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considered a concrete historical account, the story represents important aspects of Igala culture, especially in the importance of hunting. In fact, several of the villages take on names that represent the type of game that would be found there. This naming convention includes a village called Oju-Ocha, meaning, 'the place where guinea-fowl come to wash'. Hunting is so important to the Igala people that there are several hunting ceremonies that take place throughout the year. For example, the earth festival begins the start of the farming year. This ritual features a communal hunt where animal remains are offered to the earth shrine, grass being burnt, and the first yam being planted. In another ritual, the king camps in the bush the night before the festival. The king then spears an animal to offer to the national earth shrine.
637:
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754:. This is done by cutting the surface of the skin to leave raised marking. In Igala culture, most parts of the kingdom, like Ankpa, recurved three deep horizontal cuts on each side of their face beside the mouth as a way of identifying each other. This practice, which was prevalent during inter - tribal wars in the 17th century and 18th century has now become very uncommon among the Igala people. The practice of scaring the skin can also be seen as medicinal and spiritually healing.
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global interest. Another issue faced in Igala film is the lack of profit. Many of these films are low budget, and therefore not sought after as much as films that bring in a higher revenue. This makes it difficult for Igala film makers working toward cultural preservation, as well as global exposure. Finance has also proven to be an issue in this industry because there is little access to technical training for workers in this industry.
594:, serving as his representatives and messengers. Ibegwu have the power to protect the well being of humans in their fertility, agriculture, and society. If the ancestors are not properly honored, they also have the ability to punish humans. Every year, before the yam harvest, ancestors are honored at the Ibegwu festival. This is to praise them for their protection in the past year, in hopes for more blessings in the year to follow.
128:
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men. Women often decorate their wrists and arms as a statement of beauty. Some designs are designated for specific ceremonies or public events while others are spontaneous. These impromptu designs often speak to socio-cultural messages or are the result of young members scribbling their names in patterns on the body. There are also many different symbols used in the decorations including combs, rings, or the alphabet.
547:
political turmoil in Idah led to the exile of their leader at the time. This was followed by discourse in the election for the new Attah. Differing clans in the area were in dispute over who should take the throne because each clan supported a different lineage of kingship. The dispute over who would take on the role of the Attah lead to economic and political rivalry among the various clans.
53:
493:, traditional chiefs of the Igala kingdom. The Igalamela kingmakers are made up of nine chiefs (Etemahi Igalamela, Agbenyo, Onubiogbo, Onede, Aleji, Okweje, Achadu Kekele Ukwaja, Ananya Ata, Achanya Ata) with Etemahi Igalamela as the head of the Kingmakers. The Kingmakers forward the nominated name to the prime minister of the Igala kingdom, known as the
774:, or Igawood. These titles are sometimes viewed as controversial as they imply a sense of otherness, further alienating Nigeran film industries. On the other hand, many Igala filmmakers accept the title as the essence of movie making in their country, and being included in part of the global filmmaking experience.
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The start of the ceremony is signaled by the lead instrumentalist blasting seven notes on the flute, each note louder than the one before it, eventually being joined by the other musicians. At this point, the elders take turns performing a dance until another seven notes are signalled by the flute, summoning the
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relationship with their ancestors by honouring them through rituals and offerings. If properly honoured, the ancestors will offer blessings and protection to the living. Ancestral spirits interact with the living in various ways. The spirits can be reincarnated as babies, or be called upon through masquerades.
781:
The Igala film industry has faced many challenges that have caused it to be less successful than other
Nigerian and Western film industries. On challenge, is that Igala film has had a lack of presence on satellite television networks. Having a strong tv presence is important for gaining exposure and
478:
Ameh Oboni are the two most revered. In Igala lore, Oma Idoko is said to have offered his beloved daughter by burying her alive to ensure that Igala won a war of liberation from Jukun dominance. Atta Ameh Oboni is known to have been very brave and resolute because of his stiff resistance against the
714:
dancer. The dancer performs movements that mimic different aspects of the deceased's occupation, personality, or habits. The dancer will then go to the house of deceased and throw part of the thatched roof into the bush or river. Next, the masquerader collects the tools of the deceased and destroys
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dancer wears a wooden headdress made to look somewhat like a crocodile with fierce teeth and a protruding jaw. Music is an important part of the Oloja ceremony. The instrumentalists are elders. They use instruments such as wooden gongs, metal gongs, rattles, flute, and seven drums of various sizes.
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Many Igala filmmakers strive to preserve traditional Igala culture in their films. For example, many characters will be named in Igala language after what their character represents. This teaches viewers the Igala language by forming associations with character names and their characteristics. The
757:
There are also several non permanent forms of Ina Ole, such as creating designs with paint or dyes. These designs take on different meanings depending on the person, occasion, or placement on the body. For example, some tribal markings are identified by their placement on the face, or the chest of
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While these masks very across regions, they share some similarities, such as the first Atta appearing as a leopard. Igala masquerade culture would not have been able to flourish without the economic support from trade controlled by the Igbo in the lower Niger River. Igala brass masks, worn by the
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The Igala people believe that there are three different realms the human spirit will occupy in their existence; life after birth, adult life, and life after death. The ancestral spirits are very important to the people of the mortal world. It is the goal of the Igala people to maintain a balanced
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The geographical location played an important role in the development of the Igala
Kingdom. Igala is situated between the apex of the Niger River and Benue River, with the capital, Idah, on the Niger River. Being located by the two main bodies of water in Nigeria brought an abundance of cultural
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Masks are an important aspect of Igala art. Masquerades are rituals that aim to create a balanced relationship between the world of the living, and the ancestors of the spiritual realm. Igala masks feature symbolic markings that are meaningful in identifying political status and the culture's
546:
The Igala
Central Government became weak leading up to the mid-nineteenth century, and up to the point of being taken over by the British. The Igalaland saw a rise in rebellion from Idah; this meant a rise in independent colonies by subjects of the Attah. Prior to the rebellions, around 1826,
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In Igala cosmology, a human is not left to decide their destiny. It is believed that before a person is born, their destiny is decided by a choice they make before the creator, Ojo in the spirit world. When a person dies, it is very important that their body is treated with the proper ritual
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It is an Igala legend that the
Igalaland was discovered and founded by a hunter who found the area to be ideal for hunting. The legend says that the hunter's camp became the original grounds for the Igala settlement and his family carried on the lineage of the area. While this legend is not
509:
means
Igalaland is regarded to be the territory where the people are speaking the Igala language. The early settlement in the Igala kingdom were founded by the ancestors of the people now known as the Igala-Mela with traditions that means "the nine Igala". The
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fashion. Because these markings are not strict for each culture, and fashion changes over time, it is difficult for historians to rely on them to identify their place of origin. Igala masks have influences from several bordering regions including
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Body decoration is the act of altering one's skin or body through piercing, scarification, tattooing, skin dyes, or painting for the purpose of aesthetic or social identification. In Igala culture, the practice of decorating the body is known as
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is a five day burial ceremony specifically for older, deceased men. Led by elders, this ceremony takes place once a year and can honor one, or several deceased members of the community in the third and final part of the burial ceremony,
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into his nostril three times, hits the back of his head three time, and performs the three final dance moves. By the end of the ceremony, community members are left to cry while the dancer is taken back to his
395:. The Igala economy grew from trading, but traditionally, the Igala people valued farming and hunting for their goods. Igala is located across the undulating, forested coastal region, and the dry savannah; the
437:). Igala farmers, must be strategic with crop locations and the location of cultivar in various ecological locations. The Igala landscape is also conducive to hunting. These animals include the Buffalo,
268:
are an important aspect of Igala art and a prime example of the kingdom's cultural exchange with its neighbouring groups. Igala art, dating centuries back, also feature in
Nigerian body decoration and
770:. The objective for many Nigerian and Igala filmmakers is to bring African film into the same light as industries in Western countries. The Nigerian and Igala film industries are often referred to as
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bestows powers upon other gods to interact with everyday human life. Igala divine beings are organised into a three part hierarchy; gods, ancestors, and diviners. Igala ancestors are called
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practices to ensure that they will make it to the spirit world; this is accomplished through a burial ceremony that has three stages. The first stage of the burial ceremony is called
766:
The
Nigerian film industry has grown tremendously in the last three decades. This progress in acceptance and recognition for Nigerian film is do to the successful 1992 production,
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and struggle to uphold the ancient traditions of Igala land. He died by suicide in order to forestall the plans of the
British, who wanted him deposed and exiled.
1412:"'My father's death altered Kogi politics' | The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News — Politics — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News"
836:
538:, the domestic slaves were absorbed into the settlement on the understanding that they accepted their social and political limitations in certain issues.
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By Igala native law and custom, an Attah newly nominated by the four ruling royal houses (Aj’Ameacho, Aj’Aku, Aj’Akogu and Aj’Ocholi) is verified by the
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While the present kingdom has diminished in size, Igala people and their culture have been an integral part of the formation of the communities along the
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256:
1361:
History of the Igala
Kingdom C1534 - 1854: A study of political and cultural integration in the Niger -Benue Conference area of Nigeria
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1122:"Sustainable Development of Igala Culture: The Aesthetics of Ina Ole (Body Decoration) Amongst the Igala People as a Form of Art"
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influence on Igala masks. It is presumed that this influence came from Igala being under suzerainty of Benin during the reign of
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611:-When the body is placed into the grave. The second stage is the ceremony that takes place after the deceased is buried, called
486:
Idakwo
Micheal Ameh II became the twenty-seventh Attah following the death of his predecessor Attah Alhaji Aliyu Obaje in 2012.
1485:
1304:"Ojuju Amomane Igala Kkingdom Throws its Weight behind Igala Mela King Makers, Achadu Igala in Selection of new Attah of Igala"
366:, Ibaji, and Ajaokuta Local Government. Smaller communities and enclaves exist in the surrounding regions and states along the
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purpose of this is to preserve the Igala language so it does not go extinct due to the globalization of Igala culture.
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region. This could mean that the masks were taken, or left behind by Jukun warriors on the Igala-Jukun battlefield.
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over the centuries. Today, people of Igala descent are estimated to be at a population of 1.68 million people.
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is the highest ruler, he is considered to be so divine that he does not work among the human realm. Instead,
938:. Ibadan, Published for the Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research by Oxford University Press.
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Situated in an especially ecologically diverse region of Nigeria, the Igala have traditionally engaged in
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1704:
1147:
1264:"African Culture and Communication Systems in the Coronation of Ata Igala, North- Central Nigeria"
1148:"Challenges and Prospects of the Igala Movie Industry (Igawood) in the Quest for Global Relevance"
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330:, is a triangular area of about 14,000 km (5,400 sq mi) in the angle formed by the
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806:
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78:
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350:, in Kogi state. The bulk of the Igala people reside in Kogi where they can be found in Idah,
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The Igala Kingdom expanded vastly beyond the present-day boundary. Their homeland, the former
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and has a long history of political warfare and campaigns with neighbouring groups along the
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974:""Post-Abolition Niger River Commerce and the Nineteenth-Century Igala Political Crisis.""
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them in the performance arena. In the final part of the dance, the dancer collects the
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state politics. In times past, the Igala have held key state government positions.
1374:
Haruna, Onucheyo (13 April 1980). "Interview with Ejuchegahi Ike on Igala Kongdom".
1275:
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1079:
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522:, the family heads. In these primary settlements, membership was strictly based on
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1176:"The Igala traditional religious belief system: Between monotheism and polytheism"
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was a large unit of settlement consisting of two or more clans under their
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Journal of Good Governance and Sustainable Development in Africa (JGGSDA)
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Igala women wearing Achi Igala (Igala cultural attire), and facial paint
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1363:. Kaduna: Arewa House, Ahmadu Bello University, Kaduna. pp. 25–35.
1238:"The Making of Next Attah Igala: The Twist and Need for Legal Guidance"
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Researchers have found that some Igala masks were actually from the
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Boston, J. (1967). "Igala Political Organisation" African Notes 4.2
619:, meaning the last shedding of tears. The third stage is where the
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where they are the majority ethnicity and a major regional bloc in
697:. The body of the deceased is adorned with what is known as achi.
127:
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1390:"Oloja masquerade performance of Igala as theatre of transition"
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native to the region immediately south of the confluence of the
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363:
359:
1438:"Attah Igala, Aliyu Obaje dies at 102 | Premium Times Nigeria"
401:. This diverse ecological setting accommodates rainfed crops (
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The Igala kingdom is ruled ceremonially and culturally by the
228:. The area inhabited primarily by the Igala is referred to as
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The Igala people believe in a supreme creator referred to as
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rivers. The area was formerly known as the Igala Division of
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AFRREV IJAH: An International Journal of Arts and Humanities
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Today, the Igala predominantly inhabit southern and eastern
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is woven materials including strips of raffia palm leaves (
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236:, and have been influenced culturally by many surrounding
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masquerade is performed to say goodbye to the deceased.
442:
52:
1394:
Creative Artist: A Journal of Theatre and Media Studies
1022:
Africa: Journal of the International African Institute
954:
Abdullahi, Attah (2001). "Igala History and Culture".
1152:
Sprin Journal of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences
1068:"Igala's Royal Masks: Borrowed, Invented, or Stolen?"
254:
Igala people traditionally worship the supreme being
1346:
The Igala: the people of the Niger -Benue confluence
497:, for onward approval by the Kogi State Government.
1146:Egwemi, O.P. (Ph.D.); Ogohi Salifu, Peter (2022).
1145:
1897:
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26:. For the county and kingdom in Uganda, see
1262:Ottah, Gabriel Alhassan (27 October 2015).
379:influence from various communities such as
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750:One form of permanent skin alterations is
51:
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1180:Ogirisi: A New Journal of African Studies
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719:, or personal god of the deceased, takes
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457:Participant in an Igala cultural festival
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302:of the group exist in and are native to
1018:"The Hunter in Igala Legends of Origin"
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470:is ruled by an "Attah", of all of whom
22:redirects here. For the shipwreck, see
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290:, with many communities claiming an
73:Regions with significant populations
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1066:Kasfir, Sidney Littlefield (2019).
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298:, the ancestral home of the Igala.
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421:), as well as dry soil crops (
57:Territory of the Igala Kingdom
1:
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448:
398:Guinea forest-savannah mosaic
1388:Egwuda-Ugbeda, F.U. (2011).
1215:Igala Kingdom Gets New Attah
705:), and strips of cloth. The
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362:, Bassa, Ankpa, Omala, Edo,
342:province and is now part of
7:
1359:Joseph, N. Ukwedeh (2003).
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68:1,620,000 (2020 estimate)
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44:
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1906:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
1502:Ethnic groups in Nigeria
978:African Economic History
1344:R.G, Armstrong (1970).
1329:J.H, Greenberg (1996).
1120:Umoru, Ibrahim (2019).
807:Emmanuel Dangana Ocheja
761:
661:Atta, show evidence of
16:Ethnic group in Nigeria
1217:. Information Nigeria.
1158:(5) – via Sprin.
1132:(3) – via RCMSS.
972:Kolapo, F. J. (1999).
956:Igala Language Studies
747:
641:
626:
542:Igala Political Crisis
458:
1400:(1) – via AJOL.
1236:admin (23 May 2021).
1016:Boston, J.S. (1964).
934:Boston, J.S. (1968).
904:"Igala | people"
852:Stephen Makoji Achema
745:
639:
615:. The third stage is
474:Ayegba Oma Idoko and
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270:cultural architecture
214:ethnolinguistic group
138:Related ethnic groups
79:North Central Nigeria
1281:10.4314/ijah.v4i3.18
1084:10.1162/afar_a_00444
837:Murtala Yakubu Ajaka
786:Notable Igala people
491:Igalamela Kingmakers
1331:Languages of Africa
1174:Negedu, IA (2014).
918:"UNHCR Web Archive"
534:, the in-laws, the
40:
1887:Nigeria portal
1418:. 27 November 2018
1193:10.4314/og.v10i1.7
1052:– via JSTOR.
1000:– via JSTOR.
832:Lucy Jumeyi Ogbadu
802:Edward David Onoja
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346:. Its capital was
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1308:The Nigerian Post
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822:Jeremiah Attaochu
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1440:. 17 July 2012
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1274:(3): 208–228.
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1028:(2): 116–117.
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110:Predominantly
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1348:. p. 77.
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1333:. p. 22.
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1310:. 31 May 2021
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984:(27): 47–51.
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526:ties such as
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468:Igala kingdom
462:Igala Kingdom
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25:
21:
1911:Igala people
1737:Iwellemmedan
1642:
1467:
1442:. Retrieved
1432:
1420:. Retrieved
1415:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1345:
1339:
1330:
1324:
1314:18 September
1312:. Retrieved
1307:
1298:
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1267:
1257:
1247:18 September
1245:. Retrieved
1241:
1231:
1222:
1210:
1183:
1179:
1155:
1151:
1129:
1125:
1078:(1): 62–67.
1075:
1072:African Arts
1071:
1025:
1021:
981:
977:
955:
935:
912:
898:
886:. Retrieved
884:. Ethnologue
876:
780:
776:
765:
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749:
736:
733:
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698:
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689:
688:masquerade.
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325:
292:ethnogenesis
285:
274:
255:
252:
242:
229:
208:
204:
202:
185:
85:), Parts of
39:Igala People
35:Ethnic group
32:
19:
1416:guardian.ng
797:Aliyu Obaje
632:Masquerades
427:Guinea corn
368:Niger basin
288:Niger River
266:Masquerades
83:Middle Belt
24:Igara wreck
1900:Categories
1186:(1): 116.
888:3 November
868:References
857:Aminu Umar
817:Idris Wada
507:anẹ̀ Igala
449:Government
344:Kogi State
300:Minorities
277:Kogi State
230:Igalaland.
224:Rivers in
196:Anẹ Igáláà
186:Àbó Igáláà
1290:2227-5452
1202:1597-474X
1092:0001-9933
1050:146339724
772:Nollywood
695:Akwu eche
617:Akwu eche
598:Cosmology
505:The word
501:Igalaland
374:Geography
356:Olamaboro
132:Christian
125:Minority
93:Languages
1792:Mambilla
1732:Itsekiri
1700:Kalabari
1518:Anlo Ewe
1100:59413425
613:ubi eche
575:. While
567:Religion
516:ofigbeli
443:Wild pig
439:Antelope
431:Beniseed
322:Location
318:states.
238:cultures
210:Yoruboid
105:Religion
1832:Tangale
1797:Mandara
1782:Longuda
1690:Engenni
1673:Ukwuani
1668:Ikwerre
1528:Afusari
1042:1157902
998:3601657
882:"Igala"
862:Ilebaye
737:Ina Ole
585:Ibegwu.
581:Ojo Ojo
577:Ojo Ojo
573:Ojo Ojo
553:Beliefs
481:British
419:Cassava
415:Pumpkin
407:Cocoyam
312:Anambra
192:Country
1862:Yoruba
1847:Urhobo
1802:Mumuye
1772:Kotoko
1767:Kofyar
1752:Kanuri
1747:Kamuku
1715:Nkoroo
1658:Ekpeye
1633:Ibibio
1623:Goemai
1618:Gbagyi
1568:Djerma
1558:Defaka
1553:Chamba
1548:Buduma
1538:Bariba
1523:Anaang
1513:Afemai
1444:8 July
1422:8 July
1288:
1200:
1098:
1090:
1048:
1040:
996:
958:: 241.
724:abode.
667:Esigie
653:, and
588:Ibegwu
558:Origin
536:am'adu
532:am'ana
530:, the
512:efunyi
441:, and
433:, and
423:Millet
391:, and
385:Yoruba
364:Lokoja
360:Dekina
182:People
172:Gbagyi
164:Anioma
148:Yoruba
45:Igáláà
1867:Ijebu
1837:Tarok
1817:Ogoni
1777:Kuteb
1762:Kirdi
1757:Kilba
1742:Jukun
1727:Isoko
1720:Obolo
1710:Nkoro
1695:Ibani
1685:Bille
1663:Etche
1648:Igede
1643:Igala
1638:Idoma
1628:Hausa
1598:Eleme
1573:Ebira
1563:Dendi
1543:Berom
1533:Atyap
1096:S2CID
1046:S2CID
1038:JSTOR
994:JSTOR
847:Praiz
721:snuff
717:Okega
712:Oloja
707:Oloja
690:Oloja
686:Oloja
674:Jukun
663:Benin
655:Idoma
621:Oloja
435:Beans
411:Maize
393:Jukun
340:Kabba
336:Niger
332:Benue
316:Enugu
308:Delta
294:from
249:Benue
245:Attah
222:Benue
218:Niger
205:Igala
168:Jukun
152:Idoma
121:Sunni
117:Islam
99:Igala
20:Igara
1857:Yakö
1852:Waja
1827:Tera
1822:Saro
1812:Ogba
1807:Nupe
1787:Mafa
1705:Kula
1680:Ijaw
1653:Igbo
1613:Fula
1603:Esan
1593:Ekoi
1588:Eket
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1446:2021
1424:2021
1316:2022
1286:ISSN
1249:2022
1198:ISSN
1088:ISSN
890:2023
762:Film
699:Achi
647:Igbo
476:Atta
472:Atta
466:The
381:Igbo
348:Idah
334:and
314:and
296:Idah
281:Kogi
220:and
203:The
160:Igbo
144:Nupe
1842:Tiv
1608:Fon
1578:Edo
1276:doi
1188:doi
1080:doi
1030:doi
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703:Iko
651:Edo
627:Art
592:Ojo
514:or
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389:Edo
304:Edo
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156:Edo
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