3860:
3854:
3848:
3842:
3836:
3830:
3824:
3818:
3812:
3809:As-Salih Hajji
3806:
3799:
3797:
3791:
3790:
3788:
3787:
3781:
3775:
3769:
3763:
3757:
3751:
3745:
3739:
3733:
3727:
3721:
3715:
3709:
3703:
3697:
3691:
3685:
3679:
3673:
3667:
3661:
3655:
3649:
3642:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3619:
3617:
3615:
3614:
3608:
3605:Nur al-Din Ali
3602:
3595:
3593:
3592:Salihi Mamluks
3589:
3588:
3581:Mamluk sultans
3577:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3554:
3546:
3545:
3540:
3537:
3528:
3523:
3519:
3518:
3517:Regnal titles
3514:
3513:
3492:
3485:
3482:
3477:
3476:
3438:
3433:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3394:
3389:
3380:
3369:
3368:External links
3366:
3365:
3364:
3358:
3345:
3336:
3327:
3321:
3301:
3278:
3247:
3242:
3227:
3218:
3197:
3158:
3153:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3126:978-1438126968
3125:
3107:
3078:
3051:
3037:Ahmad Y Hassan
3029:
3020:
3018:, p. 223.
3008:
2996:
2989:
2971:
2964:
2946:
2939:
2921:
2887:
2836:
2818:
2811:
2782:
2780:, p. 175.
2770:
2758:
2749:
2737:
2725:
2711:
2691:
2670:
2650:
2638:
2636:, p. 254.
2626:
2614:
2612:, p. 244.
2602:
2598:Seignobos 2016
2590:
2588:, p. 554.
2586:Seignobos 2016
2578:
2571:
2551:
2536:
2534:, p. 118.
2521:
2509:
2497:
2485:
2473:
2458:
2451:
2431:
2392:
2385:
2366:
2353:
2340:
2322:
2309:
2297:
2284:978-9004132863
2283:
2263:
2249:
2242:
2222:
2213:
2199:
2176:
2169:
2143:
2116:
2101:
2071:
2053:
2043:
2041:, p. 348.
2039:Humphreys 1977
2031:
2029:, p. 332.
2027:Humphreys 1977
2019:
2017:, p. 331.
2015:Humphreys 1977
2007:
2005:, p. 326.
2003:Humphreys 1977
1995:
1982:
1969:
1954:
1945:
1931:
1925:. p. 86.
1899:
1883:
1876:
1855:
1829:
1818:
1796:
1785:
1763:
1752:
1732:
1721:
1701:
1694:
1676:
1657:
1649:
1629:
1622:
1602:
1595:
1575:
1568:
1548:
1541:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1482:
1473:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1401:
1396:
1391:
1389:Kipchak people
1386:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1364:
1361:
1323:Arabic romance
1306:Islam and cats
1298:Arab physician
1280:Islam and cats
1275:
1272:
1243:
1240:
1219:
1194:Templar knight
1140:
1137:
1115:
1112:
1076:
1073:
1043:
1040:
966:
963:
913:
910:
878:
875:
824:Battle of Mari
800:been conquered
794:, held by the
737:
734:
705:sacked Baghdad
644:
641:
590:an-Nasir Yusuf
565:Shajar al-Durr
561:as-Salih Ayyub
512:
509:
495:As-Salih Ayyub
418:Baybars was a
415:
412:
352:In his native
349:
346:
261:and nicknamed
238:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
216:
215:
212:
206:
205:
202:
201:
197:
196:
188:
187:
185:
184:
181:
178:
173:
167:
165:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
139:
135:
134:
127:
123:
122:
119:
118:
113:
109:
108:
103:
99:
98:
92:
86:
85:
82:
78:
77:
71:
70:
63:
55:
54:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4053:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4011:Bahri sultans
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3978:
3976:
3960:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3921:
3918:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3906:
3903:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3861:
3858:
3855:
3852:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3828:
3825:
3822:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3800:
3798:
3796:
3795:Burji dynasty
3792:
3785:
3782:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3761:
3758:
3755:
3752:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3701:
3698:
3695:
3692:
3689:
3686:
3683:
3680:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3643:
3641:
3639:
3638:Bahri dynasty
3635:
3630:
3623:
3612:
3609:
3606:
3603:
3600:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3582:
3575:
3570:
3568:
3563:
3561:
3556:
3555:
3552:
3543:
3534:
3533:
3526:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3503:
3498:
3497:
3490:
3489:
3488:Bahri dynasty
3480:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3452:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3404:
3402:
3398:
3397:Brief article
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3375:
3372:
3371:
3361:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3342:
3337:
3333:
3328:
3324:
3322:9788394228835
3318:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3297:
3292:
3289:(in French).
3288:
3284:
3279:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3264:
3260:
3256:
3252:
3248:
3245:
3243:0-87395-263-4
3239:
3235:
3234:
3228:
3224:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3175:(90): 83–92,
3174:
3170:
3169:
3164:
3159:
3156:
3154:9780521522908
3150:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3128:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3103:0-7923-4066-3
3100:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3087:Helaine Selin
3082:
3075:
3071:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3049:
3045:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3024:
3017:
3012:
3005:
3000:
2992:
2986:
2982:
2975:
2967:
2961:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2894:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2832:
2828:
2822:
2814:
2812:9780525950165
2808:
2804:
2799:
2798:
2792:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2768:
2762:
2753:
2744:
2742:
2735:, p. 26.
2734:
2729:
2714:
2712:9781136775260
2708:
2705:. Routledge.
2704:
2703:
2695:
2687:
2681:
2673:
2671:9789231041532
2667:
2663:
2662:
2654:
2647:
2642:
2635:
2630:
2623:
2618:
2611:
2606:
2599:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2574:
2572:9780521209816
2568:
2564:
2563:
2555:
2549:, p. 95.
2548:
2543:
2541:
2533:
2528:
2526:
2519:, p. 93.
2518:
2513:
2506:
2501:
2495:, p. 179
2494:
2489:
2482:
2477:
2470:
2465:
2463:
2454:
2452:9780521852654
2448:
2444:
2443:
2435:
2428:
2415:
2414:
2410:(1896). "8".
2409:
2403:
2401:
2399:
2397:
2388:
2386:9780299048440
2382:
2378:
2377:
2370:
2363:
2357:
2350:
2344:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2319:
2313:
2306:
2301:
2286:
2280:
2276:
2275:
2267:
2259:
2253:
2245:
2243:9781135131449
2239:
2236:. Routledge.
2235:
2234:
2226:
2217:
2202:
2200:9780143031079
2196:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2180:
2172:
2170:9780521347723
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2150:
2148:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2112:
2105:
2089:
2088:
2080:
2078:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2047:
2040:
2035:
2028:
2023:
2016:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1979:
1973:
1966:
1958:
1949:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1932:9782745192783
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
1911:
1903:
1894:
1887:
1879:
1873:
1869:
1862:
1860:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1826:
1821:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1793:
1788:
1782:
1778:
1774:
1767:
1760:
1755:
1753:9789004161658
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1714:
1713:
1705:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1671:
1667:
1661:
1652:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1633:
1625:
1623:9781138022744
1619:
1615:
1614:
1606:
1598:
1592:
1588:
1587:
1579:
1571:
1569:9789774162053
1565:
1561:
1560:
1552:
1544:
1542:90-04-12454-3
1538:
1534:
1533:
1525:
1523:
1513:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1477:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1450:
1443:
1441:
1436:
1424:
1419:
1415:
1405:
1402:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1374:Bahri dynasty
1372:
1370:
1367:
1366:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1344:
1340:
1336:
1332:
1328:
1324:
1320:
1319:
1313:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1218:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1150:
1149:Ninth Crusade
1146:
1136:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1111:
1110:in Damascus.
1109:
1105:
1101:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1009:
1005:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
982:
977:
972:
962:
960:
956:
955:Ninth Crusade
951:
949:
945:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
924:Chastel Blanc
919:
909:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
886:
884:
874:
872:
868:
864:
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
841:
837:
833:
829:
825:
821:
817:
812:
810:
805:
801:
797:
793:
788:
786:
782:
777:
776:Fall of Arsuf
773:
769:
765:
761:
757:
748:
743:
733:
731:
727:
723:
722:al-Mustarshid
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
682:
681:
677:
672:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
640:
638:
633:
629:
624:
622:
616:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
571:
566:
562:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
522:
521:Ninth Crusade
517:
511:Rise to power
508:
507:'s students.
506:
502:
498:
496:
492:
486:
481:
477:
473:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
411:
409:
405:
401:
396:
394:
390:
386:
378:
373:
369:
367:
366:
361:
360:
355:
345:
343:
339:
335:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
305:, succeeding
304:
303:Bahri dynasty
300:
297:
293:
290:
264:
260:
256:
248:
244:
236:
233:
229:
226:
223:
221:
217:
213:
211:
207:
198:
193:
189:
182:
179:
177:
174:
172:
169:
168:
166:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
145:
140:
136:
133:
128:
124:
120:
117:
114:
110:
107:
104:
100:
97:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
76:
72:
67:
61:
56:
53:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
3645:
3530:
3508:
3504:19 July 1223
3501:
3494:
3486:
3455:
3449:
3420:
3400:
3386:
3377:
3349:
3340:
3331:
3312:
3286:
3258:
3254:
3232:
3222:
3205:
3201:
3193:the original
3172:
3166:
3144:
3116:
3110:
3090:
3081:
3059:
3054:
3032:
3023:
3016:Howarth 1982
3011:
3003:
2999:
2980:
2974:
2955:
2949:
2930:
2924:
2912:. Retrieved
2908:the original
2904:AUC DAR Home
2903:
2865:
2861:
2831:the original
2821:
2796:
2791:Young, Robyn
2785:
2773:
2766:
2761:
2752:
2728:
2716:. Retrieved
2701:
2694:
2660:
2653:
2641:
2629:
2617:
2605:
2593:
2581:
2561:
2554:
2512:
2500:
2488:
2483:, p. 91
2476:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2418:. Retrieved
2412:
2375:
2369:
2361:
2356:
2348:
2343:
2335:the original
2325:
2317:
2316:Bournotian,
2312:
2300:
2288:. Retrieved
2273:
2266:
2252:
2232:
2225:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2189:
2179:
2157:
2156:
2136:27 September
2134:. Retrieved
2126:
2119:
2110:
2104:
2094:27 September
2092:. Retrieved
2086:
2066:
2061:
2056:
2046:
2034:
2022:
2010:
1998:
1990:
1985:
1977:
1972:
1964:
1961:Asly, p. 49.
1957:
1948:
1940:
1937:Google Books
1935:– via
1914:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1886:
1867:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:
1832:
1823:
1809:
1799:
1790:
1776:
1766:
1757:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1711:
1704:
1685:
1679:
1669:
1660:
1639:
1632:
1612:
1605:
1585:
1578:
1558:
1551:
1531:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1459:
1455:
1422:
1418:
1384:Cuman people
1348:
1347:
1316:
1314:
1302:Ibn al-Nafis
1283:
1260:hand cannons
1245:
1232:Golden Horde
1225:
1211:Jesus Christ
1203:
1167:
1121:
1117:
1097:
1084:
1064:
1045:
1021:
989:
952:
928:Hospitallers
921:
894:Golden Horde
887:
880:
860:
845:
813:
808:
789:
753:
713:al-Musta'sim
698:
683:
673:
646:
625:
575:
568:
567:being named
526:
499:
454:from either
417:
410:in one eye.
397:
382:
363:
357:
351:
327:
263:Abu al-Futuh
262:
258:
254:
242:
241:
68:(1320–1340).
47:
36:
4001:1277 deaths
3996:1223 births
3961:(1516–1517)
3959:Tumanbay II
3955:(1501–1516)
3943:(1500–1501)
3937:(1498–1500)
3931:(1496–1498)
3925:(1468–1496)
3919:(1467–1468)
3907:(1461–1467)
3895:(1453–1461)
3883:(1438–1453)
3871:(1422–1438)
3865:(1421–1422)
3847:(1412–1421)
3835:(1405–1412)
3823:(1399–1405)
3817:(1390–1399)
3811:(1389–1390)
3805:(1382–1389)
3786:(1381–1382)
3780:(1377–1381)
3774:(1363–1377)
3768:(1361–1363)
3762:(1354–1361)
3756:(1351–1354)
3750:(1347–1351)
3744:(1346–1347)
3738:(1345–1346)
3732:(1342–1345)
3720:(1341–1342)
3708:(1310–1341)
3702:(1309–1310)
3696:(1299–1309)
3690:(1296–1299)
3684:(1294–1296)
3678:(1293–1294)
3672:(1290–1293)
3666:(1279–1290)
3654:(1277–1279)
3648:(1260–1277)
3613:(1259–1260)
3607:(1257–1259)
3601:(1250–1257)
3511:1 July 1277
3458:: 129–193.
2914:22 December
2646:Werner 2013
2634:Welsby 2002
2622:Werner 2013
2610:Welsby 2002
2532:Werner 2013
2505:Werner 2013
2420:26 November
1963:Skip Knox,
1773:"Baybars I"
1491:"Baybars I"
985:Old Dongola
936:Ibn Shaddad
898:Mengu-Timur
848:Bohemond VI
680:Bab Zuweila
613: [
501:Al-Sha'rani
483: [
102:Predecessor
52:Rukn al-Din
3975:Categories
3917:Timurbugha
3434:0821444611
3359:0714119474
2547:Gazda 2005
2517:Gazda 2005
1843:Britannica
1495:Britannica
1432:References
1327:Kazakhstan
1200:lamented:
1186:Kazakhstan
1000:pilgrimage
890:Hijra year
726:al-Hakim I
699:After the
588:, fled to
505:Ibn 'Arabi
400:olive skin
268:أبو الفتوح
90:Coronation
3472:267765212
3214:1731-6146
3189:164061795
3168:Antiquity
2882:1307-9581
2680:cite book
2481:King 1949
2469:King 1949
2277:. BRILL.
2190:In Xanadu
1825:Damascus.
1746:. Brill.
1335:Palestine
1182:Near East
1052:Ilkhanate
1028:Banu Kanz
1002:route to
957:, led by
932:mangonels
843:Mamluks.
676:al-Kurani
598:Jerusalem
557:Turanshah
452:Black Sea
448:Wallachia
428:Black Sea
414:Biography
404:blue eyes
112:Successor
96:Salihiyah
3483:Baybars
3444:(1926).
3287:Afriques
3089:(1997),
3044:Archived
2793:(2007).
2360:Madden,
2320:, p. 101
1363:See also
1353:Damascus
1290:Damascus
1220:—
1215:Muhammad
1133:Solamish
1100:Damascus
1093:Damascus
1017:al-Abwab
946:and two
871:Caesarea
867:Ashkalon
828:Mamistra
820:Hethum I
772:Nazareth
686:Ayyubids
657:Damascus
408:cataract
334:Crusader
313:of King
231:Religion
176:Solamish
144:Damascus
94:1260 at
3383:Baibars
3275:1291467
3137:Sources
2797:Crusade
2718:3 April
2364:at 168.
2290:3 April
2206:3 April
2067:Baybars
1919:Lebanon
1848:16 June
1379:Cumania
1339:Lebanon
1250:in the
1248:Mongols
1174:dynasty
1172:Mamluk
1085:Baybars
1068:Pervâne
1060:Kayseri
948:mihrabs
804:Saladin
796:Templar
580:killed
570:sultana
440:Mongols
420:Kipchak
342:Makuria
299:Kipchak
276:
259:Baybars
255:Baibars
220:Dynasty
42:Baybars
4016:Cumans
3949:(1501)
3913:(1467)
3901:(1461)
3889:(1453)
3877:(1438)
3859:(1421)
3853:(1421)
3841:(1412)
3829:(1405)
3726:(1342)
3714:(1341)
3660:(1279)
3507:
3470:
3431:
3356:
3343:. Lit.
3319:
3273:
3240:
3212:
3187:
3151:
3123:
3101:
3074:Part 5
3070:Part 4
3066:, 2007
2987:
2962:
2937:
2880:
2809:
2709:
2668:
2569:
2449:
2383:
2307:, p.60
2281:
2240:
2197:
2167:
1929:
1874:
1816:
1783:
1750:
1719:
1692:
1647:
1620:
1593:
1566:
1539:
1355:. The
1207:Mosque
1151:, and
1139:Legacy
1114:Family
1008:Nubian
996:Aidhab
944:mosque
836:Tarsus
709:caliph
637:Aleppo
606:Nablus
460:Alania
456:Crimea
424:steppe
385:blazon
338:Levant
323:Mongol
296:Turkic
289:Mamluk
247:Arabic
214:Zahiri
180:Khizir
154:Spouse
3585:Cairo
3509:Died:
3502:Born:
3468:S2CID
3451:BIFAO
3376:from
3309:(PDF)
3271:JSTOR
3185:S2CID
2858:(PDF)
2362:supra
2131:(PDF)
1913:[
1452:(PDF)
1410:Notes
1369:Ablaq
1343:Syria
1331:Egypt
1286:Cairo
1268:Nubia
1264:Libya
1236:Egypt
1228:Islam
1170:Bahri
1104:kumis
1075:Death
1032:jizya
1004:Mecca
992:David
906:Noqai
902:Abaqa
883:Berke
863:Jaffa
832:Adana
792:Safed
785:Haifa
781:Atlit
756:Syria
628:Qutuz
621:Kerak
617:]
594:Syria
578:Aybak
491:Cairo
487:]
472:Sivas
430:, or
307:Qutuz
294:, of
235:Islam
225:Bahri
210:House
195:Names
163:Issue
81:Reign
3429:ISBN
3354:ISBN
3317:ISBN
3238:ISBN
3210:ISSN
3149:ISBN
3121:ISBN
3099:ISBN
3072:and
2985:ISBN
2960:ISBN
2935:ISBN
2916:2021
2878:ISSN
2807:ISBN
2720:2018
2707:ISBN
2686:link
2666:ISBN
2567:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2422:2023
2381:ISBN
2292:2018
2279:ISBN
2238:ISBN
2208:2018
2195:ISBN
2165:ISBN
2138:2021
2096:2021
1927:ISBN
1872:ISBN
1850:2023
1814:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1748:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1690:ISBN
1645:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1591:ISBN
1564:ISBN
1537:ISBN
1341:and
1310:waqf
1266:and
1192:. A
1184:and
869:and
834:and
809:Wali
783:and
764:Acre
665:Homs
663:and
661:Hama
653:amir
602:Gaza
476:Hama
402:and
365:pars
273:lit.
138:Died
126:Born
3583:of
3460:doi
3399:in
3385:in
3291:doi
3263:doi
3177:doi
2870:doi
2803:484
2427:...
1464:doi
1288:to
1091:in
840:Leo
802:by
619:in
592:in
531:of
478:to
458:or
393:Lod
377:Lod
359:bay
257:or
3977::
3466:.
3456:26
3454:.
3448:.
3427:,
3423:,
3285:.
3269:,
3259:36
3257:,
3204:.
3183:,
3173:23
3171:,
3165:,
3097:,
3093:,
3062:,
3039:,
2902:.
2890:^
2876:.
2864:.
2860:.
2839:^
2805:.
2740:^
2682:}}
2678:{{
2539:^
2524:^
2461:^
2424:.
2395:^
2146:^
2074:^
1939:.
1921::
1858:^
1841:.
1822:.
1789:.
1756:.
1725:.
1668:.
1521:^
1493:.
1460:12
1458:.
1454:.
1439:^
1345:.
1337:,
1333:,
1300:,
1270:.
1147:,
1131:,
896:,
873:.
830:,
811:.
615:de
573:.
485:de
271:,
249::
146:,
3573:e
3566:t
3559:v
3474:.
3462::
3362:.
3325:.
3299:.
3293::
3265::
3216:.
3206:3
3179::
3129:.
3105:.
3076:)
3068:(
2993:.
2968:.
2943:.
2918:.
2884:.
2872::
2866:9
2815:.
2688:)
2674:.
2575:.
2455:.
2389:.
2173:.
2140:.
2098:.
1967:.
1897:.
1880:.
1852:.
1698:.
1672:.
1653:.
1626:.
1599:.
1572:.
1545:.
1470:.
1466::
523:.
285:'
279:'
265:(
245:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.