362:
interpretations are quite well preserved. In few or no other
American countries are the religious ceremonies conducted in the old language(s) of Africa, as they are at least in Lucumí ceremonies, though of course, back in Africa the language has moved on. What unifies all genuine forms of African music is the unity of polyrhythmic percussion, voice (call-and-response) and dance in well-defined social settings, and the absence of melodic instruments of an Arabic or European kind.
926:
1116:
77:
1126:
84:
Clearly, the origin of
African groups in Cuba is due to the island's long history of slavery. Compared to the USA, slavery started in Cuba much earlier and continued for decades afterwards. Cuba was the last country in the Americas to abolish the importation of slaves, and the second last to free the
335:
was first introduced to account for the way
African spirits were joined to Catholic saints, especially by people who were both baptized and initiated, and so were genuine members of both groups. Outsiders picked up the word and have tended to use it somewhat indiscriminately. It has become a kind of
365:
Not until after the Second World War do we find detailed printed descriptions or recordings of
African sacred music in Cuba. Inside the cults, music, song, dance and ceremony were (and still are) learnt by heart by means of demonstration, including such ceremonial procedures conducted in an African
361:
All these
African cultures had musical traditions, which survive erratically to the present day, not always in detail, but in the general style. The best preserved are the African polytheistic religions, where, in Cuba at least, the instruments, the language, the chants, the dances and their
63:, and others – and preserves the languages formerly used in the African homelands. The music is passed on by oral tradition and is often performed in private gatherings difficult for outsiders to access. Lacking melodic instruments, the music instead features
300:
in 1886. At the same time, African religions were transmitted from generation to generation throughout Cuba, Haiti, other islands and Brazil. These religions, which had a similar but not identical structure, were known as
227:
immigrants to Cuba arrived at various times up to the present day. Leaving aside the French, who also came, the
Africans from Haiti were a mixture of groups who usually spoke creolized French: and religion was known as
351:
Girl, don't tell me about the ñáñigos! They were bad. The carabali was evil down to his guts. And the ñáñigos from back in the day when I was a chick, weren't like the ones today... they kept their secret, like in
67:
percussion, voice (call-and-response), and dance. As with other musically renowned New World nations such as the United States, Brazil and
Jamaica, Cuban music represents a profound African musical heritage.
407:
Religious traditions of
African origin have survived in Cuba, and are the basis of ritual music, song and dance quite distinct from the secular music and dance. The religion of Yoruban origin is known as
370:, who devoted a large part of his life to investigating the influence of African culture in Cuba. The first detailed transcription of percussion, song and chants are to be found in his great works.
93:
acted to intercept
Portuguese and Spanish slave ships. By 1860 the trade with Cuba was almost extinguished; the last slave ship to Cuba was in 1873. The abolition of slavery was announced by the
48:, in which cultural traditions were conserved, including musical ones. Music of African heritage, along with considerable Iberian (Spanish) musical elements, forms the fulcrum of Cuban music.
285:, self-organized social clubs for the African slaves, and separate cabildos for separate cultures. The cabildos were formed mainly from four groups: the Yoruba (the Lucumi in Cuba); the
100:
Although the exact number of slaves from each
African culture will never be known, most came from one of these groups, which are listed in rough order of their cultural impact in Cuba:
293:(the Fon or Arará). Other cultures were undoubtedly present, more even than listed above, but in smaller numbers, and they did not leave such a distinctive presence.
450:
965:
847:
679:
2332:
1162:
1075:
2299:
912:
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377:. Much of the ceremonial procedures are still hidden from the eyes of outsiders, though some descriptions in words exist.
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17:
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42:
between the 16th and 19th centuries. Members of some of these groups formed their own ethnic associations or
571:
The slave coast of West Africa 1550–1750: the impact of the Atlantic slave trade on an African society
902:
665:
52:
2481:
2318:
877:
367:
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1148:
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2113:
462:
1401:
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974:
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Ortiz, Fernando 1950. La Africania de la musica folklorica de Cuba. La Habana, revised ed 1965.
1919:
373:
There are now many recordings offering a selection of pieces in praise of, or prayers to, the
2206:
2201:
1381:
2440:
2390:
1776:
1070:
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language. The experiences were private to the initiated, until the work of the ethnologist
221:
long before Europeans arrived, and allegedly even more so during the Atlantic slave trade.
1353:
1310:
347:
societies, were one of the most terrifying groups; even other blacks were afraid of them:
8:
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242:
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1091:
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1035:
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86:
2006:
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30:
derives from the musical traditions of the many ethnic groups from different parts of
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1448:
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Sublette, Ned 2004. Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo. Chicago.
427:
1531:
1466:
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in 1880, and put into effect in 1886. Two years later, Brazil abolished slavery.
60:
56:
39:
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region, forms of Haitian ritual together with its own instruments and music.
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helped bring Lucumí styles into mainstream Cuban music, while artists like
394:
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286:
105:
90:
64:
1989:
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438:
149:(roughly, 'the way of the spirits') and its syncretic version is known as
2287:
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2018:
1996:
1984:
1857:
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122:. Probably the most numerous group, with a huge influence on Cuban music.
109:
31:
1974:
1386:
1266:
1261:
151:
2271:
2153:
2098:
2013:
2001:
1766:
1751:
1421:
1391:
1363:
794:
257:
206:
126:
76:
1436:
1256:
2310:
2035:
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1822:
1781:
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1508:
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1396:
1373:
1320:
1315:
734:
2246:
2226:
2165:
1949:
784:
729:
344:
186:
2148:
1979:
1959:
1944:
1924:
1879:
1684:
1631:
1608:
1598:
1561:
1521:
1483:
1325:
1251:
1246:
1208:
1198:
774:
749:
612:. Chicago. Chapter 14 A secret language, for men only, p190 et seq.
510:
The slave trade: the history of the Atlantic slave trade 1440-1870.
485:
180:
163:
1286:
814:
779:
2236:
2216:
1583:
1556:
1488:
1461:
1188:
724:
449:. In the 1950s, a collection of Havana-area batá drummers called
290:
253:
238:
218:
198:
134:
402:
162:
from the Southeastern part of Nigeria and also in some part of
2050:
1909:
1864:
1837:
1615:
1603:
1571:
1203:
699:
634:. Letras Cubanas, La Habana. Continuation of the previous book.
454:
374:
296:
Cabildos preserved African cultural traditions, even after the
553:
Law, Robin 1985. Human sacrifice in pre-colonial West Africa.
2241:
2221:
2093:
2030:
2025:
1874:
1651:
1636:
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1218:
809:
484:
dances. The latter is related to the Brazilian martial dance
442:
328:
261:
224:
202:
112:
and SW Africa. Many ethnic groups were involved, all called
2256:
632:
Los bailes y el teatro de los negros en el folklore de Cuba
608:
For an extended account in English see Sublette, Ned 2004.
446:
687:
213:
in Cuba. The Dahomeys were a powerful group who practised
508:. Eyre & Spottiswoode, London; Thomas, Hugh 1997.
281:
The roots of most Afro-Cuban musical forms lie in the
1170:
610:
Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo
542:
Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo
514:
Cuba and its music: from the first drums to the mambo
264:
by the Arab slavers, were known by a catch-all word:
921:
71:
2473:
461:, melded the style with other forms, including
416:; the religion of Congolese origin is known as
380:
356:
476:, as well as gallos (a form of song contest),
2326:
1156:
959:
841:
673:
2300:Hispanic-influenced music in the Philippines
336:catch-all word, rather like salsa in music.
2333:
2319:
1163:
1149:
973:
966:
952:
855:
848:
834:
680:
666:
647:, meaning witchcraft. Orovio, Helio 2004.
504:Detailed references in Thomas, Hugh 1971.
276:
643:Palo is a word derived from the Ki-Kongo
599:. Colección del Chicerekú, La Habana. p42
591:as told by an 80-year-old black woman to
524:
522:
1372:
516:Chicago. part III AfroCuba, p157 et seq.
75:
534:
190:. The street name for them in Cuba was
89:outlawed slavery, and from then on the
14:
2474:
2340:
689:Cuban musical forms, genres and styles
528:A corruption of the correct term: the
519:
184:, and their religious organization as
51:Much of this music is associated with
2314:
2049:
1144:
947:
829:
661:
512:Picador, London; Sublette, Ned 2004.
1660:
343:in Cuba or Carabali in their secret
1125:
260:), but including many brought from
155:. Culturally of great significance.
24:
116:in Cuba. Their religion is called
25:
2503:
28:Music of African heritage in Cuba
1124:
1115:
1114:
924:
637:
624:
506:Cuba, or the pursuit of freedom
72:Origins of Cuban African groups
615:
602:
585:
576:
563:
547:
498:
441:are played at ceremonies, and
13:
1:
491:
143:. Their religion is known as
381:Yoruba and Congolese rituals
357:African sacred music in Cuba
268:. The famous musical phrase
178:groups are known in Cuba as
53:traditional African religion
7:
166:, whom were taken from the
10:
2508:
597:La sociedád secreta Abakuá
384:
2346:
2280:
2189:
2126:
1895:
1815:
1717:
1624:
1545:
1507:
1447:
1414:
1334:
1227:
1179:
1110:
981:
919:
863:
695:
457:, with the lucumí singer
426:. There are also, in the
309:if they derived from the
40:brought to Cuba as slaves
913:Turks and Caicos Islands
437:ceremonies, consecrated
649:Cuban music from A to Z
277:Subsequent organization
975:Music of Latin America
857:Music of the Caribbean
630:Ortiz, Fernando 1951.
354:
331:, and so on. The term
81:
2492:Cuban styles of music
349:
79:
1171:Music genres in the
540:Sublette, Ned 2004.
298:abolition of slavery
252:Senegambian people (
237:From part of modern
85:slaves. In 1807 the
2134:Afro-Peruvian music
1457:Afro-Peruvian music
137:, known in Cuba as
2482:Afro-Cuban culture
2381:Dominican Republic
2341:Hispanophone music
2040:Charanga-vallenata
1472:Son de los Diablos
1021:Dominican Republic
888:Dominican Republic
270:Kikiribu Mandinga!
87:British Parliament
82:
55: –
2469:
2468:
2396:Equatorial Guinea
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2121:
1713:
1712:
1410:
1409:
1138:
1137:
1083:
941:
940:
823:
822:
569:Law, Robin 1991.
445:ensembles called
16:(Redirected from
2499:
2335:
2328:
2321:
2312:
2311:
2202:Canción melódica
2047:
2046:
1816:Traditional folk
1658:
1657:
1449:Peruvian coastal
1432:Paraguayan polka
1370:
1369:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1142:
1141:
1128:
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932:Caribbean portal
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289:(Palo in Cuba);
205:. They were the
21:
18:Afro-Cuban music
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2342:
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2159:Afro-Cuban jazz
2144:Bomba del Chota
2118:
2045:
1891:
1811:
1709:
1705:Orquesta típica
1695:Uruguayan tango
1670:Argentine tango
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1102:Central America
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555:African Affairs
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424:palos del monte
405:
399:Palo (religion)
391:Lucumi religion
385:Main articles:
383:
359:
279:
272:refers to them.
215:human sacrifice
168:Bight of Biafra
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23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2181:Tropical music
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1642:Música cebolla
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1300:Canary Islands
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1277:Rumba flamenca
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878:Cayman Islands
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368:Fernando Ortíz
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321:Central Africa
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123:
80:Rumba drummers
73:
70:
36:Central Africa
9:
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3:
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2487:Music of Cuba
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472:cabildo uses
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421:
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414:Regla de Ocha
411:
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396:
392:
388:
387:Yoruba people
378:
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318:
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307:Regla de Ocha
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243:Côte d'Ivoire
240:
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146:Regla de Ocha
142:
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136:
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107:
103:
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95:Spanish Crown
92:
88:
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69:
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58:
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41:
37:
33:
29:
19:
2267:Spanish jazz
2190:Other genres
1792:Puerto Rican
648:
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631:
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557:
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549:
541:
536:
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509:
505:
500:
467:
432:
423:
417:
413:
409:
406:
395:Kongo people
372:
364:
360:
350:
340:
338:
332:
324:
314:
306:
302:
295:
280:
269:
246:
229:
210:
191:
185:
179:
170:. These sub
150:
144:
138:
133:from modern
117:
113:
99:
91:British Navy
83:
65:polyrhythmic
50:
43:
27:
26:
2441:Puerto Rico
2436:Philippines
2391:El Salvador
2288:Latin music
2212:Contradanza
2104:Tecnocumbia
2079:New Chilean
2064:Bullerengue
1920:Cha-cha-cha
1853:jalisciense
1843:Mexican Son
1727:Alternative
1690:Nuevo tango
1589:Duranguense
1537:Nueva trova
1382:Alternative
1336:Latin urban
1194:Carnavalito
1130:WikiProject
1071:Puerto Rico
1031:El Salvador
908:Puerto Rico
800:son montuno
705:cha-cha-chá
209:, known as
110:Congo Basin
2476:Categories
2371:Costa Rica
2272:Villancico
2154:Latin jazz
2127:Afro-Latin
2084:Panamanian
2014:Son cubano
1807:Venezuelan
1767:Latin rock
1762:Ecuadorian
1422:Chamarrita
1415:Litoraleña
1402:Panamanian
1392:Moombahton
1298:Isa (from
1011:Costa Rica
770:mozambique
544:. Chicago.
492:References
474:yuka drums
459:Lázaro Ros
439:batá drums
258:the Gambia
38:that were
2456:Venezuela
2416:Nicaragua
2401:Guatemala
2351:Argentina
2293:subgenres
2232:Pasacalle
2207:Christian
2197:Aguinaldo
2069:Colombian
2059:Argentine
2036:Vallenato
2007:romántica
1990:Guaguancó
1870:Zamacueca
1823:Chacarera
1802:Uruguayan
1782:Nueva ola
1757:Dominican
1747:Colombian
1732:Argentine
1700:Bandoneon
1522:Colombian
1509:Latin pop
1499:Zamacueca
1477:Toro Mata
1397:Neoperreo
1374:Reggaeton
1321:Tajaraste
1316:Pasodoble
1311:Malagueña
1092:Venezuela
1051:Nicaragua
1036:Guatemala
986:Argentina
745:guaguancó
735:danzonete
573:. Oxford.
287:Congolese
245:came the
108:from the
106:Congolese
2426:Paraguay
2406:Honduras
2366:Colombia
2149:Candombe
2089:Peruvian
1980:Pachanga
1975:Méringue
1970:Merengue
1960:Guaracha
1945:Cuarteto
1935:Charanga
1925:Champeta
1897:Tropical
1880:Marinera
1848:huasteco
1787:Peruvian
1685:Neotango
1632:Candombe
1609:Ranchera
1599:Mariachi
1562:Conjunto
1547:Regional
1484:Marinera
1427:Guarania
1387:Bachatón
1326:Zarzuela
1267:Cantiñas
1262:Bulerías
1252:Flamenco
1247:Fandango
1209:Morenada
1199:Diablada
1120:Category
1061:Paraguay
1041:Honduras
1006:Colombia
775:pachanga
760:habanera
750:guaracha
715:columbia
595:, 1958.
530:Kalabari
486:capoeira
422:, as in
333:Santería
283:cabildos
266:Mandinga
181:Carabali
164:Cameroon
160:Kalabars
152:Santería
45:cabildos
2451:Uruguay
2386:Ecuador
2356:Bolivia
2281:Related
2237:Pasillo
2217:Criolla
2171:Milonga
2114:Cachaca
2109:Villera
2074:Mexican
2019:montuno
1955:Guajira
1930:Changüí
1915:Calypso
1905:Bachata
1858:jarocho
1797:Spanish
1777:Mexican
1742:Chilean
1737:Chicano
1675:Milonga
1647:Milonga
1584:Grupera
1567:Norteño
1557:Corrido
1549:Mexican
1527:Mexican
1489:Tondero
1462:Festejo
1437:Chamamé
1359:R&B
1344:Hip hop
1257:Alboreá
1189:Bambuco
1087:Uruguay
1026:Ecuador
991:Bolivia
898:Jamaica
873:Bermuda
868:Bahamas
755:guajira
725:criolla
710:changüí
451:Santero
428:Oriente
375:orishas
352:Africa.
341:ñáñigos
291:Dahomey
254:Senegal
239:Liberia
219:slavery
201:, from
199:Dahomey
192:Ñáñigos
135:Nigeria
2421:Panama
2411:Mexico
2247:Pregón
2227:Décima
2176:Tambor
2166:Mapalé
2051:Cumbia
1950:Danzón
1910:Bolero
1865:Tonada
1838:Joropo
1616:Trival
1604:Jarabe
1577:Tejano
1572:Nortec
1517:Ballad
1354:Reggae
1204:Huayno
1181:Andean
1081:Tejano
1056:Panama
1046:Mexico
996:Brazil
785:pregón
730:danzón
700:bolero
651:. p159
560:, 334.
478:makuta
455:Mezcla
435:Lucumi
410:Lucumí
401:, and
345:Abakuá
311:Yoruba
303:Lucumi
187:Abakuá
140:Lucumí
131:Yoruba
114:Congos
57:Lucumi
2446:Spain
2361:Chile
2242:Plena
2222:Danza
2139:Bomba
2094:Porro
2031:Trova
2026:Timba
1997:Salsa
1985:Rumba
1965:Mambo
1940:Conga
1885:Zamba
1875:Cueca
1772:Metal
1752:Cuban
1662:Tango
1652:Murga
1637:Cueca
1594:Banda
1467:Landó
1349:House
1294:Folia
1287:Soleá
1282:Saeta
1242:Copla
1219:Tinku
1097:Andes
1001:Chile
893:Haiti
815:yambú
810:timba
805:songo
780:pilón
765:mambo
740:filin
720:conga
645:mpali
470:Congo
443:gourd
329:Haiti
327:from
319:from
262:Sudan
247:Gangá
225:Haiti
211:Arará
203:Benin
2431:Peru
2376:Cuba
2257:Seis
2002:dura
1833:Gato
1719:Rock
1680:Vals
1494:Vals
1364:Trap
1306:Jota
1214:Saya
1066:Peru
1016:Cuba
883:Cuba
482:mani
480:and
468:The
463:zouk
447:abwe
419:Palo
403:Batá
339:The
325:Vodú
316:Palo
241:and
231:vodú
217:and
197:The
176:Ijaw
174:and
172:Igbo
158:The
125:The
119:Palo
104:The
61:Palo
34:and
32:West
2099:Rap
795:son
433:In
412:or
305:or
207:Fon
129:or
127:Oyó
2478::
1078::
558:84
521:^
488:.
465:.
397:,
393:,
389:,
323:,
313:,
256:,
59:,
2334:e
2327:t
2320:v
2042:)
2038:(
1302:)
1164:e
1157:t
1150:v
967:e
960:t
953:v
849:e
842:t
835:v
681:e
674:t
667:v
249:.
234:.
194:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
