Igbo people - Knowledge

3022: 2131:. They are considered to be one of the first Igbo subgroups by historian and archeologist Edwin Eme Okafor. During the period of the Igbo-Igala Wars, marked by a scarcity of labor and insecurity resulting from slave raiding and the Nsukka-Igala conflicts, notable changes occurred in the iron smelting practices of the Nsukka people. Due to urgency, some iron smelters resorted to using wood directly in their smelting process, bypassing the usual practice of burning it to produce charcoal. This adaptation in smelting techniques demonstrates the impact of the war on the traditional methods employed by the Nsukka community, as they incorporated wood into their process to sustain their iron production amidst the challenging conditions. The conflicts started with the arrival of a figure named Onọjọ Ogboni whose background is surrounded in mystery. One of the 18th-century conflicts was the Battle of Nsukka in 1794, which resulted in a Nsukka military victory, but with significant losses including the Eze's eldest son, and three of his wives. The battle was witnessed by Sailor, Joseph B. Hawkins. 3113: 1769: 1887: 1582: 2428: 3081: 1645: 3497: 1597: 3066: 2197:

defeat and expulsion from their occupied territory which the Ezza then took control of. The Agba community, located in Ebo Ndiagu, Ochuhu Agba, and Orie Agba Elu, faced defeat as the Ezza's territory expanded. Some rallied, but despite putting up a spirited but brief defense, the Agba were compelled to retreat southwards, leaving their abandoned lands to be later settled by Umunwagu and Ikwuate (Idembia). Seeking safety and security, the Agba people sought refuge in Ishielu Division, departing from their original mainland settlements. The Ezza met them again in 1850 and again conquered and displaced the remnants, naming the new territory Ezzagu.

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of a home is usually buried within the compound of his residence. Different types of deaths warrant different types of burials. This is determined by an individual's age, gender and status in society. Children are buried in hiding and out of sight; their burials usually take place in the early mornings and late nights. A simple untitled man is buried in front of his house and a simple mother is buried in her place of origin: in a garden or a farm-area that belonged to her father. In the 21st century, a majority of the Igbo bury their dead in the western way, although it is not uncommon for burials to be practiced in the traditional Igbo ways.

1369: 1622: 3159:. Ten pyramidal structures were built of clay/mud. The first base section was 60 ft (18 m) in circumference and 3 ft (0.91 m) in height. The next stack was 45 ft (14 m) in circumference. Circular stacks continued, until it reached the top. The structures were temples for the god Ala/Uto, who was believed to reside at the top. A stick was placed at the top to represent the god's residence. The structures were laid in groups of five parallel to each other. Because it was built of clay/mud, time has taken its toll requiring periodic reconstruction. 3601: 3007: 2596: 3038: 121: 1665: 69: 3619:, a Christian-educated freed slave who remarked in his autobiography of 1789 on "the strong analogy which... appears to prevail in the manners and customs of my countrymen and those of the Jews, before they reached the Land of Promise, and particularly the patriarchs while they were yet in that pastoral state which is described in Genesis—an analogy, which alone would induce me to think that the one people had sprung from the other." Equiano's speculation has given rise to a great debate on the origins of the Igbo. 193: 175: 3211:, with other deities of thunder and water). Other sculptures are of officials, craftsmen, foreigners (mainly Europeans), animals, legendary creatures and ancestors. Mbari houses take years to build in what is regarded as a sacred process. When new ones are constructed, old ones are left to decay. Everyday houses were made of mud with thatched roofs and bare earth floors with carved design doors. Some houses had elaborate designs both in the interior and exterior. These designs could include 3246: 4065: 3050: 1454: 3121: 211: 2615: 3645: 1879: 1875:(also of Arondizuogu) expanded the state's borders through warfare at the start of the 19th century. Aro migrations also played a large role in the expansion of Ozizza, Afikpo, Amasiri, Izombe, and many other city-states. For example, Aro soldiers founded at least three villages in Ozizza. The Aro Confederacy's power, however, derived mostly from its economic and religious position. With European colonists on their way at the end of the 19th century, things changed. 1570: 698: 3129: 12328: 229: 2634: 3177: 3641:, wine, goats, and chickens, among other things, are listed in the proposal, as well. Negotiating the bride wealth can also take more than one day, giving both parties time for a ceremonial feast. Marriages were sometimes arranged from birth through negotiation of the two families. However, after a series of interviews conducted in the 1990s with 250 Igbo women, it was found that 94.4% of that sample population disapproved of arranged marriages. 3219: 139: 12756: 247: 103: 265: 2878: 157: 1465: 11576: 1633: 2577: 2386: 57: 3785: 2541:...but how different was their condition from that of the slaves in the West Indies! With us, they do no more work than other members of the community,... even their master;... (except that they were not permitted to eat with those... free-born;) and there was scarce any other difference between them,... Some of these slaves have... slaves under them as their own property... for their own use. 3163: 2243: 2480:, a week had four days, a month consisted of seven weeks, and 13 months made a year. In the last month, an extra day was added. This calendar is still used in indigenous Igbo villages and towns to determine market days. They settled law matters via mediators, and their banking system for loans and savings, called Isusu, is also still used. The Igbo new year, starting with the month 3557:(great in size). Each individual is born with a spiritual guide/guardian angel or guardian principle, "Chi", unique to each individual and the individual's fate and destiny is determined by their Chi. Thus, the Igbos say that the siblings may come of the same mother, but no two people have the same Chi and thus different destinies for all. 1563:

of Igbo-Ukwu was first discovered in 1939 when a group of villagers accidentally came across the artifacts while digging a trench. Subsequent excavations conducted in the 1950s and 1970s uncovered a wealth of cultural treasures. The Igbo-Ukwu artifacts are now housed in various museums, including the Nigerian National Museum in Lagos.

3660:. The polygamous family is made up of a man and his wives and all their children. Men sometimes married multiple wives for economic reasons so as to have more people in the family, including children, to help on farms. Christian and civil marriages have changed the Igbo family since colonization. Igbo people now tend to enter 3688: 3892:

organization was formed, an elite umbrella organization which speaks on behalf of the Igbo people. Their main concerns are the marginalization of the Igbo people in Nigerian politics and the neglect of indigenous Igbo territory in social amenities and development of infrastructure. Other groups which

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Christianity was introduced to the Igbo people through European colonization in 1857. The Igbo people were hesitant to convert to Christianity initially because they believed the gods of their native religion would bring disaster to them. However, Christianity gradually gained converts in Igbo land,

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The process of marrying usually involves asking the young woman's consent, introducing the woman to the man's family and the same for the man to the woman's family, testing the bride's character, checking the woman's family background, and paying the brides' wealth. Typically speaking, bride wealth

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After a death, the body of a prominent member of society is placed on a stool in a sitting posture and is clothed in the deceased's finest garments. Animal sacrifices may be offered, and the dead person is well perfumed. Burial usually follows within 24 hours of death. In the 21st century, the head

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includes various customs, practices and traditions of the Igbo people. It comprises archaic practices as well as new concepts that entered Igbo culture either through evolution or outside influences. These customs and traditions include the Igbo people's visual art, use of language, music and dance

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It is alleged that European slave traders were fairly well informed about various African ethnicities, leading to slavers targeting certain ethnic groups which plantation owners preferred. Particular desired ethnic groups consequently became fairly concentrated in certain parts of the Americas. The

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forces (1690). During the final battles, Osim Nnubi was slain in Oror city state making it the capital of Arochukwu. But at the end of the war, Osim and Akakpokpo were dead. In order to honor Osim's legacy, his brother Akuma was crowned the first EzeAro (king). After his death, Nnachi's descendants

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Recognition of African Achievements: The discoveries at Igbo-Ukwu challenged the outdated notion of Africa as a continent with no significant history or cultural achievements. The site's findings have demonstrated the richness and complexity of ancient African civilizations. The archaeological site

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of individuals within the family. People are believed to be able to reincarnate into families that they were part of while alive. Before a relative dies, it is said that the soon to be deceased relative sometimes give clues of who they will reincarnate as in the family. Once a child is born, he or

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masks. At 12 feet (3.7 m) high, Ijele masks consist of platforms 6 feet (1.8 m) in diameter, supporting figures made of coloured cloth and representing everyday scenes with objects such as leopards. Ijele masks are used for honoring the dead to ensure the continuity and well-being of the

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is one of the most common art styles in Igboland and is linked strongly with Igbo traditional music. A mask can be made of wood or fabric, along with other materials including iron and vegetation. Masks have a variety of uses, mainly in social satires, religious rituals, secret society initiations

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Igbo architecture is modular, with structures being added or expanded as family needs grow. This flexibility allows for adaptability over time. Most traditional Igbo houses feature steeply pitched thatched roofs made from palm fronds or grass. The roofs provide insulation, natural ventilation, and

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Igbo architecture predominantly uses locally sourced materials such as mud, clay, wood, bamboo, thatch, and palm fronds. These materials are abundant and well-suited to the local climate. The traditional Igbo dwelling is often organized within a compound, which includes several houses for extended

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roofs ended as the people shifted to materials such as concrete blocks for houses and metal roofs. Roads for vehicles were built. Buildings such as hospitals and schools were erected in many parts of Igboland. Along with these changes, electricity and running water were installed in the early 20th

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Decades after the Nigerian-Biafran war, the Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB), a secessionist group, was founded in September 1999 by Ralph Uwazurike for the goal of an independent Igbo state. Since its creation, there have been several conflicts between its

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where between 10,000 and 30,000 Igbo people were killed. Many homes, schools, and hospitals were destroyed in the conflict. The federal government of Nigeria denied Igbo people access to their savings placed in Nigerian banks and provided them with little compensation. The war also led to a great

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As the Igala already lived in the area with the Orri they sought friendship with the Ezza and gave them land for farming. However, betrayed by the Ezza whose true intent was expansion and to address their ongoing land scarcity. It led to a conflict between the two groups, resulting in the Igala's

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people and protected them from extinction in exchange for farming rights. The Ikwo people encountered the Okum eventually displacing them and assimilated the rest. the Okum do not exist as an identifiable group anymore but there is archeological and cultural proof of their existence, as there are

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The Aro Confederacy gained significant economic power through trade and commerce. Their economy was primarily based on agriculture, with the cultivation of crops like palm oil, yams, and cassava. They were also involved in trade with neighboring communities and European merchants. They controlled

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people, who were part of the Igbo ethnic group, inhabited the region around present-day Arochukwu in Abia State, Nigeria. They were skilled traders and missionaries who played a pivotal role in connecting various Igbo communities. This migration and their military power, and wars with neighboring

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State. The site is renowned for its remarkable discoveries of ancient artifacts that date back to the 9th and 10th centuries AD. The archaeological findings at Igbo-Ukwu have provided valuable insights into the early history and cultural achievements of the Igbo people and their interactions with

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Igbo rebuilt their cities by themselves without any contribution from the federal government of Nigeria. This led to the establishment of new factories in southern Nigeria. Many Igbo people eventually took government positions, although many were engaged in private business. Since the early 21st

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can be seen as the most important pillar of Igbo society. It was also a culture in which gender was re-constructed and performed according to social need; "The flexibility of Igbo gender construction meant that gender was separate from biological sex. Daughters could become sons and consequently

1441:), animal (such as killing or eating of pythons), object, temporal, behavioral, speech and place taboos. The rules regarding these taboos were used to educate and govern Nri's subjects. This meant that, while certain Igbo may have lived under different formal administration, all followers of the 3076:

Some Igbo houses have elevated floors, which serve multiple purposes, including protection against flooding, improved ventilation, and storage space underneath. Verandas and raised platforms are common features, offering shaded outdoor spaces for relaxation, socializing, and various activities.

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Nsibidi ideography existed among the Igbo before the 16th century but died out after it became popular among secret societies, who made Nsibidi a secret form of communication. Igbo language is difficult because of the huge number of dialects, its richness in prefixes and suffixes and its heavy

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Many Igbo houses incorporate sacred spaces, such as shrines or altars, for religious practices, ancestor veneration, and community rituals. Architectural elements often carry cultural and religious symbolism, reflecting the Igbo worldview and values. Building and maintaining structures involve

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The Nsukka-Igala wars occurred in the 18th to 19th century following an Igala invasion and left most of Nsukka under Igala control. Nsukka is the most notable Igbo subgroup to be involved in these wars as the Igala people conquered and installed priest-kings to govern the district for almost a

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etc.), quickly established the Aro Confederacy as a regional economic power. The Aro Confederacy's strength came from its well-organized network of Aro agents who were dispersed across different communities in the region. These agents acted as intermediaries in trade, diplomacy, and religious

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Traditionally, the attire of the Igbo generally consisted of little clothing, as the purpose of clothing originally was simply to conceal private parts. Because of this purpose, children were often nude from birth until the beginning of their adolescence—the time they were considered to have

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collective effort, highlighting the communal nature of Igbo society. Igbo architecture takes into account the region's climate and natural surroundings, using design elements that promote comfort and harmony with the environment. In some Igbo communities, wooden communication towers called "

3829:) which are held for the harvesting of the yam. During the festival, yam is eaten throughout the communities as celebration. Yam tubers are shown off by individuals as a sign of success and wealth. Rice has replaced yam for many ceremonial occasions. Other indigenous foods include cassava, 2803:

The establishment of British colonial rule in present-day Nigeria and increased encounters between the Igbo and other ethnicities near the Niger River led to a deepening sense of a distinct Igbo ethnic identity. The Igbo proved decisive and enthusiastic in their embrace of Christianity and

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she is believed to give signs of who they have reincarnated from. This can be through behavior, physical traits and statements by the child. A diviner can help in detecting who the child has reincarnated from. It is considered an insult if a male is said to have reincarnated as a female.

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people of Nigeria during the 18th and 19th centuries. These wars were characterized by intense military engagements, territorial disputes, and clashes over resources and political dominance. The conflicts occurred in the southeastern region of Nigeria, primarily in the areas now known as

1720:, and central council (Okpankpo). The Aro Confederacy was a powerful and influential political and economic alliance of various Igbo-speaking communities in southeastern Nigeria. It emerged during the 17th century and played a significant role in the region until the late 19th century. 4084:, many Igbo people emigrated out of the indigenous Igbo homeland in southeastern Nigeria because of an absence of federal presence, lack of jobs, and poor infrastructure. In recent decades the Igbo region of Nigeria has suffered from frequent environmental damage mainly related to the 1516:

revealed a collection of highly sophisticated and elaborately crafted artifacts, including intricately designed bronze, copper, and iron objects. These artifacts demonstrate the advanced metallurgical skills of the ancient Igbo people and their ability to work with various metals.

2293:.He was then brought to Ijawland thereafter. As was customary amongst the Ijaw, Jaja earned his way out of slavery after serving his master for a number of years. At the death of his master, he took charge of the trade and went on to head the Anna Pepple House merchant faction of 1793: 2838:(indigenous rulers) where there were no such monarchies. Christian missionaries introduced aspects of European ideology into Igbo society and culture, sometimes shunning parts of the culture. The rumours that the Igbo women were being assessed for taxation sparked off the 1929 2773:, where they constituted the largest group of Africans. Since the late 20th century, a wave of Nigerian immigrants, mostly English and Igbo-speaking, have settled in Maryland, attracted to its strong professional job market. They were also imported to the southern borders of 1992:, initiated Igbo migration into the region around the mid-17th century. The Ibibio clan welcomed all until some started rebelling against the ruling house. The Eze Awgu group who lead the rebellion against the ruling family aligned with several outside forces like the Priest 11175: 3345:, a former slave. The book features 79 Igbo words. In the first and second chapter, the book illustrates various aspects of Igbo life based on Olaudah Equiano's life in his hometown of Essaka. Although the book was one of the first books published to include Igbo material, 1552:: The intricate and finely crafted artifacts found at Igbo-Ukwu suggest the existence of a sophisticated and socially complex society. The level of craftsmanship and the variety of artifacts indicate the presence of skilled artisans and a hierarchical social structure. 3381:. The novel concerns the influence of British colonial rule and Christian missionaries on a traditional Igbo community during an unspecified time in the late nineteenth or early 20th century. Most of the novel is set in Iguedo, one of nine villages on the lower Niger. 2145:

areas, this in turn manifested in boundary disputes between several Eastern Igbo groups with her neighbors such as Ikwo-Nsobo and Osopo of Cross River State, Izzi – Osopo and Yala of Cross River State and Mgbo-Igala of Benue State. A similar migration skirmish towards

1298:, and the rest. Williamson (2002) argues that based on this pattern, proto-Igboid migration would have moved down the Niger from a more northern area in the savannah and first settled close to the delta, with a secondary center of Igbo proper more to the north, in the 7393:(paragraph 11) Preferences on both side of the Atlantic determined, to a considerable degree, which enslaved Africans went where and when, populating the mainland with unique combinations of African peoples and creating distinctive regional variations in the Americas. 4011:

The official data on the population of ethnic groups in Nigeria continues to be controversial as a minority of these groups have claimed that the government deliberately deflates the official population of one group, to give the other numerical superiority. The

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and places like the Nri Kingdom and Arochukwu, which had priest kings; Igbo communities and area governments were overwhelmingly ruled by a republican consultative assembly of the common people. Communities were usually governed and administered by a council of

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traded. Although some Igala dances continue to be performed in Anioma, there is no evidence of any lasting military conquests; instead, it appears that cultural traditions were exchanged mostly through trade and interactions between the neighboring communities.

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bore friction with the Aros because of their economic dominance. The Aro resisted British penetration in the hinterland because their economic and religious influence was being threatened. The Aro and their allies launched offensives against British allies in

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Although title holders were respected because of their accomplishments and capabilities, they were not revered as kings but often performed special functions given to them by such assemblies. This way of governing was different from most other communities of

2952:, stated that the three years of freedom allowed his people to become the most civilized and most technologically advanced black people in the world. In July 2007, Odumegwu-Ojukwu renewed calls for the secession of the Biafran state as a sovereign entity. 3810:. It is known for its resiliency (a yam can remain fully edible for six months without refrigeration), but it can also be very versatile in terms of its incorporation into different dishes. Yams can be fried, roasted, boiled, or made into a potage with 3730:

Our principal luxury is in perfumes; one sort of these is an odoriferous wood of delicious fragrance: the other a kind of earth; a small portion of which thrown into the fire diffuses a most powerful odor. We beat this wood into powder, and mix it with

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The artifacts discovered at Igbo-Ukwu have had a profound impact on the understanding and appreciation of Igbo art and culture. They have inspired contemporary Igbo artists and craftsmen and contributed to a sense of cultural identity and heritage.

1223:"Igbo" as an ethnic identity developed comparatively recently, in the context of decolonisation and the Nigerian Civil War. The various Igbo-speaking communities were historically fragmented and decentralised; in the opinion of Nigerian novelist 1617:

had over 600 prestige objects including complex cast copper-alloy sculptures and more than 165,000 glass and carnelian beads.The most common glass among the 138 analytical results for Igbo-Ukwu beads is soda-lime glass produced using plant ash.

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mainly through the work of church agents. These men built schools and focused on persuading the youth to adopt Christian values. The Igbo people today are known as the ethnic group that has adopted Christianity the most in all of Africa.

1919:. In November 1901, the British launched the Aro Expedition and after strong Aro resistance, Arochukwu was captured on 28 December 1901. By early 1902, the war was over, and the Aro Confederacy collapsed. Contrary to the belief that the 3747:

As colonialism became more influential, the Igbo adapted their dress customs. Clothing worn before colonialism became "traditional" and worn on cultural occasions. Modern Igbo traditional attire, for men, is generally made up of the

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Traditional Igbo architecture embodies the essence of the Igbo people's heritage, social structure, and cultural identity. It represents a harmonious blend of functional design and artistic expression within a communal framework.

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was marked with numerous conflicts and tension. During the colonial era, the diversity within each of Nigeria's major ethnic groups slowly decreased, and distinctions between the Igbo and other large ethnic groups, such as the

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Women traditionally carry their babies on their backs with a strip of clothing binding the two with a knot at her chest, a practice used by many ethnic groups across Africa. This method has been modernized in the form of the

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may have not been victims of slave-raiding wars or expeditions but perhaps debtors or Igbo people who committed within their communities alleged crimes. With the goal for freedom, enslaved Igbo people were known to European

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people used the oracle to enforce their influence and control over surrounding communities. It also served as a means to administer justice and settle disputes, often attracting pilgrims seeking solutions to their problems.

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Nsibidi is an ancient system of graphic communication indigenous to the Ejagham peoples of southeastern Nigeria and the southwestern Cameroon in the Cross River region. It is also used by neighboring Ibibio, Efik and Igbo

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protest the perceived marginalization of the Igbo people are the Igbo Peoples Congress. Even before the 20th century, there were numerous Igbo unions and organizations existing around the world, such as the Igbo union in

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divisions were determined to constitute "an Igbo heartland" from the linguistic and cultural evidence. In the Nsukka region of Igboland, evidence of early iron smelting has been excavated, dating to 750 BC at the site of

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After Arochukwu was formed, it began to expand because of the growing population and territorial protection. Aro forces formed vigilante camps which eventually grew into communities on the Arochukwu-Ibibio boundaries.

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September 1, 1969: John Lennon returns his MBE. He says it is to protest the British government's involvement in Biafra, its support of the U.S. in Vietnam and the poor chart performance of his latest single, 'Cold

2537:. He describes the conditions of the slaves in his community of Essaka and points out the difference between the treatment of slaves under the Igbo in Essaka and those in the custody of Europeans in West Indies: 1380:

which is one of the many creation myths that exist in various parts of Igbo land. The Nri and Aguleri people are in the territory of the Umueri clan who trace their lineages back to the patriarchal king-figure

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Among the Ibos of Nigeria: An Account of the Curious & Interesting Habits, Customs & Beliefs of a Little Known African People, by One who Has for Many Years Lived Amongst Them on Close & Intimate

3760:) is usually patterned with lions' heads embroidered over the clothing and can be a plain colour. It is worn with trousers and can be worn with either a ceremonial title holders hat or with the conventional 2900:

and the Igbo, and other ethnic groups of Eastern Nigeria Region living in Northern Nigeria took place between 1966 and 1967. Elements in the army had assassinated the Nigerian military head of state General

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system of government. In tight knit communities, this system guaranteed its citizens equality, as opposed to a feudalist system with a king ruling over subjects. This government system was witnessed by the

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The Kingdom of Nri was a religio-polity, a sort of theocratic state, that developed in the central heartland of the Igbo region. The Nri had seven types of taboos which included human (such as the birth of

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is generally thought to have originated among the Ejagham peoples of the northern Cross River region, in large part because colonial investigators found the greatest number and variety of signs among them.

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Western-style education. Because of the incompatibility of the Igbo decentralized style of government and the centralized system including the appointment of warrant chiefs required for British system of

1911:. After failed negotiations, the British attempted to conquer the Aro Confederacy in 1899. By 1901, the tensions were especially intensified when British prepared for the Aro Expedition. The invasion of 6738:

may have been a result of Ejagham migrations or their practice of selling the secrets of the Ejagham men's Leopard Society (Ngbe) to their neighbors (the Igbo, Efik, Ibibio, Efut, Banyang, and others).

4022:, which is inhabited primarily by the Igbo, is the most densely populated area in Nigeria and possibly in all of Africa. Most ethnicities that inhabit southeastern Nigeria, such as the closely related 3881:. The aim of the organization was the improvement and advancement (such as in education) of the Igbo and their indigenous land and included an Igbo "national anthem" with a plan for an Igbo bank. 2913:

Talks in Ghana in 1967. These events led to a regional council of the peoples of Eastern Nigeria deciding that the region should secede and proclaim the Republic of Biafra on 30 May 1967. General

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which is a male line of descent from a founding ancestor (who the line is sometimes named after) with groups of compounds containing closely related families headed by the eldest male member. The

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in an attempt of a peace treaty for a war that have been fought between the Igbo subgroup and Ibibio. The Eze Agwu/Nnachi faction decided to help Akakpokpo attempt to overthrow his brother king

5057: 2964:, started dissociating themselves from the larger Igbo population after the war. In the post-war era, Nigeria changed the names of places to non-Igbo-sounding words. For instance, the town of 2924:

or the Nigerian-Biafran War, lasted from 6 July 1967 until 15 January 1970, after which the federal government re-absorbed Biafra into Nigeria. Several million Eastern Nigerians died from the

2281:, because of the hardships he overcame, and persistency to rise, even despite all the odds against him. He became a merchant, and a general, becoming one of the richest and most influential 3611:

The Igbo people were unaffected by the Islamic jihad waged in Nigeria in the 19th century, but a small minority converted to Islam in the 20th century. There is also a small population of

3580:(as this is considered disrespectful). As a sign of respect, children are required to greet elders when seeing them for the first time in the day. Children usually add the Igbo honorifics 3565:

that are worshiped and served in Odinani. There are many different Alusi, each with its own purpose. When an individual deity is no longer needed, or becomes too violent, it is discarded.

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Veeramah, Krishna R; Bruce A Connell; Naser Ansari Pour; Adam Powell; Christopher A Plaster; David Zeitlyn; Nancy R Mendell; Michael E Weale; Neil Bradman; Mark G Thomas (31 March 2010).

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protection from rain. Houses may be adorned with decorative patterns and motifs, often carved into wooden beams, walls, and doors. Such designs hold cultural and symbolic significance.

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Each king traces his origin back to the founding ancestor, Eri. Each king is a ritual reproduction of Eri. The initiation rite of a new king shows that the ritual process of becoming

1412:, the god-like founder of Nri, is believed to have settled the region around 948 with other related Igbo cultures following after in the 13th century. The first Eze Nri (King of Nri) 3021: 6816:, signs embodying many powers, including the essence of all that is valiant, just, and ordered ... The late king of Oban in southern Ejagham told me in the summer of 1978 that 1566:

Overall, Igbo-Ukwu remains a vital archaeological site that continues to contribute to our understanding of ancient African civilizations and their contributions to human history.

11886: 1055: 666: 578:, as migrants as well as outside Africa. There has been much speculation about the origins of the Igbo people, which are largely unknown. The Igbo people are one of the largest 12791: 3711:

that wrapped round their waist and between their legs to be fastened at their back, the type of clothing appropriate for the intense heat as well as jobs such as farming.

3462:) masks of the northern Igbo which represent the spirits of deceased maidens and their mothers with masks symbolizing beauty. Other impressive masks include northern Igbo 3865:

The 1930s saw the rise of Igbo unions in the cities of Lagos and Port Harcourt. Later, the Ibo Federal Union (renamed the Ibo State Union in 1948) emerged as an umbrella

661:(1967–1970). Millions of Biafran civilians died from starvation after the Nigerian military formed a blockade around Biafra, an event that international media promoting 3707:. Maidens usually wore a short wrapper with beads around their waist and other ornaments such as necklaces and beads. Both men and women wore wrappers. Men would wear 3541:

is the supreme deity in Odinani and considered the creator deity, and the Igbo people believe that all things ultimately came from him, and that everything on earth,

1227:, Igbo identity should be placed somewhere between a "tribe" and a "nation". Since the defeat of the Republic of Biafra in 1970, the Igbo are sometimes classed as a " 5469:"Little genetic differentiation as assessed by uniparental markers in the presence of substantial language variation in peoples of the Cross River region of Nigeria" 2849:

Aspects of Igbo culture such as construction of houses, education and religion changed following colonialism. The tradition of building houses out of mud walls and

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followed directly after him. According to Igbo oral tradition, his reign started in 1043. At least one historian puts Ìfikuánim's reign much later, around 1225 AD:

1259:(to protect, to shelter), meaning "a protected people or a community of peace". Other theories give it the meaning "forest dwellers", connect it to "the ancients" ( 3715: 3337: 2534: 2424:

society, whose titles could be both earned and inherited. And the spiritual (though not political) authority of the king of Nri was recognized all over Igboland

2298: 2972:. Because of discrimination, many Igbo had trouble finding employment, and during the early 1970s, the Igbo became one of the poorest ethnic groups in Nigeria. 653:

After ethnic tensions following the independence of Nigeria in 1960, the Igbos seceded from Nigeria and attempted to establish a new independent country called

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The coup was heavily resisted which called for even more help. Through Nnachi, an Eastern Cross river group answered the call for help. They were known as the

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A dark-skinned man descended from the Ibo tribe of Nigeria, Reverend Robeson was of medium height with broad shoulders, and had an air of surpassing dignity.

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Geschichte der Mission der evangelischen Brüder auf den caraibischen Inseln ... - Christian Georg Andreas Oldendorp, Johann Jakob Bossart – Google Boeken

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as being rebellious and having a high rate of suicide to escape slavery. There is evidence that traders sought Igbo women. Igbo women were paired with

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area. Genetic studies have shown the Igbo to cluster most closely with other Niger-Congo-speaking peoples. The predominant Y-chromosmoal haplogroup is

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century. The Nsukka people have continuously inhabited northern Igboland since the 3rd millennium BCE as shown through archeological continuity and

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Kingdoms were some of the most powerful Aro states in the Confederacy after Arochukwu. Some were founded and named after commanders and chiefs like

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The exact origins of the Aro Confederacy are not precisely documented, but it is believed to have been established around the mid-17th century. The

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Overcoming Women's Subordination in the Igbo African Culture and in the Catholic Church: Envisioning an Inclusive Theology with Reference to Women

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Jeffreys, M. (1951). The Winged Solar Disk, or Ibo Ichi Scarification, Journal of the International African Institute, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 93-111

3918: 1847:, and Igbo. The Aros formed a strong trading network, colonies, and incorporated hundreds of communities that formed into powerful kingdoms. The 12894: 11505:

P.E. Aligwekwe, The Continuity of Traditional Values in the African Societies (the Igbo of Nigeria), Xlibris Publishing Company, IN, USA, 2008.

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Uchendu, Egodi (1 January 2010). "Being Igbo and Muslim: The Igbo of South-Eastern Nigeria and Conversions to Islam, 1930s to Recent Times".

7136:"Igbo Names in the Nominal Roll of Amelié, An Early 19th Century Slave Ship from Martinique: Reconstructions, Interpretations and Inferences" 3874: 1886: 8422: 4341: 2854:

century. With electricity, new technology such as radios and televisions were adopted, and have become commonplace in most Igbo households.

9782: 4368:"Mother tongue by single and multiple mother tongue responses: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions" 2511:

people, though in the 1900s J. K. Macgregor recorded a native tradition attributing it to the Uguakima or Uyanga section of the Igbo.

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Scholars believe that nsibidi originated among the Ejagham, who use it more extensively than any other group in the region. The spread of

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kingdoms like supported by their alliances with several related neighboring Igbo and eastern Cross River militarized states (particularly

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says "Nri and Aguleri and part of the Umueri clan, a cluster of Igbo village groups which traces its origins to a sky being called Eri."

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became the most prominent vocal group for the agitation of the creation of an independent state of Biafra through a radio station named

2004:

of the Ibibio kingdom of Ibom Kingdom. Akakpokpo Okon was the son of a marriage between an Igbo woman of the Eze Agwu clan and the King

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members and the Nigerian government, resulting in the death of members. After the 2015 Nigerian general elections a group known as the

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in 1842, founded by a prominent Igbo trader and ex-soldier named Thomas Refell. Another was the union founded by the Igbo community in

2965: 1868: 8994: 8651: 7569:...It is not possible to declare that the Eastern Nigerian influence in Jamaica – apparent in expressions such as 'red ibo' – is Igbo. 4898: 3996:

among others. A significant number of Igbo people have migrated to other regions of Nigeria for trades, works and investment, such as

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something to hide. Uli body art was used to decorate both men and women in the form of lines forming patterns and shapes on the body.

2335:, a British vice consul, invited Jaja for negotiations in 1887. Jaja was arrested on arrival aboard a British vessel; he was tried in 2492:) occurs on the third week of February, although the traditional start of the year for many Igbo communities is around springtime in 1757: 7075: 3523:("great spirit"); Chukwu created the world and everything in it and is associated with all things in the universe. They believe the 3375:

Perhaps the most popular and renowned novel that deals with the Igbo and their traditional life was the 1959 book by Chinua Achebe,

12800: 3450:(such as the Ekpe society) and public festivals, which now include Christmas time celebrations. Some of the best known include the 1856: 3199:-Igbo are large opened-sided square planned shelters. They house many life-sized, painted figures (sculpted in mud to appease the 2905:

on 29 July 1966, and peace negotiations failed between the military government that deposed Ironsi and the regional government of

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conquered some significant riverine trading centers, but just as quickly as they were conquered, most came under the control of

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family members arranged around a central courtyard. The courtyard serves as a communal space for gatherings and interactions.

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led a research expedition on Igbo dialects which could possibly be used as a basis of a standard Igbo dialect, also known as

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and the rest of the spiritual world is under his supervision. Linguistic studies of the Igbo language suggest that the name

3372:), published in 1777, written by the German missionary C. G. A. Oldendorp, was the first book to publish any Igbo material. 3080: 2038:

led Akpa soldiers to help fight against the ruling household. Together with Igbo forces and rebels, they fought against the

650:, the Igbo developed a strong sense of ethnic identity, with Christianity being the major religion and Islamic minorities. 9915: 4059: 3105:" are erected for signaling and communication during events or gatherings. Towers were common, in Igbo architecture, often 2566: 2407:

who first arrived and met with the Igbo people in the 15th century. With the exception of a few notable Igbo towns such as

2316:, and by 1870 was selling eight thousand tons of palm oil directly to the British. Opobo also shipped palm oil directly to 5399:"African Genetic Diversity: Implications for Human Demographic History, Modern Human Origins, and Complex Disease Mapping" 2789:, where a group of Igbo had tried to drown themselves, rather than become slaves, when they disembarked the slave ship. 2529:

existed among the Igbo before and after the encounter with Europeans. Indentured service in Igbo areas was described by

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puts the Igbo population of Nigeria at 15.2% of a total population of 230 million, or approximately 35 million people.

3615:, some of whom merely identifying as Jews, while others having converted to Judaism. These draw their inspiration from 633: 10876: 12889: 12352: 11602: 10818:

Mission to Educate: A History of the Educational Work of the Scottish Presbyterian Mission in East Nigeria, 1846–1960

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OKONJO, KAMENE (1992). "Aspects of Continuity and Change in Mate-Selection Among the Igbo West of the River Niger".

4456: 2000:, was called by their king Awgu Inobia (Eze Agwu) for help. When he arrived, Nnachi and Eze Agwu allied with prince 1546:

were engaged in trade and had connections with other cultures and civilizations, both within and outside of Africa.

1313:, and Afikpo regions of Igboland in the 1970s, along with pottery and tools at nearby Ibagwa; the traditions of the 8152:"The Igbo, sometimes (especially formerly) referred to as Ibo, are one of the largest single ethnicities in Africa" 3356: 2427: 2324:

and enlisted whites to staff the secular school he built in Opobo. He barred any missionaries from entering Opobo.

1644: 4303: 3109:, which disproves the popular western myth that Africans didn't have multi-story buildings prior to Colonization. 2976:

century, there has been a wave of Nigerian Igbo immigration to other African countries, Europe, and the Americas.

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As is now widely known, enslaved Africans were often concentrated in specific places in the diaspora...USA (Igbo)

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and Igala people remain poorly documented, there is one Igala-speaking community in Enuaniland known as Ebu. The

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Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland: Igboland and The Igbo People of Nigeria

3407:, a hand bell designed from forged iron. Other instruments include opi, a wind instrument similar to the flute, 7714: 5711: 4283: 3814:

and herbs. The cultivation of yams is most commonly carried out by men, as women tend to focus on other crops.

4317: 2682:) men to subdue the men because of the belief that the women were bound to their first-born sons' birthplace. 2331:, the Europeans designated Opobo as British territory. When Jaja refused to cease taxing the British traders, 4085: 3360: 1761:

matters. They facilitated commerce, resolved disputes, and spread the worship of the Aro deity known as the "

1255:) have been used in Western literature at least since the 18th century. The name may originate from the verb 2514:

Igbo people produced bronzes from as early as the 9th century, some of which have been found at the town of

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Igbo-Ukwu is a historically significant archaeological site located in southeastern Nigeria, in what is now

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Carlson, Amanda (2004). "Nsibidi: An Indigenous Writing System". In Peek, Philip M.; Yankah, Kwesi (eds.).

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An "Ógwa", an ancestral meeting and reception shrine hall of household patriarchs photographed by P. Talbot

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https://namibia.un.org/sites/default/files/2022-04/formattted%20SDG%206%20Igbo%20READING%20LIST_Final.pdf

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Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures. Volume I: Topics and Cultures A–K

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community and are only seen on rare occasions such as the death of a prominent figure in the community.

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History of the Evangelical Brothers' Mission in the Caribbean Islands St. Thomas, St. Croix and St. John

2846:(also known as the 1929 Aba Riots), a massive revolt of women never encountered before in Igbo history. 2231:

kingdom, while the others were significant trading partners to both kingdoms, supplying the entirety of

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The "civil society" problematique: deconstructing civility and southern Nigeria's ethnic radicalization

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Holl, Augustin F. C. (6 November 2009). "Early West African Metallurgies: New Data and Old Orthodoxy".

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The "civil society" problematique: deconstructing civility and southern Nigeria's ethnic radicalization

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during the evangelism of the missionaries in the colonial era in the twentieth century. In the wake of

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Formerly, there were many polygamous marriages because of the need for many hands to work in the farm.

9314:"Conflicts Between African Traditional Religion and Christianity in Eastern Nigeria: The Igbo Example" 5246:

test for tribe... Now, to call them a nation... This may not be perfect for the Igbo, but it is close.

2100:

In the 16th century a large Igala migration occurred across the Niger River following a defeat to the

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which were new to the territory. Being the Igbo allies, the Akpas were led by the royal Nnubi family.

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The Igbo people have a musical style into which they incorporate various percussion instruments: the

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Igbo: Indigenous Economy and the Search for Sustainable Development in Post Colonial African Society

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emerged in the dreams of certain men who thus received its secrets and later 'presented it outside'.

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was founded in 1949 by Frederick Chidozie Ogbalu and has since created a standard dialect for Igbo.

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is divided into four complex parts: creation, known as Okike; supernatural forces or deities called

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and have contributed to our understanding of the development of metallurgical techniques in Africa.

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Slogar, Christopher (2007). "Early Ceramics from Calabar, Nigeria: Towards a History of Nsibidi".

6502: 1772:"The Opening Up of Nigeria, the Expedition Against the Aros" – by Richard Caton Woodville II, 1901 11881: 11719: 11534: 8715: 8686: 8429: 7641:

Eboe Town, a section of the town of Belize reserved for that African tribe, was destroyed by fire

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Studies in Southern Nigerian History: A Festschrift for Joseph Christopher Okwudili Anene 1918–68

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subgroups moved northward, all who are said to descend from siblings whose patriarch hailed from

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trade routes that passed through their territories, collecting tolls and taxes from traders. The

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artifacts predate certain other well-known Nigerian bronze sculpture traditions such as those of

1065: 673:(IPOB), two organizations formed after 1999, continue to struggle for an independent Igbo state. 643: 381: 9790: 8904: 8898: 8305:

Nigeria in the Twenty-first Century: Strategies for Political Stability and Peaceful Coexistence

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The Ejagham developed a unique form of ideographic writing, signs representing ideas and called

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dialect. This proposed dialect was gradually accepted by missionaries, writers, publishers, and

2834:. Colonial rule brought about changes in culture, such as the introduction of warrant chiefs as 2359:. His presence in the West Indies was alleged to be the cause of civil unrest, as the people of 1309:

Pottery dated from around 3,000–2,500 BC showing similarities with later Igbo work was found at

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British Honduras: an historical and descriptive account of the colony from its settlement, 1670

6791: 5850: 5635: 5619: 5156: 3475: 2348: 1427:(Nri priest-king) follows closely the path traced by the hero in establishing the Nri kingdom. 1413: 1005: 940: 11069: 11042: 11015: 10988: 10755: 10670: 10636: 10498: 10387: 10360: 10333: 10306: 10276: 10102: 9818: 9755: 9616: 9556: 9522: 9227: 8962: 8956: 8395: 8068: 8041: 7984: 7884: 7767: 7740: 7582: 7514: 7464: 7458: 7357: 7189: 6949: 6583: 6556: 6529: 6408: 6300: 6075: 6016: 5810: 5262: 5023: 4996: 4734: 4681: 4634: 2729:

with fair or "yellowish" skin. This term had originated from the reported prevalence of these

12909: 12085: 11901: 11724: 10936: 10909: 10850: 10816: 10552: 10525: 10224: 10197: 10170: 10136: 9976: 9895: 9861: 9721: 9488: 9471: 9200: 9173: 9146: 9022: 8612: 8225: 8014: 7957: 7912: 7849: 7822: 7681: 7654: 7406: 7323: 7216: 6979: 6477: 6435: 6381: 6327: 6273: 5986: 5959: 5878: 5775: 5383: 4962: 4932: 4761: 4664: 4614: 4594: 2929: 2902: 2184: 2142: 1819:, and these city states became important centres for the export of palm oil and slaves. Such 1045: 373: 10789: 10702: 10579: 9278: 9091: 8844: 8500:

Aniakor, Chike C. (Fourth Quarter 1978). "House Types and Decorations in Southern Nigeria".

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Chambers, D.B. (2002). "REJOINDER – The Significance of Igbo in the Bight of Biafra Slave".

7100: 7094: 5842: 5148: 4485: 3671:, mainly because of Western influence. Some Western marriage customs, such as weddings in a 3478:, with each rhythm from the indigenous instruments indicating a movement to the dancer. The 2948:, partly in protest against British support for the Nigerian government in the Biafran War. 2785:

culture still preserves African traditions of its ancestors. Today, there is an area called

2305:

compelled Jaja to break away to form the Opobo city-state (26 miles east of Bonny) in 1869.

1621: 12884: 11625: 10104:

Exploring African Life and Literature: Novel Guides to Promote Socially Responsive Learning

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is the most popular and renowned novel that deals with the Igbo and their traditional life.

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African Cultural Astronomy: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa

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African Cultural Astronomy: Current Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy Research in Africa

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In 1891, Jaja was granted permission to return to Opobo, but died en route. Following his

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had to abide by the rules of the faith and obey its representative on earth, the Eze Nri.

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in the 20th century, the Igbo were politically fragmented by the centralized chiefdoms of

8: 12816: 12610: 12243: 12063: 11891: 11871: 10613: 7634: 7079: 5095: 3600: 3491: 3446: 2762: 2711: 2356: 1895: 1401: 1070: 1060: 1025: 834: 252: 11581: 5484: 5316:

Political Organization in Nigeria since the Late Stone Age: A History of the Igbo People

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other civilizations in the region. The artifacts may be associated with the traditional

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Morgan, Philip D.; Omohundro Institute of Early American History & Culture (1998).

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Routes to Slavery: Direction, Ethnicity, and Mortality in the Transatlantic Slave Trade

8521: 8130: 8103: 7944: 7178: 7135: 6892: 6251: 6203: 6170: 6146: 6121: 5692: 5557: 5503: 5468: 5431: 5398: 5077: 4288: 4172: 4081: 4013: 3297: 3037: 3006: 2949: 2921: 2914: 1389:(God). He has been characterized as having first given societal order to the people of 1287: 995: 945: 658: 10527:

The African palimpsest: indigenization of language in the West African europhone novel

10252:

Shaping truth, reshaping justice: sectarian politics and the Nigerian truth commission

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The River Flows on: Black Resistance, Culture, and Identity Formation in Early America

7076:"Edward Wilmot Blyden:- Father of Pan Africanism (August 3, 1832 to February 7, 1912)" 4871: 4845: 3833:, maize and plantains. Soups or stews are included in a typical meal, prepared with a 3300:, and there are hundreds of different Igbo dialects and Igboid languages, such as the 2389:

King Jaja of Opobo. Original name: Mbanaso Okwaraozurumbaa. Adopted name: Jubo Jubogha

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Slave counterpoint: Black culture in the eighteenth-century Chesapeake and Lowcountry

11537: 11521: 11492: 11473: 11454: 11435: 11409: 11390: 11356: 11331: 11312: 11284: 11251: 11096: 11075: 11048: 11021: 10994: 10967: 10942: 10915: 10856: 10822: 10795: 10761: 10727: 10676: 10642: 10585: 10558: 10531: 10504: 10393: 10366: 10339: 10312: 10282: 10255: 10230: 10203: 10176: 10142: 10108: 10007: 9982: 9948: 9867: 9824: 9761: 9727: 9697: 9666: 9622: 9562: 9528: 9494: 9450: 9431: 9376: 9335: 9292: 9235: 9206: 9179: 9152: 9110: 9061: 9028: 8999: 8966: 8935: 8908: 8850: 8823: 8795: 8745: 8657: 8618: 8591: 8568: 8513: 8482: 8401: 8374: 8343: 8309: 8275: 8231: 8074: 8047: 8020: 7990: 7963: 7918: 7888: 7877: 7855: 7828: 7801: 7773: 7746: 7687: 7660: 7613: 7588: 7520: 7493: 7468: 7412: 7363: 7329: 7302: 7262: 7222: 7195: 7182: 7104: 7025: 7000: 6955: 6853: 6801: 6795: 6767: 6723: 6696: 6671: 6646: 6621: 6589: 6562: 6535: 6508: 6481: 6470: 6441: 6414: 6387: 6333: 6306: 6279: 6255: 6243: 6208: 6190: 6151: 6068: 6047: 6022: 5992: 5965: 5938: 5911: 5884: 5854: 5843: 5814: 5803: 5781: 5751: 5719: 5696: 5627: 5607: 5582: 5561: 5549: 5508: 5436: 5418: 5319: 5268: 5231: 5227: 5191: 5160: 5149: 5127: 5100: 5081: 5029: 5002: 4968: 4938: 4904: 4767: 4740: 4687: 4640: 4620: 4600: 4236: 4113: 4047: 3885: 3377: 3250: 3001: 2830: 2824:

The establishment of British colonial rule transformed Igbo society, as portrayed in

2639: 2404: 2328: 2320:. Despite his trade rivalry with the Europeans, Jaja sent his children to schools in 2312:

trade. Jaja barred entry to European and African middlemen, effectively monopolizing

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Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960: 1900–1960

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Igbo Women and Economic Transformation in Southeastern Nigeria, 1900–1960: 1900–1960

7388: 6923: 4432:"Why It Matters That Alex Trebek Mispronounced The Name Of My People On 'Jeopardy!'" 2933:

deal of discrimination against the Igbo people at the hands of other ethnic groups.

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in the Igbo language meaning 'my place or people', but may have other origins (see:

597:" cluster. The Igbo homeland straddles the lower Niger River, east and south of the 68: 12278: 12237: 12105: 11704: 10413: 10199:

Breakdown and reconstitution: democracy, the nation-state, and ethnicity in Nigeria

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Okeke, Chukwuma O.; Ibenwa, Christopher N.; Okeke, Gloria Tochukwu (1 April 2017).

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forms, as well as their attire, cuisine and language variation. Due to the various

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among the Igbo, but eastern Nigerian influences may not be strictly Igbo. The word

2730: 2624: 2605: 2420:. Many Igbo towns however, were also partly governed the high council known as the 2294: 2128: 2101: 2091: 1828: 1385:. Eri's origins are unclear, though he has been described as a "sky being" sent by 1228: 1010: 989: 960: 665:. Biafra was eventually defeated by Nigeria and reintegrated into the country. The 613: 594: 475: 469: 438: 369: 297: 289: 4408: 4183:, China, is Igbo-speaking and are mainly businessmen trading between factories in 2261:; 1821–1891) was the first king (amanyanabo) of Opobo. He was also the founder of 1924: 1784:

and considered a potent source of political authority and religious guidance. The

12904: 12605: 12496: 12185: 11896: 11699: 11198: 11101: 10721: 10138:

The Missing Spanish Creoles: Recovering the Birth of Plantation Contact Languages

9942: 9256: 8929: 8871: 8585: 7587:. Contributor Richard Allsopp. University of the West Indies Press. p. 101. 7552: 6717: 5905: 5745: 4660: 4521: 4516: 3889: 3803: 3740: 3719: 3616: 3474:

dance troops. These performances include acrobatic stunts such as high kicks and

3436: 3432: 3365: 3348: 3342: 3305: 3236: 2718: 2662: 2654: 2595: 2530: 2151: 2055: 1936: 1712:

Kingdom was an economic, political, and an oracular center as it was home of the

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There are many Igbo dance styles, but perhaps, Igbo dance is best known for its

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after its Igbo inhabitants. In the United States, the Igbo were imported to the

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Africans in history. At an indeterminate date, Jaja was kidnapped and sold into

1780:" oracle was the spiritual centerpiece of the Aro Confederacy. It was housed in 12760: 12705: 12670: 12665: 12655: 12573: 12563: 12546: 12541: 12375: 12268: 12200: 12148: 12100: 12070: 11850: 11815: 11785: 11714: 11689: 11044:

Strangers and Traders: Yoruba Migrants, Markets and the State in Northern Ghana

8539: 6186: 6137: 4125: 3870: 3704: 3668: 3443:, who were among the most popular Igbo highlife musicians of the 20th century. 3428: 3140: 2961: 2881: 2839: 2778: 2695: 2658: 2586: 2453: 2216: 2065:

refer to a series of conflicts that took place between the Igbo people and the

2005: 2001: 1860: 1538:

The presence of exotic materials like glass beads and imported ceramics at the

1502: 1424: 1363: 1000: 965: 872: 827: 747: 617: 216: 12730: 9916:"Igbo People: Clothing & Cosmetic Makeup at the Time of Things Fall Apart" 9415: 6763: 6239: 5688: 5578:

Mmanwu and Mission among the Igbo People of Nigeria: An Inculturative Dialogue

5378:

Kay Williamson in Ebiegberi Joe Alagoa, F. N. Anozie, Nwanna Nzewunwa (eds.),

5352: 5216: 5073: 3968:. The Igbo language is predominant spoken throughout the South-East, although 2936:

In their struggle, the people of Biafra earned the respect of figures such as

1927:

still exists, and is intact in Arochukwu and serves mainly as a tourist site.

1664: 593:. Its regional dialects are somewhat mutually intelligible amidst the larger " 12878: 12858: 12853: 12735: 12720: 12675: 12645: 12640: 12625: 12620: 12588: 12531: 12506: 12491: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12411: 12396: 12386: 12332: 12288: 12263: 12230: 12173: 12163: 12138: 12110: 12080: 12006: 11940: 11935: 11765: 11750: 11709: 10362:

A culture of corruption: everyday deception and popular discontent in Nigeria

9670: 9380: 9339: 9330: 9313: 8894: 8517: 8486: 7793: 6857: 6771: 6247: 6194: 6171:"Igbo-Ukwu at 50: A Symposium on Recent Archaeological Research and Analysis" 6122:"Igbo-Ukwu at 50: A Symposium on Recent Archaeological Research and Analysis" 5553: 5544: 5527: 5458: 5422: 5211: 4560: 4495: 4231: 4204: 4200: 4153: 4064: 4055: 4051: 4027: 3945: 3822: 3569: 3482:

is an Igbo traditional Royal-styled cultural dance of South Eastern Nigeria.

3479: 3455: 3424: 3263: 3255: 3245: 3240: 3208: 3204: 3120: 3049: 2858: 2825: 2818: 2805: 2750: 2725:, meaning "you" plural, is still used. "Red Ibo" (or "red eboe") describes a 2717:

Elements of Igbo culture can still be found in these places. For example, in

2671: 2519: 2499:

Used as a ceremonial script by secret societies, the Igbo have an indigenous

2485: 2477: 2399: 2274: 2220: 2117: 2071: 1965: 1946: 1916: 1872: 1590: 1529: 1497: 1469: 1453: 1390: 1377: 1318: 1295: 1224: 1169: 1104: 982: 955: 935: 906: 887: 877: 727: 712: 586: 551: 410: 333: 325: 285: 126: 12313: 8462: 6093:"# IGBO UKWU (8th–early 12th century) | Caravans of Gold, Fragments in Time" 5493: 3675:, take place either before or after the lgbo cultural traditional marriage. 3644: 2665:, who kidnapped or bought slaves from Igbo villages in the hinterland. Igbo 1878: 1404:

in Igboland may go back as far as the 9th century, and royal burials at the

12848: 12811: 12740: 12710: 12690: 12650: 12630: 12600: 12593: 12516: 12511: 12501: 12471: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12416: 12406: 12344: 12283: 12143: 12125: 11986: 11965: 11945: 11840: 10883: 9371: 9202:

Island Societies: Archaeological Approaches to Evolution and Transformation

8509: 7432: 6212: 6155: 5512: 5440: 3973: 3965: 3949: 3914: 3866: 3797: 3561:, alternatively known as Arusi or Arushi (depending on dialect), are minor 3451: 3325: 3281: 3212: 3181: 3166: 3144: 3106: 3085: 3069: 3054: 2984: 2814: 2786: 2726: 2620: 2282: 2266: 2192: 2079: 2066: 2039: 1954: 1920: 1777: 1762: 1733: 1713: 1512:

lies in the following aspects: Sophisticated Artifacts: The excavations at

1179: 1124: 1109: 1015: 882: 844: 807: 802: 555: 539: 349: 345: 341: 309: 10990:

Ethnolinguistic Chicago: Language and Literacy in the City's Neighborhoods

10638:

Growing Apart: Oil, Politics, and Economic Change in Indonesia and Nigeria

9863:

Dirt, Undress, and Difference: Critical Perspectives on the Body's Surface

9723:

Negotiating Power and Privilege: Igbo Career Women in Contemporary Nigeria

9662: 6849: 2297:. Under him, Anna Pepple absorbed other trade houses until a war with the 1613:

has one of the oldest glass productions in West Africa. The archeology of

1488:

has one of the oldest glass productions in West Africa. The archeology of

12833: 12826: 12821: 12725: 12700: 12695: 12685: 12680: 12660: 12583: 12568: 12558: 12553: 12486: 12476: 12466: 12456: 11955: 11950: 11845: 11830: 11810: 11800: 11790: 11775: 11760: 11149: 8478: 6555:

Holbrook, Jarita C.; R. Thebe Medupe; Johnson O. Urama (1 January 2008).

5528:"Nigeria's Archaeological Heritage: Resource Exploitation and Technology" 5462: 4736:

The Advance of African Capital: The Growth of Nigerian Private Enterprise

4257: 4035: 4023: 4005: 3961: 3953: 3888:'s military regime lifted the ban on independent political activity, the 3850: 3846: 3807: 3532: 3416: 3309: 3223: 3192: 2941: 2889: 2754: 2679: 2661:

would have been Igbo. These slaves were usually sold to Europeans by the

2614: 2508: 2437: 2412: 2208: 2159: 2087: 2075: 2024: 1977: 1852: 1844: 1840: 1816: 1749: 1697: 1649: 1569: 1129: 1114: 822: 812: 792: 762: 752: 722: 697: 559: 357: 329: 31: 11017:

Multicultural Manners: Essential Rules of Etiquette for the 21st Century

10053: 9678: 9423: 9388: 8678: 8525: 8227:

A Tri-Generational Study of Language Choice & Shift in Port Harcourt

6305:(illustrated ed.). LIT Verlag Berlin-Hamburg-Münster. p. 113. 4820: 4575:. Vol. 14 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 223. 4471: 3576:

Children are not allowed to call elders by their names without using an

3128: 2917:

made this declaration and became the head of state of the new republic.

2857:

A series of black and white, silent films about the Igbo people made by

2398:

Traditional Igbo political organization was based on a quasi-democratic

12715: 12481: 12451: 12158: 12021: 11930: 11795: 11780: 11755: 9944:

Igbo Worlds: An Anthology of Oral Histories and Historical Descriptions

9490:

Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland

8134: 8107: 8070:

Memoirs of a Mbororo: The Life of Ndudi Umaru, Fulani Nomad of Cameroon

6896: 6554: 6302:

Foreign Missionary Background and Indigenous Evangelization in Igboland

5058:"Colonialism and Christianity in West Africa: The Igbo Case, 1900-1915" 3941: 3390: 3176: 3148: 2675: 2643: 2441: 2421: 2378:

and death, the power of the Opobo state rapidly declined. In 1903, the

2290: 2147: 2083: 2044: 2009: 1942: 1915:(in Igboland) was the last major Aro offensive before the start of the 1908: 1820: 1812: 1802: 1785: 1677: 1409: 1382: 1338: 1099: 897: 742: 717: 547: 353: 234: 10308:

Ethnic militias and the threat to democracy in post-transition Nigeria

7174: 6903: 5620:

Cultural Harmony I: Igboland—the World of Man and the World of Spirits

3687: 3270:

as an example to justify deviating from the classical linear model of

1294:. The greatest differentiation within the Igboid group is between the 12190: 12153: 12031: 11981: 11960: 7883:(illustrated, reprint ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 6883:. Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland: 211. 6472:

Male Daughters, Female Husbands: Gender and Sex in an African Society

6361:

Basden, G. (1921). Among the Ibos of Nigeria, Pub Nonsuch, p. 211-213

4221: 4180: 4129: 4031: 3993: 3957: 3854: 3834: 3708: 3664: 3612: 3577: 3271: 2850: 2843: 2468:

Mathematics in indigenous Igbo society is evident in their calendar,

2317: 2302: 2137:

During the early 19th century, the Eastern Igbo subgroups located in

2020: 1973: 1958: 1781: 1724: 1709: 1688:. The Aro Confederacy kingdom was founded after the beginning of the 1681: 1653: 1637: 1626: 1614: 1610: 1601: 1586: 1574: 1543: 1539: 1521: 1513: 1509: 1489: 1485: 1458: 1405: 1330: 1184: 1164: 1119: 563: 11176:"Ethnic origins, 2006 counts, for Canada, provinces and territories" 10726:. International Institute of Tropical Agriculture. 1988. p. 8. 9618:

Handbook of Social Problems: A Comparative International Perspective

8066: 7879:

Female Power and Male Dominance: On the Origins of Sexual Inequality

6888: 6872: 5365:

Williamson & Blench (2000) 'Niger–Congo', in Heine & Nurse,

3722:

describes fragrances that were used by the Igbo in the community of

2633: 12391: 12168: 12133: 11914: 11825: 11020:(revised, illustrated ed.). John Wiley and Sons. p. 212. 10474: 10418: 6352:

Meek, C. (1937). Law and Authority in a Nigerian Tribe, Pub. London

5649: 5289: 4196: 4019: 3898: 3732: 3723: 3661: 3657: 3638: 3471: 3412: 3156: 3089: 2770: 2766: 2738: 2699: 2500: 2360: 2352: 2309: 2232: 1985: 1981: 1904: 1753: 1701: 853: 787: 567: 420: 337: 144: 27: 11328:

Representing African Music: Postcolonial Notes, Queries, Positions

10711:: "Igbo 15.2%" out of a population of 230,842,743 (2023 estimate). 9148:

Doing Justice Without the State: The Afikpo (Ehugbo) Nigeria Model

4639:(2nd ed.). University of the West Indies Press. p. 168. 4409:"Omenana and Odinana in the Igbo World: A Philosophical Appraisal" 3972:

is spoken as well. Prominent towns and cities in Igboland include

3845:) to which pieces of fish, chicken, beef, or goat meat are added. 1585:

Double egg pendant, leaded bronze, 9th-10th century, unearthed in

1464: 12401: 12205: 12036: 11996: 11734: 11047:(illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 200. 10791:

Inculturation as Dialogue: Igbo Culture and the Message of Christ

7820: 7169:(1). Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group: 101–120. 6797:

Flash of the Spirit: African and Afro-American Art and Philosophy

6531:

Childrearing and Infant Care Issues: A Cross-cultural Perspective

6507:(illustrated ed.). Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 183. 6271: 5718:. Frankfurt, Germany: Africa Magna Verlag Press. pp. 53–54. 4739:(illustrated ed.). Edinburgh University Press. p. 272. 4188: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4133: 3985: 3753: 3605: 3516: 3321: 3285: 3218: 3162: 3026: 2897: 2877: 2687: 2666: 2545:

Prior to European contact, Igbo trade routes stretched as far as

2504: 2408: 2368: 2321: 2286: 2270: 2228: 2212: 2180: 2171: 1989: 1972:

Kingdom. This proto-Ibibio group originally came from Usak Edet (

1950: 1836: 1741: 1685: 1632: 1442: 1314: 1154: 1089: 913: 757: 629: 543: 313: 270: 108: 6018:

Religious Plurality in Africa: Essays in Honour of John S. Mbiti

5937:(illustrated ed.). Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 33. 2385: 1815:

activities on the coast helped the growth of city-states in the

1263:), or suggest that it simply refers to "a community of people". 12026: 12001: 11876: 11835: 11805: 8121:

Keil, Charles (January 1970). "The Price of Nigerian Victory".

8040:

Minogue, Martin; Judith Molloy (1974). "General C. O. Ojukwu".

7191:

Territorial Disputes and Resource Management: A Global Handbook

7078:. Awareness Times (Sierra Leone). 2 August 2006. Archived from 5454: 4461: 4121: 4117: 4105: 4073: 3989: 3894: 3811: 3773: 3749: 3692: 3542: 3538: 3524: 3520: 3501: 3317: 3196: 3102: 2925: 2885: 2782: 2707: 2576: 2554: 2550: 2364: 2204: 2167: 2138: 2109: 2028: 1997: 1993: 1848: 1839:, as well as other slave trading city-states controlled by the 1745: 1729: 1408:

sites have been unearthed dating to at least the 10th century.

1386: 1326: 1322: 1310: 1174: 1050: 817: 797: 767: 667:

Movement for the Actualization of the Sovereign State of Biafra

654: 198: 56: 11617: 10442:"Nigeria Blocks Radio Biafra Station Aimed at Breakaway State" 8765: 7259:

Trans-Atlantic Dimensions of Ethnicity in the African Diaspora

3784: 3084:

A building photographed in the western Igbo area, filed under

2653:

Chambers (2002) argues that many of the slaves taken from the

2507:, whose origin is now generally attributed to the neighboring 1792: 444: 12635: 12536: 12521: 12293: 12178: 12016: 11991: 11855: 11770: 11674: 9978:

Dancing histories: heuristic ethnography with the Ohafia Igbo

9590: 7433:"Ethnic Identity in the Diaspora and the Nigerian Hinterland" 7096:

The Undiscovered Paul Robeson: An Artist's Journey, 1898–1939

6410:

Achievement as Value in the Igbo/African Identity: The Ethics

5397:

Campbell, Michael C.; Tishkoff, Sarah A. (1 September 2008).

5179: 4192: 4184: 4176: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4001: 3997: 3981: 3977: 3830: 3649: 3562: 3558: 3528: 3505: 3411:, and ichaka. Another popular musical form among the Igbo is 3404: 3200: 3185: 3170: 3152: 3098: 2910: 2546: 2445: 2375: 2344: 2336: 2313: 2262: 1912: 1864: 1824: 1351: 1159: 902: 782: 732: 625: 571: 361: 162: 11607: 11264:

Chuku, Gloria. "Igbo historiography: Parts I, II, and III."

11230:

The Ibo and Ibibio-Speaking Peoples of South-Eastern Nigeria

7261:. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 92–93. 5453:

M191/P86 positive samples occurred in tested populations of

3568:

The Igbo have traditionally believed in the possibility for

3292:

society and Okonko fraternity but is no longer widely used.

2995: 2431:"Rich Women. Onitsha. (church members.)" G. F. Packer, 1880s 19:"Ndigbo" redirects here. For the pan-Igbo organization, see 12461: 12011: 11820: 10938:

Africa Is In A Mess What Went Wrong And What Should Be Done

6722:(illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. 599. 6226:

Sutton, J. E. G. (1 March 2001). "Igbo-Ukwu and the Nile".

5339:

Jeffrey, M. D. W (1956). "The Umunri Tradition of Origin".

5124:

Shadows: Airlift and Airwar in Biafra and Nigeria 1967–1970

5025:

The foundations of Nigeria: essays in honor of Toyin Falola

4632: 4281: 3838: 3420: 3408: 3400: 3289: 3132: 3010: 2691: 2469: 2242: 2235: 2224: 2176: 2163: 2155: 2113: 2031: 2016: 1969: 1964:

Before Igbo arrival in the Aro territory, a group of proto

1957:

from 1630 to 1902. These wars led to the foundation of the

1941:

The Aro-Ibibio Wars were a series of conflicts between the

1737: 1438: 1342: 1334: 1299: 777: 772: 737: 490: 450: 11382:

Ibo Politics: The Role Of Ethnic Unions In Eastern Nigeria

11240:

The Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival

9694:

Education and the Changing Economic Role of Nigerian Women

9280:

The Igbos of Nigeria: Ancient Rites, Changes, and Survival

4564: 4354:"Igbo people group in all countries | Joshua Project" 4296: 3917:. For the promotion of the Igbo language and culture, the 3905:, a surgeon, scientist and soldier, was an active member. 2308:

Opobo came to be a prominent trading post in the region's

10226:

Inter-ethnic and religious conflict resolution in Nigeria

9355:"African Music in Christian Liturgy: The Igbo Experiment" 8614:

Reading Chinua Achebe: Language & Ideology in Fiction

8397:

The Politics of Memory: Truth, Healing and Social Justice

6332:(illustrated, annotated ed.). ABC-CLIO. p. 37. 5750:. Cambridge University Press Cambridge, UK. p. 512. 5650:"Iron and its influence on the prehistoric site of Lejja" 3396: 2835: 2560: 1525: 1421: 638: 484: 481: 9897: