1655:, the Japanese split a portion of their fleet toward the Aleutians in a simultaneous operation, as well as separating the majority of its surface force from the Japanese carriers. The Americans, on the other hand, had received critical details of the Midway operation due to a cryptographic breakthrough, which included dates and a complete order of battle. As such, American forces were able to ambush the Japanese carriers. On the other hand, the Japanese expected American carriers to sail from Pearl Harbor after Midway had been attacked; the unexpected presence of American carriers would lead to the early tactical mistakes the Japanese commander would make. Japan had 272 warplanes operating from four carriers; the U.S. Navy carriers had 233 aircraft, but there were also another 115 AAF and Marine land-based aircraft on Midway itself. Due to tactical errors by the Japanese commander and the lucky breaks in executing the decisive American attack (in addition to the skill of the American aviators and commanders), the Japanese lost three of their four carriers early in the battle. The decisive attack was two simultaneous (unplanned) dive bomber attacks arriving after approximately ninety minutes of constant harassment from various American land and naval air squadrons. This harassment had left the Japanese combat air patrol out of position, especially as the combat air patrol was focused on an on-going torpedo bomber attack. The harassment had also prevented the Japanese carriers from launching a strike on the American carriers, and the three Japanese carriers were sunk having only made one, ineffective attack against Midway itself. The final fourth carrier would be sunk by the end of the day. The fourth carrier, however, managed to cripple one American carrier, which would later be sunk by a submarine. Having lost all their carriers, the Japanese were forced to retreat, unable to use the rest of their surface fleet (including the battleships) without air cover. Having lost all but two of their fleet carriers (the ones damaged at Coral Sea), the Japanese never again launched a major, effective offensive in the Pacific. The successes of the Japanese naval air arm, having won stunning victories for the Japanese navy in the first-half of 1942, came to a sharp stop after the Battle of Midway.
529:
991:"Air strikes on the way; we watch from a top window as P-47s dip in and out of clouds through suddenly erupting strings of Christmas-tree lights , before one speck turns over and drops toward earth in the damnest sight of the Second World War, the dive-bomber attack, the speck snarling, screaming, dropping faster than a stone until it's clearly doomed to smash into the earth, then, past the limits of belief, an impossible flattening beyond houses and trees, an upward arch that makes the eyes hurt, and, as the speck hurtles away, WHOOM, the earth erupts five hundred feet up in swirling black smoke. More specks snarl, dive, scream, two squadrons, eight of them, leaving congealing, combining, whirling pillars of black smoke, lifting trees, houses, vehicles, and, we devoutly hope, bits of Germans. We yell and pound each other's backs. Gods from the clouds; this is how you do it! You don't attack painfully across frozen plains, you simply drop in on the enemy and blow them out of existence."
575:, because the land forces generals and the Navy were vehemently opposed. In the compromise that was reached it was understood that after the war, the aviators would get their independence. Meanwhile, the Air Corps became the Army Air Forces (AAF) in June, 1941, combining all their personnel and units under a single commanding general, an airman. In 1942 the Army reorganized into three equal components, one of which was the AAF, which then had almost complete freedom in terms of internal administration. Thus the AAF set up its own medical service independent of the Surgeon General, its own WAC units, and its own logistics system. It had full control over the design and procurement of airplanes and related electronic gear and ordnance. Its purchasing agents controlled 15% of the nation's Gross National Product. Together with naval aviation, it recruited the best young men in the nation. General
2184:(quite separate from the fighter forces) attacked Berlin, Hitler swore revenge and diverted the Luftwaffe to attacks on London. Using limited resources to attack civilians instead of airfields and radar proved a major mistake as the civilians being hit were far less critical than the airfields and radar stations that were now ignored. London was not a factory city and British aircraft production was not impeded; indeed it went up. The last German daylight raid came on September 30; the Luftwaffe realized it was taking unacceptable losses and broke off the attack; occasional blitz raids hit London and other cities from time. In all some 43,000 civilians were killed. The Luftwaffe lost 1,411 planes shot down of a grand total of 2,069 which were written off, the British lost about the same number, but could repair 289 of them. The British additionally lost 497 aircraft of Bomber and
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air controllers identified a large force of approaching B-17s, and sent all the
Luftwaffe's 750 fighters to attack. The bogeys were all Mustangs flying well ahead of the American bombers' combat boxes, which shot down 98 interceptors while losing 11. The actual B-17s were well behind the Mustangs, and completed their mission without a loss. In February, 1944, the Luftwaffe lost 33% of its frontline fighters and 18% of its pilots; the next month it lost 56% of its fighters and 22% of the pilots. April was just as bad, 43% and 20%, and May was worst of all, at 50% and 25%. German factories continued to produce many new planes, and inexperienced new pilots did report for duty; but their life expectancy was down to a few combat sorties. Increasingly the Luftwaffe went into hiding; with losses down to 1% per mission, the bombers now got through.
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192:
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622:, that did work in concert when necessary with the British Commonwealth's similar program within North America. The only dangerous jobs were voluntary ones as crew of fighters and bombers—or involuntary ones at jungle bases in the Southwest Pacific. Marshall, an infantryman uninterested in aviation before 1939, became a partial convert to air power and allowed the aviators more autonomy. He authorized vast spending on planes, and insisted that American forces had to have air supremacy before taking the offensive. However, he repeatedly overruled Arnold by agreeing with Roosevelt's requests in 1941–42 to send half of the new light bombers and fighters to the British and Soviets, thereby delaying the buildup of American air power.
1648:, fought between May 4–8, 1942 off the coast of Australia, the opposing fleets never saw one another; it was an air exchange. While the Americans had greater losses and arguably a tactical loss (having lost a fleet carrier while sinking a Japanese light carrier), they gained a strategic victory, as Japan cancelled a planned offensive. Most critically, the damage to one of the Japanese fleet carriers and the other carrier's airgroup would leave both carriers out of the Battle of Midway, preventing them from them bringing their 144 aircraft (at full strength) to supplement the Japanese carrier force. This would allow the American forces to be at near-parity temporarily, setting the stage for the turning point of the Pacific War.
20:
2150:. The Hurricane accounted for most of the British kills throughout the battle because it made up the majority of the RAF fighter force—however, its kill-loss ratio was inferior to that of its counterpart the Spitfire. Of the three aircraft, the Hurricane was designed much earlier and was generally considered the least capable. Despite the high numbers of Hurricanes in the RAF at that time, the Spitfire became synonymous with the Battle of Britain and was somewhat of a symbol of resistance in the minds of the British public through the battle. The Bf 109E subtype's short combat radius of 330 km (205 mi) – due to limited fuel capacity as designed — prevented it from adequately "escorting" the
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225:. The war also led to greater emphasis on anti-air weapons and fighter aircraft due to their ability to defend against enemy bombers. Its advanced technology and rapid growth led to exaggerated fears in the 1930s that helped to persuade the British and French into appeasement. In the war the Luftwaffe performed well in 1939–41, as its Stuka dive bombers terrified enemy infantry units. But the Luftwaffe was poorly coordinated with overall German strategy, and never ramped up to the size and scope needed in a total war, partly due to a lack of military aircraft production infrastructure for both completed airframes and powerplants when compared to either the
1696:, and started to reverse the tide of Japanese conquests. As a result, Japanese and Allied forces both occupied various parts of Guadalcanal. Over the following six months, both sides fed resources into an escalating battle of attrition on the island, at sea, and in the sky, with eventual victory going to the Americans in February 1943. It was a campaign the Japanese could ill afford. A majority of Japanese aircraft from the entire South Pacific area was drained into the Japanese defence of Guadalcanal. Japanese logistics, as happened time and again, failed; only 20% of the supplies dispatched from Rabaul to Guadalcanal ever reached there.
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1742:. The "Superfortress" (the B-29) represented the highest achievement of traditional (pre-jet) aeronautics. Its four 2,200 horsepower Wright R-3350 supercharged engines could lift four tons of bombs 3,500 miles at 33,000 feet (high above Japanese flak or fighters). Computerized fire-control mechanisms made its 13 guns exceptionally lethal against fighters. However, the systematic raids that began in June 1944, were unsatisfactory, because the AAF had learned too much in Europe; it overemphasised self-defence. Arnold, in personal charge of the campaign (bypassing the theatre commanders) brought in a new leader, General
760:
1946:"Moreover, the enemy has begun to employ a new and most cruel bomb, the power of which to do damage is indeed incalculable, taking the toll of many innocent lives. Should We continue to fight, it would not only result in an ultimate collapse and obliteration of the Japanese nation, but also it would lead to the total extinction of human civilization. Such being the case, how are We to save the millions of Our subjects; or to atone Ourselves before the hallowed spirits of Our Imperial Ancestors? This is the reason why We have ordered the acceptance of the provisions of the Joint Declaration of the Powers."
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2043:. In total, the Germans lost over 2,000 planes in the continuous air war over the Netherlands. This high number can also be attributed to the main Allied air lanes into Germany, that led directly over the Netherlands. Altogether, over 5,000 aircraft were lost over the Netherlands (Allied and German), and over 20,000 crew lost their lives in these mishaps. Most of these crew were buried locally, so that the Netherlands has some 600 places where Allied and Nazi airmen are buried. This makes the country the densest burial place for air crew in all of Europe.
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772:
storage tanks, and ordnance dumps had to be built hurriedly on tiny coral islands, mud flats, featureless deserts, dense jungles, or exposed locations still under enemy artillery fire. The heavy construction gear had to be imported, along with the engineers, blueprints, steel-mesh landing mats, prefabricated hangars, aviation fuel, bombs and ammunition, and all necessary supplies. As soon as one project was finished the battalion would load up its gear and move forward to the next challenge, while headquarters inked in a new airfield on the maps.
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few unarmed little "grasshoppers;" observation aircraft that reported the fall of artillery shells so the gunners could correct their aim). With one airman in overall charge, air assets could be concentrated for maximum offensive capability, not frittered away in ineffective "penny packets". Eisenhower—a tanker in 1918 who had theorized on the best way to concentrate armor—recognized the analogy. Split up among infantry in supporting roles tanks were wasted; concentrated in a powerful force they could dictate the terms of battle.
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continued to the end of the war. Most of the aircraft used in kamikaze attacks were converted obsolete fighters and dive-bombers. The quality of construction was very poor, and many crashed during training or before reaching targets. Experienced pilots were used to lead a mission because they could navigate; they were not
Kamikazes, and they returned to base for another mission. The Kamikaze pilots were inexperienced and had minimal training; however most were well-educated and intensely committed to the Emperor.
704:, their practice, perhaps from the warrior tradition, was to keep the pilots in action until they died. The U.S. position, at least for naval aviation, was a strict rotation between sea deployments and shore duty, the latter including training replacements, personal training, and participating in doctrinal development. The U.S. strategic bombing campaign against Europe did this in principle, but relatively few crews survived the 25 missions of a rotation. On December 27, 1938, the United States had initiated the
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Lancasters hammered away at the French railroad system. Underground
Resistance fighters sabotaged some 350 locomotives and 15,000 freight cars every month. Critical bridges and tunnels were cut by bombing or sabotage. Berlin responded by sending in 60,000 German railway workers, but even they took two or three days to reopen a line after heavy raids on switching yards. The system deteriorated quickly, and it proved incapable of carrying reinforcements and supplies to oppose the Normandy invasion.
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2456:, and he made the establishment of forward air bases his first priority. MacArthur's leaps reflected the same doctrine. In each theatre the senior ground command post had an attached air command post. Requests from the front lines went all the way to the top, where the air commander decided whether to act, when and how. This slowed down response time—it might take 48 hours to arrange a strike—and involved rejecting numerous requests from the infantry for help or intervention at times.
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strategic bombers were placed under
Eisenhower's direction, where they were used tactically to support the invasion. Airmen protested vigorously against this subordination of the air war to the land campaign, but Eisenhower forced the issue and used the bombers to simultaneously strangle Germany's supply system, burn out its oil refineries, and destroy its warplanes. With this accomplished, Eisenhower relinquished control of the bombers in September.
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2806:, pilots came in fast and low (under enemy radar), made a quick run, then disappeared before the gunners could respond. The main missions were to keep the Luftwaffe suppressed by shooting up airstrips, and to interdict the movement of munitions, oil, and troops by attacking at railway bridges and tunnels, oil tank farms, canal barges, trucks, and moving trains. Occasionally a choice target was discovered through intelligence. Three days after D-Day,
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849:) could also play a role, but it was downgraded by most airmen. The Allies won air supremacy in the Pacific in 1943 and in Europe in 1944. That meant that Allied supplies and reinforcements would get through to the battlefront, but not the enemy's. It meant the Allies could concentrate their strike forces wherever they pleased and overwhelm the enemy with a preponderance of firepower. This was the basic Allied strategy, and it worked.
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training of fighter pilots was stepped up. More combat air patrols circling the big ships, more radar picket ships (which themselves became prime targets), and more attacks on airbases and gasoline supplies eventually worked. Japan suspended
Kamikaze attacks in May 1945, because it was now hoarding gasoline and hiding planes in preparation for new suicide attacks in case the Allied forces tried to invade their home islands.
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number of missions that would produce transfer back to the States. Coupled with the monotonous, hot, disease-ridden environment, the result was bad morale that jaded veterans quickly passed along to newcomers. After a few months, epidemics of combat fatigue would drastically reduce the efficiency of units. The men who had been at jungle airfields longest, the flight surgeons reported, were in the worst shape:
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shot up, his radar destroyed, and his supply lines cut. His infantry never had a chance. MacArthur vowed never again. His island-hopping campaign was based on the strategy of isolating
Japanese strongholds while leaping past them. Each leap was determined by the range of his 5th Air Force, and the first task on securing an objective was to build an airfield to prepare for the next leap. Eisenhower's deputy at
1746:. In early 1945, LeMay ordered a radical change in tactics: remove the machine guns and gunners, fly in low at night. (Much fuel was used to get to 30,000 feet; it could now be replaced with more bombs.) The Japanese radar, fighter, and anti-aircraft systems were so ineffective that they could not hit the bombers. Fires raged through the cities, and millions of civilians fled to the mountains.
4262:格鬥中,徐吉驤發現自己的座機無論爬升、滾轉、下降還是加速均不如這種兇猛的日機,唯有盤旋半徑尚可和敵機稍比一下高低。雖然他多次占位咬上了日機,但是偏偏他座機的機槍扳機調的太緊,射擊時總是慢半拍,無法把握來之不易的戰機。雖然這樣,徐吉驤仍然沒有脫離戰場,因為他認為日機由漢口、宜昌勞師遠襲,油料必然不足支撐久戰,只要在堅持一段時間,便可以利用日機油盡返航的時機予以打擊、糾纏,那時便可以挽回一點面子。也就是這樣的想法,使得大多數的中國飛行員在空中苦苦鏖戰。不料,這次不行了!... 最後,他座機發動機的潤滑油漏光了,這架伊-152在璧山上空停車。徐吉驤迅速判斷了一下形勢,決定不跳傘,以免被兇殘的日機沖傘射擊。他躲掉日機攻擊後奇跡般的迫降在一片稻田裡,飛機被摔得七零八落。幸好燃油、滑油均已耗盡,飛機沒有燃燒。徐吉驤機智地躲在座機殘骸內,等盤旋在頭頂的兩架日機離去後,才爬出完全損壞的座機。
388:(particularly Canada) of half of British and Commonwealth aircrews, some 167,000 men in all. It was the second largest in Europe. The RAF also integrated Polish and other airmen who had escaped from Hitler's Europe. In Europe, the RAF was in operational control of Commonwealth aircrews and Commonwealth squadrons although these retained some degree of independence (such as the formation of
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1835:"Rarely have the enemy attacks been so cleverly executed and made with such reckless determination. These attacks were generally by single or few aircraft making their approaches with radical changes in course and altitude, dispersing when intercepted and using cloud cover to every advantage. They tailed our friendlies home, used decoy planes, and came in at any altitude or on the water."
5807:, 98 (June 1993): 685–710. Air warfare was seen as a growing threat to Germany, and it became a means of national mobilization and redemption. Nazi Germany believed that air warfare would allow the country to rebuild itself in a racial compact. During World War II, air warfare became a means for rejuvenating authority domestically and increasing imperial influence abroad.
1289:. The Chinese Air Force equipped with a maximum of only about 300 imported operational combat aircraft at any given time, was stretched thin over a massive area of the northern, eastern, and southern fronts against approximately 1,000 operational combat aircraft of the Imperial Japanese forces supported by their own robust and rapidly developing aviation industry.
611:. Arnold, however, was officially Deputy Chief of Staff, so on committees he deferred to his boss, General Marshall. Thus Marshall made all the basic strategic decisions, which were worked out by his "War Plans Division" (WPD, later renamed the Operations Division). WPD's section leaders were infantrymen or engineers, with a handful of aviators in token positions.
2834:"They have complete mastery of the air. They bomb and strafe every movement, even single vehicles and individuals. They reconnoiter our area constantly and direct their artillery fire ... The feeling of helplessness against enemy aircraft has a paralyzing effect, and during the bombing barrage the effect on inexperienced troops is literally 'soul-shattering.'"
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infantry. The
Luftwaffe in 1944–45 concentrated on anti-aircraft defences, especially the flak batteries that surrounded all major German cities and war plants. They consumed a large fraction of all German munitions production in the last year of the war. The flak units employed hundreds of thousands of women, who engaged in combat against the Allied bombers.
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seniority in a highly rank-conscious system. The freeze intensified demands for independence, and fueled a spirit of "proving" the superiority of air power doctrine. Because of the young, pragmatic leadership at the top, and the universal glamor accorded aviators, morale in the AAF was strikingly higher than anywhere else (except perhaps Navy aviation).
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materials necessary to produce durable jet engines, allied strategic bombing of jet engine production lines, and Hitler personally ordering design modifications to make the aircraft functional as a fighter-bomber) ensured that the Me 262 was delayed and produced too late and in too small numbers to stem the Allied tide. The
Germans also developed
962:" or direct assistance to ground units on the battlefront, which consisted of bombing targets identified by ground forces, and strafing exposed infantry. Airmen disliked the mission because it subordinated the air war to the ground war; furthermore, slit trenches, camouflage, and flak guns usually reduced the effectiveness of close air support. "
2540:, using mathematical techniques to examine military tactics and recommend best practice. These were used to optimise the impacts of night bombing raids, which were expanded to sizes in excess of 1000 bombers attacking one objective. Defensive technologies were invented, such as rear-facing airborne radar to detect night-fighters and the use of
2628:, who fully appreciated the new reality. They provided fighter escorts all the way into Germany and back, and cleverly used B-17s as bait for Luftwaffe planes, which the escorts then shot down. Doolittle's slogan was "The First Duty of 8th AF Fighters is to Destroy German Fighters.", one aspect of modern "Offensive Counter-Air" (OCA). In one "
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IXs were therefore assigned to air defense units, using the high altitude performance to intercept and pursue German bombers and reconnaissance aircraft. By 1944, the
Spitfire IX was the main fighter used in this role and would remain so until 1947. Lend-Lease aircraft from the U.S. and UK accounted for nearly 12% of total Soviet air power.
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1616:, February 27, 1942, the Japanese Navy destroyed the main ABDA (American, British, Dutch, and Australian) naval force. The Netherlands East Indies campaign resulted in the surrender of Allied forces on Java. Meanwhile, Japanese aircraft had all but eliminated Allied air power in South-East Asia and began attacking Australia, with a major
742:" nominally part of individual Commonwealth air forces were filled from a pool of mixed nationalities. While RAF Bomber Command let individuals form teams naturally and bomber aircrew were generally heterogeneous in origins, the Canadian government pushed for its bomber aircrew to be organised in one Group for greater recognition –
2632:" in February, 1944, American bombers protected by hundreds of fighters, flew 3,800 sorties dropping 10,000 tons of high explosives on the main German aircraft and ball-bearing factories. The US suffered 2,600 casualties, with a loss of 137 bombers and 21 fighters. Ball bearing production was unaffected, as Nazi munitions boss
2035:. No fewer than 295 Ju 52s were lost in that venture and in other parts of the country, due to varying circumstances, among which were accurate and effective Dutch anti-aircraft defences and German mistakes in using soggy airfields not able to support the heavy aircraft. Thus, almost an entire year's production was lost in
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999:, emphasized the air-ground team. The airmen, in this approach, also are infantrymen who understand the needs and perspective of the ground forces. There was much more joint air-ground training, and a given air unit might have a long-term relationship with a given ground unit, improving their mutual communications.
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the airwar between China and the Empire of Japan cannot be denied; it was the best opportunity for the
Western air powers to learn about the might of Japanese aerial and naval military technological prowess, as the West were yet in for a dangerous realization of Japanese air prowess by the end of 1941, when the
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capacity that were urgently needed to improve German radar, air defence, and jet fighters. The German Army ran the V-2 program. The rockets were a technological triumph, and bothered the British leadership even more than the V-1s. But they were so inaccurate they rarely could hit militarily significant targets.
1371:, etc., and while giving good account in their many missions against the Imperial Japanese onslaught, these were mostly lost through continued attrition as the war raged on through the end of 1937. The Chinese Air Force however would continue to fight on for years to come as they were replenished through the
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120,000 tons of bombs and thousands of tanks of napalm, fired 135 million bullets and 60,000 rockets, and claimed 4,000 enemy planes destroyed. Beyond the destruction itself, the appearance of unopposed Allied fighter-bombers ruined morale, as privates and generals alike dove for the ditches. Field Marshal
2428:, used his planes as a "combat air patrol" that circled endlessly over his front lines ready to defend against Luftwaffe attackers. Like most infantrymen, Fredendall assumed that all assets should be used to assist the ground forces. More concerned with defence than attack, Fredendall was soon replaced by
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and his staff were effective in improvising solutions and work-arounds, but their challenge became more difficult every week as one backup system after another broke down. By March 1945, most of Germany's factories, railroads, and telephones had stopped working; troops, tanks, trains, and trucks were
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One fourth of the German war economy was neutralized because of direct bomb damage, the resulting delays, shortages, and roundabout solutions, and the spending on anti-aircraft, civil defence, repair, and removal of factories to safer locations. The raids were so large and often repeated that in city
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being escorted by Bf 109Gs as high-altitude escorts for the autocannon-armed 190As when flying against the USAAF's combat box formations. However, Doolittle's new air supremacy strategy fatally disabled virtually any and all of the Luftwaffe's defensive efforts throughout 1944. On one occasion German
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had sharply curtailed the training of new pilots, and most of the instructors had been themselves sent into battle. Rookie pilots were rushed into combat after only 160 flying hours in training compared to 400 hours for the AAF, 360 for the RAF, and 120 for the Japanese. The low quality German pilots
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as the British aircraft looked too much like the German Bf 109. The Soviet Union was then supplied with some 1,200 Spitfire Mk. IXs from 1943. Soviet pilots liked them but they did not suit Soviet combat tactics and the rough conditions at the forward airfields close to the front lines. Spitfires Mk.
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The flammability of Japan's large cities, and the concentration of munitions production there, made strategic bombing the preferred strategy of the Americans. The first efforts were made from bases in China. Massive efforts (costing $ 4.5 billion) to establish B-29 bases there had failed when in 1944
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After 1942, the United States made a massive effort to build up its aviation forces in the Pacific, and began island-hopping to push its airfields closer and closer to Tokyo. Meanwhile, the Japanese were unable to upgrade their aircraft, and they fell further and further behind in numbers of aircraft
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tactics), and Sir Arthur Harris' costly attempts to destroy Berlin in the winter of 1943/44, led to serious doubts as to whether Bomber Command was being used to its fullest potential. In early 1944 the UK air arm was put under Eisenhower's direct control where it played a vital role in preparing the
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Germany and Japan were burned out and lost the war in large part because of strategic bombing. Targeting became more accurate in 1944, but the solution to inaccurate bombs was using more of them. The AAF dropped 3.5 million bombs (500,000 tons) against Japan, and 8 million (1.6 million tons) against
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The Luftwaffe reached a maximum size of 1.9 million airmen in 1942. Grueling operations wasted it away on the Eastern Front after 1942. It lost most of its fighter aircraft to Mustangs in 1944 while trying to defend against massive American and British air raids, and many of the men were sent to the
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In Europe in summer 1944 the AAF started operating out of bases in France. It had about 1,300 light bomber crews and 4,500 fighter pilots. They claimed destruction of 86,000 railroad cars, 9,000 locomotives, 68,000 trucks, and 6,000 tanks and armored artillery pieces. P-47 Thunderbolts alone dropped
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In early 1943 the Allied strategic bombers were directed against U-boat pens, which were easy to reach and which represented a major strategic threat to Allied logistics. However, the pens were very solidly built—it took 7,000 flying hours to destroy one sub there, about the same effort that it took
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The RAF's success convinced Eisenhower that its system maximized the effectiveness of tactical air power. The point was that air power had to be consolidated at the highest level, and had to operate almost autonomously. Brigade, division, and corps commanders lost control of air assets (except for a
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in the blitzkriegs that shattered Poland in 1939 and France in 1940, gave Berlin inordinate confidence in its air force. Military professionals could not ignore the effectiveness of the Stuka, but also observed that France and Poland had minimal effective air defence. Outside Britain, the idea of an
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The Japanese army, which was not based in the cities, was largely undamaged by the raids. The Army was short of food and gasoline, but, as Iwo Jima and Okinawa proved, it was capable of ferocious resistance. The Japanese also had a new tactic that it hoped would provide the bargaining power to get a
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strikes, significant use of airpower in the attacks against naval assets, and much of the technological and operational transitioning from the latest biplane fighter designs to the modern monoplane fighter designs. Although largely a forgotten war by Western standards, the significance and impact of
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program for such four-engined aircraft, comparable to what the United States was already pioneering, literally died with him. During the war Hitler was insistent on bombers having tactical capability, which at the time meant dive bombing, a maneuver then impossible for any heavy bomber. His aircraft
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The engineers opened an entirely new airfield in North Africa every other day for seven straight months. Once when heavy rains along the coast reduced the capacity of old airfields, two companies of Airborne Engineers loaded miniaturized gear into 56 transports, flew a thousand miles to a dry Sahara
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Arnold correctly anticipated that the U.S. would have to build forward airfields in inhospitable places. Working closely with the Army Corps of Engineers, he created Aviation Engineer Battalions that by 1945 included 118,000 men. Runways, hangars, radar stations, power generators, barracks, gasoline
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American theatre commanders became air power enthusiasts and built their strategies around the need for tactical air supremacy. MacArthur had been badly defeated in the Philippines in 1941–42 primarily because the Japanese controlled the sky. His planes were outnumbered and outclassed, his airfields
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turbojet of nearly 2,800 lb. of thrust, each of which were meant to power many advanced German airframe design proposals in the last years of the war—meant that they were introduced "too little, too late", as so many other advanced German aircraft designs (and indeed, many other German military
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Cheung, 2015, pp. 76, 80-81. Hsu Chi-hsiang was shot down in his I-15bis in the air combat debut of the A6M Zero... a 20mm shell went through the I-15bis' luggage compartment, blew all the bristles off his toothbrush... he would exact some personal revenge on 04 March 1944 over the Japanese airbase
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The Germans began losing one thousand planes a month on the western front (and another 400 on the eastern front). Realizing that the best way to defeat the Luftwaffe was not to stick close to the bombers but to aggressively seek out the enemy, by March 1944 Doolittle had ordered the Mustangs to "go
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Foggia became the major base of the 15th Air Force. Its 2,000 heavy bombers hit Germany from the south while the 4,000 heavies of the 8th Air Force used bases in Britain, along with 1,300 RAF heavies. While bad weather in the north often cancelled raids, sunny Italian skies allowed for more action.
2439:, concentrated its air power and defeated the Luftwaffe. The RAF had an excellent training program (using bases in Canada), maintained very high aircrew morale, and inculcated a fighting spirit. Senior officers monitored battles by radar, and directed planes by radio to where they were most needed.
2369:. Some of these aircraft arrived in the Soviet Union in time to participate in the Battle of Moscow, and in particular with the PVO or Soviet Air Defence Forces. Soviet fliers in P-39s scored the highest individual kill totals of any ever to fly a U.S. aircraft. Two air regiments were equipped with
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in its many variants during the war years with just over 34,500 Yak-1, Yak-3, Yak-7, and Yak-9 aircraft produced in total; each of which became the most produced aircraft series of all time in their respective classes, together accounting for about half the strength of the VVS for most of the Great
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Many have chronic dysentery or other disease, and almost all show chronic fatigue states ... They appear listless, unkempt, careless, and apathetic with almost masklike facial expression. Speech is slow, thought content is poor, they complain of chronic headaches, insomnia, memory defect, feel
1643:
By mid-1942, the Japanese Combined Fleet found itself holding a vast area, even though it lacked the aircraft carriers, aircraft, and aircrew to defend it, and the freighters, tankers, and destroyers necessary to sustain it. Moreover, Fleet doctrine was incompetent to execute the proposed "barrier"
1136:
unpowered anti-ship ordnance was based around the same half-ton HE bomb as the Azon, but with the same bomb contained within a much more aerodynamic airframe, and used a fully autonomous onboard radar guidance system to control its flightpath, rather than an external source of control for the Azon.
614:
The AAF had a newly created planning division, whose advice was largely ignored by WPD. Airmen were also underrepresented in the planning divisions of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and of the Combined Chiefs. Aviators were largely shut out of the decision-making and planning process because they lacked
426:
Bomber Command participated in two areas of attack – the strategic bombing campaign against German war production, and the less well known mining of coastal waters off Germany (known as Gardening) to contain its naval operations and prevent the U-boats from freely operating against Allied shipping.
2999:
The cost of the US tactical and strategic air war against Germany was 18,400 aircraft lost in combat, 51,000 dead, 30,000 POWs, and 13,000 wounded. Against Japan, the AAF lost 4,500 planes, 16,000 dead, 6,000 POWs, and 5,000 wounded; Marine Aviation lost 1,600 killed, 1,100 wounded. Naval aviation
2879:
far outclassed the best allied piston engined fighters on an individual basis. However, its protracted development history (including such factors as, a substantial cutback in funding jet engine research during the critical 1941–42 development period, Germany's lack of access to certain exotic raw
2255:
in June 1941, the Luftwaffe destroyed 2,000 Soviet aircraft, most of them on the ground, at a loss of only 35 aircraft. The main weakness accounting for the heavy aircraft losses in 1941 was the lack of experienced generals, pilots, and ground support crews, the destruction of many aircraft on the
1167:
Britain and the United States built large quantities of four-engined long-range heavy bombers; Germany, Japan, and the Soviet Union did not. The decision was made in 1933 by the German general staff, the technical staff, and the aviation industry that there was a lack of sufficient labor, capital,
783:
Some of the Japanese island bases, built before the war, had excellent airfields. Most new Japanese installations in the Pacific were ramshackle affairs with poor siting, poor drainage, scant protection, and narrow, bumpy runways. Engineering was a low priority for the offense-minded Japanese, who
360:
Once it became clear that Germany was a threat, the RAF started on a large expansion, with many airfields being set up and the number of squadrons increased. From 42 squadrons with 800 aircraft in 1934, the RAF had reached 157 squadrons and 3,700 aircraft by 1939. They combined the newly developed
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The third notable achievement of the bombing campaign was the degradation of the German transportation system—its railroads and canals (there was little road traffic). In the two months before and after D-Day, American B-24 Liberators, B-17 Flying Fortresses, and British heavy bombers such as the
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to Murmansk started with 36 ships; only two made it through when the Admiralty, falsely thinking Germany was attacking with a battleship, ordered the convoy, and its escort, to scatter. There was no battleship, but the Luftwaffe and a pack of German submarines sank one cruiser, one destroyer, two
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in Spring 1945. During the three-month battle, 4,000 kamikaze sorties sank 38 US ships and damaged 368 more, killing 4,900 sailors in the American 5th Fleet. Destroyers and destroyer escorts, doing radar picket duty, were hit hard, as the inexperienced pilots dived at the first American ship they
1803:
In late 1944, the Japanese invented an unexpected and highly effective new tactic, the Kamikaze suicide plane aimed like a guided missile at American ships. Kamikaze means 'divine wind', a reference to the hurricane that sunk an invading Mongol force in 1274. The attacks began in October 1944 and
1708:
The American airmen were well-fed and well-supplied, but they were not rotated and faced increasingly severe stress that caused their performance to deteriorate. They flew far more often in the Southwest Pacific than in Europe, and although rest time in Australia was scheduled, there was no fixed
1006:
or P-47 Thunderbolt, armed with cannon, bombs and rockets would be in the air at 10,000 ft over the battlefield. When support was required it could be quickly summoned by a ground observer. While often too inaccurate against armoured vehicles, rockets had a psychological effect on troops and
809:
Tactical air power involves gaining control of the airspace over the battlefield, directly supporting ground units (as by attacks on enemy tanks and artillery), and attacking enemy supply lines and airfields. Typically, fighter planes are used to gain air supremacy, and light bombers are used for
4349:
One week before Christmas in 1944, nearly 200 American planes raided the Chinese city of Wuhan, dropping 500 tons of incendiary bombs. Thousands of Chinese lives were lost in this incident, which has received very little attention in the intervening decades. Here is a rare account of this tragic
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Although damage to big factories was slight, approximately one-fourth of some 4,000 lesser factories, which operated hand-in-hand with the big factories, were completely destroyed by fire ... Moreover, owing to the rising fear of air attacks, workers in general were reluctant to work in the
1234:
Every raid against a V-1 or V-2 launch site was one less raid against the Third Reich. On the whole, however, the secret weapons were still another case of too little too late. The Luftwaffe ran the V-1 program, which used a jet engine, but it diverted scarce engineering talent and manufacturing
672:
The Allies won battlefield air supremacy in the Pacific in 1943, and in Europe in 1944. That meant that Allied supplies and reinforcements would get through to the battlefront, but not the enemy's. It meant the Allies could concentrate their strike forces wherever they pleased, and overwhelm the
1843:
The Kamikaze strategy allowed the use of untrained pilots and obsolete planes, and since evasive maneuvering was dropped and there was no return trip, the scarce gasoline reserves could be stretched further. Since pilots guided their airplane like a guided missile all the way to the target, the
1839:
The Americans decided their best defense against Kamikazes was to knock them out on the ground, or else in the air long before they approached the fleet. The Navy called for more fighters and more warning. The carriers replaced a fourth of their light bombers with Marine fighters; back home the
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carriers. The forward island bases were very hard to supply—often only submarines could get through—and the Japanese forces worked without replacements or rest, and often with inadequate food and medicine. Their morale and performance steadily declined. Starvation became an issue in many bases.
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theater of operations beginning in December 1941. Chennault called for strategic bombing against Japanese cities, using American bombers based in China. The plan was approved by Roosevelt and top policy makers in Washington, and equipment was on the way in December 1941. It proved to be futile.
644:
Offensive counter-air, to clear the way for strategic bombers and an eventually decisive cross-channel invasion, was a strategic mission led by escort fighters partnered with heavy bombers. The tactical mission, however, was the province of fighter-bombers, assisted by light and medium bombers.
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caused an uproar in the Japanese Army and Navy commands—they had both lost face in letting the Emperor be threatened. As a consequence, the Army relocated overseas fighter groups to Japan, groups needed elsewhere. Even more significantly, the Naval command believed it had to extend its eastern
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rushed his VII Corps forward; the Germans retreated in a rout; the Battle of France was won; air power seemed invincible. However, the sight of a senior colleague killed by error was unnerving, and after the completion of operation Cobra, Army generals were so reluctant to risk "friendly fire"
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On D-Day itself, Allied aircraft flew 14,000 sorties, while the Luftwaffe managed a mere 260, mostly in defence of its own battered airfields. In the two weeks after D-Day, the Luftwaffe lost 600 of the 800 planes it kept in France. From April through August 1944, both the AAF's and the RAF's
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led the VVS from 1942 to the end of the war, and was credited with introducing several new innovations and weapons systems. For the last year of the war German military and civilians retreating towards Berlin were hounded by constant strafing and light bombing. In one strategic operation, the
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in the world, and is often credited with giving the RAF the ability to effectively counter German raids without the need for regular patrols by fighter aircraft, increasing the efficiency with which the RAF fighter force could operate. As such, the Dowding system is also often credited with a
1482:
In 1940–41, well before Pearl Harbor, the United States decided on an aggressive air campaign against Japan using Chinese bases and American pilots wearing Chinese uniforms. The United States created, funded, and provided crews and equipment for an American Volunteer Group of combat aviators,
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in a theatre was gained, the second mission was interdiction of the flow of enemy supplies and reinforcements in a zone five to fifty miles behind the front. Whatever moved had to be exposed to air strikes, or else confined to moonless nights. (Radar was not good enough for nighttime tactical
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in December 1941, then raging widely across the Pacific and Indian oceans to defeat elements of the British, American, Dutch, and Australian forces. Land-based airpower, coordinated efficiently with land forces, enabled Japan to overrun Malaya, Singapore, and the Philippines by spring 1942.
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in December 1944, the Allies were caught by surprise by a large scale German offensive. In the first days bad weather grounded all planes. When the skies cleared, 52,000 AAF and 12,000 RAF sorties against German positions and supply lines immediately doomed Hitler's last offensive. General
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Toward the end of the war, the Japanese press encouraged civilians to emulate the kamikaze pilots who willingly gave their lives to stop American naval forces. Civilians were told that the reward for such behavior was enshrinement as a warrior-god and spiritual protection in the afterlife.
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issued in July 1943, became the airman's bible for the rest of the war, and taught the doctrine of equality of air and land warfare. The idea of combined arms operations (air, land, sea) strongly appealed to Eisenhower and Douglas MacArthur. Eisenhower invaded only after he was certain of
3055:, burned out some 16 square miles (41 km.) of the capital city of Japan and turned out to be the single most destructive bombing raid in all of aviation history, even greater in initial loss of life (at 100,000 lives lost at minimum, and up to 1.5 million people homeless) than the
1399:, which was active from late 1937 until the end of 1939, and remained stationed in China at limited capacity until December 1940. The Chinese would remain with these increasingly obsolescent aircraft as the Japanese made tremendous advancements in aircraft and engine technologies.
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significant role in the overall outcome of the battle, and comparisons with the air warfare that occurred over France in the spring and early summer of 1940, in which there was no such system and in which the allied air forces were comprehensively defeated, seem to support this.
318:
Although Germany's allies, especially Italy and Finland, had air forces of their own, there was very little coordination with them. Not until very late in the war did Germany share its aircraft and alternative fuel blueprints and technology with its ally Japan, resulting in the
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Besides knocking out the Luftwaffe, the second most striking achievement of the strategic bombing campaign was the destruction of the German oil supply. Oil was essential for U-boats and tanks, while very high-quality aviation gasoline was essential for piston-engined aircraft.
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In late 1943, the AAF suddenly realized the need to revise its basic doctrine: strategic bombing against a technologically sophisticated enemy like Germany was impossible without air supremacy. General Arnold replaced Ira Eaker with Carl Spaatz and, most critically, Maj. Gen.
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guided bomb, converted from a regular 453 kg (1,000 lb.) high explosive bomb with a special set of radio controlled vertical tailfins controlling the lateral path to the target. Missions were flown in both Western Europe in the summer and autumn of 1944, and in the
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in February 1944, but the Luftwaffe was outnumbered 5 to 1 and so outclassed in equipment and skill that it inflicted little damage. Italian air space belonged to the Allies, and the Luftwaffe's strategic capability was nil. The Luftwaffe threw everything it had against the
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shot down during that same period and hundreds of planes destroyed on the ground, lost by accidents or also written off. The successful British defense resulted from a better system that provided more concentration, better utilization of radar, and better ground control.
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rockets, caused 8,000 civilian deaths and 23,000 injuries. Although they did not seriously undercut British morale or munitions production, they bothered the British government a great deal—Germany now had its own unanswered weapons system. Using proximity fuzes, British
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of the National Revolutionary Army (NRA) and People's Liberation Army (PLA), engaging in massive air-battles, close-air support operations, air-interdiction strikes, facing indiscriminate terror-bombing campaigns against all manners of civilian targets inflicted by the
1193:, with just under 1,200 examples ever being built. Early in the war, the Luftwaffe had excellent tactical aviation, but when it faced Britain's integrated air defence system, the medium bombers actually designed, produced, and deployed to combat – meant to include the
3031:, Hitler's propaganda minister, was disconsolate when his beautiful ministry buildings were totally burned out: "The air war has now turned into a crazy orgy. We are totally defenceless against it. The Reich will gradually be turned into a complete desert."
1455:, which gained almost complete air-supremacy with its unheard-of performance against the Chinese Air Force the following month, and would incredibly remain largely unheard-of almost a year and a half later when the allied air powers faced the scourge of the
1172:, had tried to make some form of strategic bombing capability a priority for the newly formed Luftwaffe through 1935 and into 1936, but his untimely death in June 1936 ended any hopes of developing such a force of long-range "heavies" possible, as his
560:, with a mandate for an aviation-oriented war in the Pacific. FDR allowed King to build up land-based naval and Marine aviation, and seize control of the long-range bombers used in antisubmarine patrols in the Atlantic. Roosevelt basically agreed with
600:(b. 1906). Although a West Pointer himself, Arnold did not automatically turn to Academy men for top positions. Since he operated independent of theatre commanders, Arnold could and did move his generals around, and speedily removed underachievers.
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1855:
Expecting increased resistance, including far more Kamikaze attacks once the main islands of Japan were invaded, the U.S. high command rethought its strategy and used atomic bombs to end the war, hoping it would make a costly invasion unnecessary.
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An around-the-clock campaign attacked Germany, with British bombers at night and U.S. aircraft during the day. The aircraft, tactics, and doctrines were different; there is argument over how complementary they were in achieving strategic effect.
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bomber was beginning to be delivered in late 1942, combining a useful bomb load with speed to evade German fighters, it was used to harass German air defences as well as challenging strikes such as that on a Gestapo headquarters or prisons as in
970:, his ground forces stymied, placed his bets on air power. 1,500 heavies, 380 medium bombers and 550 fighter bombers dropped 4,000 tons of high explosives. Bradley was horrified when 77 planes dropped their payloads short of the intended target:
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Other countries had other variants. In some countries, it seemed to be a matter of personal choice if one stayed in combat or helped build the next generation. Even where there was a policy of using skills outside combat, some individuals, e.g.
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that destroyed nearly 270,000 buildings over a 16 square mile (41 km) area, killing at least 83,000, and estimated by some to be the single most destructive bombing raid in military history. On June 5, 51,000 buildings in four miles of
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acronym adopted on the date of their formation in March 1942, would build over a hundred military airstrips and a significant degree of the military support infrastructure supplying the Pacific "island-hopping" campaign of the Allies during
103:
took an approach that greatly emphasized strategic bombing and (to a lesser degree) tactical control of the battlefield by air as well as adequate air defenses. Both Britain and the U.S. built substantially larger strategic forces of large,
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gunners learned how to shoot down the 400 mph V-1s; nothing could stop the supersonic V-2s. The British government, in near panic, demanded that upwards of 40% of bomber sorties be targeted against the launch sites, and got its way in
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chronically lacked adequate equipment and imagination. On a few islands, local commanders did improve aircraft shelters and general survivability, as they correctly perceived the danger of coming raids or invasions. In the same theatre the
2581:
In the Mediterranean, the Luftwaffe tried to stop the invasions of Sicily and Italy with tactical bombing. They failed because the Allied air forces systematically destroyed most of their air fields. The Germans ferociously opposed the
841:—to totally defeat the enemy air force and obtain control of its air space. This could be done directly through dogfights and raids on airfields and radar stations or indirectly by destroying aircraft factories and fuel supplies.
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The fundamental assumption of air power doctrine was that the air war was just as important as the ground war. Indeed, the main function of the sea and ground forces, insisted the air enthusiasts, was to seize forward air bases.
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opened in June 1941, with striking initial German successes. In the air, many of the Soviets' aircraft were inferior, while the disparity in pilot quality may have been even greater. The purges of military leadership during the
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By April 1944, Luftwaffe tactical air power had vanished, and Eisenhower decided he could go ahead with the invasion of Normandy. He guaranteed the invaders that "if you see fighting aircraft over you, they will be ours."
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to vastly increase the number of ostensibly "civilian" American pilots, but this program also had the eventual effect of providing a large flight-ready force of trained pilots for future military action if the need arose.
2504:
Japan was also still recovering from Midway. It kept producing planes but made few innovations and the quality of its new pilots deteriorated steadily. Gasoline shortages limited the training and usage of the air forces.
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Air superiority depended on having the fastest, most maneuverable fighters, in sufficient quantity, based on well-supplied airfields, within range. The RAF demonstrated the importance of speed and maneuverability in the
579:
headed the AAF. One of the first military men to fly, and the youngest colonel in World War I, he selected for the most important combat commands men who were ten years younger than their Army counterparts, including
2012:, that rapidly corrected the aim of artillery, and gave commanders a literal overview of the battle. Allied analysts noted that Poland lacked an effective air defence, and was trying to protect too large an area.
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As the Luftwaffe disintegrated in 1944, escorting became less necessary and fighters were increasingly assigned to tactical ground-attack missions, along with the medium bombers. To avoid the lethal fast-firing
2738:
For the last year of the war German military and civilians retreating towards Berlin were hounded by the presence of Soviet "low flying aircraft" strafing and bombing them, an activity in which even the ancient
1471:
738:(and related schemes) as well as training British crew in North America, away from the war, contributed large numbers of aircrew from outside the UK to the forces under RAF operational control. The resulting "
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casualties that they often passed over excellent attack opportunities that would be possible only with air support. Infantrymen, on the other hand, were ecstatic about the effectiveness of close air support:
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2424:. in November, 1942, at a time when the Luftwaffe was still strong. Air operations were split – one force under US control and the other under British control. One of Eisenhower's corps commanders, General
1292:
Major air battles and skirmishes between the Chinese Air Force and the Japanese Army and Navy air forces continued over a vast range of the Chinese mainland, and beyond, even after the Battle of Shanghai,
327:
rocket fighter, respectively based on the Me 262A and Me 163B—both of which, similarly, came far too late for Japan to improve its defensive aircraft systems, or to make alternative fuels and lubricants.
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armed bomber destroyers attacking; but they too were hunted down. The same fate also faced single-engined fighters carrying pairs of the BR 21 rockets each; and the later-used, heavily autocannon-armed
2659:
By 1944, the Allies had overwhelming advantages. The Luftwaffe would have to come out and attack or see its planes destroyed at the factory. Before getting at the bombers, ideally with the twin-engined
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over the UK before it had turn back for a safe return to northern France—this serious deficiency was not corrected until after the major air battles over England, through September 1940, had concluded.
268:, it was reduced to anti-aircraft flak roles, and many of its men were sent to infantry units. By 1944 it operated 39,000 flak batteries staffed with a million people in uniform, both men and women.
974:"The ground belched, shook and spewed dirt to the sky. Scores of our troops were hit, their bodies flung from slit trenches. Doughboys were dazed and frightened ... A bomb landed squarely on
257:
appeared only during the last months of the air war in Europe. The Luftwaffe could not deal with Britain's increasingly lethal defensive fighter screen after the Battle of Britain, or the faster
2481:
In some areas, such as the most intense part of the Battle of the Atlantic, the Germans enjoyed fleeting success. Grueling operations wasted the Luftwaffe away on the eastern front after 1942.
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or VVS (as the Soviet Union named their air arm), while the others were transports and trainers. The critical importance of the ground attack role in defending the Soviet Union from the Axis'
443:. The production of heavy aircraft competed with resources for the Army and the Navy, and it was a source of disagreement as to whether the effort could be more profitably expended elsewhere.
2039:. These losses were never surpassed in any air battle in history. The lack of sufficient numbers of aircraft most probably heavily influenced the decision not to invade England following the
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used 16 B-25 bombers (taking off from aircraft carriers) to bomb Tokyo in April 1942. Little physical damage was done, but the episode shocked and stunned the Japanese people and leadership.
2702:
hunting for Jerries. Flush them out in the air and beat them up on the ground on the way home.", as Mustangs were now ordered to fly in massive "fighter sweeps" well ahead of the American
2529:
was the first airborne ground-scanning radar system – enabling improved navigation to a target and bombing at night and through cloud if necessary. These could be used in conjunction with
2287:
brought the VVS to parity with the Luftwaffe, eventually allowing it to gain the upper hand over the Luftwaffe until in 1944, when many Luftwaffe pilots were deliberately avoiding combat.
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were too vulnerable to modern British fighters. The RAF had 650 fighters, with more coming out of the factories every day. Three main fighter types were involved in the battle—the German
564:, the civilian Assistant Secretary of War for Air, who argued, "While I don't go so far as to claim that air power alone will win the war, I do claim the war will not be won without it."
528:
2164:
The Royal Air Force also had at its disposal a complex and integrated network of reporting stations and operations control rooms incorporating the new innovation of radar. Known as the
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Thomas R. Searle, "'It Made a Lot of Sense to Kill Skilled Workers': The Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945" The Journal of Military History, Vol. 66, No. 1 (Jan., 2002), pp. 103–133
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The Chinese Air Force survived to fight with combat aircraft replenishments from 1937 to 1941 through treaty with the Soviets; here a Chinese Polikarpov I-16 fighter preserved at the
618:
The AAF provided extensive technical training, promoted officers and enlisted faster, provided comfortable barracks and good food, and was safe, with an American government-sponsored
2972:
1627:, as well as two cruisers and other ships, effectively driving the British fleet out of the Indian Ocean and paving the way for Japanese conquest of Burma and a drive towards India.
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The Germans were stunned senseless, with tanks overturned, telephone wires severed, commanders missing, and a third of their combat troops killed or wounded. The defence line broke;
2435:
Likewise, the Luftwaffe made the mistake of dividing up its air assets, and failed to gain control of the air or to cut Allied supplies. The RAF in North Africa, under Air Marshal
298:
reconnaissance-bomber was pioneered by the Luftwaffe, but the delayed period (1944–45) of their introduction – much of which was due to the lengthy development time for both the
5239:
2676:
C, used for bomber destroyer duties in 1942-3 as the American heavy bomber offensive got under way in August 1942, was dangerous because it could stand further off and fire its
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repaired the damage in a few weeks; he even managed to double aircraft production. Sensing the danger, Speer began dispersing production into numerous small, hidden factories.
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271:
The Luftwaffe lacked the bomber forces for strategic bombing, because it did not think such bombing was worthwhile, especially following the June 3, 1936, death of General
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carrying a single fighter still the main defence. The Luftwaffe's first major attack on the convoys began on 25 April 1942 when the 34-ship convoy PQJ6 was attacked.
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8773:
2815:
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The Luftwaffe used 1,300 medium bombers guarded by 900 fighters; they made 1,500 sorties a day from bases in France, Belgium, and Norway. The Germans realized their
922:
fighters easily riddled the clumsy Stukas as they were pulling out of dives. The race to build the fastest fighter became one of the central themes of World War II.
2722:
twin-engined fighters being decimated by the Mustangs whenever they appeared, direct attack against the bombers was carried out instead by the Luftwaffe's so-named
492:
had risen sharply with annual Soviet production peaking at 40,000 aircraft in 1944. Some 157,000 aircraft were produced, of which 126,000 were combat types for the
2830:, for example, was seriously wounded in July, 1944, when he dared to ride around France in the daytime. The commander of the elite 2nd Panzer Division fulminated:
2020:
German air-ground coordination was also evident in the 1940 German campaign in the Low Countries and France. The continental air defences were not well-organized.
876:
defensive formations by some 75–100 miles (120–160 km) to basically clear the skies, in the manner of a sizable "fighter sweep" air supremacy mission, of any
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1620:, February 19. A raid by a powerful Japanese Navy aircraft carrier force into the Indian Ocean resulted in the Battle of Ceylon and sinking of a British carrier,
8696:
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Luftwaffe aircraft closely supported the advance of the Army mechanized units, most notably with dive bombers, but also with light observation aircraft, such as
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launched against the massive heavy bomber formations in August 1940, and climaxing with the introduction of the most advanced fighter aircraft of the time: the
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based in the Philippines. The US sent too little too late, as the Japanese easily overwhelmed the American "Far Eastern Air Force" the day after Pearl Harbor.
514:
During the war the Soviets employed 7500 bombers to drop 30 million bombs on German targets, with a density that sometimes reached 100–150 tons/ sq kilometer.
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1554:
Japan did not have a separate air force. Its aviation units were integrated into the Army and Navy, which were not well coordinated with each other. Japanese
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Tami Davis Biddle, "British and American Approaches to Strategic Bombing: Their Origins and Implementation in the World War II Combined Bomber Offensive,"
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In early 1944, the Allies continued to bomb Germany, while carefully attacking targets in France that could interfere with the invasion, planned for June.
2381:
The Luftwaffe operated from bases in Norway against the convoys to the Soviet Union. Long-range reconnaissance aircraft, circling the convoys out of their
1447:, the CAF improvised, continuing to inflict casualties and losses against the Japanese raiders, culminating with the well-timed deployment of experimental
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411:
operated land-based fighters in defence of naval establishments and carrier-based aircraft. Later in the war the RAF's fighter force was divided into two
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Germany. The RAF expended about the same tonnage against Germany. US Navy and Marine bombs against Japan are not included, nor are the two atomic bombs.
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runways due to command failure to disperse them, and the rapid advance of the Wehrmacht ground troops, forcing the Soviet pilots on the defensive during
6587:
5041:
1213:
Hitler believed that new high-technology "secret weapons" would give Germany a strategic bombing capability and turn the war around. The first of 9,300
902:, each in their turn. This change in American fighter tactics began to have its most immediate effect with the loss of more and more of the Luftwaffe's
7708:
3073:
966:" in July, 1944, targeted a critical strip of 3,000 acres (1,214 ha) of German strength that held up the US breakthrough out of Normandy. General
6533:
2077:?", the RAF had been operating more effectively than other air defences in the field, meeting the German attacks before they reached the battlefield.
294:
Introduction of turbojet-powered combat aircraft, mostly with the Messerschmitt Me 262 twin-jet fighter, the Heinkel He 162 light jet fighter and the
9072:
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8395:
7066:
Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945 (HMSO, 1961), 4 vol. Important official British history
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Webster, Charles and Noble Frankland, The Strategic Air Offensive Against Germany, 1939–1945 (HMSO, 1961), 4 vol. Important official British history
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1890:. This ultimatum stated if Japan did not surrender, she would face "prompt and utter destruction". The Japanese government ignored this ultimatum (
1441:" IJA/IJN "joint-strike force" terror-bombing campaigns. Despite the general obsolescence of the Chinese fighter aircraft against the new Japanese
1335:
The Chinese Air Force was initially equipped with a mixed-bag of fighter and bomber aircraft at the beginning of the war in 1937 that included the
6714:
Libby, Justin. "The Search for a Negotiated Peace: Japanese Diplomats Attempt to Surrender Japan Prior to the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki."
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design competition competitors—did not have the numbers or bomb load to do major damage of the sort the RAF and USAAF inflicted on German cities.
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Aware of the need for engineering expertise, Arnold went outside the military and formed close liaisons with top engineers like rocket specialist
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destroyed its radio gear and killed many key officers, ruining the Germans' ability to coordinate a panzer counterattack against the beachheads.
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for retaliatory use should the Germans initiate the use of gas. Clouds of American mustard gas caused over 2,000 Allied and civilian casualties.
1252:, involving the first prolonged and massed-deployments of aircraft carriers in support of expeditionary forces, extensive close-air support and
365:
with communications centres to direct their fighter defences. Their medium bombers were capable of reaching the German industrial centre of the
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James S. Corum, "The Luftwaffe and Its Allied Air Forces in World War II: Parallel War and the Failure of Strategic and Economic Cooperation,"
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The air attacks on Japan had crippled her ability to wage war but the Japanese had not surrendered. On July 26, 1945, United States President
872:
in selecting the best available aircraft types for the task. The USAAF's Mustang squadrons were then tasked to fly well ahead of the bombers'
275:, the prime proponent of a strategic bomber force for the Luftwaffe. They did attempt some strategic bombing in the east with the problematic
9420:
9383:
9360:
8881:
7803:
7773:
7415:
1177:
had limited effect on Britain for a variety of reasons, but low payload was among them. Lacking a doctrine of strategic bombing, neither the
1002:
In North-West Europe, the Allies used the "taxi-rank" (or "Cab-rank") system for supporting the ground assault. Fighter-bombers, such as the
9135:
2727:
892:
860:
One of the most effective demonstrations of air supremacy by the Western Allies over Europe occurred in early 1944, when Lieutenant General
9513:
9369:
9353:
9325:
8573:
7780:
2672:
large-calibre air-to-air unguided rockets, but its slower speed made it easy prey for Thunderbolts and Mustangs. The big, slow twin-engine
1848:
in small numbers to accomplish such missions against U.S. Navy ships. Japan's industry was manufacturing 1,500 new planes a month in 1945.
780:
24 hours later. Often engineers had to repair and use a captured enemy airfield. The German fields were well-built all-weather operations.
2241:
1555:
10270:
9337:
9249:
9193:
9156:
8438:
4329:
3742:
1181:
or the Luftwaffe ever ordered any suitable quantities of an appropriate heavy bomber from the German aviation industry, having only the
9242:
7974:
7515:
2752:
2296:
2198:
1273:
5231:
3004:
after city, the repair system broke down. The bombing prevented the full mobilization of German economic potential. Planning minister
2573:
The use of developments such as these contributed greatly to the success of the air bombing strategy during the remainder of the war.
1676:
1092:
medium bombers achieved two hits, exploding her powder magazines and sinking her. Both the Fritz X and the unarmored, rocket-boosted
10748:
9376:
7766:
7724:
4236:
at Chiung-Shan on Hainan island... shooting down the lead Zero in a flight of three... the flight leader or perhaps the instructor...
3056:
2926:,) and other advanced technologies of air warfare, to little strategic effect. Captured examples of these weapons, and especially of
2852:
said the cooperation of XIX TAC Air Force was "the best example of the combined use of air and ground troops that I ever witnessed."
1865:
1714:
forgotten, worry about themselves, are afraid of new assignments, have no sense of responsibility, and are hopeless about the future.
5330:
D'Ann Campbell, "Women in Combat: The World War Two Experience in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and the Soviet Union,"
306:
jet engine designs—as well as the failure to produce usable examples of their two long-developed higher-power aviation engines, the
10597:
8416:
8190:
7953:
7819:
7630:
6346:
Baumann, Ansbert. "Evakuierung des Wissens. Die Verlagerung luftkriegsrelevanter Forschungsinstitute nach Oberschwaben 1943–1945."
3013:
erupted. Overy estimated in 2014 that in all about 353,000 civilians were killed by British and American bombing of German cities.
2603:, in December 1943. Only 30 out of 100 bombers got through, but one hit an ammunition ship which was secretly carrying a stock of
2270:
ground assault aircraft—the single most-produced military aircraft design of all time with some 36,183 examples produced, and the
2172:, the commander of RAF Fighter Command during the battle and the man who ordered its implementation), it was the first integrated
869:
9492:
9289:
8326:
7826:
7738:
7674:
4182:
3088:
172:, with "pickle barrel" accuracy. Japanese aviation pioneers felt that they had developed the finest naval aviators in the world.
65:
7175:
7123:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5
5150:
Germany and the Second World War: Volume VII: The Strategic Air War in Europe and the War in the West and East Asia, 1943–1944/5
4764:
2803:
2279:
Patriotic War. The Yak-1 was a modern 1940 design and had more room for development, unlike the relatively mature design of the
2157:
2108:
1831:
spotted instead of waiting to get at the big carriers. Task Force 58 analyzed the Japanese technique at Okinawa in April, 1945:
9695:
9207:
8057:
7595:
3128:
Jet engines ran on cheap kerosene, and rockets used plain alcohol; the railroad system used coal, which was in abundant supply.
735:
385:
7001:
2651:
2544:
to blind German radar, giving the RAF striking capability far in excess of that which the Luftwaffe had been able to achieve.
1276:, as well as overseas-Chinese volunteer aviators into the nominally Nationalist Air Force of China, and coordinating with the
10291:
10196:
9723:
9469:
9344:
8430:
8404:
8261:
7967:
7884:
6970:
6953:
6691:
6046:
5528:
3585:
3430:
3093:
357:
The British had their own very well-developed theory of strategic bombing, and built the long-range bombers to implement it.
191:
720:
insisted on returning to combat after a year. Both Gibson's successors at 617 Squadron were ordered off "ops" permanently –
10524:
9931:
9817:
8982:
8449:
8445:
8423:
8027:
978:
in a slit trench and threw his body sixty feet and mangled it beyond recognition except for the three stars on his collar."
818:
5629:
10439:
9903:
9235:
9221:
8434:
7511:
7130:
6464:
5860:
German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945
5715:
A Summer Bright and Terrible: Winston Churchill, Lord Dowding, Radar, and the Impossible Triumph of the Battle of Britain
4839:
German Combat Planes: A Comprehensive Survey and History of the Development of German Military Aircraft from 1914 to 1945
641:, and the 8th Air Force bomber raids faced less and less Luftwaffe defensive fighter opposition for the rest of the war.
473:
6389:
5944:
Kipp, Jacob W. "Barbarossa, Soviet covering forces and the initial period of war: Military history and AirLand battle."
4088:
2664:
heavy fighters meant for such tasks, the Germans had to confront the more numerous American fighters. The heavily armed
10648:
10517:
10395:
9973:
9688:
9639:
9397:
8952:
8204:
8043:
7891:
7745:
7564:
7532:
5979:
Bhuvasorakul, Jessica Leigh. "Unit Cohesion Among the Three Soviet Women's Air Regiments During World War II." (2004).
5917:
Bhuvasorakul, Jessica Leigh. "Unit Cohesion Among the Three Soviet Women's Air Regiments During World War II." (2004).
3715:
2993:
2643:
Bf 110 built to shoot down heavy Allied bombers by day, but mostly achieved success as a repurposed night fighter with
2566:
and a specialist squadron to deliver it, a number of critical German infrastructure assets were destroyed, such as the
2208:
1421:
to the Japanese, the wartime capital of China had been pushed back to Chongqing, where an all-air war campaign against
1286:
1282:
1101:
877:
161:
10879:
10764:
9646:
9618:
9435:
9017:
8736:
8703:
7408:
6871:
6798:
Childers, Thomas. "'Facilis descensus averni est': The Allied Bombing of Germany and the Issue of German Suffering,"
5364:
5218:
4938:
4914:
3364:
3323:
3176:
2751:
were receiving due to the sophistication and superiority of the Red Air Force. In one strategic operation alone, the
2639:
2090:
864:, who took command of the US 8th Air Force in January 1944, only a few months later "released" the building force of
798:
674:
511:
during the war than any other military aircraft design in aviation history, with just over 36,000 examples produced.
452:
77:
7919:
4865:
1673:, but had difficulty keeping it supplied. American naval and Marine aviation made Rabaul a frequent bombing target.
673:
enemy with a preponderance of firepower. There was a specific campaign, within the overall strategic offensive, for
10801:
9959:
9896:
9031:
8867:
7990:
7232:
5800:(1948, reprint 1969), excellent official history; reprint has introduction by H. A. Probert, who was not the author
4567:
489:
8544:
3688:
10325:
10166:
10155:
9991:
9750:
9709:
9602:
9540:
8927:
8197:
8066:
8034:
7453:
6928:
Clodfelter, Mark. "Aiming to Break Will: America's World War II Bombing of German Morale and its Ramifications,"
6230:
Bonnett, John. "Jekyll and Hyde: Henry L. Stimson, Mentalite, and the Decision to Use the Atomic Bomb on Japan."
5400:
2103:, the planned German invasion of Britain. The Luftwaffe's primary task was intended to be the destruction of the
1764:
1372:
705:
657:
619:
19:
8714:
8282:
6520:
Mixon, Franklin G. "Estimating Learning Curves in Economics: Evidence from Aerial Combat over the Third Reich."
4523:
Mark Parillo, "The Pacific War: An Interpretation," in Richard Jensen, Jon Davidann, and Yoneyuki Sugita, eds.
4350:
event, by Stephen R. MacKinnon, history professor at Arizona State University and author of the book Wuhan 1938.
446:
Increasingly heavy losses during the latter part of 1943 due to the reorganized Luftwaffe night fighter system (
10711:
10683:
10561:
10354:
9591:
9042:
8968:
8764:
8135:
7854:
7759:
7644:
7499:
6119:
2122:
1514:
1074:
846:
337:
31:
6597:
5608:
884:
single-seat fighter wings. This important change of strategy also coincidentally doomed both the twin-engined
10771:
10704:
10655:
10586:
10411:
9917:
9868:
9632:
9625:
9228:
8989:
8780:
7833:
7552:
7326:
Searle, Thomas R. "'It Made a Lot of Sense to Kill Skilled Workers': The Firebombing of Tokyo in March 1945"
5038:
4013:
2796:
2473:
patrol boats (4,000 tons), and 22 merchant ships (139,216 tons). Nevertheless, most convoys did get through.
2031:
on 10 May 1940. The first large-scale air attack with paratroops in history subsequently occurred during the
1681:
938:
523:
6474:
4790:
4669:
U.S. naval weapons: every gun, missile, mine, and torpedo used by the U.S. Navy from 1883 to the present day
1597:
342:
10845:
10741:
10116:
10077:
8996:
8831:
8816:
8743:
8722:
8540:
8218:
8004:
7997:
7981:
7692:
7651:
7623:
7489:
7401:
7126:
6852:
Lammers, Stephen E. "William Temple and the bombing of Germany: an Exploration in the Just War Tradition."
6767:
6263:* Huston, John W. "The Wartime Leadership of 'Hap' Arnold." In Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart, eds.
3035:
2947:
2763:
Air Armys and the Black Sea Fleet Naval Aviation aircraft achieved a 3.3 to 1 superiority in aircraft over
2694:
2366:
572:
468:
420:
412:
265:
7278:(1984) (based on v. 64a, 77, and 113 of the U.S. Strategic Bombing reports on oil and chemical industry.)
1844:
proportion of hits was much higher than in ordinary bombing, and would eventually see the introduction of
1779:
burned out 8.1 square miles, including 135,000 houses; 4,000 died. The Japanese local officials reported:
1767:
were burned out by 473 B-29s; Japanese opposition was fierce, as 11 B-29s went down and 176 were damaged.
10808:
10132:
10084:
9702:
9674:
9527:
9142:
9121:
8642:
8305:
8211:
7468:
7443:
6765:
VanderMuelen, Jacob. "Planning for V-J Day by the U.S. Army Air Forces and the Atomic Bomb Controversy."
4215:
2625:
1269:
865:
165:
6655:
Bernstein, Barton. "Eclipsed by Hiroshima and Nagasaki: Early Thinking About Tactical Nuclear Weapons,"
5896:"The Rise and Fall of the Imperial Japanese Air Forces," in Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart, eds.
5482:
2333:, a flight commander in the women's 46th Taman Guards Night Bomber Aviation Regiment, also known as the
638:
10606:
10102:
10021:
9966:
9854:
9810:
9460:
9086:
9010:
8912:
8789:
8661:
8654:
8614:
8587:
8319:
8252:
7847:
7658:
7588:
5965:
Whiting, Kenneth R. "Soviet Air Power in World War II," in Alfred F. Hurley and Robert C. Erhart, eds.
4273:
Michael Schaller, "American Air Strategy in China, 1939–1941: The Origins of Clandestine Air Warfare,"
1980:
1967:
integrated air defence system had not emerged; most militaries had a conflict between the advocates of
1521:
fighter-attack planes, racking up a strong record against the Japanese Army Air Force operating in the
1062:
996:
693:
384:
The RAF underwent rapid expansion following the outbreak of war against Germany in 1939. This included
237:
technology except for their usable UHF and later VHF band airborne intercept radar designs such as the
2698:
of this late stage in the war never had a chance against more numerous, better trained Allied pilots.
2420:
The Anglo-American invasion of Vichy French controlled north-west Africa was under command of General
2126:
A formation of Heinkel He 111 medium bombers, the most numerous German bomber of the Battle of Britain
1029:
10508:
10425:
10210:
10070:
10042:
9875:
9780:
9570:
9003:
8077:
7731:
7341:
3099:
3043:
1739:
1531:
1522:
1125:
837:
Tactical air doctrine stated that the primary mission was to turn tactical superiority into complete
661:
416:
23:
8275:
3909:
2988:
1959:, where it was used to provide close air support for infantry units. The success of the Luftwaffe's
930:
operations against ground targets.) A large fraction of tactical air power focused on this mission.
868:
from their intended mission to closely escort the 8th Air Force's heavy bombers, after getting help
10247:
10224:
9476:
9277:
9270:
8934:
8594:
8566:
8559:
7946:
7458:
7297:
The Collapse of the German War Economy, 1944–1945: Allied Air Power and the German National Railway
7076:
Werrell, Kenneth P. "The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments,"
5664:
Werrell, Kenneth P. "The Strategic Bombing of Germany in World War II: Costs and Accomplishments,"
4951:
Hill, Alexander (2007). "British Lend Lease Aid and the Soviet War Effort, June 1941 – June 1942".
3068:
2780:
2768:
2588:
2312:
1730:
the Japanese Army simply moved overland and captured them. The Marianas (especially the islands of
1644:
defense. Instead, they decided on additional attacks in both the south and central Pacific. In the
1190:
1097:
759:
608:
533:
8291:
8268:
2341:
As with many Allied countries in World War II, the Soviet Union received Western aircraft through
2307:
and the Black Sea Fleet Naval Aviation aircraft achieved a 3.3:1 superiority in aircraft over the
2202:
464:
10669:
10613:
10483:
10343:
10028:
9681:
9577:
9483:
9051:
8919:
8889:
8853:
8838:
8710:
8602:
8580:
8526:
8512:
8494:
8158:
7939:
7667:
7616:
7506:
7484:
7448:
7171:
Bombing the European Axis Powers: A Historical Digest of the Combined Bomber Offensive, 1939–1945
5651:
2897:
2400:
2382:
2304:
1968:
1645:
1329:
1314:
1223:
1169:
842:
789:
272:
6983:
Koch, H. W. "The Strategic Air Offensive against Germany: the Early Phase, May–September 1940."
6239:
5729:
4689:
4630:
3422:
3315:
3306:
3016:
2747:
biplane of 1920s design, took part. However, this was but a small measure of the experience the
1577:
Japanese naval air power proved unexpectedly powerful, sinking the American battleship fleet at
10361:
10254:
10056:
10007:
9910:
9803:
9773:
9556:
9444:
9170:
8961:
8552:
8533:
8503:
8050:
8020:
6876:
Schaffer, Ronald. "American Military Ethics in World War II: The Bombing of German Civilians,"
6856:
19 (Spring 1991): 71–93. Explains how the Archbishop of Canterbury justified strategic bombing.
6822:
Davis, Richard G. "Operation 'Thunderclap': The US Army Air Forces and the Bombing of Berlin."
5930:
Hardesty, Von. "Out of the Blue: The Forgotten Story of the Soviet Air Force in World War II."
5356:
3083:
2881:
2784:
2541:
2229:
1927:. Both cities were destroyed with enormous loss of life and psychological shock. On August 15,
1754:
1613:
1578:
1460:
1395:
bombers by 1938. Fighting capacity was greatly bolstered with support from the aviators of the
1336:
545:
372:
133:
89:
6529:
Airpower and Ground Armies: Essays on the Evolution of Anglo-American Air Doctrine, 1940–1943,
5760:
5335:
1621:
1100:
following Italy's capitulation to the Allies earlier in September 1943. Both weapons used the
10852:
10575:
10418:
10314:
10284:
10240:
9980:
9945:
9938:
9861:
9759:
9200:
9177:
9024:
8635:
8172:
7912:
7898:
7581:
7494:
7438:
7157:
The Bombers: The Illustrated Story of Offensive Strategy and Tactics in the Twentieth Century
6036:
4304:
3750:
3551:
Airpower and Ground Armies: Essays on the Evolution of Anglo-American Air Doctrine, 1940–1943
2680:
armament into the tight B-17 formations, sometimes with the specialized Ju 88P heavy-calibre
2562:" to attack huge structures thought to be invulnerable to conventional bombing. Creating the
2548:
1975:
for defence, not recognizing that they could be complementary, when under a common system of
1318:
1302:
1132:
squadrons, one in each theatre, having some limited success with the device. The U.S. Navy's
701:
633:. Neither had paid much attention to aviation before the war. However the air power advocate
553:
61:
8470:
7017:
McFarland, Stephen L. "The Evolution of the American Strategic Fighter in Europe, 1942–44,"
5348:
3460:
Hap: The Story of the U.S. Air Force and the Man Who Built It, General Henry H. "Hap" Arnold
1487:", a nominally Chinese Air Force unit composed almost entirely of Americans, led by General
427:
In order to attack German industry by night the RAF developed navigational aids, tactics to
10676:
10531:
10182:
10139:
10109:
10035:
9845:
9824:
8750:
8227:
7905:
2873:
2807:
2665:
2517:, RAF Bomber Command developed a variety of devices to enable precision strategic bombing.
2421:
2370:
2354:
2280:
2257:
2252:
2213:
2147:
2139:
2032:
1664:
1527:
1518:
1488:
1422:
1408:
915:
739:
630:
537:
497:
350:
250:
196:
5078:, vol. 2. Europe: Torch to Pointblank, pp. 205–6 – via Hyperwar Foundation
4791:"Statistieken 1939–1945 / Statistics 1939–1945 « Studiegroep Luchtoorlog 1939 – 1945"
3771:
Edward L. Homze, "The Luftwaffe's Failure to Develop a Heavy Bomber before World War II,"
1324:
8:
10794:
10568:
10446:
10402:
9924:
9058:
8824:
8351:
8181:
8165:
8114:
7424:
7309:
Ralph, William W. "Improvised Destruction: Arnold, LeMay, and the Firebombing of Japan,"
6721:
Miles, Rufus E. Jr. "Hiroshima: The Strange Myth of a Half Million American Lives Saved"
4596:
William W. Ralph, "Improvised Destruction: Arnold, LeMay, and the Firebombing of Japan,"
3666:
2927:
2844:
2776:
2772:
2537:
2514:
2350:
2346:
2320:
2316:
2185:
1976:
1883:
1452:
1344:
1277:
845:(called "ack-ack" by the British, "flak" by the Germans, and "Archie" by the World War I
604:
549:
404:
396:
105:
5876:
Overy R. J. "The German Pre-War Aircraft Production Plans: November 1936 – April 1939,"
4118:
4038:
3988:
3960:
3935:
2710:
effort, clearing the skies well ahead of the bombers of any presence of the Luftwaffe's
1558:
produced 76,000 warplanes, of which 30,000 were fighters and 15,000 were light bombers.
685:
403:(formed 1936) which operated the bombers that would be offensive against the enemy, and
10787:
10620:
10545:
10499:
10469:
10377:
10217:
9882:
9766:
9660:
9611:
9549:
9305:
9256:
9065:
8689:
8344:
8142:
7314:
6594:
Air Power versus U-boats: Confronting Hitler's Submarine Menace in the European theatre
4976:
4968:
4163:
3415:
2644:
2567:
2358:
2224:
2181:
2173:
2100:
1992:
1935:
1924:
1897:
1887:
1845:
1724:
1265:
1228:
1178:
785:
568:
400:
238:
117:
109:
6140:
Blacks in the Army Air Forces during World War II : The Problem of Race Relations
5720:
Hamlin, John F. "No 'Safe Haven': Military Aviation in the Channel Islands 1939–1945"
3287:
Tami Davis Biddle, "Bombing By The Square Yard: Sir Arthur Harris At War, 1942–1945,"
2073:, and soldiers awaiting evacuation, while under attack, bitterly asked "Where was the
1886:, which outlined the terms of surrender for the Empire of Japan as agreed upon at the
1231:". The attacks were futile, and the diversion represented a major success for Hitler.
607:
at Caltech. Arnold was given seats on the US Joint Chiefs of Staff and the US-British
10778:
10662:
10552:
10492:
10453:
10386:
10368:
10334:
10277:
10231:
10175:
10000:
9738:
9730:
9667:
9520:
9114:
8646:
8107:
8086:
7796:
7463:
7262:
7193:
6966:
6949:
6786:
6687:
6623:
6548:
6365:
6291:
6235:
6102:
6099:
Masters of the Air: America's Bomber Boys Who Fought the Air War Against Nazi Germany
6042:
5838:
5725:
5562:
5524:
5360:
5349:
5214:
4980:
4934:
4910:
4768:
4685:
4680:
David C. Earhart, "All Ready to Die: Kamikazefication and Japan's Wartime Ideology."
4626:
4155:
3667:"Air Poewer Australia – The Dawn of The Smart Bomb – Ruhrstahl AG SD-1400X "Fritz-X""
3581:
3426:
3360:
3319:
3078:
3042:, a series of firebombing raids, launched with the first attack by some 334 American
2917:
2912:
2690:
2669:
2583:
2563:
2553:
2522:
2464:
German air reconnaissance against North Atlantic and Russian convoys increased, with
2291:
2237:
2086:
2070:
2040:
1956:
1939:
1875:
1827:
1772:
1617:
1602:
1571:
1298:
1294:
1214:
983:
959:
911:
830:
700:
While the Japanese began the war with a superb set of naval aviators, trained at the
654:
626:
440:
288:
222:
157:
92:
7387:
6998:
6861:
The Holocaust and Strategic Bombing: Genocide and Total War in the Twentieth Century
5688:
Ideas, Concepts, Doctrines: Basic Thinking in the United States Air Force, 1907–1960
5020:, "Kriegsmarine and Luftwaffe Co-operation in the War against Britain, 1939–1945."
3834:
2771:, allowing almost complete freedom from air harassment for the ground troops of the
2315:, allowing almost complete freedom from air harassment for the ground troops of the
2180:
At first the Germans focused on RAF airfields and radar stations. However, when the
1189:
available for such duties, a design plagued with many technical problems, including
218:
10697:
10690:
10634:
10298:
10063:
10049:
9952:
9889:
9840:
9653:
9506:
9453:
9263:
9214:
9128:
8358:
8335:
7868:
6650:
Code-Name Downfall: The Secret Plan to Invade Japan-And Why Truman Dropped the Bomb
6604:
Archie, Flak, AAA, and SAM: A Short Operational History of Ground-Based Air defence
5803:
Fritzsche, Peter. "Machine Dreams: Airmindedness and the Reinvention of Germany."
4960:
4713:
4568:"THE WAR: Firebombing (Germany & Japan) (13–15 February & 9–10 March 1945)"
4247:
3050:
2783:, who scored 62 victories from 6 July 1943 to 16 April 1945, the top score for any
2600:
2530:
2518:
2425:
2415:
2394:
2362:
2143:
2114:
1972:
1928:
1905:
1816:
1768:
1693:
1692:. The Americans made an amphibious landing in August 1942 to seize it, sent in the
1652:
1380:
1310:
1253:
975:
951:
919:
899:
743:
728:
721:
561:
501:
432:
389:
346:
307:
303:
280:
169:
129:
85:
27:
7877:
6584:
Air Power for Patton's Army: The 19th Tactical Air Command in the Second World War
5017:
2484:
906:
fighter pilot personnel and fewer bomber losses to the Luftwaffe as 1944 wore on.
10720:
10432:
10347:
10305:
10203:
10146:
10014:
9796:
9787:
9316:
8898:
8874:
8128:
7005:
6961:
6944:
6771:
16 (June 1993), 227–39. AAF did not expect quick surrender; bomb was military use
6681:
5871:
War from the Top: German and British Military Decision Making During World War II
5404:
5045:
4872:
4754:
Dr L. de Jong, 'Het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden in de Tweede Wereldoorlog' (Dutch)
3406:
3039:
3028:
2892:
2811:
2740:
2559:
2411:
2152:
2107:(RAF). The warplanes on both sides were comparable. Germany had more planes, but
2104:
2074:
2036:
2009:
1963:
1879:
1871:
1384:
1376:
1306:
1258:
1093:
1061:
Both the Luftwaffe and USAAF pioneered the use of what would come to be known as
1024:
963:
861:
634:
589:
585:
576:
407:
which was to protect Allied shipping and attack enemy shipping. The Royal Navy's
311:
113:
73:
10832:
6774:
Walker, J. Samuel. "The Decision to Drop the Bomb: A Historiographical Update,"
6406:
The Rocket and the Reich: Peenemünde and the Coming of the Ballistic Missile Era
5443:
Beneficial Bombing: The Progressive Foundations of American Air Power, 1917–1945
1771:, where one-sixth of the Empire's munitions were made, was hit by 1,733 tons of
1459:
fighter as the Imperial Japanese war machine expanded into the Pacific with the
1007:
were effective against the supply-carrying trucks used to support German tanks.
504:
resulted in the Soviet military aviation industry creating more examples of the
10727:
10263:
10189:
8241:
8100:
6394:
Neufeld, Michael J. "Hitler, the V-2, and the Battle for Priority, 1939–1943."
6313:
Atomic Tragedy: Henry L. Stimson and the Decision to Use the Bomb Against Japan
5514:
The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War: An International Comparison
3119:
The British and American jets were in the development stage when the war ended.
2951:
2907:
2493:
2271:
2165:
2135:
1920:
1908:
1631:
1586:
1448:
1368:
1360:
1182:
1162:
1154:
1129:
1089:
1065:
during World War II. The Luftwaffe was the first to use such weapons with the
1003:
826:
724:
717:
593:
377:
324:
320:
276:
254:
208:
125:
96:
42:
7071:
Courage and air warfare: the Allied aircrew experience in the Second World War
6845:
Hopkins, George F. "Bombing and the American Conscience During World War II,"
6783:
Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs Against Japan
4714:"Proclamation Defining Terms for Japanese Surrender issued at Potsdam Germany"
4460:
Barrier and the Javelin: Japanese and Allied Strategies, February to June 1942
1807:
731:(DSO & 3 Bars) after 101 – reflecting the strain of prolonged operations.
168:
bomber could reach targets, protected by its own weapons, and bomb, using the
34:. The B-29 was the largest aircraft to have a significant operational role in
10868:
10538:
8463:
8312:
8151:
7547:
6836:
6819:
Strategic Bombing of Urban Areas," Historian 50 (Nov 1987) 14–39, defends AAF
6306:
Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War
4575:
4403:
Koichi Shimada, "Japanese Naval Air Operations in the Philippines Invasion,"
4374:
Daniel F. Harrington, "A Careless Hope: American Air Power and Japan, 1941,"
4159:
4096:
3473:
Commander in Chief: Franklin Delano Roosevelt, His Lieutenants, and Their War
2849:
2760:
2707:
2673:
2453:
2436:
2429:
2374:
2334:
2330:
2264:
2024:
2001:
1759:
1538:, but the distances and the logistics made an effective campaign impossible.
1484:
1466:
1443:
1426:
1396:
1301:
were lost by the end of 1937, new frontlines were quickly being drawn at the
1195:
1150:
926:
888:
838:
505:
477:
428:
408:
246:
230:
200:
149:
116:
over the battlefields, thereby giving vital assistance to ground troops. The
100:
4447:
Empires in the Balance: Japanese and Allied Pacific Strategies to April 1942
3719:
2337:, flew 1,008 sorties in the war, more than any other member of the regiment.
1738:), captured in June 1944, gave a close, secure base for the very-long-range
1478:
fighter's debut aerial-combat engagement on 13 September 1940 over Chongqing
1096:
guided glide bomb were used successfully against Allied shipping during the
310:
multibank 24-cylinder piston engine of some 2,500 hp, and the advanced
10837:
10641:
8941:
8846:
8477:
7840:
7604:
6272:
American Airpower Comes of Age: Gen Henry H. Arnold's World War II Diaries,
5866:
5198:
To Command the Sky: The Battle for Air Superiority Over Germany, 1942–1944
5176:
To Command the Sky: The Battle for Air Superiority Over Germany, 1942–1944
4525:
Trans-Pacific Relations: America, Europe, and Asia in the Twentieth Century
4416:
Paolo E. Coletta, "Launching the Doolittle Raid on Japan, April 18, 1942,"
3859:
3046:
3009:
immobilized. About 25,000 civilians died in Dresden on Feb. 13–14, where a
3005:
2827:
2764:
2756:
2633:
2308:
2300:
2169:
2118:
Hawker Hurricane, workhorse of the British defence in the Battle of Britain
1931:
1812:
1743:
1535:
1392:
1352:
1348:
967:
637:
succeeded Eaker as 8th Air Force commander at the start of 1944. Doolittle
597:
295:
258:
242:
226:
69:
35:
6508:
To Command the Sky: The Battle for Air Superiority over Germany, 1942–1944
6190:
We Shall Return! MacArthur's Commanders and the Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945
5784:
The Narrow Margin: The Battle of Britain and the Rise of Air Power 1930–40
5071:
4964:
2240:
had just been purged of most of its top officers and was unready. By 1945
1402:
764:
10476:
10462:
10124:
8800:
8621:
8606:
7960:
6831:
Ethics and Airpower in World War II: The British Bombing of German Cities
6762:(1994), excellent military history of the greatest non-battle of all time
6461:
Preemptive defence: Allied Air Power Versus Hitler's V-Weapons, 1943–1945
5625:
5604:
5594:
The Most Dangerous Enemy: The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain
4330:"That Time US Firebombed a Japanese-Occupied Chinese City Killing 20,000"
3410:
2668:
could kill a bomber, particularly those armed with a quartet each of the
2604:
2526:
2326:
2218:
2131:
2028:
1960:
1689:
1567:
1566:
Washington tried to deter Japanese entry into the war by threatening the
1364:
1249:
1173:
1146:
1133:
1046:
1041:
689:
664:
when Eisenhower was in charge of Allied operations in the Mediterranean.
557:
153:
145:
81:
53:
39:
7239:
Bombing 1939–45: The Air Offensive Against Land Targets in World War Two
6945:
The quest Haywood Hansell and American strategic bombing in World War II
5521:
OSPREY AIRCRAFT OF THE ACES 126: Aces of the Republic of China Air Force
5232:"Aviation History: Interview with World War II Soviet Ace Ivan Kozhedub"
4972:
4167:
4143:
4063:
3602:
Air Power at the Battlefront: Allied Close Air Support in Europe 1943–45
763:
RAF construction workers finishing the construction of an airfield near
291:, which housed 43 new B-17 bombers and a million tons of aviation fuel.
9831:
9584:
9563:
8456:
7789:
7717:
7331:
6881:
6810:
Bombs, Cities and Civilians: American Airpower Strategy in World War II
6803:
6753:
6743:
6733:
6660:
6399:
5893:
5580:
5145:
4421:
4278:
3692:
2980:
US Air Force photographs the destruction in central Berlin in July 1945
2935:
2902:
2869:
2703:
2677:
2342:
1901:
1388:
1356:
1199:
high-speed mediums, and their intended heavier warload successors, the
1070:
1053:
943:
873:
822:
714:
392:
to put Canadian squadrons together in a nationally identifiable unit).
253:
jet fighter did not enter service until July 1944, and the lightweight
121:
7393:
5881:
5767:
A Time for Courage: The Royal Air Force in the European War, 1939–1945
5659:
The Mediterranean Air War: Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II
5397:
5058:
The Mediterranean Air War: Airpower and Allied Victory in World War II
5035:
The Army Air Forces in World War II: v. 2. Europe: Torch to Pointblank
4497:
For the Japanese perspective see Jonathan Parshall and Anthony Tully,
1546:
856:
P-51 Mustangs of the 375th Fighter Squadron, Eighth Air Force mid-1944
801:
through 1945, as well as elsewhere in the world during the war years.
10094:
9499:
9296:
9107:
8905:
8860:
6515:
Broken Wings of the Samurai: the Destruction of the Japanese Airforce
6481:
Strike From the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1911–1945
4825:
Most Dangerous Enemy: The Definitive History of the Battle of Britain
3547:
Strike From the Sky: The History of Battlefield Air Attack, 1911–1945
3010:
2591:, but was outgunned ten to one, and then lost the vital airfields at
2094:
1912:
1896:, "kill by silence"), and vowed to continue resisting an anticipated
1892:
1776:
581:
447:
395:
The RAF had three major combat commands based in the United Kingdom:
213:
186:
8381:
7290:
The Schweinfurt-Regensburg Mission: American Raids on 17 August 1943
7164:
A Guide to the Reports of the United States Strategic Bombing Survey
7081:
7031:
Overy. Richard. "The Means to Victory: Bombs and Bombing" in Overy,
6988:
6909:
Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations
6674:
Japan Subdued: The Atomic Bomb and the End of the War in the Pacific
6501:
The First Team: Pacific Naval Air Combat From Pearl Harbor to Midway
5669:
4738:
James S. Corum, "The Luftwaffe's Army Support Doctrine, 1918–1941,"
4610:
4379:
2373:
in early 1943 but immediately experienced unrelenting losses due to
1997:
1846:
a purpose-built, air-launched rocket-powered suicide aircraft design
1528:
American strategic bombing of Japan from Chinese bases began in 1944
1517:
using the heavy-firepower and high-speed diving of the well-armored
1248:
The airwar over China were the largest air battles fought since the
1112:
transmitter in a deploying aircraft, with the corresponding FuG 230
958:
The third and lowest priority (from the AAF viewpoint) mission was "
144:
Before 1939, all sides operated under largely theoretical models of
8365:
8093:
7362:
7351:
6419:
6362:
A Radar History of World War II: Technical and Military Imperatives
6340:
2931:
2629:
2465:
2275:
1798:
1493:
1201:
1158:
947:
2533:
bombers to guarantee accurate strikes on targets in all weathers.
1217:
flying bombs hit London in mid-June 1944, and together with 1,300
7542:
6014:
Services Around the World (including medical, engineering, WAC)
2886:
2385:
range, guided in attack aircraft, submarines, and surface ships.
1916:
1506:
1498:
1066:
1034:
1020:
299:
284:
6870:(2014) covers strategic bombing by and upon all major countries
6868:
The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945
6524:
46 (Fall 1993) 411–19. Germans learned faster (if they survived)
6078:
B-17s Over Berlin: Personal Stories from the 95th Bomb Group (H)
5994:
Flying Tigers: Claire Chennault and the American Volunteer Group
5456:
The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945
3749:. National Institute of Standards and Technology. Archived from
2930:, contributed to Allied and Soviet military technologies of the
1635:
defence perimeter, and they focused on Midway as the next base.
1321:, among very many other engagements through 1938 and into 1939.
8975:
7573:
7388:"The Pacific War Online Encyclopedia" compiled by Kent G. Budge
2592:
1784:
factories, and the attendance fluctuated as much as 50 percent.
1735:
1731:
1670:
1085:
1010:
481:
152:
in the 1920s summarised the faith that airmen during and after
46:
7259:
B-17 Flying Fortress: The Symbol of Second World War Air Power
7026:"Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945
6327:"Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945
6133:
Tail-End Charlies: The Last Battles of the Bomber War, 1944–45
5743:"Bomber" Harris and the Strategic Bombing Offensive, 1939–1945
4765:"Airwar Statistics « Studiegroep Luchtoorlog 1939 – 1945"
3884:
2941:
2513:
Building on their lead in radar and their experience with the
1752:
was hit repeatedly and first suffered a serious blow with the
1425:
between the CAF and the IJAAF/IJNAF would rage for years in a
776:
location, started blasting away, and were ready for the first
9163:
7208:
The Night Tokyo Burned: The Incendiary Campaign against Japan
6243:
6183:
General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of the Pacific War
6057:
The Flyer: British Culture and the Royal Air Force, 1939–1945
5812:
The First and the Last: German Fighter Forces in World War II
4434:
The Doolittle Raid 1942: America's first strike back at Japan
2284:
1749:
1502:
1418:
1414:
650:
362:
234:
221:, it was able to learn and test new combat techniques in the
80:
that were closely integrated with land and naval forces; the
5634:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
5613:
Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported License
2655:
An Fw 190A arming-up with a BR 21 unguided rocket projectile
1859:
1375:
of 1937, and transitioning almost entirely into Soviet-made
625:
The Army's major theatre commands were given to infantrymen
376:
Aviation goggles and flying helmet used by famous RAF pilot
264:
When the Luftwaffe's fuel supply ran dry in 1944 due to the
2693:
A-8 that replaced the twin-engined "destroyers". Germany's
2489:
2469:
2260:, while being confronted with more modern German aircraft.
1120:
1016:
777:
366:
7040:
The Rise of American Air Power: The Creation of Armageddon
6683:
Five Days in August: How World War II Became a Nuclear War
6561:
Okumiya, Masatake and Jiro Horikoshi, with Martin Caidin,
6471:
D Day 1944: Air Power Over the Normandy Beaches and Beyond
5211:
The Soviet Air Force in World War II: The Official History
4931:
The Soviet Air Force in World War II: The Official History
3405:
2599:
After that the Luftwaffe had only one success in Italy, a
1955:
The Luftwaffe gained significant combat experience in the
7094:
6840:
Valley of Darkness: The Japanese People and World War Two
6665:
Bernstein, Barton F. "The Atomic Bombings Reconsidered."
4727:
Blitzkrieg Unleashed: The German Invasion of Poland, 1939
4499:
Shattered Sword: The Untold Story of the Battle of Midway
3910:"World War 2 Flying Ace Arthur Chin's Amazing True Story"
3337:
3335:
2922:
1669:
The Japanese had built a major air base on the island of
1264:
As the War of Resistance-World War II broke out with the
1218:
788:'s own "construction battalions", collectively named the
639:
instituted a critical change in strategic fighter tactics
88:
and were late in appreciating the need to defend against
4987:
4183:"Japan's World War II Zero Fighter Terrified the Allies"
3743:"Students Help Renovate a Part of WWII-and NIST-History"
3641:
The Other Side of Time: A Combat Surgeon in World War II
2015:
852:
552:
became the Army Air Forces in late June 1941, President
431:, tactics directly against German night-fighter forces,
7283:
The War machine: German weapons and manpower, 1939–1945
7215:
Fire and Fury: The Allied Bombing of Germany, 1942–1945
7125:(Oxford UP, 2006), 928pp official German history vol 7
6642:
5905:
The Divine Wind: Japan's Kamikaze Force in World War II
5125:
Poisonous inferno: World War II tragedy at Bari Harbour
4643:
The Divine Wind: Japan's Kamikaze Force in World War II
1403:
Air war stalemate at the national fortress of Chongqing
1119:
The United States Army Air Forces had come up with the
1057:
Rear view of an Azon MCLOS-guided bomb, showing details
8235:
Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany
7088:
Death From the Heavens: A History of Strategic Bombing
6935:
Davis, Richard G. "Bombing Strategy Shifts, 1944–45,"
6085:
Medical Support of the Army Air Forces in World War II
5960:
Soviet Air Force in World War II: The Official History
5757:
Royal Air Force, 1939–1945: The Fight at Odds – Vol. 1
5701:
AAF: A Directory, Almanac and Chronicle of Achievement
4841:. New York City: Doubleday & Company. p. 229.
4621:
Syohgo Hattori, "Kamikaze: Japan's Glorious Failure."
4555:
Medical Support of the Army Air Forces in World War II
3716:"Old China Hands, Tales & Stories – The Azon Bomb"
3580:. St. Paul, MN USA: MBI Publishing. pp. 162–163.
3332:
2779:. The greatest Soviet fighter ace of World War II was
2221:
heavily impacted command and control in all services.
2046:
Losses over the Netherlands 1939–1945 Allied – German
1688:
A Japanese airfield was spotted under construction at
6029:
Fighter Pilot: The First American Ace of World War II
4363:
Cataclysm: General Hap Arnold and the Defeat of Japan
3314:. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. p.
1878:, and Chairman of the Chinese Nationalist Government
500:
through to the final defeat of Nazi Germany with the
315:
weapon systems) had been during the later war years.
7304:
Punishment and Denial: The Coercive Use of Air Power
6001:
American Pilots in the RAF: The WWII Eagle Squadrons
5939:
Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power, 1941–1945
4656:
Kamikazes, Corsairs, and Picket Ships: Okinawa, 1945
3821:
V-2: A Combat History of the First Ballistic Missile
3299:
3297:
2459:
2274:
fighter, the beginning of a family of fighters from
2069:
While German aircraft inflicted heavy losses at the
6888:
Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II
6109:
Point of No Return: The Story of the 20th Air Force
6022:
Benjamin O. Davis, Jr., American: An Autobiography.
5587:
A History of the United States Air Force, 1907–1957
5483:"March 9, 1945: Burning the Heart Out of the Enemy"
5469:
Final entries, 1945: the diaries of Joseph Goebbels
4512:
Guadalcanal: The Definitive Account of the Landmark
4039:"Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1940"
3989:"Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1939"
3961:"Hakans Aviation page - Sino-Japanese Air War 1938"
3936:"Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1937"
3447:
A History of the United States Air Force, 1907–1957
3312:
Red Phoenix: The Rise of Soviet Air Power 1941–1945
2099:Air superiority or supremacy was a prerequisite to
2027:transport for airborne troops in the attack on the
1601:Japanese warplanes bombing the Dutch light cruiser
1208:
620:
pilot training program in place as far back as 1938
548:and during the period within which the predecessor
136:; these played the central role in the war at sea.
6923:The Conduct of the Air War in the Second World War
6506:McFarland, Stephen L. and Wesley Phillips Newton.
6348:Zeitschrift für württembergische Landesgeschichte,
3810:Craven and Cate, 3:540 calls CROSSBOW a "failure".
3414:
3305:
3074:List of air operations during the Battle of Europe
2964:
2158:limiting it to only some ten minutes of air combat
2062:TOTAL (incl. misc.) 3,667 – 2,017 (total 5.684).
1474:with an I-15bis; the fighter he fought in the A6M
1168:and raw materials. A top-level Luftwaffe general,
279:A. Their one success was destroying an airbase at
7102:Under the Bombs: The German Home Front, 1942–1945
6038:The Tuskegee Airmen: The Men who Changed a Nation
5174:Stephen L. McFarland and Wesley Phillips Newton,
4866:A Lesson of History: The Luftwaffe and Barbarossa
3578:The Luftwaffe over Germany – defence of the Reich
3486:Fire in the Sky: The Air War in the South Pacific
3417:The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made
3294:
3200:America's pursuit of precision bombing, 1910–1945
2706:heavy bomber formations, as a determined form of
2618:
1915:, followed on August 9 by the detonation of the "
571:rejected calls for complete independence for the
517:
458:
10866:
7198:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6628:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6577:History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II
6553:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6420:Tactical aircraft, weapons, tactics & combat
6341:Technology: Jets, Rockets, Radar, Proximity Fuze
6296:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
6116:Army Air Forces Medical Services in World War II
6092:Black Eagle: General Daniel "Chappie" James, Jr.
5880:Vol. 90, No. 357 (Oct., 1975), pp. 778–797
5843:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5724:, No. 83, September/October 1999, pp. 6–15
5567:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
5394:Army Air Forces Statistical Digest: World War II
4305:"Flying Tigers In Burma - LIFE - March 30, 1942"
3689:"458th Bombardment Group (H) – The AZON Project"
3654:History of Marine Corps Aviation in World War II
2023:The Germans deployed among others the tri-motor
1556:military aircraft production during World War II
556:gave command of the Navy to an aviator, Admiral
7383:Air Force official histories (mostly pamphlets)
5750:The Battle of Britain: The Myth and the Reality
5209:Wagner, Ray (ed.), and Leland Fetzer (trans.).
4909:. Indiana University Press. pp. 134, 143.
3669:. Air Power Australia. 26 March 2011. p. 1
3034:The Dresden raid was to be dwarfed by what was
2192:
2109:they used much of their fuel getting to Britain
1497:" supply-lifeline between the British bases in
7370:Flak: German Anti-Aircraft defences, 1914–1945
7330:Vol. 66, No. 1 (Jan., 2002), pp. 103–133
7229:Hitting Home: The Air Offensive Against Japan,
6915:
5306:Flak: German Anti-Aircraft defences, 1914–1945
4702:The invasion of Japan: alternative to the bomb
3575:
1826:Kamikaze attacks were highly effective at the
1630:The Japanese seemed unstoppable. However, the
1550:Carrier warfare in Pacific Dec 1941 – Mar 1942
1140:
10875:Aerial operations and battles of World War II
7589:
7409:
6386:Developing the Proximity Fuze, and Its Legacy
4890:Barbarossa: The Air Battle July–December 1941
4853:The German Air Force Versus Russia, 1941–1943
4836:
4750:
4748:
4716:, 26 July 1945. Retrieved on 12 October 2013.
4302:
4141:
3747:NIST Tech Beat – February 2001 – Preservation
3169:"Reflections on Douhet: the classic approach"
3036:to hit Japan starting less than a month later
2536:The British also developed the techniques of
2508:
2492:ground-attack planes attack an enemy column,
1718:
369:, and larger bombers were under development.
7217:(2009), says AAF was more effective than RAF
7045:Smith, Malcolm. "The Allied Air Offensive,"
6413:Technical History of the Beginnings of Radar
5624:This article incorporates material from the
5603:This article incorporates material from the
4473:The Coral Sea 1942: The first carrier battle
3615:Operation Cobra 1944: Breakout from Normandy
3499:World War II in the Pacific: an encyclopedia
3049:on the night of March 9–10, 1945, codenamed
1530:, including the firebombing of Wuhan, using
1505:, and the wartime port-of-entry into China,
1011:Pioneering use of precision-guided munitions
429:overwhelm the German defences control system
6995:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945
6904:(1970), memoir of top Nazi economic planner
6154:
5523:. Oxford: Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2015.
5351:The Strategic Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945
5340:
5213:. Melbourne: Wren Publishing, 1973, p.301.
4933:. Melbourne: Wren Publishing, 1973, p.301.
4392:The Defence and Fall of Singapore 1940–1942
4208:"Pearl Harbor Scourge: Mitsubishi A6M Zero"
3860:"Chinese Air Force vs. the Empire of Japan"
3359:(in Polish). Gdansk: AJ-Press. p. 27.
2942:Destroying Germany's oil and transportation
2525:were beam-riding blind bombing aids, while
2111:, and so had more limited time for combat.
1561:
1238:
331:
7596:
7582:
7416:
7402:
7269:The United States Strategic Bombing Survey
7181:. Archived from the original on 2009-03-05
6711:(GPO, 1985), official construction history
6611:. Archived from the original on 2003-03-07
6536:. Archived from the original on 2003-04-07
6279:. Archived from the original on 2003-03-06
6250:Hap: General of the Air Force Henry Arnold
6211:Master of Airpower: General Carl A. Spaatz
5826:. Archived from the original on 2003-03-07
5550:. Archived from the original on 2003-03-07
5355:. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p.
4900:
4898:
4745:
3885:"Shanghai 1937 – Where World War II Began"
3576:Caldwell, Donald; Muller, Richard (2007).
2199:Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa
667:
386:the training in other Commonwealth nations
7276:German war economy: the motorization myth
6792:
6728:Pape, Robert A. "Why Japan Surrendered."
6217:
6204:Hoyt S. Vandenberg: The Life of a General
5819:Luftwaffe: Strategy for Defeat, 1933–1945
5543:Luftwaffe: Strategy for Defeat, 1933–1945
4327:
3799:Master of Airpower: General Carl A. Spatz
3213:Luftwaffe: Strategy for Defeat, 1933–1945
3167:Shiner, John F. (January–February 1986),
2388:
1866:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
1860:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
164:". The Americans were confident that the
160:. Many said it alone could win wars, as "
38:and remains the only aircraft in history
7357:United States Strategic Bombing Survey.
7346:United States Strategic Bombing Survey.
7336:United States Strategic Bombing Survey.
7252:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II
7080:73 (1986) 702–713; good place to start.
6494:Jane's Fighting Aircraft of World War II
6319:
6169:Carl A. Spaatz and the Air War in Europe
5903:Inoguchi, Rikihei and Tadashi Nakajima,
4993:
4277:Vol. 28, No. 1 (Spring, 1976), pp. 3–19
3982:
3980:
3354:
3303:
3015:
2987:
2968:
2810:intelligence pinpointed the location of
2714:fighter pilots. By early 1944, with the
2650:
2638:
2576:
2483:
2325:
2223:
2121:
2113:
1996:
1806:
1758:raid on the night of March 9/10 1945, a
1675:
1596:
1545:
1465:
1323:
1268:in 1937, the centralized command of the
1052:
1040:
1028:
937:
851:
817:
758:
754:
684:
677:, or, specifically, Luftwaffe fighters.
527:
472:
371:
341:
190:
18:
7423:
6802:Vol. 38, No. 1 (2005), pp. 75–105
6488:Anti-Aircraft: A History of Air Defence
6379:Hitler's Rockets: The Story of the V-2s
6083:Link, Mae Mills and Hubert A. Coleman.
6034:
5090:The Second World War: A World in Flames
5033:Wesley Frank Craven and James L. Cate,
4904:
4895:
4641:Rikihei Inoguchi and Tadashi Nakajima,
4420:Vol. 62, No. 1 (Feb., 1993), pp. 73–86
4205:
4181:Network, Warfare History (2019-05-08).
4180:
3089:Military production during World War II
2855:
2405:
1638:
1116:receiver in the ordnance for guidance.
878:defensive presence over the Third Reich
660:, who had been commander of the Allied
10867:
9443:
9421:Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union
7095:Strategic bombing: aircraft and target
6932:June 2010, Vol. 33 Issue 3, pp 401–435
6679:
6427:Fighter: A History of Fighter Aircraft
6372:The Origins of the Turbojet Revolution
6257:HAP: Henry H. Arnold, Military Aviator
6059:(2009), culture and ideology of flying
5989:(1987) 451 pp., the standard biography
5346:
5264:183, 207, 211; Craven & Cate, 3:47
5069:
4553:Mae Mills Link and Hubert A. Coleman,
4378:Feb 1979, Vol. 48 Issue 1, pp 217–238
4061:
4036:
3986:
3958:
3933:
3907:
3882:
3564:World War II in Europe: the final year
3383:(Moscow, 1970; USAF translation) p. 8
3254:March 1995, Vol. 18 Issue 1, pp 91–144
3166:
2838:
736:British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
596:(b. 1904), and, youngest of them all,
441:supporting electronic warfare aircraft
353:of the RAF flying in formation in 1940
84:downplayed the advantage of fleets of
10292:Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign
9724:Japanese invasion of French Indochina
9370:Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union
9326:Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union
8431:Rape during the occupation of Germany
7577:
7397:
7271:(10 v, 1976) reprints of some reports
7142:Craven, Wesley Frank and J. L. Cate.
6439:Craven, Wesley Frank and J. L. Cate.
6308:(1987), chapters on Arnold and LeMay.
6199:(1965), autobiography, primary source
6176:Makers of the United States Air Force
6126:Target Ploesti: View from a Bombsight
6006:Craven, Wesley Frank and J. L. Cate.
5941:(Smithsonian Institution Press, 1982)
5934:(2012) 13#4 pp: 23–25. historiography
5798:Rise and Fall of the German Air Force
5697:Official Guide to the Army Air Forces
5575:Craven, Wesley Frank and J. L. Cate.
5293:Rise and Fall of the German Air Force
5242:from the original on 1 September 2016
4527:(Praeger, 2003) pp 93–103; Bergerud,
3977:
3630:(1983) p. 280; Craven and Cate 3:234
3160:
3094:Strategic bombing during World War II
2276:Alexander S. Yakovlev's design bureau
2203:Soviet Air Forces § World War II
2056:Sea planes; recce 88 – 85
2016:France and the Low Countries; Dunkirk
1986:
891:and their replacement, heavily armed
702:Misty Lagoon experimental air station
465:Soviet Air Forces § World War II
437:electronic aids in defence and attack
415:(ADGB) for protecting the UK and the
180:
9414:Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union
8446:Rape during the liberation of France
6778:14 (1990) 97–114. Especially useful.
6648:Allen, Thomas B. and Norman Polmar.
6643:Atomic bomb & surrender of Japan
6637:
6454:Japanese Aircraft of the Pacific War
6162:Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger
5987:Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger
5782:Wood, Derek, and Derek D. Dempster.
5480:
4950:
4837:Wagner, Ray; Nowarra, Heinz (1971).
4328:MacKinnon, Stephen R. (2019-05-24).
4291:Chennault: Giving Wings to the Tiger
4116:
4011:
3832:
3786:Aircraft of the Luftwaffe, 1935–1945
3734:
3307:"Barbarossa to Berlin: A Summing Up"
2156:wings' medium bombers over England,
2080:
1950:
933:
108:bombers. Simultaneously, they built
30:releasing their payloads during the
7144:The Army Air Forces in World War II
7042:(1987), important study 1930s–1960s
6441:The Army Air Forces in World War II
6008:The Army Air Forces in World War II
5734:Hough, Richard and Denis Richards.
5577:The Army Air Forces in World War II
5076:The Army Air Forces in World War II
3857:
3357:Ił-2 Ił-10. Monografie Lotnicze #22
2558:The RAF also developed the use of "
1243:
680:
540:of the U.S. Army Air Forces in 1943
139:
64:, consumed a large fraction of the
13:
9640:German invasion of the Netherlands
7920:Weather events during World War II
7533:Claims to the first powered flight
7338:The Campaigns of the Pacific War.
7054:Soviet Air Force Theory, 1918–1945
7012:Strategic Bombing in World War Two
6425:Batchelor, John and Bryan Cooper.
5953:Soviet Air Force Theory, 1918–1945
5946:Journal of Slavic Military Studies
5645:
4407:Jan 1955, Vol. 81 Issue 1, pp 1–17
3883:Sun, Lianggang; Vlasova, Evgenia.
3740:
3713:
3628:A general's life: an autobiography
3394:Soviet Air Force theory, 1918–1945
2753:Yassy-Kishinev Strategic Offensive
2743:, a much produced flight training
2297:Yassy-Kishinev Strategic Offensive
2248:; 157,000 aircraft were produced.
2209:Western Allied Campaign in Romania
2066:(*: 274 of these on May 10, 1940)
2059:Transports 132 – 286*
1789:satisfactory peace, the Kamikaze.
1541:
1515:dissimilar hit-and-run air-tactics
1287:Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service
1283:Imperial Japanese Army Air Service
1274:warlord air force men and machines
1191:an unending series of engine fires
1102:Kehl-Strasbourg radio control link
1073:on September 9, 1943, against the
946:photo of a Wehrmacht convoy being
162:the bomber will always get through
16:Role of aerial warfare during WWII
14:
10891:
10271:Northern Burma and Western Yunnan
7376:
7319:Read, Anthony, and David Fisher.
7313:, Vol. 13, No. 4, 495–522 (2006)
6962:The Air Plan that Defeated Hitler
4907:Air Power in the Age of Total War
4432:Clayton Chun and Howard Gerrard,
4405:U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings,
3549:(1989); Daniel R. ed. Mortensen,
2718:-flown heavy Bf 110G and Me 410A
2601:raid on the American port at Bari
2538:Operational Research and Analysis
2501:to destroy one-third of Cologne.
2460:Operations against Allied convoys
2242:Soviet annual aircraft production
2091:Aircraft of the Battle of Britain
1128:in early 1945, with two separate
675:suppression of enemy air defences
490:Soviet annual aircraft production
233:. The Luftwaffe was deficient in
10831:
7603:
7328:The Journal of Military History,
6859:Markusen, Eric, and David Kopf.
6854:The Journal of Religious Ethics,
6709:Manhattan: The Army and the Bomb
6396:The Journal of Military History,
5937:Hardesty, Von, and V. Hardesty.
5858:Wagner, Ray and Nowarra, Heinz.
5707:
5680:
5474:
5461:
5448:
5435:
5422:
5409:
5386:
5373:
5324:
5311:
5298:
5285:
5276:
5267:
5254:
5224:
5203:
5190:
5181:
5168:
5155:
5139:
5130:
5117:
5108:
5095:
5082:
5072:"I. The North African Campaigns"
5063:
5050:
5027:
5011:
4999:
4944:
4923:
4144:"Dealing with the Japanese Zero"
4119:"日军轰炸重庆的"战果":让中国军民的意志更加坚强_手机网易网"
4086:
3122:
3113:
2816:A quick raid by British aircraft
2695:severe shortage of aviation fuel
1874:, United Kingdom Prime Minister
1209:Failure of German secret weapons
813:
419:for ground offensive support in
399:charged with defence of the UK,
7254:(1989), reprint of 1945 edition
6570:Development of Aircraft Engines
6432:Cooling, Benjamin Franklin ed.
6178:(USAF, 1987), short biographies
5925:Soviet Air Power in World War 2
5759:(HMSO 1953), official history;
5632:", which is licensed under the
5611:", which is licensed under the
5430:Inside the Third Reich: Memoirs
5392:Office of Statistical Control,
4953:The Journal of Military History
4882:
4858:
4845:
4830:
4817:
4804:
4783:
4757:
4732:
4719:
4707:
4694:
4674:
4661:
4648:
4635:
4615:
4603:
4590:
4560:
4547:
4534:
4517:
4504:
4491:
4478:
4465:
4452:
4439:
4426:
4410:
4397:
4384:
4368:
4355:
4340:from the original on 2020-05-03
4321:
4296:
4283:
4267:
4239:
4229:
4199:
4174:
4135:
4110:
4080:
4055:
4030:
4005:
3952:
3927:
3901:
3876:
3851:
3826:
3813:
3804:
3791:
3778:
3775:1977, Vol. 24 Issue 1, pp 20–26
3765:
3718:. oldchinahands. Archived from
3707:
3691:. www.458bg.com. Archived from
3681:
3659:
3646:
3633:
3620:
3607:
3594:
3569:
3556:
3539:
3526:
3517:
3504:
3491:
3478:
3465:
3452:
3439:
3399:
3386:
3373:
3348:
3281:
3059:, each taken as single events.
2965:Effect of the strategic bombing
2804:German quadruple 20mm flak guns
2787:fighter pilot of World War II.
2689:bomber destroyer models of the
2283:, itself dating from 1935. The
1373:Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact
706:Civilian Pilot Training Program
10518:Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945
8228:Territorial changes of Germany
8136:Indonesian National Revolution
7348:Summary Report: (European War)
7137:The German Home Front, 1939–45
6978:A History of Strategic Bombing
6911:(1977), philosophical approach
6686:. Princeton University Press.
4600:Vol. 13, No. 4, 495–522 (2006)
3908:Little, Michael (2015-10-07).
3421:. Simon and Schuster. p.
3268:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3218:
3205:
3189:
3147:
2619:Destroying the Luftwaffe, 1944
2263:The Soviets relied heavily on
1684:, Guadalcanal in October, 1942
1680:Cactus Air Force warplanes on
1658:
1570:of Japanese cities using B-17
1491:. Tasked with the defense of "
1272:had integrated various former-
518:United States: Army Air Forces
480:of the Soviet Air Forces near
459:Soviet Union: Soviet Air Force
421:the North West Europe campaign
338:History of the Royal Air Force
1:
9918:Japanese invasion of Thailand
9869:Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran
9633:German invasion of Luxembourg
8014:Mediterranean and Middle East
7359:Summary Report: (Pacific War)
6987:, 34 (March 1991) pp 117–41.
6930:Journal of Strategic Studies,
6740:The Making of the Atomic Bomb
6149:
6064:The American Airman in Europe
6024:(1991), prominent black flier
5878:The English Historical Review
5675:
5273:Craven & Cate 3:227, 235
4245:
3835:"The Shanghai Incident, 1932"
3289:International History Review,
3252:Journal of Strategic Studies,
3135:
3057:August 6 & 9 atomic raids
2797:RAF Second Tactical Air Force
2367:North American B-25 Mitchells
1608:during the Battle of Java Sea
1534:under the command of General
1483:commonly referred to as the "
524:United States Army Air Forces
175:
156:developed in the efficacy of
9825:Invasion of the Soviet Union
9514:Occupation of Czechoslovakia
8832:Independent State of Croatia
7047:Journal of Strategic Studies
7019:Journal of Strategic Studies
6824:Journal of Strategic Studies
6768:Journal of Strategic Studies
6094:(1985), leading black pilot.
6035:Francis, Charles E. (1997).
5862:. New York: Doubleday (1971)
5690:(1989) influential overview
5481:Long, Tony (March 9, 2011).
5114:Webster & Franklin, 4:24
4471:Mark Stille and John White,
4303:LIFE MAGAZINE (1942-03-30).
4206:LoProto, Mark (2018-04-09).
4043:Biplane Fighter Aces - China
3993:Biplane Fighter Aces - China
3965:Biplane Fighter Aces - China
3940:Biplane Fighter Aces - China
3140:
3000:lost several thousand dead.
2948:Oil Campaign of World War II
2564:largest bomb used in the war
2236:At the outbreak of the war,
2193:Invasion of the Soviet Union
1699:
995:Some forces, especially the
749:
469:Eastern Front (World War II)
413:Air Defence of Great Britain
266:oil campaign of World War II
261:escort fighters after 1943.
58:all theaters of World War II
7:
10809:End of World War II in Asia
10649:Western invasion of Germany
10156:Chinese famine of 1942–1943
10133:Second Battle of El Alamein
9703:Hundred Regiments Offensive
9675:Battle of the Mediterranean
9528:Italian invasion of Albania
7702:Air warfare of World War II
7538:Air warfare of World War II
7078:Journal of American History
6916:Strategic bombing: doctrine
6878:Journal of American History
6750:Hiroshima: The World's Bomb
6718:, 156 (Summer 1993): 35–45.
6702:Hiroshima After Forty Years
6680:Gordin, Michael D. (2009).
6669:, 74 (Jan–Feb 1995) 135–52.
5666:Journal of American History
5630:Air warfare of World War II
5332:Journal of Military History
4740:Journal of Military History
4667:quoted in Norman Friedman,
4142:O'Connell, John F. (2016).
4062:Goebel, Greg (2020-11-01).
4012:红岩春秋, 编辑 杨文钊 (2020-08-15).
3916:. with Andy Chan, John Gong
3523:Craven and Cate, 2:250, 253
3062:
2790:
1983:of the battle in progress.
1911:was dropped on the city of
1792:
1423:targets in Sichuan province
1270:Republic of China Air Force
1261:expanded into the Pacific.
1141:German bombers and missiles
1049:, with its development team
804:
166:Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress
10:
10896:
10735:Naval bombardment of Japan
10103:First Battle of El Alamein
10022:Battle of Christmas Island
9967:Japanese invasion of Burma
9731:Italian invasion of Greece
9647:German invasion of Belgium
9619:German invasion of Denmark
9592:1939–1940 Winter Offensive
9461:Second Italo-Ethiopian War
7725:Comparative military ranks
7210:(1988), Japanese viewpoint
6527:Mortensen. Daniel R. ed.
6012:6: Men and Planes; vol 7.
5805:American Historical Review
5790:
5505:
5136:Craven & Cate, 3:43–6
5074:, in Craven; Cate (eds.),
5070:Mayock, Thomas J. (1949),
4376:Pacific Historical Review,
3833:Matt, P. E. (2015-02-07).
2945:
2794:
2610:
2509:British technical advances
2409:
2398:
2392:
2290:Chief Marshal of Aviation
2206:
2196:
2084:
1990:
1981:common operational picture
1900:. On August 6, 1945, the "
1863:
1815:in a suicide dive against
1796:
1722:
1719:Strategic bombing of Japan
1662:
1406:
1330:Datangshan Aviation Museum
1144:
1063:precision-guided munitions
1014:
997:United States Marine Corps
694:Royal Australian Air Force
521:
462:
335:
217:. Under the leadership of
184:
10824:
10656:Bratislava–Brno offensive
10596:
10587:Dutch famine of 1944–1945
10324:
10211:Allied invasion of Sicily
10165:
10071:Aleutian Islands campaign
10043:Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign
9990:
9981:Greek famine of 1941–1944
9876:Second Battle of Changsha
9781:German invasion of Greece
9749:
9626:Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang
9601:
9539:
9434:
9315:
9041:
8951:
8799:
8502:
8493:
8251:
8076:
7968:North and Central Pacific
7929:
7691:
7684:
7611:
7565:Aviation timelines navbox
7561:
7525:
7477:
7431:
6265:Air Power and Air Warfare
5973:
5967:Air Power and Air Warfare
5898:Air Power and Air Warfare
5755:Richards, Dennis, et al.
5334:(April 1993), 57:301–323
4812:The air battle of Dunkirk
4418:Pacific Historical Review
4064:"The Mitsubishi A6M Zero"
3355:Michulec, Robert (1999).
3100:Victory Through Air Power
3038:—as initiated by General
2251:In the first few days of
1532:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
1126:China-Burma-India theatre
1069:armor-piercing anti-ship
662:Mediterranean Air Command
433:target marking techniques
417:Second Tactical Air Force
56:was a major component in
24:Boeing B-29 Superfortress
10880:Aviation in World War II
10248:Allied invasion of Italy
10225:Solomon Islands campaign
9974:Third Battle of Changsha
9571:First Battle of Changsha
9477:Second Sino-Japanese War
8417:German military brothels
8283:United States war crimes
7512:Unmanned aerial vehicles
7295:Mierzejewski, Alfred C.
6895:Air Power and War Rights
6800:Central European History
6732:18 (Fall 1993): 154–201
6155:Air Commanders: American
5887:
5821:(1985), standard history
5652:Citizendium bibliography
5445:(2011) pp. 148, 174, 178
5347:Levine, Alan J. (1992).
5024:(2003) 10#4 pp: 448–463.
4864:Lonnie O. Ratley, III, "
4252:www.flyingtiger-cacw.com
4117:网易历史, 张世东 (2018-10-20).
4093:www.flyingtiger-cacw.com
3291:vol 9#1 1999, pp 626–664
3106:
3069:Aviation in World War II
2781:Ivan Nikitovich Kozhedub
2769:Royal Romanian Air Force
2313:Royal Romanian Air Force
2244:outstripped that of the
2050:Fighters 1,273 – 1,175
1898:Allied invasion of Japan
1775:dropped by 247 B-29s. A
1562:Japanese air war 1941–42
1239:Second Sino-Japanese War
1098:Allied invasion of Italy
1047:Bat anti-ship glide bomb
609:Combined Chiefs of Staff
534:Consolidated Liberator I
332:Britain: Royal Air Force
203:of the Luftwaffe in 1941
10670:Second Guangxi campaign
10525:Philippines (1944–1945)
10029:Battle of the Coral Sea
9932:Fall of the Philippines
9578:Battle of South Guangxi
9484:Battles of Khalkhin Gol
8890:Italian Social Republic
7257:Johnsen, Frederick A.
7127:excerpt and text search
7109:B-29: The Superfortress
6872:excerpt and text search
6826:(March 1991) 14:90–111.
6754:excerpt and text search
6744:excerpt and text search
6725:10 (Fall 1985): 121–40.
6370:Constant II, Edward W.
6355:Scientists Against Time
6353:Baxter, James Phinney.
6274:(2002), primary source;
5948:(1988) 1#2 pp: 188–212.
5911:
5686:Futtrel, Robert Frank.
5467:Hugh Trevor-Roper, ed.
5308:(2005) pp. 257–84.
5282:Craven & Cate 3:272
3304:Hardesty, Von (1991) .
2992:Typical bomb damage in
2898:surface-to-air missiles
2882:air-to-surface missiles
2584:Allied landing at Anzio
2476:
2401:Western Desert Campaign
2383:anti-aircraft artillery
2355:Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawks
2053:Bombers 2,164 – 454
1969:anti-aircraft artillery
1646:Battle of the Coral Sea
1592:
1315:Battle of South Guangxi
1224:anti-aircraft artillery
843:Anti-aircraft artillery
668:Doctrine and technology
494:Voyenno-Vozdushnye Sily
488:By the end of the war,
10255:Armistice of Cassibile
10057:Battle of Dutch Harbor
10008:Battle of the Java Sea
9911:Attack on Pearl Harbor
9811:Syria–Lebanon campaign
9804:Battle of South Shanxi
9774:Invasion of Yugoslavia
9557:Battle of the Atlantic
9171:Korean Liberation Army
8884:(until September 1943)
8841:(until September 1944)
8819:(until September 1944)
7454:Between the World Wars
7368:Westermann, Edward B.
7267:MacIsaac, David, ed.
7148:vol. 6: Men and Planes
7028:(1984), defends Harris
6985:The Historical Journal
6902:Inside the Third Reich
6793:Ethics & civilians
6742:(1986), good overview
6730:International Security
6723:International Security
6659:(Spring 1991) 149–173
6657:International Security
6445:vol. 6: Men and Planes
6398:57 (July 1993): 5–38.
6329:(1984), defends Harris
6227:(1949), autobiography.
6218:HAP Arnold and Stimson
6202:Meilinger, Phillip S.
6185:(1949), primary source
6174:Frisbee, John L., ed.
5796:British Air Ministry.
5745:(1984), defends Harris
5657:Ehlers, Robert S. Jr.
5536:The Air War, 1939–1945
5417:The Air War: 1939–1945
5304:Edward B. Westermann,
5291:British Air Ministry,
5196:McFarland and Newton,
5056:Ehlers, Robert S. Jr.
4905:Buckley, John (1999).
4742:(1995) 59#1 pp: 53–76.
4682:Critical Asian Studies
3343:The Air War: 1939–1945
3276:The Air War, 1939–1945
3226:The Third Reich at War
3155:The Air War: 1939–1945
3084:Battle of the Atlantic
3052:Operation Meetinghouse
3025:
2996:
2981:
2728:heavily armed Fw 190As
2656:
2648:
2568:Möhne and Edersee Dams
2497:
2389:North Africa 1940–1943
2338:
2233:
2127:
2119:
2005:
1979:; a system that had a
1948:
1823:
1755:Operation Meetinghouse
1685:
1614:Battle of the Java Sea
1609:
1551:
1479:
1461:attack on Pearl Harbor
1397:Soviet Volunteer Group
1332:
1104:: a joystick-equipped
1058:
1050:
1038:
955:
914:(1940), when its fast
857:
834:
768:
727:after 102 operations,
697:
546:attack on Pearl Harbor
541:
485:
381:
354:
207:The Luftwaffe was the
204:
134:Imperial Japanese Navy
124:also built a powerful
50:
32:Burma campaign in 1945
10419:Second Battle of Guam
10315:Bengal famine of 1943
10285:Second Battle of Kiev
10241:Battle of the Dnieper
9946:Battle of Wake Island
9818:East African campaign
9760:Battle of South Henan
9405:atrocities by Germans
9178:Korean Volunteer Army
8159:Occupation of Germany
7913:Music in World War II
7439:Early flying machines
7390:, 4000 short articles
7288:Middlebrook, Martin.
6849:28 (May 1966): 451–73
6829:Garrett, Stephen A.,
6760:The Invasion of Japan
6592:Warnock, A. Timothy.
6320:Air Commanders: Other
5932:Historically Speaking
5736:The Battle of Britain
5699:(1944), reprinted as
5609:World War II, air war
5187:Craven and Cate 3:664
5008:, p. 253 (Appendixes)
4965:10.1353/jmh.2007.0206
4877:Air University Review
4684:2005 37(4): 569–596.
4574:. PBS. Archived from
4187:The National Interest
3545:Richard P. Hallion,
3196:Stephen Lee McFarland
3173:Air University Review
3019:
2994:Hamburg, Germany 1945
2991:
2979:
2654:
2642:
2577:Mediterranean theatre
2549:de Havilland Mosquito
2487:
2329:
2227:
2140:Messerschmitt Bf 109E
2125:
2117:
2000:
1944:
1810:
1679:
1600:
1549:
1469:
1453:Mitsubishi A6M "Zero"
1429:under the codenames "
1327:
1303:Battle of Taierzhuang
1056:
1044:
1032:
941:
870:from British aviators
855:
821:
762:
755:Airfield construction
688:
594:Elwood "Pete" Queseda
554:Franklin D. Roosevelt
538:Curtiss P-40 Warhawks
531:
476:
375:
351:Supermarine Spitfires
345:
194:
68:of the major powers.
62:anti-aircraft warfare
22:
10705:Surrender of Germany
10183:Battle of West Hubei
10140:Guadalcanal campaign
10110:Battle of Stalingrad
10036:Battle of Madagascar
8810:Albania protectorate
8597:(formerly Swaziland)
8306:Wehrmacht war crimes
8122:Expulsion of Germans
7906:Art and World War II
7804:British contribution
7753:Governments in exile
7162:Daniels, Gordon ed.
7116:Fire and the Air War
7086:Werrell, Kenneth P.
7061:The Bomber Offensive
7024:Messenger, Charles,
6965:. Arno Press; 1980.
6959:Haywood S. Hansell.
6837:Havens, Thomas R. H.
6602:Werrell, Kenneth P.
6479:Hallion, Richard P.
6469:Hallion, Richard P.
6404:Neufeld, Michael J.
6325:Messenger, Charles.
6234:1997 4(2): 174–212.
6107:Morrison, Wilbur H.
5817:Murray, Williamson.
5774:The Bomber Offensive
5761:vol 3 online edition
5741:Messenger, Charles,
5585:Golberg, Alfred ed.
5541:Murray, Williamson.
5489:. Condé Nast Digital
5419:(1980) p 122–25
5103:Fighters Over Russia
4888:Christer Bergström,
4810:Norman L.R. Franks,
4725:Richard Hargreaves,
4037:Gustavsson, Hakans.
3987:Gustavsson, Hakans.
3959:Gustavsson, Hakans.
3934:Gustavsson, Hakans.
3864:www.warbirdforum.com
3858:Hui, Samuel (2019).
3773:Aerospace Historian,
3652:Robert Lee Sherrod,
3241:Volume: 51#2 (2004).
2874:Messerschmitt Me 262
2856:Strategic operations
2777:3rd Ukrainian Fronts
2666:Messerschmitt Bf 110
2449:Field Manual 100–20,
2422:Dwight D. Eisenhower
2406:North Africa 1942–43
2351:Bell P-63 Kingcobras
2347:Bell P-39 Airacobras
2321:3rd Ukrainian Fronts
2281:Messerschmitt Bf 109
2258:Operation Barbarossa
2253:Operation Barbarossa
2214:Operation Barbarossa
2148:Supermarine Spitfire
2033:Battle for The Hague
1665:Guadalcanal Campaign
1639:Coral Sea and Midway
1489:Claire Lee Chennault
1409:Bombing of Chongqing
1387:fighters as well as
1345:Curtiss A-12 Shrikes
954:P-51 Mustang in 1945
740:Article XV squadrons
631:Dwight D. Eisenhower
567:Army Chief of Staff
498:Operation Barbarossa
323:jet fighter and the
251:Messerschmitt Me 262
197:Messerschmitt Bf 109
10795:Potsdam Declaration
10684:Italy (Spring 1945)
10447:Liberation of Paris
9904:Siege of Sevastopol
8922:(until August 1944)
8825:Wang Jingwei regime
8647:from September 1943
8607:from September 1944
8545:from September 1944
8405:Romanian war crimes
8396:Persecution of Jews
8382:Croatian war crimes
8352:Japanese war crimes
8166:Occupation of Japan
8115:First Indochina War
7827:Military production
7739:Declarations of war
7425:History of aviation
7281:Madej, Victor. ed.
7274:Madej, Victor. ed.
7244:Jablonsky, Edward.
7227:Haulman, Daniel L.
7114:Bond, Horatio, ed.
7049:13 (Mar 1990) 67–83
6942:Griffith, Charles.
6817:"Evolution of U.S.
6781:Walker, J. Samuel.
6700:Holley, I. B., ed.
6568:Schlaifer, Robert.
6499:Lundstrom, John B.
6350:67 (2008): 461–496.
6188:Leary, William ed.
6090:McGovern, James R.
6020:Davis, Benjamin O.
5163:Strategy for Defeat
4879:(March–April 1983).
4625:1996 43(1): 14–27.
4309:www.cbi-theater.com
3914:Disciples of Flight
3784:Jean-Denis Lepage,
3741:Newman, Michael E.
3562:Charles F. Brower,
3211:Williamson Murray,
2845:Battle of the Bulge
2839:Battle of the Bulge
2716:Zerstörergeschwader
2515:Battle of the Beams
2359:Douglas A-20 Havocs
2228:A destroyed Soviet
2186:RAF Coastal Command
1977:command and control
1884:Potsdam Declaration
1278:Second United Front
1075:Italian battleship
893:Focke-Wulf Fw 190A
880:of the Luftwaffe's
605:Theodore von Karmen
550:U.S. Army Air Corps
405:RAF Coastal Command
397:RAF Fighter Command
148:. Italian theorist
128:component based on
110:tactical air forces
60:and, together with
40:to have ever used a
10788:Surrender of Japan
10621:Battle of Iwo Jima
10470:Belgrade offensive
9883:Siege of Leningrad
9767:Battle of Shanggao
9696:British Somaliland
9661:Dunkirk evacuation
9612:Norwegian campaign
9550:Invasion of Poland
9377:Japanese prisoners
8345:Italian war crimes
8276:British war crimes
8191:Soviet occupations
7975:South-West Pacific
7862:Allied cooperation
7820:Military equipment
7365:key primary source
7354:key primary source
7321:The Fall of Berlin
7169:Davis, Richard G.
7059:Verrier, Anthony.
7033:Why the Allies Won
7004:2012-07-16 at the
6886:Schaffer, Ronald.
6776:Diplomatic History
6748:Rotter, Andrew J.
6707:Jones, Vincent C.
6513:Mikesh, Robert C.
6452:Francillon, R. J.
6377:Longmate, Norman.
6270:Huston, John W.,
6255:Davis, Richard G.
6197:Mission with LeMay
6181:Kenney, George C.
6167:Davis, Richard G.
6097:Miller, Donald L.
6071:The British Airman
5772:Verrier, Anthony.
5668:73 (1986) 702–713
5636:but not under the
5615:but not under the
5534:Overy, Richard J.
5403:2012-03-26 at the
5381:Why the Allies Won
5044:2009-03-25 at the
4871:2014-09-25 at the
4578:on 13 October 2007
4510:Richard B. Frank,
4484:Gordon W. Prange,
4390:Brian P. Farrell,
4275:American Quarterly
4212:Visit Pearl Harbor
4068:www.airvectors.net
3695:on January 6, 2020
3613:Steven J. Zaloga,
3484:Eric M. Bergerud,
3458:Thomas M. Coffey,
3274:Richard J. Overy,
3264:Expansion at Last"
3224:Richard J. Evans,
3044:B-29 Superfortress
3026:
2997:
2982:
2934:, and also of the
2918:ballistic missiles
2657:
2649:
2645:Lichtenstein radar
2498:
2339:
2234:
2174:air defence system
2142:, and the British
2128:
2120:
2101:Operation Sea Lion
2006:
1993:Invasion of Poland
1987:Invasion of Poland
1936:surrender of Japan
1888:Potsdam Conference
1824:
1725:Air raids on Japan
1686:
1610:
1552:
1480:
1470:Xu Jixiang of the
1427:cat and mouse game
1333:
1266:Battle of Shanghai
1229:Operation Crossbow
1059:
1051:
1039:
956:
858:
835:
810:support missions.
786:United States Navy
769:
698:
569:George C. Marshall
542:
486:
401:RAF Bomber Command
382:
355:
287:during the Allied
245:systems for their
205:
181:Germany: Luftwaffe
51:
10862:
10861:
10820:
10819:
10663:Battle of Okinawa
10562:Burma (1944–1945)
10396:Mariana and Palau
10176:Tunisian campaign
10001:Fall of Singapore
9925:Fall of Hong Kong
9668:Battle of Britain
9521:Operation Himmler
9430:
9429:
9094:Dutch East Indies
8737:Southern Rhodesia
8489:
8488:
8389:Genocide of Serbs
8292:German war crimes
8269:Soviet war crimes
8262:Allied war crimes
8108:Division of Korea
8087:Chinese Civil War
7885:Strategic bombing
7797:Manhattan Project
7571:
7570:
7553:Women in aviation
7490:Aviation medicine
7464:Post-World War II
7213:Hansen, Randall.
7121:Boog, Horst, ed.
7056:(Routledge, 2007)
7052:Sterrett, James.
7038:Sherry, Michael.
7035:(1995), pp 101–33
7021:10 (1987) 189–208
7010:MacIsaac, David.
6971:978-0-405-12178-4
6954:978-1-4289-9131-6
6937:Air Power History
6921:Boog, Horst, ed.
6907:Walzer, Michael.
6880:67 (1980) 318–34
6815:Crane, Conrad C.
6808:Crane, Conrad C.
6738:Rhodes, Richard.
6693:978-1-4008-2410-6
6638:Strategic bombing
6575:Sherrod, Robert.
6434:Close Air Support
6384:Moye, William T.
6223:Arnold, Henry H.
6114:Nanney, James S.
6076:Hawkins, Ian ed.
6055:Francis, Martin.
6048:978-0-8283-2029-0
6041:. Branden Books.
6027:Dunn, William R.
5999:Caine, Philip D.
5958:Wagner, Ray, ed.
5955:(Routledge, 2007)
5951:Sterrett, James.
5713:Fisher, David E,
5592:Bungay, Stephen.
5519:Cheung, Raymond.
5512:Boog, Horst, ed.
5441:Mark Clodfelter,
5152:(2006) pp 159–256
5123:George Southern,
5037:(1949) pp 41–165
4929:Ray Wagner, ed.,
4851:Hermann Plocher,
4700:John Ray Skates,
4654:Robin L. Rielly,
4623:Air Power History
4486:Miracle at Midway
4148:Air Power History
3587:978-1-85367-712-0
3497:Stanley Sandler,
3445:Alfred Goldberg.
3432:978-0-684-83771-0
3379:A. A. Sidorenko,
3239:Air Power History
3079:Battle of Britain
2977:
2812:Panzer Group West
2691:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
2589:Salerno beachhead
2554:Operation Jericho
2363:Hawker Hurricanes
2292:Alexander Novikov
2238:Soviet Air Forces
2182:RAF bomber forces
2087:Battle of Britain
2081:Battle of Britain
2071:Battle of Dunkirk
2041:Battle of Britain
1957:Spanish Civil War
1951:Europe, 1939–1941
1923:atomic bomb over
1876:Winston Churchill
1828:Battle of Okinawa
1572:strategic bombers
1413:With the fall of
1299:Battle of Taiyuan
1295:Battle of Nanking
984:J. Lawton Collins
960:close air support
934:Close air support
912:Battle of Britain
900:bomber destroyers
831:Focke-Wulf Fw 190
655:Air Chief Marshal
627:Douglas MacArthur
453:Overlord Invasion
347:Hawker Hurricanes
325:Mitsubishi Shusui
289:Operation Frantic
223:Spanish Civil War
158:strategic bombing
130:aircraft carriers
93:strategic bombing
86:strategic bombers
66:industrial output
28:strategic bombers
10887:
10855:
10848:
10841:
10838:World portal
10836:
10835:
10811:
10804:
10797:
10790:
10781:
10774:
10767:
10758:
10751:
10744:
10737:
10730:
10723:
10714:
10707:
10700:
10698:Prague offensive
10693:
10691:Battle of Berlin
10686:
10679:
10672:
10665:
10658:
10651:
10644:
10637:
10635:Vienna offensive
10630:
10623:
10616:
10614:Battle of Manila
10609:
10589:
10580:
10571:
10564:
10555:
10548:
10541:
10534:
10527:
10520:
10513:
10504:
10495:
10488:
10479:
10472:
10465:
10458:
10449:
10442:
10435:
10428:
10421:
10414:
10407:
10398:
10391:
10382:
10373:
10364:
10357:
10355:Korsun–Cherkassy
10350:
10339:
10317:
10308:
10301:
10294:
10287:
10280:
10273:
10266:
10257:
10250:
10243:
10236:
10227:
10220:
10213:
10206:
10199:
10197:Bombing of Gorky
10192:
10185:
10178:
10158:
10151:
10142:
10135:
10128:
10119:
10112:
10105:
10098:
10087:
10080:
10073:
10066:
10064:Battle of Midway
10059:
10052:
10050:Battle of Gazala
10045:
10038:
10031:
10024:
10017:
10010:
10003:
9983:
9976:
9969:
9962:
9960:Battle of Borneo
9955:
9953:Malayan campaign
9948:
9941:
9934:
9927:
9920:
9913:
9906:
9899:
9897:Bombing of Gorky
9892:
9890:Battle of Moscow
9885:
9878:
9871:
9864:
9857:
9850:
9834:
9827:
9820:
9813:
9806:
9799:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9742:
9733:
9726:
9719:
9712:
9705:
9698:
9691:
9684:
9677:
9670:
9663:
9656:
9654:Battle of France
9649:
9642:
9635:
9628:
9621:
9614:
9594:
9587:
9580:
9573:
9566:
9559:
9552:
9530:
9523:
9516:
9509:
9507:Munich Agreement
9502:
9495:
9486:
9479:
9472:
9463:
9456:
9441:
9440:
9423:
9416:
9407:
9400:
9393:
9392:Soviet prisoners
9386:
9379:
9372:
9363:
9356:
9347:
9340:
9333:
9332:German prisoners
9328:
9308:
9299:
9292:
9285:
9280:
9273:
9266:
9259:
9252:
9245:
9238:
9231:
9224:
9217:
9210:
9203:
9196:
9189:
9180:
9173:
9166:
9159:
9152:
9145:
9138:
9131:
9124:
9117:
9110:
9103:
9096:
9089:
9082:
9075:
9068:
9061:
9054:
9034:
9027:
9020:
9013:
9006:
8999:
8992:
8985:
8978:
8971:
8964:
8944:
8937:
8930:
8923:
8915:
8908:
8901:
8892:
8885:
8877:
8870:
8868:French Indochina
8863:
8856:
8849:
8842:
8834:
8827:
8820:
8812:
8792:
8783:
8776:
8767:
8760:
8753:
8746:
8739:
8732:
8725:
8718:
8715:from August 1944
8706:
8699:
8692:
8685:
8678:
8671:
8664:
8657:
8650:
8638:
8631:
8624:
8617:
8610:
8598:
8590:
8583:
8576:
8569:
8562:
8555:
8548:
8536:
8529:
8522:
8515:
8500:
8499:
8480:
8473:
8466:
8459:
8452:
8441:
8426:
8419:
8412:
8407:
8398:
8391:
8384:
8375:
8368:
8361:
8359:Nanjing Massacre
8354:
8347:
8338:
8336:Nuremberg trials
8329:
8322:
8315:
8308:
8301:
8294:
8285:
8278:
8271:
8264:
8244:
8237:
8230:
8221:
8214:
8207:
8200:
8193:
8186:
8177:
8168:
8161:
8154:
8147:
8138:
8131:
8124:
8117:
8110:
8103:
8096:
8089:
8069:
8060:
8053:
8046:
8037:
8030:
8023:
8016:
8007:
8000:
7993:
7984:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7956:
7949:
7942:
7940:Asia and Pacific
7922:
7915:
7908:
7901:
7894:
7887:
7880:
7871:
7869:Mulberry harbour
7864:
7857:
7850:
7843:
7836:
7829:
7822:
7815:
7806:
7799:
7792:
7783:
7776:
7769:
7762:
7755:
7748:
7741:
7734:
7727:
7720:
7711:
7704:
7689:
7688:
7677:
7670:
7661:
7654:
7647:
7640:
7633:
7626:
7619:
7598:
7591:
7584:
7575:
7574:
7418:
7411:
7404:
7395:
7394:
7302:Pape, Robert A.
7203:
7197:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7180:
7176:"online edition"
6993:Levine, Alan J.
6976:Kennett, Lee B.
6866:Overy, Richard.
6697:
6633:
6627:
6619:
6617:
6616:
6609:"online edition"
6582:Spire, David N.
6558:
6552:
6544:
6542:
6541:
6534:"online edition"
6411:Swords, Seán S.
6332:Overy, Richard.
6311:Malloy, Sean L.
6304:Larrabee, Eric.
6301:
6295:
6287:
6285:
6284:
6248:Coffey, Thomas.
6124:Newby, Leroy W.
6069:Freeman, Roger.
6062:Freeman, Roger.
6052:
5851:Overy, Richard.
5848:
5842:
5834:
5832:
5831:
5824:"online edition"
5810:Galland, Adolf.
5765:Terraine, John.
5752:(2001) 192 pages
5748:Overy, Richard.
5572:
5566:
5558:
5556:
5555:
5548:"online edition"
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5478:
5472:
5465:
5459:
5454:Richard Overy,
5452:
5446:
5439:
5433:
5432:(1970) pp 278–91
5426:
5420:
5413:
5407:
5396:(1945) table 34
5390:
5384:
5377:
5371:
5370:
5354:
5344:
5338:
5328:
5322:
5315:
5309:
5302:
5296:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5265:
5258:
5252:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5238:. 12 June 2006.
5228:
5222:
5207:
5201:
5194:
5188:
5185:
5179:
5172:
5166:
5159:
5153:
5143:
5137:
5134:
5128:
5121:
5115:
5112:
5106:
5101:Manfred Griehl,
5099:
5093:
5086:
5080:
5079:
5067:
5061:
5054:
5048:
5031:
5025:
5015:
5009:
5003:
4997:
4991:
4985:
4984:
4948:
4942:
4927:
4921:
4920:
4902:
4893:
4886:
4880:
4862:
4856:
4849:
4843:
4842:
4834:
4828:
4823:Stephen Bungay,
4821:
4815:
4808:
4802:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4787:
4781:
4780:
4778:
4776:
4767:. Archived from
4761:
4755:
4752:
4743:
4736:
4730:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4698:
4692:
4678:
4672:
4665:
4659:
4652:
4646:
4639:
4633:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4594:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4583:
4564:
4558:
4551:
4545:
4538:
4532:
4521:
4515:
4508:
4502:
4495:
4489:
4482:
4476:
4469:
4463:
4458:H. P. Willmott,
4456:
4450:
4445:H. P. Willmott,
4443:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4414:
4408:
4401:
4395:
4388:
4382:
4372:
4366:
4361:Herman S. Wolk,
4359:
4353:
4352:
4346:
4345:
4325:
4319:
4318:
4316:
4315:
4300:
4294:
4287:
4281:
4271:
4265:
4264:
4259:
4258:
4243:
4237:
4233:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4223:
4214:. Archived from
4203:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4130:
4129:
4114:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4095:. Archived from
4084:
4078:
4077:
4075:
4074:
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4034:
4028:
4027:
4025:
4024:
4009:
4003:
4002:
4000:
3999:
3984:
3975:
3974:
3972:
3971:
3956:
3950:
3949:
3947:
3946:
3931:
3925:
3924:
3922:
3921:
3905:
3899:
3898:
3896:
3895:
3880:
3874:
3873:
3871:
3870:
3855:
3849:
3848:
3846:
3845:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3811:
3808:
3802:
3795:
3789:
3782:
3776:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3753:on April 2, 2015
3738:
3732:
3731:
3729:
3727:
3722:on March 6, 2012
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3674:
3663:
3657:
3650:
3644:
3639:Brendan Phibbs,
3637:
3631:
3624:
3618:
3611:
3605:
3598:
3592:
3591:
3573:
3567:
3560:
3554:
3543:
3537:
3530:
3524:
3521:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3489:
3482:
3476:
3475:(2004) pp 206–55
3469:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3420:
3403:
3397:
3396:(2007) pp 86–131
3392:James Sterrett,
3390:
3384:
3377:
3371:
3370:
3352:
3346:
3339:
3330:
3329:
3309:
3301:
3292:
3285:
3279:
3272:
3266:
3261:
3255:
3248:
3242:
3235:
3229:
3222:
3216:
3209:
3203:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3184:
3175:, archived from
3164:
3158:
3151:
3129:
3126:
3120:
3117:
2978:
2726:formations with
2560:earthquake bombs
2426:Lloyd Fredendall
2416:Tunisia Campaign
2395:Desert Air Force
2144:Hawker Hurricane
2004:diving procedure
1973:fighter aircraft
1929:Emperor Hirohito
1906:enriched uranium
1694:Cactus Air Force
1653:Battle of Midway
1349:Curtiss Hawk IIs
1337:Boeing Model 281
1311:Battle of Canton
1254:air-interdiction
1244:China, 1937–1944
952:Balkan Air Force
920:Hawker Hurricane
829:shooting down a
744:No. 6 Group RCAF
722:Leonard Cheshire
692:trainers of the
681:Aircrew training
562:Robert A. Lovett
502:Battle of Berlin
390:No. 6 Group RCAF
308:Junkers Jumo 222
304:Junkers Jumo 004
281:Poltava Air Base
170:Norden bombsight
140:Pre-war planning
10895:
10894:
10890:
10889:
10888:
10886:
10885:
10884:
10865:
10864:
10863:
10858:
10851:
10844:
10830:
10828:
10816:
10807:
10800:
10793:
10786:
10777:
10770:
10763:
10754:
10749:Atomic bombings
10747:
10740:
10733:
10726:
10719:
10710:
10703:
10696:
10689:
10682:
10675:
10668:
10661:
10654:
10647:
10640:
10633:
10626:
10619:
10612:
10605:
10592:
10585:
10574:
10567:
10560:
10551:
10544:
10537:
10530:
10523:
10516:
10507:
10498:
10491:
10482:
10475:
10468:
10461:
10452:
10445:
10440:Eastern Romania
10438:
10433:Warsaw Uprising
10431:
10426:Tannenberg Line
10424:
10417:
10412:Western Ukraine
10410:
10401:
10394:
10385:
10376:
10367:
10360:
10353:
10342:
10333:
10320:
10313:
10304:
10297:
10290:
10283:
10276:
10269:
10262:
10253:
10246:
10239:
10230:
10223:
10216:
10209:
10204:Battle of Kursk
10202:
10195:
10188:
10181:
10174:
10161:
10154:
10145:
10138:
10131:
10122:
10115:
10108:
10101:
10092:
10083:
10076:
10069:
10062:
10055:
10048:
10041:
10034:
10027:
10020:
10015:St Nazaire Raid
10013:
10006:
9999:
9986:
9979:
9972:
9965:
9958:
9951:
9944:
9937:
9930:
9923:
9916:
9909:
9902:
9895:
9888:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9839:
9830:
9823:
9816:
9809:
9802:
9797:Anglo-Iraqi War
9795:
9788:Battle of Crete
9786:
9779:
9772:
9765:
9758:
9745:
9736:
9729:
9722:
9717:Eastern Romania
9715:
9708:
9701:
9694:
9687:
9680:
9673:
9666:
9659:
9652:
9645:
9638:
9631:
9624:
9617:
9610:
9597:
9590:
9583:
9576:
9569:
9562:
9555:
9548:
9535:
9526:
9519:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9482:
9475:
9468:
9459:
9452:
9426:
9419:
9412:
9403:
9396:
9391:
9382:
9375:
9368:
9359:
9352:
9343:
9336:
9331:
9324:
9311:
9304:
9295:
9288:
9283:
9278:Western Ukraine
9276:
9269:
9262:
9255:
9248:
9241:
9234:
9227:
9222:Northeast China
9220:
9213:
9206:
9199:
9192:
9185:
9176:
9169:
9162:
9155:
9148:
9141:
9134:
9127:
9120:
9113:
9106:
9099:
9092:
9085:
9078:
9071:
9064:
9057:
9050:
9037:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8995:
8988:
8981:
8974:
8967:
8960:
8947:
8940:
8933:
8928:Slovak Republic
8926:
8918:
8911:
8904:
8899:Empire of Japan
8897:
8888:
8880:
8873:
8866:
8859:
8852:
8845:
8837:
8830:
8823:
8815:
8808:
8795:
8788:
8779:
8772:
8763:
8756:
8749:
8742:
8735:
8728:
8721:
8709:
8702:
8695:
8688:
8681:
8674:
8667:
8660:
8653:
8641:
8634:
8627:
8620:
8613:
8601:
8593:
8586:
8579:
8572:
8565:
8558:
8551:
8539:
8532:
8525:
8518:
8511:
8485:
8476:
8469:
8462:
8455:
8444:
8429:
8422:
8415:
8411:Sexual violence
8410:
8403:
8394:
8387:
8380:
8371:
8364:
8357:
8350:
8343:
8334:
8325:
8318:
8311:
8304:
8297:
8290:
8281:
8274:
8267:
8260:
8247:
8240:
8233:
8226:
8217:
8210:
8203:
8196:
8189:
8180:
8171:
8164:
8157:
8150:
8141:
8134:
8129:Greek Civil War
8127:
8120:
8113:
8106:
8099:
8092:
8085:
8072:
8065:
8056:
8049:
8042:
8033:
8026:
8019:
8012:
8003:
7996:
7989:
7980:
7973:
7966:
7959:
7954:South-East Asia
7952:
7945:
7938:
7925:
7918:
7911:
7904:
7897:
7890:
7883:
7876:
7867:
7860:
7853:
7846:
7839:
7832:
7825:
7818:
7813:Military awards
7811:
7802:
7795:
7788:
7779:
7772:
7765:
7758:
7751:
7744:
7737:
7730:
7723:
7716:
7707:
7700:
7680:
7673:
7666:
7657:
7650:
7643:
7638:
7629:
7622:
7615:
7607:
7602:
7572:
7567:
7557:
7521:
7478:Topic histories
7473:
7427:
7422:
7379:
7246:Flying Fortress
7220:Hastings, Max.
7191:
7190:
7184:
7182:
7178:
7174:
7135:Charman, T. C.
7097:
7069:Wells, Mark K.
7063:(1968), British
7006:Wayback Machine
6989:online at JSTOR
6939:39 (1989) 33–45
6918:
6900:Speer, Alfred.
6893:Spaight, J. M.
6795:
6694:
6672:Feis, Herbert.
6667:Foreign Affairs
6645:
6640:
6621:
6620:
6614:
6612:
6607:
6546:
6545:
6539:
6537:
6532:
6459:Gruen, Adam L.
6422:
6343:
6322:
6289:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6277:"vol. 1 online"
6275:
6220:
6209:Mets, David R.
6195:LeMay, Curtis.
6157:
6152:
6049:
5976:
5923:Gordon, Yefim.
5914:
5890:
5865:Wilt, Alan F. (
5836:
5835:
5829:
5827:
5822:
5793:
5776:(1969), British
5710:
5683:
5678:
5648:
5646:Further reading
5599:
5596:(2nd ed., 2010)
5560:
5559:
5553:
5551:
5546:
5529:978 14728 05614
5508:
5503:
5502:
5492:
5490:
5479:
5475:
5466:
5462:
5458:(2014) pp 306–7
5453:
5449:
5440:
5436:
5427:
5423:
5414:
5410:
5405:Wayback Machine
5391:
5387:
5383:(1997) pp 2, 20
5379:Richard Overy,
5378:
5374:
5367:
5345:
5341:
5329:
5325:
5316:
5312:
5303:
5299:
5290:
5286:
5281:
5277:
5272:
5268:
5259:
5255:
5245:
5243:
5230:
5229:
5225:
5208:
5204:
5195:
5191:
5186:
5182:
5173:
5169:
5160:
5156:
5144:
5140:
5135:
5131:
5122:
5118:
5113:
5109:
5100:
5096:
5087:
5083:
5068:
5064:
5055:
5051:
5046:Wayback Machine
5032:
5028:
5016:
5012:
5004:
5000:
4992:
4988:
4949:
4945:
4928:
4924:
4917:
4903:
4896:
4887:
4883:
4873:Wayback Machine
4863:
4859:
4850:
4846:
4835:
4831:
4822:
4818:
4809:
4805:
4795:
4793:
4789:
4788:
4784:
4774:
4772:
4763:
4762:
4758:
4753:
4746:
4737:
4733:
4724:
4720:
4712:
4708:
4699:
4695:
4679:
4675:
4666:
4662:
4653:
4649:
4640:
4636:
4620:
4616:
4608:
4604:
4595:
4591:
4581:
4579:
4566:
4565:
4561:
4552:
4548:
4542:Fire in the Sky
4539:
4535:
4529:Fire in the Sky
4522:
4518:
4509:
4505:
4496:
4492:
4483:
4479:
4470:
4466:
4457:
4453:
4444:
4440:
4431:
4427:
4415:
4411:
4402:
4398:
4389:
4385:
4373:
4369:
4360:
4356:
4343:
4341:
4326:
4322:
4313:
4311:
4301:
4297:
4288:
4284:
4272:
4268:
4256:
4254:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4230:
4221:
4219:
4204:
4200:
4191:
4189:
4179:
4175:
4140:
4136:
4127:
4125:
4115:
4111:
4102:
4100:
4085:
4081:
4072:
4070:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4035:
4031:
4022:
4020:
4010:
4006:
3997:
3995:
3985:
3978:
3969:
3967:
3957:
3953:
3944:
3942:
3932:
3928:
3919:
3917:
3906:
3902:
3893:
3891:
3889:shanghai1937.tv
3881:
3877:
3868:
3866:
3856:
3852:
3843:
3841:
3831:
3827:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3796:
3792:
3783:
3779:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3739:
3735:
3725:
3723:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3651:
3647:
3638:
3634:
3625:
3621:
3612:
3608:
3600:Ian Gooderson,
3599:
3595:
3588:
3574:
3570:
3561:
3557:
3544:
3540:
3534:Fire in the Sky
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3512:Fire in the Sky
3509:
3505:
3496:
3492:
3483:
3479:
3471:Eric Larrabee,
3470:
3466:
3457:
3453:
3444:
3440:
3433:
3407:Walter Isaacson
3404:
3400:
3391:
3387:
3378:
3374:
3367:
3353:
3349:
3340:
3333:
3326:
3302:
3295:
3286:
3282:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3258:
3249:
3245:
3236:
3232:
3223:
3219:
3210:
3206:
3194:
3190:
3182:
3180:
3165:
3161:
3152:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3127:
3123:
3118:
3114:
3109:
3065:
3040:Curtis E. LeMay
3029:Joseph Goebbels
3020:Results of the
2969:
2967:
2954:
2944:
2928:their designers
2908:cruise missiles
2858:
2841:
2799:
2793:
2741:Polikarpov Po-2
2724:Gefechtsverband
2626:Jimmy Doolittle
2621:
2613:
2579:
2511:
2479:
2462:
2418:
2412:Operation Torch
2408:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2371:Spitfire Mk.Vbs
2211:
2205:
2197:Main articles:
2195:
2153:Kampfgeschwader
2136:Heinkel He 111s
2105:Royal Air Force
2097:
2085:Main articles:
2083:
2075:Royal Air Force
2037:the Netherlands
2018:
2010:Fieseler Storch
1995:
1989:
1953:
1880:Chiang Kai-shek
1872:Harry S. Truman
1868:
1862:
1801:
1795:
1727:
1721:
1702:
1682:Henderson Field
1667:
1661:
1641:
1595:
1564:
1544:
1542:Pacific air war
1472:17th PS, 5th PG
1449:air-burst bombs
1411:
1405:
1377:Polikarpov I-15
1369:Northrop Gammas
1361:Heinkel He 111s
1307:Battle of Wuhan
1259:Empire of Japan
1246:
1241:
1211:
1165:
1145:Main articles:
1143:
1094:Henschel Hs 293
1027:
1025:Henschel Hs 293
1015:Main articles:
1013:
964:Operation Cobra
936:
898:forces used as
862:Jimmy Doolittle
816:
807:
799:the Pacific war
757:
752:
683:
670:
635:Jimmy Doolittle
590:Hoyt Vandenberg
586:Jimmy Doolittle
577:Henry H. Arnold
526:
520:
471:
463:Main articles:
461:
340:
334:
312:Heinkel HeS 011
189:
183:
178:
142:
114:air superiority
112:that could win
95:. By contrast,
17:
12:
11:
5:
10893:
10883:
10882:
10877:
10860:
10859:
10857:
10856:
10849:
10842:
10825:
10822:
10821:
10818:
10817:
10815:
10814:
10813:
10812:
10805:
10798:
10784:
10783:
10782:
10768:
10765:South Sakhalin
10761:
10760:
10759:
10745:
10738:
10731:
10724:
10717:
10716:
10715:
10701:
10694:
10687:
10680:
10673:
10666:
10659:
10652:
10645:
10638:
10631:
10624:
10617:
10610:
10602:
10600:
10594:
10593:
10591:
10590:
10583:
10582:
10581:
10565:
10558:
10557:
10556:
10542:
10535:
10528:
10521:
10514:
10505:
10496:
10489:
10480:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10450:
10443:
10436:
10429:
10422:
10415:
10408:
10399:
10392:
10383:
10374:
10365:
10358:
10351:
10340:
10330:
10328:
10322:
10321:
10319:
10318:
10311:
10310:
10309:
10302:
10288:
10281:
10274:
10267:
10260:
10259:
10258:
10244:
10237:
10228:
10221:
10214:
10207:
10200:
10193:
10190:Battle of Attu
10186:
10179:
10171:
10169:
10163:
10162:
10160:
10159:
10152:
10143:
10136:
10129:
10120:
10113:
10106:
10099:
10090:
10089:
10088:
10081:
10067:
10060:
10053:
10046:
10039:
10032:
10025:
10018:
10011:
10004:
9996:
9994:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9977:
9970:
9963:
9956:
9949:
9942:
9939:Battle of Guam
9935:
9928:
9921:
9914:
9907:
9900:
9893:
9886:
9879:
9872:
9865:
9862:Battle of Kiev
9858:
9851:
9837:
9836:
9835:
9821:
9814:
9807:
9800:
9793:
9792:
9791:
9777:
9770:
9763:
9755:
9753:
9747:
9746:
9744:
9743:
9734:
9727:
9720:
9713:
9706:
9699:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9671:
9664:
9657:
9650:
9643:
9636:
9629:
9622:
9615:
9607:
9605:
9599:
9598:
9596:
9595:
9588:
9581:
9574:
9567:
9560:
9553:
9545:
9543:
9537:
9536:
9534:
9533:
9532:
9531:
9524:
9517:
9510:
9503:
9489:
9488:
9487:
9480:
9466:
9465:
9464:
9449:
9447:
9438:
9432:
9431:
9428:
9427:
9425:
9424:
9417:
9410:
9409:
9408:
9401:
9389:
9388:
9387:
9373:
9366:
9365:
9364:
9361:United Kingdom
9357:
9350:
9349:
9348:
9329:
9321:
9319:
9313:
9312:
9310:
9309:
9302:
9301:
9300:
9293:
9281:
9274:
9267:
9260:
9253:
9246:
9239:
9232:
9225:
9218:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9190:
9183:
9182:
9181:
9174:
9160:
9153:
9146:
9139:
9132:
9125:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9097:
9090:
9083:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9055:
9047:
9045:
9039:
9038:
9036:
9035:
9028:
9021:
9014:
9007:
9000:
8993:
8986:
8979:
8972:
8965:
8957:
8955:
8949:
8948:
8946:
8945:
8938:
8931:
8924:
8916:
8909:
8902:
8895:
8894:
8893:
8878:
8871:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8843:
8835:
8828:
8821:
8813:
8805:
8803:
8797:
8796:
8794:
8793:
8786:
8785:
8784:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8765:British Empire
8758:United Kingdom
8754:
8747:
8740:
8733:
8726:
8719:
8707:
8700:
8693:
8686:
8679:
8672:
8665:
8658:
8651:
8639:
8632:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8599:
8591:
8584:
8577:
8574:Czechoslovakia
8570:
8563:
8556:
8549:
8537:
8530:
8523:
8516:
8508:
8506:
8497:
8491:
8490:
8487:
8486:
8484:
8483:
8482:
8481:
8474:
8471:Rape of Manila
8467:
8460:
8453:
8442:
8427:
8420:
8408:
8401:
8400:
8399:
8392:
8378:
8377:
8376:
8369:
8362:
8348:
8341:
8340:
8339:
8332:
8331:
8330:
8323:
8309:
8302:
8288:
8287:
8286:
8279:
8272:
8257:
8255:
8249:
8248:
8246:
8245:
8242:United Nations
8238:
8231:
8224:
8223:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8201:
8187:
8178:
8169:
8162:
8155:
8148:
8139:
8132:
8125:
8118:
8111:
8104:
8101:Decolonization
8097:
8090:
8082:
8080:
8074:
8073:
8071:
8070:
8063:
8062:
8061:
8047:
8040:
8039:
8038:
8031:
8024:
8010:
8009:
8008:
8001:
7987:
7986:
7985:
7978:
7971:
7964:
7957:
7950:
7935:
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7927:
7926:
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7923:
7916:
7909:
7902:
7895:
7888:
7881:
7874:
7873:
7872:
7865:
7851:
7844:
7837:
7830:
7823:
7816:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7793:
7786:
7785:
7784:
7777:
7774:United Kingdom
7770:
7756:
7749:
7742:
7735:
7728:
7721:
7714:
7713:
7712:
7697:
7695:
7686:
7682:
7681:
7679:
7678:
7671:
7664:
7663:
7662:
7655:
7648:
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7609:
7608:
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7593:
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7509:
7504:
7503:
7502:
7492:
7487:
7481:
7479:
7475:
7474:
7472:
7471:
7466:
7461:
7456:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7435:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7421:
7420:
7413:
7406:
7398:
7392:
7391:
7385:
7378:
7377:External links
7375:
7374:
7373:
7366:
7363:online edition
7355:
7352:online edition
7344:
7342:Online edition
7334:
7324:
7317:
7315:online at Sage
7311:War in History
7307:
7300:
7293:
7286:
7279:
7272:
7265:
7255:
7249:
7242:
7235:
7233:online edition
7225:
7222:Bomber Command
7218:
7211:
7206:Edoin, Hoito.
7204:
7167:
7160:
7155:Cross, Robin.
7153:
7151:online edition
7140:
7133:
7131:online edition
7119:
7112:
7107:Berger, Carl.
7105:
7100:Beck, Earl R.
7096:
7093:
7092:
7091:
7084:
7074:
7067:
7064:
7057:
7050:
7043:
7036:
7029:
7022:
7015:
7008:
6999:online edition
6991:
6981:
6974:
6957:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6917:
6914:
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6905:
6898:
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6884:
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6857:
6850:
6843:
6834:
6827:
6820:
6813:
6806:
6794:
6791:
6790:
6789:
6787:online excerpt
6779:
6772:
6763:
6758:Skates, John.
6756:
6746:
6736:
6726:
6719:
6712:
6705:
6698:
6692:
6677:
6670:
6663:
6653:
6644:
6641:
6639:
6636:
6635:
6634:
6600:
6598:online edition
6590:
6588:online edition
6580:
6573:
6566:
6559:
6525:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6497:
6491:
6484:
6477:
6475:online edition
6467:
6465:online edition
6457:
6450:
6448:online edition
6437:
6430:
6421:
6418:
6417:
6416:
6409:
6402:
6392:
6390:online version
6382:
6375:
6368:
6366:online excerpt
6360:Brown, Louis.
6358:
6351:
6342:
6339:
6338:
6337:
6330:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6316:
6309:
6302:
6268:
6267:(1979) 168–85.
6261:online edition
6253:
6246:
6232:War in History
6228:
6225:Global Mission
6219:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6207:
6200:
6193:
6186:
6179:
6172:
6165:
6164:(1987) 451 pp.
6160:Byrd, Martha.
6156:
6153:
6151:
6148:
6147:
6146:
6144:online edition
6138:Osur, Alan M.
6136:
6131:Nichol, John.
6129:
6122:
6120:online edition
6112:
6105:
6095:
6088:
6081:
6074:
6067:
6060:
6053:
6047:
6032:
6025:
6018:
6016:online edition
6004:
5997:
5992:Ford, Daniel.
5990:
5985:Byrd, Martha.
5983:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5970:
5963:
5956:
5949:
5942:
5935:
5928:
5921:
5913:
5910:
5909:
5908:
5901:
5894:Coox, Alvin D.
5889:
5886:
5885:
5884:
5874:
5863:
5856:
5849:
5815:
5808:
5801:
5792:
5789:
5788:
5787:
5780:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5722:Air Enthusiast
5718:
5709:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5694:
5692:online edition
5682:
5679:
5677:
5674:
5673:
5672:
5662:
5647:
5644:
5643:
5642:
5621:
5598:
5597:
5590:
5583:
5581:online edition
5573:
5539:
5532:
5517:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5500:
5473:
5460:
5447:
5434:
5428:Albert Speer,
5421:
5408:
5385:
5372:
5365:
5339:
5323:
5310:
5297:
5284:
5275:
5266:
5253:
5223:
5202:
5189:
5180:
5167:
5154:
5138:
5129:
5116:
5107:
5094:
5088:Max Hastings,
5081:
5062:
5049:
5026:
5022:War in History
5010:
4998:
4996:, p. 135.
4986:
4959:(3): 773–808.
4943:
4922:
4915:
4894:
4881:
4857:
4844:
4829:
4816:
4814:(Kimber, 1983)
4803:
4782:
4756:
4744:
4731:
4718:
4706:
4693:
4673:
4660:
4647:
4634:
4614:
4602:
4598:War in History
4589:
4559:
4546:
4544:p 344–49.
4533:
4516:
4503:
4490:
4477:
4464:
4451:
4438:
4425:
4409:
4396:
4383:
4367:
4354:
4320:
4295:
4282:
4266:
4238:
4228:
4198:
4173:
4134:
4109:
4087:Chai, George.
4079:
4054:
4029:
4018:上游新闻 - 汇聚向上的力量
4004:
3976:
3951:
3926:
3900:
3875:
3850:
3839:Pacific Eagles
3825:
3819:T. D. Dungan,
3812:
3803:
3790:
3777:
3764:
3733:
3706:
3680:
3658:
3645:
3632:
3626:Omar Bradley,
3619:
3606:
3593:
3586:
3568:
3555:
3538:
3525:
3516:
3503:
3490:
3477:
3464:
3451:
3438:
3431:
3398:
3385:
3372:
3365:
3347:
3331:
3324:
3293:
3280:
3267:
3256:
3243:
3230:
3217:
3204:
3188:
3159:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3121:
3111:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3104:
3103:
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3064:
3061:
2966:
2963:
2952:Transport Plan
2943:
2940:
2857:
2854:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2814:headquarters.
2792:
2789:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2609:
2578:
2575:
2510:
2507:
2494:Voronezh Front
2478:
2475:
2461:
2458:
2407:
2404:
2393:Main article:
2390:
2387:
2272:Yakovlev Yak-1
2194:
2191:
2166:Dowding system
2082:
2079:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2017:
2014:
1991:Main article:
1988:
1985:
1952:
1949:
1921:plutonium core
1864:Main article:
1861:
1858:
1837:
1836:
1797:Main article:
1794:
1791:
1786:
1785:
1723:Main article:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1715:
1701:
1698:
1663:Main article:
1660:
1657:
1640:
1637:
1632:Doolittle Raid
1618:raid on Darwin
1594:
1591:
1587:Doolittle Raid
1563:
1560:
1543:
1540:
1501:(Myanmar) and
1444:Schnellbombers
1419:Hubei province
1407:Main article:
1404:
1401:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1210:
1207:
1183:Heinkel He 177
1163:Amerika Bomber
1155:Heinkel He 177
1142:
1139:
1130:B-24 Liberator
1090:Dornier Do 217
1012:
1009:
1004:Hawker Typhoon
993:
992:
980:
979:
935:
932:
889:heavy fighters
882:Jagdgeschwader
827:Hawker Typhoon
815:
812:
806:
803:
756:
753:
751:
748:
682:
679:
669:
666:
522:Main article:
519:
516:
478:Ilyushin Il-2s
460:
457:
378:Billy Strachan
336:Main article:
333:
330:
321:Nakajima Kikka
277:Heinkel He 177
255:Heinkel He 162
247:night fighters
219:Hermann Göring
211:branch of the
209:aerial warfare
185:Main article:
182:
179:
177:
174:
141:
138:
43:nuclear weapon
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10892:
10881:
10878:
10876:
10873:
10872:
10870:
10854:
10850:
10847:
10843:
10840:
10839:
10834:
10827:
10826:
10823:
10810:
10806:
10803:
10799:
10796:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10785:
10780:
10776:
10775:
10773:
10772:Kuril Islands
10769:
10766:
10762:
10757:
10753:
10752:
10750:
10746:
10743:
10739:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10725:
10722:
10718:
10713:
10709:
10708:
10706:
10702:
10699:
10695:
10692:
10688:
10685:
10681:
10678:
10674:
10671:
10667:
10664:
10660:
10657:
10653:
10650:
10646:
10643:
10639:
10636:
10632:
10629:
10625:
10622:
10618:
10615:
10611:
10608:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10595:
10588:
10584:
10579:
10578:
10573:
10572:
10570:
10566:
10563:
10559:
10554:
10550:
10549:
10547:
10543:
10540:
10539:Syrmian Front
10536:
10533:
10529:
10526:
10522:
10519:
10515:
10512:
10511:
10506:
10503:
10502:
10497:
10494:
10490:
10487:
10486:
10485:Market Garden
10481:
10478:
10474:
10471:
10467:
10464:
10460:
10457:
10456:
10451:
10448:
10444:
10441:
10437:
10434:
10430:
10427:
10423:
10420:
10416:
10413:
10409:
10406:
10405:
10400:
10397:
10393:
10390:
10389:
10384:
10381:
10380:
10375:
10372:
10371:
10366:
10363:
10359:
10356:
10352:
10349:
10345:
10344:Monte Cassino
10341:
10338:
10337:
10332:
10331:
10329:
10327:
10323:
10316:
10312:
10307:
10303:
10300:
10296:
10295:
10293:
10289:
10286:
10282:
10279:
10275:
10272:
10268:
10265:
10261:
10256:
10252:
10251:
10249:
10245:
10242:
10238:
10235:
10234:
10229:
10226:
10222:
10219:
10215:
10212:
10208:
10205:
10201:
10198:
10194:
10191:
10187:
10184:
10180:
10177:
10173:
10172:
10170:
10168:
10164:
10157:
10153:
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10149:
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10141:
10137:
10134:
10130:
10127:
10126:
10121:
10118:
10114:
10111:
10107:
10104:
10100:
10097:
10096:
10091:
10086:
10082:
10079:
10075:
10074:
10072:
10068:
10065:
10061:
10058:
10054:
10051:
10047:
10044:
10040:
10037:
10033:
10030:
10026:
10023:
10019:
10016:
10012:
10009:
10005:
10002:
9998:
9997:
9995:
9993:
9989:
9982:
9978:
9975:
9971:
9968:
9964:
9961:
9957:
9954:
9950:
9947:
9943:
9940:
9936:
9933:
9929:
9926:
9922:
9919:
9915:
9912:
9908:
9905:
9901:
9898:
9894:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9880:
9877:
9873:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9859:
9856:
9852:
9848:
9847:
9842:
9838:
9833:
9829:
9828:
9826:
9822:
9819:
9815:
9812:
9808:
9805:
9801:
9798:
9794:
9789:
9785:
9784:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9757:
9756:
9754:
9752:
9748:
9741:
9740:
9735:
9732:
9728:
9725:
9721:
9718:
9714:
9711:
9710:Baltic states
9707:
9704:
9700:
9697:
9693:
9690:
9686:
9683:
9679:
9676:
9672:
9669:
9665:
9662:
9658:
9655:
9651:
9648:
9644:
9641:
9637:
9634:
9630:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9609:
9608:
9606:
9604:
9600:
9593:
9589:
9586:
9582:
9579:
9575:
9572:
9568:
9565:
9561:
9558:
9554:
9551:
9547:
9546:
9544:
9542:
9538:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9518:
9515:
9511:
9508:
9504:
9501:
9497:
9496:
9494:
9490:
9485:
9481:
9478:
9474:
9473:
9471:
9467:
9462:
9458:
9457:
9455:
9451:
9450:
9448:
9446:
9442:
9439:
9437:
9433:
9422:
9418:
9415:
9411:
9406:
9402:
9399:
9395:
9394:
9390:
9385:
9381:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9371:
9367:
9362:
9358:
9355:
9354:United States
9351:
9346:
9342:
9341:
9339:
9335:
9334:
9330:
9327:
9323:
9322:
9320:
9318:
9314:
9307:
9303:
9298:
9294:
9291:
9290:Quốc dân Đảng
9287:
9286:
9282:
9279:
9275:
9272:
9268:
9265:
9261:
9258:
9254:
9251:
9247:
9244:
9240:
9237:
9233:
9230:
9226:
9223:
9219:
9216:
9212:
9209:
9205:
9202:
9198:
9195:
9191:
9188:
9184:
9179:
9175:
9172:
9168:
9167:
9165:
9161:
9158:
9154:
9151:
9147:
9144:
9140:
9137:
9133:
9130:
9126:
9123:
9119:
9116:
9112:
9109:
9105:
9102:
9098:
9095:
9091:
9088:
9084:
9081:
9077:
9074:
9070:
9067:
9063:
9060:
9056:
9053:
9049:
9048:
9046:
9044:
9040:
9033:
9029:
9026:
9022:
9019:
9015:
9012:
9008:
9005:
9001:
8998:
8994:
8991:
8990:Liechtenstein
8987:
8984:
8980:
8977:
8973:
8970:
8966:
8963:
8959:
8958:
8956:
8954:
8950:
8943:
8939:
8936:
8932:
8929:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8914:
8910:
8907:
8903:
8900:
8896:
8891:
8887:
8886:
8883:
8879:
8876:
8872:
8869:
8865:
8862:
8858:
8855:
8851:
8848:
8844:
8840:
8836:
8833:
8829:
8826:
8822:
8818:
8814:
8811:
8807:
8806:
8804:
8802:
8798:
8791:
8787:
8782:
8778:
8777:
8775:
8774:United States
8771:
8766:
8762:
8761:
8759:
8755:
8752:
8748:
8745:
8741:
8738:
8734:
8731:
8727:
8724:
8720:
8716:
8712:
8708:
8705:
8701:
8698:
8694:
8691:
8687:
8684:
8680:
8677:
8673:
8670:
8666:
8663:
8659:
8656:
8652:
8648:
8644:
8640:
8637:
8633:
8630:
8626:
8623:
8619:
8616:
8612:
8608:
8604:
8600:
8596:
8592:
8589:
8585:
8582:
8578:
8575:
8571:
8568:
8564:
8561:
8557:
8554:
8550:
8546:
8542:
8538:
8535:
8531:
8528:
8524:
8521:
8517:
8514:
8510:
8509:
8507:
8505:
8501:
8498:
8496:
8492:
8479:
8475:
8472:
8468:
8465:
8464:Comfort women
8461:
8458:
8454:
8451:
8448: /
8447:
8443:
8440:
8437: /
8436:
8433: /
8432:
8428:
8425:
8424:Camp brothels
8421:
8418:
8414:
8413:
8409:
8406:
8402:
8397:
8393:
8390:
8386:
8385:
8383:
8379:
8374:
8370:
8367:
8363:
8360:
8356:
8355:
8353:
8349:
8346:
8342:
8337:
8333:
8328:
8324:
8321:
8317:
8316:
8314:
8313:The Holocaust
8310:
8307:
8303:
8300:
8299:forced labour
8296:
8295:
8293:
8289:
8284:
8280:
8277:
8273:
8270:
8266:
8265:
8263:
8259:
8258:
8256:
8254:
8250:
8243:
8239:
8236:
8232:
8229:
8225:
8220:
8216:
8213:
8209:
8206:
8202:
8199:
8195:
8194:
8192:
8188:
8185:
8184:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8170:
8167:
8163:
8160:
8156:
8153:
8152:Marshall Plan
8149:
8146:
8145:
8140:
8137:
8133:
8130:
8126:
8123:
8119:
8116:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8102:
8098:
8095:
8091:
8088:
8084:
8083:
8081:
8079:
8075:
8068:
8064:
8059:
8055:
8054:
8052:
8048:
8045:
8041:
8036:
8032:
8029:
8025:
8022:
8018:
8017:
8015:
8011:
8006:
8005:Eastern Front
8002:
7999:
7998:Western Front
7995:
7994:
7992:
7988:
7983:
7979:
7976:
7972:
7969:
7965:
7962:
7958:
7955:
7951:
7948:
7944:
7943:
7941:
7937:
7936:
7934:
7932:
7928:
7921:
7917:
7914:
7910:
7907:
7903:
7900:
7896:
7893:
7892:Puppet states
7889:
7886:
7882:
7879:
7875:
7870:
7866:
7863:
7859:
7858:
7856:
7852:
7849:
7845:
7842:
7838:
7835:
7834:Naval history
7831:
7828:
7824:
7821:
7817:
7814:
7810:
7805:
7801:
7800:
7798:
7794:
7791:
7787:
7782:
7781:United States
7778:
7775:
7771:
7768:
7764:
7763:
7761:
7757:
7754:
7750:
7747:
7743:
7740:
7736:
7733:
7729:
7726:
7722:
7719:
7715:
7710:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7699:
7698:
7696:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7683:
7676:
7672:
7669:
7665:
7660:
7656:
7653:
7649:
7646:
7642:
7641:
7637:
7632:
7628:
7627:
7625:
7621:
7618:
7614:
7613:
7610:
7606:
7599:
7594:
7592:
7587:
7585:
7580:
7579:
7576:
7566:
7560:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7548:Mars aircraft
7546:
7544:
7541:
7539:
7536:
7534:
7531:
7530:
7528:
7524:
7517:
7513:
7510:
7508:
7505:
7501:
7498:
7497:
7496:
7493:
7491:
7488:
7486:
7483:
7482:
7480:
7476:
7470:
7467:
7465:
7462:
7460:
7457:
7455:
7452:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7436:
7434:
7432:Chronological
7430:
7426:
7419:
7414:
7412:
7407:
7405:
7400:
7399:
7396:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7380:
7371:
7367:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7343:
7339:
7335:
7333:
7329:
7325:
7322:
7318:
7316:
7312:
7308:
7305:
7301:
7298:
7294:
7291:
7287:
7284:
7280:
7277:
7273:
7270:
7266:
7264:
7260:
7256:
7253:
7250:
7247:
7243:
7240:
7237:Hecks, Karl.
7236:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7223:
7219:
7216:
7212:
7209:
7205:
7201:
7195:
7177:
7172:
7168:
7165:
7161:
7158:
7154:
7152:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7138:
7134:
7132:
7128:
7124:
7120:
7117:
7113:
7110:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7098:
7089:
7085:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7072:
7068:
7065:
7062:
7058:
7055:
7051:
7048:
7044:
7041:
7037:
7034:
7030:
7027:
7023:
7020:
7016:
7013:
7009:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6992:
6990:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6972:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6958:
6955:
6951:
6947:
6946:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6919:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6897:(1947), legal
6896:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6883:
6879:
6875:
6873:
6869:
6865:
6862:
6858:
6855:
6851:
6848:
6847:The Historian
6844:
6841:
6838:
6835:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6821:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6807:
6805:
6801:
6797:
6796:
6788:
6784:
6780:
6777:
6773:
6770:
6769:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6755:
6751:
6747:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6735:
6731:
6727:
6724:
6720:
6717:
6716:World Affairs
6713:
6710:
6706:
6703:
6699:
6695:
6689:
6685:
6684:
6678:
6675:
6671:
6668:
6664:
6662:
6658:
6654:
6651:
6647:
6646:
6631:
6625:
6610:
6605:
6601:
6599:
6595:
6591:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6578:
6574:
6571:
6567:
6564:
6560:
6556:
6550:
6535:
6530:
6526:
6523:
6519:
6516:
6512:
6509:
6505:
6502:
6498:
6495:
6492:
6489:
6485:
6482:
6478:
6476:
6472:
6468:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6455:
6451:
6449:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6428:
6424:
6423:
6414:
6410:
6407:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6393:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6380:
6376:
6373:
6369:
6367:
6363:
6359:
6356:
6352:
6349:
6345:
6344:
6335:
6331:
6328:
6324:
6323:
6314:
6310:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6293:
6278:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6262:
6259:(1997) 38 pp
6258:
6254:
6251:
6247:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6226:
6222:
6221:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6201:
6198:
6194:
6191:
6187:
6184:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6170:
6166:
6163:
6159:
6158:
6145:
6141:
6137:
6134:
6130:
6127:
6123:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6110:
6106:
6104:
6100:
6096:
6093:
6089:
6086:
6082:
6079:
6075:
6072:
6068:
6065:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6044:
6040:
6039:
6033:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6019:
6017:
6013:
6010:(1949), vol.
6009:
6005:
6002:
5998:
5995:
5991:
5988:
5984:
5982:
5978:
5977:
5969:(1979) 98–127
5968:
5964:
5961:
5957:
5954:
5950:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5933:
5929:
5926:
5922:
5920:
5916:
5915:
5906:
5902:
5900:(1979) 84–97.
5899:
5895:
5892:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5872:
5868:
5864:
5861:
5857:
5854:
5850:
5846:
5840:
5825:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5802:
5799:
5795:
5794:
5785:
5781:
5778:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5764:
5762:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5747:
5744:
5740:
5738:(1989) 480 pp
5737:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5723:
5719:
5716:
5712:
5711:
5708:Great Britain
5702:
5698:
5695:
5693:
5689:
5685:
5684:
5681:United States
5671:
5667:
5663:
5660:
5656:
5655:
5654:
5653:
5641:
5639:
5635:
5631:
5627:
5622:
5620:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5582:
5578:
5574:
5570:
5564:
5549:
5544:
5540:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5522:
5518:
5515:
5511:
5510:
5488:
5487:www.wired.com
5484:
5477:
5470:
5464:
5457:
5451:
5444:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5418:
5415:R. J. Overy,
5412:
5406:
5402:
5399:
5395:
5389:
5382:
5376:
5368:
5366:0-275-94319-4
5362:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5343:
5337:
5333:
5327:
5320:
5314:
5307:
5301:
5294:
5288:
5279:
5270:
5263:
5257:
5241:
5237:
5233:
5227:
5220:
5219:0-85885-194-6
5216:
5212:
5206:
5200:(2006) p. 239
5199:
5193:
5184:
5178:(2006) p. 160
5177:
5171:
5164:
5158:
5151:
5147:
5142:
5133:
5126:
5120:
5111:
5104:
5098:
5091:
5085:
5077:
5073:
5066:
5059:
5053:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5036:
5030:
5023:
5019:
5018:Sönke Neitzel
5014:
5007:
5002:
4995:
4994:Hardesty 1991
4990:
4982:
4978:
4974:
4970:
4966:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4947:
4940:
4939:0-85885-194-6
4936:
4932:
4926:
4918:
4916:0-253-33557-4
4912:
4908:
4901:
4899:
4891:
4885:
4878:
4874:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4854:
4848:
4840:
4833:
4826:
4820:
4813:
4807:
4792:
4786:
4771:on 2016-05-30
4770:
4766:
4760:
4751:
4749:
4741:
4735:
4728:
4722:
4715:
4710:
4704:(2000) p. 241
4703:
4697:
4691:
4687:
4683:
4677:
4670:
4664:
4657:
4651:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4628:
4624:
4618:
4612:
4606:
4599:
4593:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4563:
4557:(1955) p. 851
4556:
4550:
4543:
4537:
4530:
4526:
4520:
4513:
4507:
4500:
4494:
4487:
4481:
4474:
4468:
4461:
4455:
4448:
4442:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4419:
4413:
4406:
4400:
4393:
4387:
4381:
4377:
4371:
4364:
4358:
4351:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4324:
4310:
4306:
4299:
4292:
4289:Martha Byrd,
4286:
4280:
4276:
4270:
4263:
4253:
4249:
4242:
4232:
4218:on 2020-11-30
4217:
4213:
4209:
4202:
4188:
4184:
4177:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4157:
4153:
4149:
4145:
4138:
4124:
4120:
4113:
4099:on 2022-03-30
4098:
4094:
4090:
4083:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4044:
4040:
4033:
4019:
4015:
4008:
3994:
3990:
3983:
3981:
3966:
3962:
3955:
3941:
3937:
3930:
3915:
3911:
3904:
3890:
3886:
3879:
3865:
3861:
3854:
3840:
3836:
3829:
3822:
3816:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3781:
3774:
3768:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3737:
3721:
3717:
3710:
3694:
3690:
3684:
3668:
3662:
3655:
3649:
3642:
3636:
3629:
3623:
3616:
3610:
3603:
3597:
3589:
3583:
3579:
3572:
3566:(1988) p, 126
3565:
3559:
3552:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3520:
3513:
3507:
3501:(2001) p. 463
3500:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3461:
3455:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3428:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3395:
3389:
3382:
3381:The Offensive
3376:
3368:
3366:83-86208-33-3
3362:
3358:
3351:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3327:
3325:0-87474-510-1
3321:
3317:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3298:
3290:
3284:
3277:
3271:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3247:
3240:
3234:
3227:
3221:
3214:
3208:
3201:
3197:
3192:
3179:on 2016-12-31
3178:
3174:
3170:
3163:
3156:
3150:
3146:
3125:
3116:
3112:
3102:
3101:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3060:
3058:
3054:
3053:
3048:
3047:heavy bombers
3045:
3041:
3037:
3032:
3030:
3024:raid on Tokyo
3023:
3018:
3014:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2995:
2990:
2986:
2962:
2958:
2953:
2949:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2889:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2875:
2871:
2866:
2862:
2853:
2851:
2850:George Patton
2846:
2833:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2823:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2798:
2788:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2750:
2746:
2742:
2736:
2732:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2717:
2713:
2709:
2708:air supremacy
2705:
2699:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2674:Junkers Ju 88
2671:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2627:
2616:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2585:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2543:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2524:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2502:
2496:, 1 July 1943
2495:
2491:
2486:
2482:
2474:
2471:
2467:
2457:
2455:
2454:air supremacy
2450:
2444:
2440:
2438:
2437:Arthur Tedder
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2430:George Patton
2427:
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2375:friendly fire
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2331:Irina Sebrova
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1511:Flying Tigers
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1485:Flying Tigers
1477:
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1431:Operation 100
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1203:
1198:
1197:
1196:Schnellbomber
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1171:
1170:Walther Wever
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:Schnellbomber
1148:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1122:
1117:
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1111:
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965:
961:
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949:
945:
940:
931:
928:
927:air supremacy
923:
921:
917:
913:
907:
905:
901:
897:
896:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
866:P-51 Mustangs
863:
854:
850:
848:
844:
840:
839:air supremacy
832:
828:
824:
820:
814:Air supremacy
811:
802:
800:
795:
791:
787:
781:
779:
773:
766:
761:
747:
745:
741:
737:
732:
730:
729:"Willie" Tait
726:
723:
719:
716:
710:
707:
703:
695:
691:
687:
678:
676:
665:
663:
659:
658:Arthur Tedder
656:
652:
646:
642:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
621:
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612:
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606:
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555:
551:
547:
539:
535:
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525:
515:
512:
510:
507:
506:Ilyushin Il-2
503:
499:
495:
491:
483:
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475:
470:
466:
456:
454:
449:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
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418:
414:
410:
409:Fleet Air Arm
406:
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379:
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370:
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364:
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352:
348:
344:
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316:
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309:
305:
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297:
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
273:Walther Wever
269:
267:
262:
260:
256:
252:
248:
244:
240:
236:
232:
231:United States
228:
224:
220:
216:
215:
210:
202:
201:Junkers Ju 87
198:
193:
188:
173:
171:
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
150:Giulio Douhet
147:
137:
135:
132:, as did the
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
101:United States
98:
94:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
48:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
10846:Bibliography
10829:
10642:Project Hula
10607:Vistula–Oder
10576:
10509:
10500:
10484:
10454:
10403:
10387:
10378:
10369:
10335:
10232:
10147:
10123:
10093:
9844:
9737:
9682:North Africa
9384:Soviet Union
9338:Soviet Union
9264:Soviet Union
9032:Vatican City
8942:Vichy France
8847:German Reich
8744:Soviet Union
8730:South Africa
8723:Sierra Leone
8676:Newfoundland
8495:Participants
8478:Marocchinate
8182:
8173:
8143:
8021:North Africa
7982:Indian Ocean
7841:Nazi plunder
7732:Cryptography
7701:
7605:World War II
7537:
7526:Other topics
7507:Hang gliding
7485:Aerodynamics
7459:World War II
7369:
7358:
7347:
7337:
7327:
7320:
7310:
7303:
7296:
7289:
7282:
7275:
7268:
7258:
7251:
7245:
7238:
7228:
7221:
7214:
7207:
7183:. Retrieved
7170:
7163:
7156:
7147:
7143:
7136:
7122:
7115:
7108:
7101:
7087:
7077:
7070:
7060:
7053:
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7039:
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7025:
7018:
7011:
6994:
6984:
6977:
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6922:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6887:
6877:
6867:
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6853:
6846:
6839:
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6809:
6799:
6782:
6775:
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6759:
6749:
6739:
6729:
6722:
6715:
6708:
6701:
6682:
6673:
6666:
6656:
6649:
6613:. Retrieved
6603:
6593:
6583:
6576:
6569:
6562:
6538:. Retrieved
6528:
6521:
6514:
6507:
6500:
6493:
6487:
6480:
6470:
6460:
6453:
6444:
6440:
6433:
6426:
6412:
6405:
6395:
6385:
6378:
6371:
6361:
6354:
6347:
6333:
6326:
6312:
6305:
6281:. Retrieved
6271:
6264:
6256:
6249:
6231:
6224:
6210:
6203:
6196:
6189:
6182:
6175:
6168:
6161:
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6115:
6108:
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5959:
5952:
5945:
5938:
5931:
5924:
5904:
5897:
5877:
5870:
5867:Alan F. Wilt
5859:
5852:
5828:. Retrieved
5818:
5811:
5804:
5797:
5783:
5773:
5766:
5756:
5749:
5742:
5735:
5721:
5714:
5700:
5696:
5687:
5665:
5658:
5649:
5623:
5602:
5593:
5586:
5576:
5552:. Retrieved
5542:
5535:
5520:
5513:
5493:February 18,
5491:. Retrieved
5486:
5476:
5471:(1978) p. 18
5468:
5463:
5455:
5450:
5442:
5437:
5429:
5424:
5416:
5411:
5393:
5388:
5380:
5375:
5350:
5342:
5331:
5326:
5321:p. 121.
5318:
5313:
5305:
5300:
5292:
5287:
5278:
5269:
5261:
5256:
5244:. Retrieved
5235:
5226:
5210:
5205:
5197:
5192:
5183:
5175:
5170:
5165:p 308–9
5162:
5157:
5149:
5141:
5132:
5124:
5119:
5110:
5102:
5097:
5092:(2004) p 131
5089:
5084:
5075:
5065:
5057:
5052:
5034:
5029:
5021:
5013:
5005:
5001:
4989:
4956:
4952:
4946:
4930:
4925:
4906:
4889:
4884:
4876:
4860:
4852:
4847:
4838:
4832:
4824:
4819:
4811:
4806:
4796:13 September
4794:. Retrieved
4785:
4775:13 September
4773:. Retrieved
4769:the original
4759:
4739:
4734:
4726:
4721:
4709:
4701:
4696:
4681:
4676:
4668:
4663:
4655:
4650:
4642:
4637:
4622:
4617:
4605:
4597:
4592:
4580:. Retrieved
4576:the original
4571:
4562:
4554:
4549:
4541:
4536:
4531:pp 341, 347.
4528:
4524:
4519:
4511:
4506:
4498:
4493:
4485:
4480:
4472:
4467:
4459:
4454:
4446:
4441:
4433:
4428:
4417:
4412:
4404:
4399:
4391:
4386:
4375:
4370:
4365:(2010) p. 88
4362:
4357:
4348:
4342:. Retrieved
4333:
4323:
4312:. Retrieved
4308:
4298:
4290:
4285:
4274:
4269:
4261:
4255:. Retrieved
4251:
4241:
4231:
4220:. Retrieved
4216:the original
4211:
4201:
4190:. Retrieved
4186:
4176:
4154:(3): 25–30.
4151:
4147:
4137:
4126:. Retrieved
4122:
4112:
4101:. Retrieved
4097:the original
4092:
4082:
4071:. Retrieved
4067:
4057:
4046:. Retrieved
4042:
4032:
4021:. Retrieved
4017:
4007:
3996:. Retrieved
3992:
3968:. Retrieved
3964:
3954:
3943:. Retrieved
3939:
3929:
3918:. Retrieved
3913:
3903:
3892:. Retrieved
3888:
3878:
3867:. Retrieved
3863:
3853:
3842:. Retrieved
3838:
3828:
3820:
3815:
3806:
3798:
3797:David Mets,
3793:
3788:(2009) p 162
3785:
3780:
3772:
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3751:the original
3746:
3736:
3724:. Retrieved
3720:the original
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3693:the original
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3661:
3653:
3648:
3643:(1987) p 149
3640:
3635:
3627:
3622:
3614:
3609:
3601:
3596:
3577:
3571:
3563:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3541:
3533:
3528:
3519:
3511:
3506:
3498:
3493:
3485:
3480:
3472:
3467:
3459:
3454:
3446:
3441:
3416:
3401:
3393:
3388:
3380:
3375:
3356:
3350:
3345:(1980) p 150
3342:
3341:R.J. Overy,
3311:
3288:
3283:
3275:
3270:
3259:
3251:
3246:
3238:
3233:
3228:(2009) 436–7
3225:
3220:
3212:
3207:
3199:
3191:
3181:, retrieved
3177:the original
3172:
3162:
3154:
3153:R.J. Overy,
3149:
3124:
3115:
3098:
3051:
3033:
3027:
3022:Meetinghouse
3021:
3006:Albert Speer
3002:
2998:
2983:
2959:
2955:
2921:
2911:
2901:
2891:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2842:
2828:Erwin Rommel
2824:
2820:
2800:
2765:Luftflotte 4
2748:
2744:
2737:
2733:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2700:
2686:
2681:
2661:
2658:
2634:Albert Speer
2622:
2614:
2597:
2580:
2572:
2557:
2546:
2535:
2512:
2503:
2499:
2480:
2463:
2448:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2419:
2380:
2340:
2309:Luftflotte 4
2289:
2267:
2262:
2250:
2246:German Reich
2235:
2219:Great Terror
2212:
2179:
2170:Hugh Dowding
2163:
2151:
2132:Ju 87 Stukas
2129:
2098:
2068:
2065:
2045:
2022:
2019:
2007:
1964:dive bombers
1954:
1945:
1891:
1869:
1854:
1850:
1842:
1838:
1825:
1818:
1813:Yokosuka D4Y
1802:
1787:
1773:incendiaries
1753:
1748:
1744:Curtis LeMay
1728:
1707:
1703:
1687:
1668:
1650:
1642:
1629:
1623:
1611:
1604:
1584:
1579:Pearl Harbor
1576:
1565:
1553:
1536:Curtis Lemay
1519:P-40 Warhawk
1510:
1492:
1481:
1475:
1456:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1412:
1389:Tupolev SB-2
1365:Martin B-10s
1340:
1334:
1291:
1263:
1247:
1233:
1212:
1200:
1194:
1186:
1166:
1118:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1081:
1076:
1060:
1045:An American
1001:
994:
981:
968:Omar Bradley
957:
924:
908:
903:
894:
885:
881:
859:
836:
825:photos of a
808:
793:
782:
774:
770:
733:
711:
699:
671:
647:
643:
624:
617:
613:
602:
598:Curtis LeMay
566:
543:
536:flying over
513:
508:
493:
487:
451:way for the
445:
425:
394:
383:
359:
356:
317:
296:Arado Ar 234
293:
270:
263:
259:P-51 Mustang
243:Neptun radar
239:Lichtenstein
227:Soviet Union
212:
206:
199:escorting a
143:
76:depended on
52:
36:World War II
10577:Bodenplatte
10463:Gothic Line
9689:West Africa
9236:Philippines
9215:Netherlands
9080:Czech lands
9018:Switzerland
8962:Afghanistan
8913:Philippines
8781:Puerto Rico
8697:Philippines
8683:New Zealand
8669:Netherlands
8622:Free France
8373:Prosecution
8174:Osoaviakhim
8044:West Africa
8028:East Africa
7675:Conferences
7469:Digital Age
7449:World War I
7444:Pioneer era
6486:Hogg, I.V.
6087:(GPO, 1955)
5626:Citizendium
5605:Citizendium
5006:Red Phoenix
4671:(1982) p 93
4334:Anti-Empire
4089:"敌"102"号作战"
3699:December 9,
3673:December 9,
3411:Evan Thomas
3202:(1995) p 68
3157:(1980) ch 1
2870:jet-powered
2712:Jagdflieger
2605:mustard gas
2029:Netherlands
1961:Ju 87 Stuka
1909:atomic bomb
1882:issued the
1811:A stricken
1690:Guadalcanal
1659:Guadalcanal
1603:HNLMS
1568:firebombing
1357:Fiat CR.32s
1319:Kunlun Pass
1174:Ural bomber
1147:Ural bomber
1037:glide bomb
925:Once total
904:Jagdflieger
690:CAC Wackett
592:(b. 1899),
588:(b. 1896),
584:(b. 1896),
558:Ernest King
544:Before the
380:(1921-1998)
154:World War I
146:air warfare
82:Axis powers
54:Air warfare
26:long-range
10869:Categories
10677:West Hunan
10510:Pointblank
9846:Silver Fox
9832:Summer War
9585:Winter War
9564:Phoney War
9345:Azerbaijan
9306:Yugoslavia
9201:Luxembourg
9043:Resistance
8790:Yugoslavia
8655:Luxembourg
8457:Sook Ching
8253:War crimes
7855:Technology
7848:Opposition
7790:Lend-Lease
7767:Australian
7760:Home front
7718:Blitzkrieg
7668:Casualties
7659:Commanders
7631:Operations
7563:See also:
7495:Ballooning
7185:2011-10-03
6615:2009-11-25
6606:(GPO 1988)
6540:2009-11-25
6436:(1990) GPO
6283:2009-11-25
6242:Fulltext:
6150:Commanders
5830:2009-11-25
5676:By country
5554:2009-11-25
5236:HistoryNet
5146:Horst Boog
4540:Bergerud,
4344:2021-04-25
4314:2021-01-31
4257:2021-01-31
4222:2021-01-07
4192:2021-01-04
4128:2021-01-07
4123:3g.163.com
4103:2021-01-07
4073:2021-01-04
4048:2021-01-04
4023:2021-01-05
3998:2021-01-05
3970:2021-01-05
3945:2021-01-07
3920:2021-01-05
3894:2021-01-04
3869:2021-01-04
3844:2021-01-04
3532:Bergerud,
3510:Bergerud,
3183:2009-11-25
3136:References
2946:See also:
2936:space race
2903:Wasserfall
2795:See also:
2745:(uchebnyy)
2704:combat box
2682:Bordkanone
2678:autocannon
2531:Pathfinder
2410:See also:
2399:See also:
2343:Lend-Lease
2305:Air Armies
2268:Shturmovik
2207:See also:
1902:Little Boy
1509:city, the
1341:Peashooter
1071:glide bomb
944:gun camera
874:combat box
823:Gun camera
715:Guy Gibson
509:Shturmovik
176:Air forces
122:Royal Navy
78:air forces
10742:Manchuria
10628:Indochina
10404:Bagration
9855:Lithuania
9500:Anschluss
9297:Viet Minh
9194:Lithuania
9136:Hong Kong
8906:Manchukuo
8861:Azad Hind
8520:Australia
8320:Aftermath
8183:Paperclip
8078:Aftermath
7878:Total war
7746:Diplomacy
7709:In Europe
6948:. (1999)
6240:0968-3445
5730:0143-5450
5650:Based on
5628:article "
5607:article "
5579:(1949),
5262:Luftwaffe
5246:19 August
4981:159715267
4690:1467-2715
4631:1044-016X
4248:"九一三壁山空戰"
4160:1044-016X
3757:March 19,
3726:March 20,
3141:Citations
3011:firestorm
2749:Wehrmacht
2687:Sturmbock
2662:Zerstörer
2466:CAM ships
2345:, mostly
2303:and 17th
2095:The Blitz
1932:announced
1913:Hiroshima
1893:Mokusatsu
1817:USS
1777:firestorm
1700:1943–1945
1513:employed
1353:Hawk IIIs
1250:Great War
1114:Straßburg
1106:Funkgerät
1033:A German
895:Sturmbock
886:Zerstörer
792:from the
790:"Seabees"
765:Lingèvres
750:Logistics
582:Ira Eaker
573:Air Corps
448:Wilde Sau
214:Wehrmacht
187:Luftwaffe
126:naval-air
118:U.S. Navy
10853:Category
10802:document
10712:document
10569:Ardennes
10553:Budapest
10501:Crossbow
10379:Overlord
10218:Smolensk
9436:Timeline
9271:Slovakia
9257:Thailand
9108:Ethiopia
9073:Bulgaria
8997:Portugal
8935:Thailand
8817:Bulgaria
8595:Eswatini
8588:Ethiopia
8541:Bulgaria
8366:Unit 731
8327:Response
8144:Keelhaul
8094:Cold War
8067:Americas
8058:timeline
8051:Atlantic
7931:Theaters
7500:military
7332:in JSTOR
7194:cite web
7146:(1949),
7082:in JSTOR
7002:Archived
6882:in JSTOR
6804:in JSTOR
6734:in JSTOR
6661:in JSTOR
6624:cite web
6549:cite web
6443:(1949),
6400:in JSTOR
6292:cite web
5882:in JSTOR
5839:cite web
5670:in JSTOR
5563:cite web
5545:(1985),
5401:Archived
5260:Murray,
5240:Archived
5161:Murray,
5042:Archived
4973:30052890
4869:Archived
4611:in JSTOR
4582:June 25,
4422:in JSTOR
4380:in JSTOR
4338:Archived
4279:in JSTOR
4168:26276773
3714:Marion.
3514:pp 49–93
3413:(1997).
3063:See also
2932:Cold War
2877:Schwalbe
2791:Normandy
2767:and the
2720:Hornisse
2630:Big Week
2311:and the
1925:Nagasaki
1799:kamikaze
1793:Kamikaze
1494:The Hump
1285:and the
1202:Bomber B
1159:Bomber B
1108:FuG 203
916:Spitfire
805:Tactical
99:and the
10779:Shumshu
10546:Hungary
10493:Estonia
10477:Lapland
10455:Dragoon
10388:Neptune
10370:Ichi-Go
10336:Tempest
10278:Changde
10233:Cottage
10125:Jubilee
9841:Finland
9739:Compass
9445:Prelude
9398:Finland
9284:Vietnam
9250:Romania
9122:Germany
9101:Estonia
9087:Denmark
9066:Belgium
9059:Austria
9052:Albania
8983:Ireland
8969:Andorra
8953:Neutral
8920:Romania
8854:Hungary
8839:Finland
8711:Romania
8603:Finland
8581:Denmark
8527:Belgium
8513:Algeria
8219:Romania
8205:Hungary
7961:Pacific
7685:General
7639:Leaders
7624:Battles
7617:Outline
7543:Jet Age
7514: (
7361:(1946)
7350:(1945)
7340:(1946)
7263:excerpt
7261:(2000)
7231:(1998)
6997:(1992)
6785:(2004)
6752:(2008)
6596:(1999)
6586:(2002)
6473:(1998)
6463:(1999)
6388:(2003)
6381:(1985).
6364:(1999)
6334:Goering
6142:(1986)
6118:(1998)
6103:excerpt
6101:(2006)
5996:(1991).
5853:Goering
5791:Germany
5538:(1981),
5506:Sources
5319:Air War
5317:Overy,
5060:(2015)
4572:pbs.org
4246:蔡, 乔治.
3536:pp 5–48
3462:(1982).
2887:Fritz X
2872:German
2843:At the
2647:fitted.
2611:1944–45
2488:Soviet
2232:, 1941.
2168:(after
1940:stating
1917:Fat Man
1822:in 1944
1651:In the
1612:At the
1507:Kunming
1437:" and "
1067:Fritz X
1035:Fritz-X
1021:Fritz X
948:strafed
833:in 1943
767:in 1944
696:in 1942
484:in 1943
435:, many
300:BMW 003
285:Ukraine
229:or the
97:Britain
70:Germany
10756:Debate
10728:Taipei
10721:Borneo
10299:Tarawa
9493:Europe
9454:Africa
9243:Poland
9229:Norway
9208:Malaya
9187:Latvia
9129:Greece
9115:France
9011:Sweden
8976:Bhutan
8704:Poland
8690:Norway
8662:Mexico
8629:Greece
8615:France
8553:Canada
8534:Brazil
8504:Allies
8450:Serbia
8439:Poland
8212:Poland
8198:Baltic
7991:Europe
7693:Topics
7645:Allied
7516:combat
7372:(2005)
7323:(1993)
7306:(1995)
7299:(1988)
7292:(1983)
7285:(1984)
7248:(1965)
7241:(1990)
7224:(1979)
7173:(2006)
7166:(1981)
7159:(1987)
7139:(1989)
7118:(1974)
7111:(1970)
7104:(1986)
7090:(2009)
7073:(1995)
7014:(1976)
6980:(1982)
6969:
6952:
6925:(1992)
6890:(1985)
6863:(1995)
6842:(1978)
6833:(1993)
6812:(1993)
6704:(1992)
6690:
6676:(1961)
6652:(1995)
6579:(1952)
6572:(1950)
6565:(1956)
6531:(1998)
6522:KYKLOS
6517:(1993)
6510:(1991)
6503:(1984)
6496:(1989)
6490:(1978)
6483:(1989)
6456:(1970)
6429:(1973)
6415:(1986)
6408:(1995)
6374:(1980)
6357:(1946)
6336:(1984)
6315:(2008)
6252:(1982)
6238:
6213:(1988)
6206:(1989)
6192:(1988)
6171:(1993)
6135:(2006)
6128:(1983)
6111:(1979)
6080:(1990)
6073:(1989)
6066:(1992)
6045:
6031:(1982)
6003:(1993)
5981:online
5974:Airmen
5962:(1973)
5927:(2008)
5919:online
5907:(1958)
5873:(1990)
5855:(1984)
5814:(1955)
5786:(1975)
5769:(1985)
5728:
5717:(2005)
5703:(1988)
5661:(2015)
5589:(1957)
5527:
5516:(1992)
5398:online
5363:
5336:online
5295:(1948)
5217:
5148:, ed.
5127:(2002)
5105:(1997)
5039:online
4979:
4971:
4937:
4913:
4892:(2007)
4855:(1968)
4827:(2000)
4729:(2010)
4688:
4658:(2010)
4645:(1994)
4629:
4514:(1992)
4501:(2005)
4488:(1982)
4475:(2009)
4462:(2008)
4449:(2008)
4436:(2006)
4394:(2006)
4293:(2003)
4166:
4158:
4014:"上游新闻"
3823:(2005)
3801:(1997)
3656:(1987)
3617:(2001)
3604:(1998)
3584:
3553:(1998)
3488:(2001)
3449:(1972)
3429:
3363:
3322:
3278:(1981)
3215:(1985)
2916:) and
2893:Hs 293
2785:Allied
2755:, the
2593:Foggia
2542:Window
2365:, and
2299:, the
2093:, and
1736:Tinian
1732:Saipan
1671:Rabaul
1624:Hermes
1313:, the
1309:, the
1305:, the
1161:, and
1086:KG 100
1082:Gruppe
1080:. III.
1023:, and
976:McNair
482:Moscow
467:, and
439:, and
249:. The
90:Allied
47:combat
10532:Leyte
10362:Narva
10348:Anzio
10306:Makin
10264:Burma
10148:Torch
10117:Rzhev
10078:Kiska
9164:Korea
9150:Japan
9143:Italy
9025:Tibet
9004:Spain
8882:Italy
8643:Italy
8636:India
8560:China
8435:Japan
8035:Italy
7947:China
7899:Women
7179:(PDF)
6563:Zero!
6244:Ebsco
5888:Japan
4977:S2CID
4969:JSTOR
4164:JSTOR
3107:Notes
2808:Ultra
2670:BR 21
2285:Yak-9
2230:MiG 3
2025:Ju 52
2002:Ju 87
1819:Essex
1769:Osaka
1750:Tokyo
1503:India
1499:Burma
1415:Wuhan
1381:I-153
1187:Greif
1134:"Bat"
950:by a
847:USAAS
651:SHAEF
363:radar
235:radar
106:range
104:long-
74:Japan
10598:1945
10326:1944
10167:1943
10095:Blue
10085:Attu
9992:1942
9751:1941
9603:1940
9541:1939
9470:Asia
9317:POWs
9157:Jews
8875:Iraq
8801:Axis
8751:Tuva
8567:Cuba
7652:Axis
7200:link
6967:ISBN
6950:ISBN
6688:ISBN
6630:link
6555:link
6298:link
6236:ISSN
6043:ISBN
5912:USSR
5845:link
5726:ISSN
5638:GFDL
5617:GFDL
5569:link
5525:ISBN
5495:2015
5361:ISBN
5248:2016
5215:ISBN
4935:ISBN
4911:ISBN
4798:2016
4777:2016
4686:ISSN
4627:ISSN
4584:2013
4156:ISSN
3759:2015
3728:2012
3701:2012
3675:2012
3582:ISBN
3427:ISBN
3361:ISBN
3320:ISBN
2950:and
2868:The
2775:and
2761:17th
2759:and
2547:The
2523:Oboe
2521:and
2490:Il-2
2477:1943
2470:PQ17
2414:and
2319:and
2201:and
2146:and
2134:and
1971:and
1934:the
1765:Kobe
1740:B-29
1734:and
1622:HMS
1605:Java
1593:1942
1585:The
1476:Zero
1457:Zero
1433:", "
1393:TB-3
1391:and
1385:I-16
1383:and
1297:and
1121:Azon
1110:Kehl
1077:Roma
1017:Azon
918:and
778:B-17
734:The
653:was
629:and
367:Ruhr
349:and
302:and
241:and
120:and
72:and
5357:143
4961:doi
4875:".
3423:203
3316:225
2923:V-2
2913:V-1
2906:,)
2896:,)
2773:2nd
2757:5th
2527:H2S
2519:Gee
2317:2nd
2301:5th
1523:CBI
1439:102
1435:101
1343:),
1219:V-2
1215:V-1
1179:RLM
1088:'s
45:in
10871::
10346:/
7196:}}
7192:{{
7129:;
6626:}}
6622:{{
6551:}}
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5869:)
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4570:.
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4336:.
4332:.
4307:.
4260:.
4250:.
4210:.
4185:.
4162:.
4152:63
4150:.
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4091:.
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4041:.
4016:.
3991:.
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3963:.
3938:.
3912:.
3887:.
3862:.
3837:.
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3425:.
3409:;
3334:^
3318:.
3310:.
3296:^
3198:,
3171:,
2938:.
2890:,
2595:.
2570:.
2432:.
2361:,
2357:,
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2323:.
2089:,
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1938:,
1919:"
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1463:.
1379:,
1367:,
1363:,
1359:,
1355:,
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1185:A
1157:,
1153:,
1149:,
1019:,
942:A
794:CB
746:.
725:VC
718:VC
532:A
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283:,
195:A
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8713:(
8649:)
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8609:)
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